Nutrients

Article

14 pages, 710 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) as a Prognostic Biomarker for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Response in Recurrent and/or Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer

by Markus Haas, Alexander Lein, Thorsten Fuereder, Faris F. Brkic, Julia Schnoell, David T. Liu, Lorenz Kadletz-Wanke, Gregor Heiduschka and Bernhard J. Jank

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040880 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3485

Abstract

Malnutrition is a frequent comorbidity in head and neck cancer patients and has been shown to impair immunotherapy response in other cancer types. The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) assesses malnutrition using the patient’s ideal weight, actual weight, and serum albumin. The aim [...] Read more.

Malnutrition is a frequent comorbidity in head and neck cancer patients and has been shown to impair immunotherapy response in other cancer types. The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) assesses malnutrition using the patient’s ideal weight, actual weight, and serum albumin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic relevance of malnutrition as determined by the GNRI for the response to immunotherapy in recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC). A total of 162 patients with R/M HNSCC who received immune checkpoint inhibitors were included. The associations between the GNRI and progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and the disease control rate (DCR) were computed. Univariable analysis showed worse PFS for GNRI ≤ 98 (p < 0.001), ECOG performance status (PS) ≥ 2 (p = 0.012), and enteral (p = 0.009) and parenteral (p = 0.015) nutritional supplementation, and worse OS for GNRI < 92 (p < 0.001), ECOG PS ≥ 2 (p < 0.001), and enteral (p = 0.008) and parenteral (p = 0.023) nutritional supplementation. In our multivariable model, GNRI ≤ 98 (p = 0.012) and ECOG PS ≥ 2 (p = 0.025) were independent prognostic factors for PFS. For OS, GNRI < 92 (p < 0.001) and ECOG PS ≥ 2 (p < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors. A GNRI ≤ 98 was significantly associated with a lower DCR compared to a GNRI > 98 (p = 0.001). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the GNRI may be an effective predictor for response to immunotherapy in R/M HNSCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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14 pages, 777 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Relationship between Dietary Flavonols Intake and Metabolic Syndrome in Polish Adults

by Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040854 - 8 Feb 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2717

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic disorders primarily caused by central obesity, which results in chronic inflammation leading to hypertension, diabetes and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Inflammation underlying MetS could be the target for dietary flavonols as they present antioxidative properties. The aim [...] Read more.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic disorders primarily caused by central obesity, which results in chronic inflammation leading to hypertension, diabetes and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Inflammation underlying MetS could be the target for dietary flavonols as they present antioxidative properties. The aim of this paper was to analyze the differences in habitual intake of selected flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and myricetin) between MetS patients and healthy participants, and its relationship with MetS advancement. Ninety participants were enrolled in this study. The one-year flavonol intake was assessed with a dedicated food frequency questionnaire. The patients with MetS consumed significantly less quercetin (p = 0.01), kaempferol (p = 0.04), isorhamnetin (p < 0.001), total flavonols (p = 0.01), tomatoes (p = 0.001) and wine (p = 0.01) daily. Further analysis revealed a moderate inverse correlation between quercetin (p = 0.001), kaempferol (p = 0.01), isorhamnetin (p < 0.001), total flavonols (p = 0.001) and tomato consumption (p = 0.004) and MetS stage. The analysis of laboratory parameters showed that dietary intake of flavonols was not correlated with lipid profile, glucose level or renal function. On the basis of this observation, a potential protective effect of dietary flavonols, mainly from tomatoes, against MetS could be suggested. However, when referring to MetS components, flavonols probably mainly impact central obesity and blood pressure, without a significant impact on conventional lipid-profile parameters and glucose level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Health throughout the Life Cycle)

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21 pages, 3460 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Inulin by Integrating Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses in a Murine Macrophage Cell Model

by Federica Farabegoli, Francisco J. Santaclara, Daniel Costas, Mercedes Alonso, Ana G. Abril, Montserrat Espiñeira, Ignacio Ortea and Celina Costas

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040859 - 8 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5030

Abstract

Inulin is a natural polysaccharide classified as a soluble fiber with demonstrated prebiotic activity. Prebiotics can reduce intestinal and systemic inflammation through modulation of the gut microflora and their metabolites. Additionally, extensive research is illuminating the role of macrophages in the interaction between [...] Read more.

