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  • Review
  • Open Access
59 Citations
20,690 Views
16 Pages

AR/VR Teaching-Learning Experiences in Higher Education Institutions (HEI): A Systematic Literature Review

  • Belen Bermejo,
  • Carlos Juiz,
  • David Cortes,
  • Jeroen Oskam,
  • Teemu Moilanen,
  • Jouko Loijas,
  • Praneschen Govender,
  • Jennifer Hussey,
  • Alexander Lennart Schmidt and
  • Davin Dunlea
  • + 3 authors

During the last few years, learning techniques have changed, both in basic education and in higher education. This change has been accompanied by new technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (AR). The combination of these techn...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
32 Citations
7,973 Views
83 Pages

This systematic review explores the integration of machine learning (ML) with augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies in cognitive therapies for mental health disorders. Analyzing 141 studies following PRISMA guidelines, the find...

  • Review
  • Open Access
215 Citations
40,430 Views
28 Pages

A Systematic Review of AR and VR Enhanced Language Learning

  • Xinyi Huang,
  • Di Zou,
  • Gary Cheng and
  • Haoran Xie

21 April 2021

This paper provided a systematic review of previous Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) studies on language learning. A total of 88 articles were selected and analyzed from five perspectives: their ways of integrating AR or VR tools in la...

  • Letter
  • Open Access
108 Citations
12,615 Views
8 Pages

Recent Trends and Future Direction of Dental Research in the Digital Era

  • Tim Joda,
  • Michael M. Bornstein,
  • Ronald E. Jung,
  • Marco Ferrari,
  • Tuomas Waltimo and
  • Nicola U. Zitzmann

The digital transformation in dental medicine, based on electronic health data information, is recognized as one of the major game-changers of the 21st century to tackle present and upcoming challenges in dental and oral healthcare. This opinion lett...

  • Review
  • Open Access
94 Citations
18,486 Views
20 Pages

A Perspective Review on Integrating VR/AR with Haptics into STEM Education for Multi-Sensory Learning

  • Filippo Sanfilippo,
  • Tomas Blazauskas,
  • Gionata Salvietti,
  • Isabel Ramos,
  • Silviu Vert,
  • Jaziar Radianti,
  • Tim A. Majchrzak and
  • Daniel Oliveira

31 March 2022

As a result of several governments closing educational facilities in reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, almost 80% of the world’s students were not in school for several weeks. Schools and universities are thus increasing their efforts to lev...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,013 Views
18 Pages

Intelligent Stretch Optimization in Information Centric Networking-Based Tactile Internet Applications

  • Hussain Ahmad,
  • Muhammad Zubair Islam,
  • Rashid Ali,
  • Amir Haider and
  • Hyungseok Kim

10 August 2021

The fifth-generation (5G) mobile network services are currently being made available for different use case scenarios like enhanced mobile broadband, ultra-reliable and low latency communication, and massive machine-type communication. The ever-incre...

  • Article
  • Open Access
61 Citations
14,031 Views
18 Pages

30 October 2022

The use of extended reality (XR) technologies, namely Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR) and Mixed Reality (MR) in education, has attracted much attention in recent years. Many educators have described how XR benefits learners and how usefu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,070 Views
15 Pages

24 September 2025

The growing adoption of modular robotic systems presents new challenges in ensuring ease of assembly, deployment, and reconfiguration, especially for end-users with varying technical expertise. This study proposes and validates an Assembly Complexity...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
6,768 Views
16 Pages

14 October 2019

Developing a user interface (UI) suitable for headset environments is one of the challenges in the field of augmented reality (AR) technologies. This study proposes a hands-free UI for an AR headset that exploits facial gestures of the wearer to reco...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,887 Views
25 Pages

Beyond Books: Student Perspectives on Emerging Technologies, Usability, and Ethics in the Library of the Future

  • Faisal Kalota,
  • Benedicta Frema Boamah,
  • Hesham Allam,
  • Tyler Schisler and
  • Grace Witty

This research aims to understand the evolving role of academic libraries, focusing on student perceptions of current services and their vision for the future. Data was collected using a survey at a midwestern research university in the United States....

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,176 Views
18 Pages

In the realm of collegiate education, calculus can be quite challenging for students. Many students struggle to visualize abstract concepts, as mathematics often moves into strict arithmetic rather than geometric understanding. Our study presents an...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
56 Citations
19,758 Views
23 Pages

14 May 2023

Despite the growing interest in the field, the overall impact of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) on mathematics learning remains unclear, with previous studies reporting mixed results. Moreover, to date, no systematic review has evalu...

