A new parsing method based on the semi-Thue system is described. Similar to, but with more efficient implementation than Markov normal algorithms, it can be used for parsing any recursively enumerable language. Despite its computational power, it is...
It seems that intelligent complex systems will require formalisms having richer behavior than Turing machines. Very little is known about the relations (e.g., the expressiveness and/or effectiveness) between new super-Turing models of computation. Th...
Machine learning has become indispensable across various domains, yet understanding its theoretical underpinnings remains challenging for many practitioners and researchers. Despite the availability of numerous resources, there is a need for a cohesi...
A lot of libraries for neural networks are written for Turing-complete programming languages such as Python, C++, PHP, and Java. However, at the moment, there are no suitable libraries implemented for a p-complete logical programming language L. This...
A major, but too-little-considered problem for Software Engineering (SE) is a lack of consensus concerning Computer Science (CS) and how this relates to developing unpredictable computing technology. We consider some implications for SE of computer s...
Real-time data about various traffic events and conditions—offences, accidents, dangerous driving, or dangerous road conditions—is crucial for safe and efficient transportation. Unlike roadside infrastructure data which are often limited...
Alan Turing’s influence on subsequent research in artificial intelligence is undeniable. His proposed test for intelligence remains influential. In this paper, I propose to analyze his conception of intelligence by relying on traditional close...
Zero-shot generalization to out-of-distribution (OOD) teammates and opponents in multi-agent systems (MASs) remains a fundamental challenge for general-purpose AI, especially in open-ended interaction scenarios. Existing multi-agent reinforcement lea...
The advent of Ethereum opened up a pandora box of decentralized possibilities. While allowing for the replicated, decentralized computation of Turing-complete instructions, platforms such as Ethereum do not offer the possibility of direct, interactiv...
Animal skin patterns are increasingly explained using the Turing pattern model proposed by Alan Turing. The Turing model, a self-organizing model, can produce spotted or striped patterns. However, several animal patterns exist that do not correspond...
Host–parasitoid systems are an essential area of research in ecology and evolutionary biology due to their widespread occurrence in nature and significant impact on species evolution, population dynamics, and ecosystem stability. In such system...
We investigated the computational power of a new variant of network of splicing processors, which simplifies the general model such that filters remain associated with nodes but the input and output filters of every node coincide. This variant, calle...
We suggest a diagrammatic model of computation based on an axiom of distributivity. A diagram of a decorated colored tangle, similar to those that appear in low dimensional topology, plays the role of a circuit diagram. Equivalent diagrams represent...
The “somewhat vague, intuitive” notion from computability theory of an effective procedure (method) or algorithm can be fairly precisely defined, even if it does not have a purely mathematical definition—and even if (as many have as...
Based on the two-dimensional reaction–diffusion model, the spatiotemporal dynamical characteristics of the semi-discrete pine–Monochamus alternatus system with cross-diffusion and convection effect were studied in this work. Firstly, the...
Networks of splicing processors (NSP for short) embody a subcategory among the new computational models inspired by natural phenomena with theoretical potential to handle unsolvable problems efficiently. Current literature considers three variants in...
This work presents a comprehensive study of entropy-based metrics for evaluating blockchain systems, focusing on on-chain ledger immutability, off-chain data integrity, and computational dynamics within blockchain virtual machines (BVMs). We develop...
Regions of partial melt of Fe-S-Si alloys at high pressures may arise during planetary formation or at the boundary of the inner and outer cores of small terrestrial planetary bodies. Melting experiments were performed on Fe-16wt%S-2wt%Si samples in...
The problems associated with the construction of polynomial complexity computer programs require new techniques and approaches from mathematicians. One of such approaches is representing some class of polynomial algorithms as a certain class of speci...
The present paper is intended as a defense of the view that whatever makes AI so useful and successful in competition with humans, it does not have to be intelligence, at least as we use this term in the human context. After all, the question of qual...