Inulin is a natural polysaccharide classified as a soluble fiber with demonstrated prebiotic activity. Prebiotics can reduce intestinal and systemic inflammation through modulation of the gut microflora and their metabolites. Additionally, extensive research is illuminating the role of macrophages in the interaction between gut microbiota and many systemic inflammatory diseases. In this study, the anti-inflammatory properties of inulin were evaluated using a murine macrophage cell model (RAW 264.7) of inflammation, and the immunomodulatory mechanism was investigated using omics technologies. The cells underwent comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to identify the mechanisms responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory phenotype. Functional analyses of these omics results revealed two potential mechanisms that may lead to an overall reduction in cytokine and chemokine transcription: the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to the downregulation of proinflammatory factors such as COX2, and the promotion of the phase II defense protein Hmox1 via the Nrf2 pathway. This study provides promising targets for research on immune modulation by dietary fibers and offers new strategies for the design of functional ingredients, foods, and nutraceutical products, which could ultimately lead to personalized nutrition and improved consumer health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 'Protein Matters and Proteins Matter': Proteomics and Peptidomics in Nutrition and Health)

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14 pages, 1240 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Patient-Reported Experiences with a Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet: An International Survey in Patients with McArdle Disease

by Nicoline Løkken, Nicol C. Voermans, Linda K. Andersen, Walaa Karazi, Stacey L. Reason, Heidi Zweers, Gustav Wilms, Alfredo Santalla, Edward Susanibar, Alejandro Lucia and John Vissing

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040843 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5059

Abstract

The low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) has attracted increased attention in recent years as a potential treatment option for individuals with McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V), and despite the absence of strong scientific evidence of the LCKD’s benefits, increased numbers of individuals [...] Read more.

The low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) has attracted increased attention in recent years as a potential treatment option for individuals with McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V), and despite the absence of strong scientific evidence of the LCKD’s benefits, increased numbers of individuals with McArdle disease have tried a LCKD. The objective of this study was to collect patient-reported experiences with a LCKD. We aimed to estimate the immediate prevalence of individuals that had tried a LCKD in an international McArdle disease cohort, and we aimed to report on the patient-reported experiences with the diet, both positive and negative. A total of 183 responses were collected from individuals with McArdle disease from 18 countries. We found that one-third of the cohort had tried a LCKD, and almost 90% experienced some degree of positive effect, with the most prominent effects on McArdle disease-related core symptoms (e.g., activity intolerance, muscle pain, and muscle fatigue). Adverse effects were rare and generally rated as mild to moderate. These patient-reported findings underline the need for randomized clinical trials to decisively determine if a LCKD is a suitable nutritional strategy for patients with McArdle disease. The results from this study can prompt and contribute to the design of such a clinical trial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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11 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effects of Eight Weeks’ Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) on Liver Health in Subjects Affected by Overweight and Obesity

by Roberta Rinaldi, Sara De Nucci, Fabio Castellana, Martina Di Chito, Vito Giannuzzi, Endrit Shahini, Roberta Zupo, Luisa Lampignano, Giuseppina Piazzolla, Vincenzo Triggiani, Raffaele Cozzolongo, Gianluigi Giannelli and Giovanni De Pergola

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040825 - 6 Feb 2023

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 8489

Abstract

Very low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKD) are widely employed in successful weight-loss strategies. Herein, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of a VLCKD on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and parameters commonly associated with this condition in overweight and obese subjects who did not [...] Read more.

Very low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKD) are widely employed in successful weight-loss strategies. Herein, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of a VLCKD on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and parameters commonly associated with this condition in overweight and obese subjects who did not take any drugs. This prospective, real-life study included thirty-three participants who followed a VLCKD for 8 weeks. NAFLD was diagnosed using transient elastography (FibroScan). Data on anthropometric measurements, bioimpedance analysis, and biochemical assays were gathered both before and after the dietary intervention. BMI (kg/m²) (from 33.84 ± 6.55 to 30.89 ± 6.38, p < 0.01), waist circumference (cm) (from 106.67 ± 15.51 to 98.64 ± 16.21, p < 0.01), and fat mass (Kg) (from 38.47 ± 12.59 to 30.98 ± 12.39, p < 0.01) were significantly lower after VLCKD. CAP (db/m), the FibroScan parameter quantifying fatty liver accumulation, showed a significant reduction after VLCKD (from 266.61 ± 67.96 to 223 ± 64.19, p < 0.01). After VLCKD, the fatty liver index (FLI), a benchmark of steatosis, also revealed a significant decline (from 62.82 ± 27.46 to 44.09 ± 31.24, p < 0.01). Moreover, fasting blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, ALT, γGT, and FT3 blood concentrations, as well as insulin resistance (quantified by HOMAIR) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, were significantly lower after VLCKD (p < 0.01 for all the parameters). By contrast, HDL-cholesterol, 25 (OH) vitamin D, and FT4 blood concentrations were higher after VLCKD (p < 0.01 for all parameters). The variation (δ) of CAP after VLCKD did not show a correlation with the δ of any other parameter investigated in this study. We conclude that VLCKD is a helpful approach for NAFLD independent of changes in factors commonly associated with NAFLD (obesity, fat mass, insulin resistance, lipids, and blood pressure) as well as vitamin D and thyroid hormone levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Ketogenic Diet in Human Health and Diseases)