  • Review
  • Open Access
287 Views
36 Pages

An Overview of Technical Aspects and Challenges in Designing Edge-Cloud Systems

  • Mohammadsadeq Garshasbi Herabad,
  • Javid Taheri,
  • Bestoun S. Ahmed and
  • Calin Curescu

31 January 2026

Edge–cloud computing has emerged as a key enabling paradigm for augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) systems because of the stringent computational and ultra-low-latency requirements of AR/VR workloads. Designing efficient edge–cloud sys...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
12 Citations
7,686 Views
12 Pages

A Systematic Review of Literature on Emerging Technologies and Specific Learning Difficulties

  • María Lozano-Álvarez,
  • Sonia Rodríguez-Cano,
  • Vanesa Delgado-Benito and
  • Elvira Mercado-Val

13 March 2023

Educational research on emerging technologies, particularly virtual reality and augmented reality, is expanding at the moment. The purpose of this contribution is to conduct a systematic review to understand the impact of emerging technologies in the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,286 Views
19 Pages

26 October 2023

While recognizing the vital role of teachers in augmented reality (AR) integration, a noticeable literature gap exists regarding how science educators address challenges related to technology, pedagogy, and content during AR instructional design and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
71 Citations
10,537 Views
18 Pages

Sustainability in Higher Education: The Relationship between Work-Life Balance and XR E-Learning Facilities

  • Rocsana Bucea-Manea-Țoniş,
  • Radu Bucea-Manea-Țoniş,
  • Violeta Elena Simion,
  • Dragan Ilic,
  • Cezar Braicu and
  • Natalia Manea

21 July 2020

Nowadays, collaborative learning is proving to offer solutions to new inclusivity research challenges, and most importantly, can help ensure sustainable education. Collaborative learning can strengthen positive attitudes towards learning, improve per...

  • Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,986 Views
28 Pages

A Scoping Review on Hazard Recognition and Prevention Using Augmented and Virtual Reality

  • Tauqeer Faiz,
  • Mark Tee Kit Tsun,
  • Abdullah Al Mahmud and
  • Kwan Yong Sim

23 November 2024

Hazard recognition and prevention techniques utilize augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technology for immersive training and identification of potential hazards. Currently, no scoping reviews exist specifically on hazard recognition and...

  • Review
  • Open Access
65 Citations
20,794 Views
26 Pages

16 November 2021

Effective teaching of science requires not only a broad spectrum of knowledge, but also the ability to attract students’ attention and stimulate their learning interest. Since the beginning of 21st century, VR/AR have been increasingly used in educat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,873 Views
19 Pages

Augmented and Virtual Reality Experiences for Learning Robotics and Training Integrative Thinking Skills

  • Igor Verner,
  • Dan Cuperman,
  • Huberth Perez-Villalobos,
  • Alex Polishuk and
  • Sergei Gamer

6 September 2022

Learning through augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) experiences has become a valuable approach in modern robotics education. This study evaluated this approach and investigated how 99 first-year industrial engineering students explored r...

  • Article
  • Open Access
557 Views
22 Pages

Egocentric hand gesture recognition is vital for natural human–computer interaction in augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) systems. However, most deep learning models struggle to balance accuracy and efficiency, limiting real-time use on wear...

  • Article
  • Open Access
48 Citations
10,487 Views
17 Pages

10 March 2023

The way that the new generations approach cultural contents changed dramatically. The audiovisual language substituted traditional media. Museums face now an important challenge to survive as cultural referents in this new paradigm: the introduction...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,436 Views
25 Pages

Machine Learning for Adaptive Accessible User Interfaces: Overview and Applications

  • Mihaela Kristić,
  • Ivona Zakarija,
  • Frano Škopljanac-Mačina and
  • Željka Car

26 November 2025

This paper presents a systematic literature review on the use of machine learning (ML) for developing adaptive accessible user interfaces (AUI) with emphasis on applications in emerging technologies such as augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR). The...

  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
6,271 Views
38 Pages

A Comprehensive Review of the Technological Solutions to Analyse the Effects of Pandemic Outbreak on Human Lives

  • Ishwa Shah,
  • Chelsy Doshi,
  • Mohil Patel,
  • Sudeep Tanwar,
  • Wei-Chiang Hong and
  • Ravi Sharma

18 February 2022

A coronavirus outbreak caused by a novel virus known as SARS-CoV-2 originated towards the latter half of 2019. COVID-19’s abrupt emergence and unchecked global expansion highlight the inability of the current healthcare services to respond to p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,468 Views
10 Pages

Immersive technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) have emerged as powerful tools in cultural heritage education and preservation. Building on prior work that demonstrated the effectiveness of gamified XR applications in e...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
10 Citations
9,271 Views
21 Pages

This paper presents a thorough review of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) in the context of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), specifically focusing on its application in providing kinesthetic feedback. Our systematic review of 17 st...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,705 Views
30 Pages

Modern Digital and Technological Educational Methods

  • Angelos I. Stoumpos and
  • Rodanthi I. Stoumpou

The development and evolution of digital technologies can contribute to the transformation of the educational sector, allowing the integration of innovative teaching approaches. Typical examples of such approaches include artificial intelligence, aug...