Objectives: Functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) recurrence after concomitant mitral–tricuspid surgery remains associated with adverse long-term outcomes, while reintervention on the isolated tricuspid valve carries substantial operative ris...
Insertion-deletion systems have been introduced as a formalism to model operations that find their counterparts in ideas of bio-computing, more specifically, when using DNA or RNA strings and biological mechanisms that work on these strings. So-calle...
The paper suggests a general method for proving the fact whether a certain set is p-computable or not. The method is based on a polynomial analogue of the classical Gandy’s fixed point theorem. Classical Gandy’s theorem deals with the extension of a...
The Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) technique has been a topic of interest for several years. The ability of computers to recognize CAPTCHA has significantly increased due to the development of dee...
With the increasing online activity of Arabic speakers, the development of effective CAPTCHAs (Completely Automated Public Turing Tests to Tell Computers and Humans Apart) tailored for Arabic users has become crucial. Traditional CAPTCHAs, however, a...
Visual question answering (VQA), which is an important presentation form of AI-complete task and visual Turing tests, coupled with its potential application value, attracted widespread attention from both researchers in computer vision and natural la...
Using assembly theory, we investigate the assembly pathways of binary strings (bitstrings) of length N formed by joining bits present in the assembly pool and the bitstrings that entered the pool as a result of previous joining operations. We show th...
I shall introduce a complex, apparently unique, cross-disciplinary approach to understanding consciousness, especially ancient forms of mathematical consciousness, based on joint work with Jackie Chappell (Birmingham Biosciences) on the Meta-Configur...
As the blockchain 2.0 platform, Ethereum’s turing complete programming language and smart contract components make it play an important role in the commercialization of blockchain. With the further development of blockchain applications, the pr...
Can free agency be compatible with determinism? Compatibilists argue that the answer is yes, and it has been suggested that the computer science principle of “computational irreducibility” sheds light on this compatibility. It implies tha...
The Internet of Things environment (e.g., smart phones, smart televisions, and smart watches) ensures that the end user experience is easy, by connecting lives on web services via the internet. Integrating Internet of Things devices poses ethical ris...
CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart), or HIP (Human Interactive Proof), has long been utilized to avoid bots manipulating web services. Over the years, various CAPTCHAs have been presented, primarily to...
Here, we introduce a new class of computer which does not use any circuit or logic gate. In fact, no program needs to be written: it learns by itself and writes its own program to solve a problem. Gödel’s incompleteness argument is explored here to d...
To achieve an acceptable level of security on the web, the Completely Automatic Public Turing test to tell Computer and Human Apart (CAPTCHA) was introduced as a tool to prevent bots from doing destructive actions such as downloading or signing up. S...
31 December 2025
Background: Although environmental chambers have traditionally been used to study passive dehydration and recovery in the context of sports nutrition, portable infrared saunas may provide a more accessible and cost-effective alternative. This study a...
1 January 2010
Aims: Emotional processes are of crucial importance in psychotherapeutic processes. The main objective of the present study is to improve our understanding of the role played by the emotional quality of therapeutic processes and its relation to diffe...
Cybersecurity practitioners generate a Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHAs) as a form of security mechanism in website applications, in order to differentiate between human end-users and machine bots....
In the context of defining
This contribution tentatively outlines the presumed conceptual duality between the issues of incompleteness and incomprehensibility—The first being more formal in nature and able to be declined in various ways until specified in the literature...
CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) systems remain a widely deployed defense against automated abuse, but advances in machine learning have reduced the effectiveness of traditional challenge-based desi...
A special class of complex adaptive systems—biological and social—thrive not by passively accumulating patterns, but by engineering coherence, i.e., the deliberate alignment of prior knowledge, real-time updates, and teleonomic purposes....
The integration of deep learning into radiology has the potential to enhance diagnostic processes, yet its acceptance in clinical practice remains limited due to various challenges. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a fine-tuned large language...