13 pages, 1688 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gastric Emptying of New-World Milk Containing A1 and A2 Β-Casein Is More Rapid as Compared to Milk Containing Only A2 Β-Casein in Lactose Maldigesters: A Randomized, Cross-Over Trial Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

by Monica Ramakrishnan, Xiaopeng Zhou, Ulrike Dydak and Dennis A. Savaiano

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 801; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040801 - 4 Feb 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4203

Abstract

Lactose maldigesters report an increase in abdominal pain due to the consumption of milk containing a mixture of A1 and A2 β-casein as compared to milk containing only A2 β-casein. Gastric transit affects gastrointestinal symptoms and rapid transit has been associated with an [...] Read more.

Lactose maldigesters report an increase in abdominal pain due to the consumption of milk containing a mixture of A1 and A2 β-casein as compared to milk containing only A2 β-casein. Gastric transit affects gastrointestinal symptoms and rapid transit has been associated with an increase in abdominal pain. We conducted a double-blinded, randomized, crossover trial in 10 lactose maldigesters. Subjects consumed each of the two types of milk: conventional milk containing 75% A1 β-casein and 25% A2 β-casein and A2 milk containing 100% A2 β-casein. Magnetic resonance images were acquired, and abdominal pain was rated and recorded at 0, 10, 30, 60 and 120 min after milk consumption. The volume of milk in the stomach was calculated using FSL software. The volume of milk in the stomach after consuming milk with 75% A1 β-casein and 25% A2 β-casein was significantly lower at 30 (p = 0.01), 60 (p = 0.002) and 120 (p < 0.001) minutes as compared to milk with 100% A2 β-casein in the 10 lactose maldigesters. The transit of New-World milk containing A1 and A2 β-casein was more rapid as compared to Old-World milk containing only A2 β-casein. This difference in transit may mediate symptoms of lactose intolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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17 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Determinants of Honey and Other Bee Products Use for Culinary, Cosmetic, and Medical Purposes

by Iwona Kowalczuk, Jerzy Gębski, Dagmara Stangierska and Agata Szymańska

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030737 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4276

Abstract

Bee products have been used for centuries for culinary, medicinal, and cosmetic purposes, and their properties are still a subject of research, which provide new arguments in favour of their use. The research aimed to determine the current state of use of bee [...] Read more.

Bee products have been used for centuries for culinary, medicinal, and cosmetic purposes, and their properties are still a subject of research, which provide new arguments in favour of their use. The research aimed to determine the current state of use of bee products by Polish consumers and determine the ways and conditions of their use, with particular reference to the level of nutritional knowledge and health status. The survey was conducted using the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) method on 487 respondents. It was found that honey is used mainly for culinary purposes and, to a lesser extent, for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. Other bee products are much less commonly used than honey—mainly beeswax and royal jelly for cosmetic purposes and propolis and bee pollen for medicinal purposes. Segments distinguished by the frequency of use of honey for particular purposes were differentiated by gender, age, income level, use of other bee products, and motivation to use them. Their differences were also found in terms of the level of nutritional knowledge and self-assessed health status—the highest ratings in both categories were indicated by representatives of the Honey users’ segment, which consisted of people who use honey most frequently for cooking, cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Regression analysis additionally showed that higher levels of nutritional knowledge and better health status were associated with the use of honey to treat gastrointestinal ailments and with the use of propolis for medicinal purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bee Products in Human Health)

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15 pages, 2505 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effects of Iron Deficiency on the Gut Microbiota in Women of Childbearing Age

by Hoonhee Seo, Seug Yun Yoon, Asad ul-Haq, Sujin Jo, Sukyung Kim, Md Abdur Rahim, Hyun-A Park, Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Min Jung Kim, Min-Young Lee, Kyoung Ha Kim, Namsu Lee, Jong-Ho Won and Ho-Yeon Song

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030691 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5434