  • Review
  • Open Access
74 Citations
23,826 Views
13 Pages

Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Dentistry: Highlights from the Current Research

  • Sidra Fahim,
  • Afsheen Maqsood,
  • Gotam Das,
  • Naseer Ahmed,
  • Shahabe Saquib,
  • Abhishek Lal,
  • Abdul Ahad Ghaffar Khan and
  • Mohammad Khursheed Alam

7 April 2022

Many modern advancements have taken place in dentistry that have exponentially impacted the progress and practice of dentistry. Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are becoming the trend in the practice of modern dentistry because of thei...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
5,044 Views
18 Pages

25 July 2022

During the COVID-19 pandemic, horticulture and landscape management programmes in higher education experienced a huge drawback because of the impossibility of organising field studies and conducting site research. To pursue a more sustainable method...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
5,256 Views
15 Pages

Simultaneous Semantic Segmentation and Depth Completion with Constraint of Boundary

  • Nan Zou,
  • Zhiyu Xiang,
  • Yiman Chen,
  • Shuya Chen and
  • Chengyu Qiao

23 January 2020

As the core task of scene understanding, semantic segmentation and depth completion play a vital role in lots of applications such as robot navigation, AR/VR and autonomous driving. They are responsible for parsing scenes from the angle of semantics...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,860 Views
45 Pages

Explainable AI-Based Intrusion Detection Systems for Industry 5.0 and Adversarial XAI: A Systematic Review

  • Naseem Khan,
  • Kashif Ahmad,
  • Aref Al Tamimi,
  • Mohammed M. Alani,
  • Amine Bermak and
  • Issa Khalil

27 November 2025

Industry 5.0 represents a paradigm shift toward human–AI collaboration in manufacturing, incorporating unprecedented volumes of robots, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Augmented/Virtual Reality (AR/VR) systems, and smart devices. This extensi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,445 Views
15 Pages

Hybrid Deep–Geometric Approach for Efficient Consistency Assessment of Stereo Images

  • Michał Kowalczyk,
  • Piotr Napieralski and
  • Dominik Szajerman

20 July 2025

We present HGC-Net, a hybrid pipeline for assessing geometric consistency between stereo image pairs. Our method integrates classical epipolar geometry with deep learning components to compute an interpretable scalar score A, reflecting the degree of...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,060 Views
21 Pages

29 August 2025

Demand for OIS (Optical Image Stabilization) actuator modules, developed for shake correction technologies in industries such as smartphones, drones, IoT, and AR/VR, is increasing. To enable real-time and precise inspection of these modules, an AI al...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,674 Views
23 Pages

30 March 2025

The need to review maritime education has been highlighted in the relevant literature. Maritime curricula should incorporate recent technological advances, as well as address the needs of the maritime sector. In this paper, the Fuzzy Delphi Method (F...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,673 Views
23 Pages

IoT-Inspired Reliable Irregularity-Detection Framework for Education 4.0 and Industry 4.0

  • Anil Verma,
  • Divya Anand,
  • Aman Singh,
  • Rishika Vij,
  • Abdullah Alharbi,
  • Majid Alshammari and
  • Arturo Ortega Mansilla

Education 4.0 imitates Industry 4.0 in many aspects such as technology, customs, challenges, and benefits. The remarkable advancement in embryonic technologies, including IoT (Internet of Things), Fog Computing, Cloud Computing, and Augmented and Vir...

  • Review
  • Open Access
105 Citations
14,054 Views
45 Pages

30 January 2024

This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the automation of smart education in the context of Industry 5.0 from 78 papers, focusing on the integration of advanced technologies and the development of innovative, effective, and ethical edu...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,710 Views
34 Pages

Recent Progress in Liquid Microlenses and Their Arrays for Adaptive and Applied Optical Systems

  • Siyu Lu,
  • Zheyuan Cao,
  • Jinzhong Ling,
  • Ying Yuan,
  • Xin Liu,
  • Xiaorui Wang and
  • Jin-Kun Guo

13 October 2025

Liquid microlenses and their arrays (LMLAs) have emerged as a transformative platform in adaptive optics, offering superior reconfigurability, compactness, and fast response compared to conventional solid-state lenses. This review summarizes recent p...