Abstract

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent and common nutritional deficiency worldwide and is a global health problem with significant risk, particularly among women of reproductive age. Oral iron supplementation is the most widely used and cost-effective treatment for iron deficiency and [...] Read more.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent and common nutritional deficiency worldwide and is a global health problem with significant risk, particularly among women of reproductive age. Oral iron supplementation is the most widely used and cost-effective treatment for iron deficiency and IDA. However, there are limitations regarding side effects such as enteritis, treatment compliance, and bioavailability. Intestinal microbiome characteristic research has been recently conducted to overcome these issues, but more is needed. Against this background, a metagenomics study on the 16S gene in the feces of young women vulnerable to IDA was conducted. As a result of analyzing 16 normal subjects and 15 IDA patients, significant differences in bacterial community distribution were identified. In particular, a significant decrease in Faecalibacterium was characteristic in IDA patients compared with normal subjects. Furthermore, in the case of patients who recovered from IDA following iron supplementation treatment, it was confirmed that Faecalibacterium significantly recovered to normal levels. However, no significance in beta diversity was seen compared with before treatment. There were also no differences in the beta diversity results between the recovered and normal subjects. Therefore, intestinal dysbiosis during the disease state was considered to be restored as IDA improved. Although the results were derived from a limited number of subjects and additional research is needed, the results of this study are expected to be the basis for developing treatment and prevention strategies based on host–microbiome crosstalk in IDA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Gut Microbiota in Human Health)

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16 pages, 2462 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Assessment of Body Composition and Nutritional Awareness of Football Players According to Age

by Wiktoria Staśkiewicz, Elżbieta Grochowska-Niedworok, Grzegorz Zydek, Mateusz Grajek, Karolina Krupa-Kotara, Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa, Sylwia Jaruga-Sękowska, Oskar Kowalski and Marek Kardas

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030705 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5295

Abstract

The optimal body composition for health is an individual trait and is determined by genetic factors, sex, age, somatotype, physical activity, and individual variability. The present study aims to assess how professional football players’ body composition has changed over the training macrocycle in [...] Read more.

The optimal body composition for health is an individual trait and is determined by genetic factors, sex, age, somatotype, physical activity, and individual variability. The present study aims to assess how professional football players’ body composition has changed over the training macrocycle in various age groups and to determine the correlation between nutritional awareness and body composition maintenance. Thirty-eight football players participated in the study, with 16 players classified in the younger age group (19–25) and 22 in the older age group (26–31). Using the direct segmented multi-frequency electrical impedance analysis technique, the athletes’ body composition was assessed six times across a training macrocycle made up of preparatory, competitive, and transitional periods. The Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire was used to evaluate nutrition knowledge. The above correlations show that both younger and older athletes with higher awareness are better able to adjust their nutrition to meet the goals of the preparation period and can achieve greater gains in muscle mass and greater reductions in body fat. According to the study’s results, athletes who are better conscious of their nutritional needs during competition experience less muscle loss and exhibit more consistent body weight and BMI levels. Football players’ body composition suffers detrimental alterations throughout the transition period. Higher body mass, lean body mass content, and skeletal muscle mass are traits of older players. Higher nutritional knowledge reduces the negative modifications of body composition consisting of muscle mass reduction and fat gain. Nutritional knowledge influences the stability of body composition in both age groups during all the analyzed periods: Preparation, competition, and transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

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20 pages, 1679 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dark Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium) Supplementation Reduced Blood Pressure and Pro-Inflammatory Interferon Gamma (IFNγ) in Obese Adults without Affecting Lipid Profile, Glucose Levels and Liver Enzymes

by Shirley Arbizu, Susanne U. Mertens-Talcott, Stephen Talcott and Giuliana D. Noratto

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030681 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4033

Abstract

Dark sweet cherries (DSC) are rich in fiber and polyphenols that decrease risk factors associated with obesity. This single-blind randomized placebo-controlled study investigated DSC effects on inflammation, cardiometabolic, and liver health biomarkers in obese adults. Participants (>18 years, body mass index (BMI) = [...] Read more.

Dark sweet cherries (DSC) are rich in fiber and polyphenols that decrease risk factors associated with obesity. This single-blind randomized placebo-controlled study investigated DSC effects on inflammation, cardiometabolic, and liver health biomarkers in obese adults. Participants (>18 years, body mass index (BMI) = 30–40 kg/m²) consumed 200 mL of DSC drink (juice supplemented with DSC powder) (n = 19) or a placebo drink (n = 21) twice/day for 30 days. Anthropometric and physiological biomarkers were monitored at baseline (D1), mid-point (D15), and endpoint (D30) visits. Blood inflammatory biomarkers were assessed at D1, D15, and D30, and blood lipids, glucose, and liver enzymes at D1 and D30. DSC consumption lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.05) and decreased diastolic blood pressure (DBP) compared to placebo (p = 0.04). Stratification of participants by BMI revealed a greater (p = 0.008) SBP reduction in BMI > 35 participants. DSC lowered pro-inflammatory interferon-gamma (IFNγ) (p = 0.001), which correlated with SBP changes. The interleukin (IL)-1RA and SBP changes were correlated in the placebo group, as well as triglycerides (TG) with DBP. The increased IL-10 levels in the placebo group suggested a compensatory mechanism to counteract elevated IFNγ levels. No significant between-group differences were detected for blood lipids, glucose, and liver enzymes. In conclusion, DSC helped to decrease blood pressure levels and inflammation in obese adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Dietary Polyphenols and Obesity)

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13 pages, 1858 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Extract from Sea Buckthorn Seeds—A Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Hemostasis Study; Effect of Thermal Processing on Its Chemical Content and Biological Activity In Vitro

by Natalia Sławińska, Jerzy Żuchowski, Anna Stochmal and Beata Olas

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030686 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4680

Abstract

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a small tree, valued for its medicinal properties throughout the ages. Sea buckthorn berries and leaves are a known source of phytochemicals and have been used in the treatment of inflammation, oedema, hypertension, ulcers, and wounds [...] Read more.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a small tree, valued for its medicinal properties throughout the ages. Sea buckthorn berries and leaves are a known source of phytochemicals and have been used in the treatment of inflammation, oedema, hypertension, ulcers, and wounds in folk medicine. Sea buckthorn seeds are natural dietary sources of various bioactive compounds as well, but the number of studies on their content and biological properties is still insufficient. For the first time, we examined the phytochemical content and biological activity of sea buckthorn seeds in vitro. We have studied the effect of two extracts—from regular (no thermal processing) and roasted (thermally processed) sea buckthorn seeds—on the levels of oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ in plasma, coagulation times, and white thrombus formation (measured by Total Thrombus-formation Analysis System—T-TAS). We observed that sea buckthorn seeds contain diverse flavonoids, mostly glycosides of isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin, as well as smaller amounts of proanthocyanidins and catechin, triterpenoid saponins, and a number of unidentified polar and hydrophobic compounds. Both extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, but only the extract from roasted seeds decreased oxidation of thiol groups in plasma treated with H₂O₂/Fe²⁺. They did not alter coagulation times, but the extract from roasted seeds at the highest concentration (50 µg/mL) prolonged the time needed for white thrombus formation. The results indicate that sea buckthorn seeds have antioxidant activity that is not impaired by thermal processing and possess anticoagulant potential, but more research is needed in order to ascertain which compounds are responsible for these effects, especially in in vivo models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Benefits of Bioactive Natural Constituents — Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease)

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15 pages, 728 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity Nudges versus Usual Care in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results from the MADEIRA Randomized Controlled Trial

by Panos Papandreou, Aristea Gioxari, Efstratia Daskalou, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Maria Skouroliakou and Dimitrios P. Bogdanos

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030676 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7145

Abstract

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), diet quality and nutritional status have been shown to impact the disease activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) has been suggested as an anti-inflammatory regime to improve disease status and reduce cardiovascular risk. The Mediterranean DiEt In [...] Read more.

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), diet quality and nutritional status have been shown to impact the disease activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) has been suggested as an anti-inflammatory regime to improve disease status and reduce cardiovascular risk. The Mediterranean DiEt In Rheumatoid Arthritis (MADEIRA) was a single-blind (statistician), two-arm randomized clinical trial, investigating the effects of a 12-week lifestyle intervention, including a personalized isocaloric MD plan with the promotion of physical activity (PA), supported through a clinical decision support systems (CDSS) platform, versus usual care in women with RA. Forty adult women with RA on remission were randomly allocated (1:1 ratio) to either the intervention or the control arm. The intervention group received personalized MD plans and lifestyle consultation on improving PA levels, whereas the controls were given generic dietary and PA advice, based on the National Dietary Guidelines. The primary outcome was that the difference in the MD adherence and secondary outcomes included change in disease activity (DAS28), anthropometric indices (BodPod), dietary intake, PA, vitamin D concentrations, and blood lipid profiles after 12 weeks from the initiation of the trial. At 3 months post-baseline, participants in the MD arm exhibited greater adherence to the MD compared with the controls (p < 0.001), lower DAS28 (p < 0.001), favorable improvements in dietary intake (p = 0.001), PA (p = 0.002), body weight and body composition (p < 0.001), blood glucose (p = 0.005), and serum 1,25(OH)₂D concentrations (p < 0.001). The delivery of the MD and PA promotion through CDSS nudges in women with RA in an intensive manner improves the MD adherence and is associated with beneficial results regarding disease activity and cardiometabolic-related outcomes, compared with the usual care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nutrition in Healthy and Unhealthy Immune System)

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16 pages, 856 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Expert Consensus on Morphofunctional Assessment in Disease-Related Malnutrition. Grade Review and Delphi Study

by José Manuel García-Almeida, Cristina García-García, María D. Ballesteros-Pomar, Gabriel Olveira, Juan J. Lopez-Gomez, Virginia Bellido, Irene Bretón Lesmes, Rosa Burgos, Alejandro Sanz-Paris, Pilar Matia-Martin, Francisco Botella Romero, Julia Ocon Breton, Ana Zugasti Murillo and Diego Bellido

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030612 - 25 Jan 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4866

Abstract

Disease-related malnutrition (DRM) affects approximately a third of hospitalized patients and is associated with an increased risk of morbimortality. However, DRM is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Our aim is to evaluate the prognostic value of morphofunctional tools and tests for nutritional assessment in [...] Read more.