  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
6,412 Views
22 Pages

Machine-Learning Methods for Speech and Handwriting Detection Using Neural Signals: A Review

  • Ovishake Sen,
  • Anna M. Sheehan,
  • Pranay R. Raman,
  • Kabir S. Khara,
  • Adam Khalifa and
  • Baibhab Chatterjee

14 June 2023

Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their potential applications in diverse fields, ranging from the medical sector (people with motor and/or communication disabilities), cognitive training,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,465 Views
22 Pages

23 June 2019

This paper explores data caching as a key factor of edge computing. State-of-the-art research of data caching on edge nodes mainly considers reactive and proactive caching, and machine learning based caching, which could be a heavy task for edge node...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,630 Views
14 Pages

29 September 2025

Speaker verification (SV) is a core technology for security and personalized services, and its importance has been growing with the spread of wearables such as smartwatches, earbuds, and AR/VR headsets, where privacy-preserving on-device operation un...

  • Review
  • Open Access
250 Citations
31,348 Views
29 Pages

Unlocking the Potential: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Education

  • Mohammed A. M. AlGerafi,
  • Yueliang Zhou,
  • Mohamed Oubibi and
  • Tommy Tanu Wijaya

20 September 2023

Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are poised to revolutionize education by offering immersive and interactive learning experiences. This research comprehensively evaluates the educational applications of AR and VR, specifically emphasiz...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
6,484 Views
15 Pages

VR-Enhanced Cognitive Learning: Method, Framework, and Application

  • Wenjuan Li,
  • Xiaolin Liu,
  • Qifei Zhang,
  • Bin Zhou and
  • Ben Wang

10 April 2023

Both constructivist learning and situation-cognitive learning believe that learning outcomes are significantly affected by the context or learning environments. However, since 2019, the world has been ravaged by COVID-19. Under the threat of the viru...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,226 Views
19 Pages

Attention-Based Bi-Prediction Network for Versatile Video Coding (VVC) over 5G Network

  • Young-Ju Choi,
  • Young-Woon Lee,
  • Jongho Kim,
  • Se Yoon Jeong,
  • Jin Soo Choi and
  • Byung-Gyu Kim

27 February 2023

As the demands of various network-dependent services such as Internet of things (IoT) applications, autonomous driving, and augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) increase, the fifthgeneration (5G) network is expected to become a key communication tec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,797 Views
13 Pages

2 December 2021

The advantages of employing virtual reality tours in teaching are attributed to the virtual reality experience it provides to the students. In the case of teaching popular culture, benefits from the potential of VR tour are amplified by the empirical...

  • Review
  • Open Access
74 Citations
19,706 Views
18 Pages

8 March 2022

Existing literature reflects that VR technology is widely used in language learning settings. Although many studies have identified the multiple benefits and affordance of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies in language learning, most studies are quali...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,293 Views
22 Pages

22 January 2025

Field surveys are an important component of architectural history courses, but they are challenging for students with limited resources or geographical constraints. This paper aims to explore the potential of virtual reality (VR) technology as a solu...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
338 Citations
78,833 Views
21 Pages

Virtual Reality in Education: A Review of Learning Theories, Approaches and Methodologies for the Last Decade

  • Andreas Marougkas,
  • Christos Troussas,
  • Akrivi Krouska and
  • Cleo Sgouropoulou

In the field of education, virtual reality (VR) offers learners an immersive and interactive learning experience, allowing them to comprehend challenging concepts and ideas more efficiently and effectively. VR technology has enabled educators to deve...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
7,505 Views
21 Pages

Examining the Role of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Safety Training

  • Georgios Lampropoulos,
  • Pablo Fernández-Arias,
  • Álvaro Antón-Sancho and
  • Diego Vergara

7 October 2024

This study aims to provide a review of the existing literature regarding the use of extended reality technologies and the metaverse focusing on virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) in safety training. Based on the outc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,452 Views
22 Pages

The goal of the current study was to investigate the effects of a virtual reality (VR) simulation of Anne Frank’s hiding place on learning. In a 2 × 2 experiment, 132 middle school students learned about the living conditions of Anne Fran...

  • Article
  • Open Access
73 Citations
12,670 Views
16 Pages

17 October 2021

Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are two technologies with the potential to enhance learning quality by activating episodic student memory. In this manuscript we outline the pedagogical benefits of AR and VR as well as the rationale, d...

  • Review
  • Open Access
998 Views
22 Pages

Exploring Chemistry in Virtual Reality: A Comparative Analysis of VR Simulations for Chemistry Education

  • Jamshid Kayumov,
  • Durbek Usmanov,
  • Ugiloy Yusupova,
  • Zulayho Smanova and
  • Bakhtiyor Rasulev

18 December 2025

It is hard to envision a modern world where information technology does not facilitate daily tasks, including learning and teaching. This paper explores the use of virtual reality (VR) simulations in chemistry education, focusing on how immersive VR...

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