Disease-related malnutrition (DRM) affects approximately a third of hospitalized patients and is associated with an increased risk of morbimortality. However, DRM is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Our aim is to evaluate the prognostic value of morphofunctional tools and tests for nutritional assessment in clinical practice. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies relating to the morphofunctional assessment of nutritional status and mortality or complications. Evidence was evaluated using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) method. Twelve GRADE recommendations were made and divided into seven topics: food intake and nutrient assimilation, anthropometry, biochemical analysis, hand grip strength, phase angle, muscle imaging, and functional status and quality of life. From these recommendations, 37 statements were developed and scored in a two-survey Delphi method by 183 experts. A consensus was reached on accepting 26/37 statements. Surveys had high internal consistency and high inter-rater reliability. In conclusion, evidence-based recommendations were made on the prognostic value of morphofunctional assessment tools and tests to assess malnutrition, most of which were found to be feasible in routine clinical practice, according to expert opinions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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24 pages, 3104 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Congruence between Physical Activity Patterns and Dietary Patterns Inferred from Analysis of Sex Differences in Lifestyle Behaviors of Late Adolescents from Poland: Cophylogenetic Approach

by Jarosław Domaradzki

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030608 - 24 Jan 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2853

Abstract

Global trends toward physical inactivity and the replacement of healthy dietary behaviors with unhealthy food consumption, particularly in late adolescence, were commonly observed. Thus, the aim of this work was twofold: (1) to examine congruence between PAPs and DPs by identifying sex differences [...] Read more.

Global trends toward physical inactivity and the replacement of healthy dietary behaviors with unhealthy food consumption, particularly in late adolescence, were commonly observed. Thus, the aim of this work was twofold: (1) to examine congruence between PAPs and DPs by identifying sex differences in healthy and unhealthy behaviors and (2) to assess the explanation behind why certain participants were classified into clusters using BMI and fat mass covariates. Late adolescents (19–21 years of age, n = 107) were selected to study. PAPs and DPs were assessed with questionnaires (IPAQ, QEB) and body height, weight, and fat mass percentage were self-reported (the accuracy and reliability of self-reported data were empirically verified). A cophylogenetic approach with several clustering procedures (heatmaps and tanglegrams) was the way to solve the stated problems. Results showed that students achieved the minimal level of physical activity, lower than students from other regions in Poland, Czech Republic, or Germany. There was congruence between PAPs and DPs in some males’ and females’ behaviors. Significant similarities in sex patterns of behaviors were revealed (Mantel tests–PAPs: r = 0.70, p < 0.001; DPs: r = 0.84, p < 0.001). Similarities in PAPs were related to transportation cycling and school/work activities behaviors. Non-healthy triads in dietary behaviors were found: fast-food, sweetened beverages, and alcoholic drinks in the first, and sweets, fried meals, and yellow cheese in the second. One healthy diad was revealed: vegetables and fruits. Only females’ dietary behaviors were reflected in body mass index (F = 3.19, p = 0.049), percentage of body fat (F = 3.87, p = 0.027), and fat mass index (F = 3.83, p = 0.028). The usefulness of the cophenetic approach in patterns study was verified. Sex similarities and specific disparities could help preparing targeted tailored intervention programs that improve healthy habits in late adolescents. This is especially important in relation to females, who more strongly reflected dietary behaviors in body composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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11 pages, 687 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dietary Factors and Endometrial Cancer Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Study

by Xuemin Wang, Dylan M. Glubb and Tracy A. O’Mara

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030603 - 24 Jan 2023

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 9041

Abstract

Given the strong association between obesity and endometrial cancer risk, dietary factors may play an important role in the development of this cancer. However, observational studies of micro- and macronutrients and their role in endometrial cancer risk have been inconsistent. Clarifying these relationships [...] Read more.

Given the strong association between obesity and endometrial cancer risk, dietary factors may play an important role in the development of this cancer. However, observational studies of micro- and macronutrients and their role in endometrial cancer risk have been inconsistent. Clarifying these relationships are important to develop nutritional recommendations for cancer prevention. We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the effects of circulating levels of 15 micronutrients (vitamin A (retinol), folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, β-carotene, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc) as well as corrected relative macronutrient intake (protein, carbohydrate, sugar and fat) on risks of endometrial cancer and its subtypes (endometrioid and non-endometrioid histologies). Genetically predicted vitamin C levels were found to be strongly associated with endometrial cancer risk. There was some evidence that genetically predicted relative intake of macronutrients (carbohydrate, sugar and fat) affects endometrial cancer risk. No other significant association were observed. Conclusions: In summary, these findings suggest that vitamin C and macronutrients influence endometrial cancer risk but further investigation is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nutrition in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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11 pages, 910 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Triglyceride–Glucose Index as a Potential Indicator of Sarcopenic Obesity in Older People

by Bokun Kim, Gwonmin Kim, Yongkook Lee, Keisuke Taniguchi, Tomonori Isobe and Sechang Oh

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030555 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4313

Abstract

Purpose: This population-based cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether the triglyceride–glucose index (TyG index) is associated with sarcopenic obesity (SO) and whether it would be a helpful indicator of SO. Methods: A total of 3821 participants aged ≥ 60 years were selected for [...] Read more.

Purpose: This population-based cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether the triglyceride–glucose index (TyG index) is associated with sarcopenic obesity (SO) and whether it would be a helpful indicator of SO. Methods: A total of 3821 participants aged ≥ 60 years were selected for the study group, and 4919 participants aged 20–39 years were included as a reference group. The participants were allocated to sarcopenia, obesity, and SO groups depending on if their body mass index (BMI) was ≥25 kg/m² and their sarcopenia index was ≤1 standard deviation (SD) lower than the mean of the reference group. The sex-specific differences and trends among the participants were analyzed by using the TyG index tertiles, and appropriate cut-off values of the TyG index for SO were calculated. Results: As the TyG index increased, BMI increased, but the sarcopenia index decreased in both sexes. Males and females in the middle and highest tertiles of the TyG index were 1.775 and 3.369, and they were 1.993 and 3.157 times more likely to have SO, respectively. The cut-off values of the TyG index for SO in males and females were ≥8.72 and 8.67, respectively. Conclusion: A high TyG index is positively associated with SO, and the TyG index may be considered a potential indicator of SO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges to Limiting Sarcopenia and Age-Related Diseases to Promote Healthy Aging)

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16 pages, 6059 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Luteolin Attenuates Hypertension via Inhibiting NF-κB-Mediated Inflammation and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus

by Hong-Li Gao, Xiao-Jing Yu, Yu-Qi Feng, Yu Yang, Han-Bo Hu, Yu-Yang Zhao, Jia-Hao Zhang, Kai-Li Liu, Yan Zhang, Li-Yan Fu, Ying Li, Jie Qi, Jin-An Qiao and Yu-Ming Kang

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030502 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3499

Abstract

Background: Luteolin is widely distributed among a number of vegetal species worldwide. The pharmacological effects of luteolin are diverse and amongst antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activities. Preliminary study showed that luteolin can ameliorate hypertension. However, the precise mechanism needs further investigation. [...] Read more.

Background: Luteolin is widely distributed among a number of vegetal species worldwide. The pharmacological effects of luteolin are diverse and amongst antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activities. Preliminary study showed that luteolin can ameliorate hypertension. However, the precise mechanism needs further investigation. There is no evidence that luteolin affects the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), a brain nucleus associated with a critical neural regulator of blood pressure. Our main aim was to explore the effect of luteolin on the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway within the PVN of hypertensive rats. Methods: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and corresponding normotensive control rats, the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were divided into four groups and subsequently treated for 4 weeks with bilateral PVN injections of either luteolin (20 µg/0.11 µL, volume: 0.11 µL/h) or vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid). Results: luteolin infusion to the PVN significantly decreased some hemodynamic parameters including the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), circulating plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI). Additionally, there was a decrease in the expressions of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K) and phosphorylated protein kinase-B (p-AKT), levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), NAD(P)H oxidase subunit (NOX2, NOX4) in the PVN of SHRs. Meanwhile, the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 in the PVN of SHRs were lowered. Furthermore, immunofluorescence results showed that injection of luteolin in the PVN reduced the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and increased that of superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and the 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) in the PVN of SHRs. Conclusion: Our novel findings revealed that luteolin lowered hypertension via inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the PVN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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10 pages, 1284 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Nutraceutical Containing Chlorogenic Acid and Luteolin Improves Cardiometabolic Parameters in Subjects with Pre-Obesity: A 6-Month Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

by Simona Terzo, Antonella Amato, Antonio Magán-Fernández, Giuseppa Castellino, Pasquale Calvi, Roberta Chianetta, Rosaria V. Giglio, Angelo M. Patti, Dragana Nikolic, Alberto Firenze, Flavia Mulè, Marcello Ciaccio and Manfredi Rizzo

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020462 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4789

Abstract

Pre-obesity is a condition that predisposes to the risk of developing obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and diabetes. Our previous study demonstrated that a Cynara cardunculus (L.) based nutraceutical named Altilix^® (Bionap, Italy), containing chlorogenic acid and luteolin extracts, was able to improve [...] Read more.

Pre-obesity is a condition that predisposes to the risk of developing obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and diabetes. Our previous study demonstrated that a Cynara cardunculus (L.) based nutraceutical named Altilix^® (Bionap, Italy), containing chlorogenic acid and luteolin extracts, was able to improve several hepatic and cardio-metabolic parameters. Given this background, we conducted a post-hoc analysis of the Altilix^® study in order to analyze the supplement’s effects in the subgroup of pre-obesity subjects on anthropometry (weight and waist circumference), glucose metabolism (HbA1C, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-β), lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol), hepatic functionality (FLI, AST, ALT and AST/ALT), carotid-media thickness (CIMT) and endothelial function (FMD). Fifty subjects from the original study cohort (which consisted of 100 subjects) were chosen with BMI ≥ 25 and < 30 kg/m². All subjects received the Altilix^® supplement (150 mg/day) or placebo using a computer-based random allocation system. After six months of treatment Altilix^® significantly reduced body weight, glycemic, and lipid parameters (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol) and improved hepatic functionality, CIMT, and FMD. In conclusion, these results confirm that Altilix^® supplementation has a significant effect on cardiometabolic parameters not only in obese subjects but also in pre-obesity subjects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds and Healthy Foods: New Strategy to Counteract Chronic Diseases)

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14 pages, 466 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimizing the Relationship between Regulation and Innovation in Dietary Supplements: A Case Study of Food with Function Claims in Japan

by Keigo Sato, Kota Kodama and Shintaro Sengoku

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020476 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7295

Abstract

Regulation has long been a counterpart of innovation in the health care industry, and recent cases have demonstrated that appropriately designed regulations can both coexist with and promote innovation. This study is the first study to explore how the regulatory environment affected the [...] Read more.

Regulation has long been a counterpart of innovation in the health care industry, and recent cases have demonstrated that appropriately designed regulations can both coexist with and promote innovation. This study is the first study to explore how the regulatory environment affected the innovation process during the transition of the regulations for functional foods in Japan by examining quantitatively the impact of the foods with function claims (FFC) system on industry, companies, and products. Based on a dataset of Japanese dietary supplement manufacturing companies (n = 169) and their products (n = 731) in 2019, we found that companies that have newly entered the FFC system are smaller in scale than existing companies (p < 0.01, Wilcoxon rank sum test). We also found that companies with FFC products have larger revenue growth (p = 0.01). A multiple regression analysis revealed that FFC product sales increased with in-house clinical testing (coefficient: 26.8, p < 0.0001), diverse active ingredients (coefficient: 7.6, p < 0.001), and the claim of new functions (coefficient: 10.2, p < 0.05). These results suggested that the FFC system facilitated the market entry of small and mid-size enterprises and promoted the creation of high-value products through innovative company efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Consumers’ Preferences and Behavior toward Healthy and Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 1168 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gut Microbiome Composition and Metabolic Capacity Differ by FUT2 Secretor Status in Exclusively Breastfed Infants

by Alexander W. Thorman, Grace Adkins, Shannon C. Conrey, Allison R. Burrell, Ying Yu, Brendon White, Rachel Burke, David Haslam, Daniel C. Payne, Mary A. Staat, Ardythe L. Morrow and David S. Newburg

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020471 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5059

Abstract

A major polymorphism in the fucosyltransferase2 (FUT2) gene influences risk of multiple gut diseases, but its impact on the microbiome of breastfed infants was unknown. In individuals with an active FUT2 enzyme (“secretors”), the intestinal mucosa is abundantly fucosylated, providing mutualist [...] Read more.

A major polymorphism in the fucosyltransferase2 (FUT2) gene influences risk of multiple gut diseases, but its impact on the microbiome of breastfed infants was unknown. In individuals with an active FUT2 enzyme (“secretors”), the intestinal mucosa is abundantly fucosylated, providing mutualist bacteria with a rich endogenous source of fucose. Non-secretors comprise approximately one-fifth of the population, and they lack the ability to create this enzyme. Similarly, maternal secretor status influences the abundance of a breastfeeding mother’s fucosylated milk oligosaccharides. We compared the impact of maternal secretor status, measured by FUT2 genotype, and infant secretor status, measured by FUT2 genotype and phenotype, on early infant fecal microbiome samples collected from 2-month-old exclusively breastfed infants (n = 59). Infant secretor status (19% non-secretor, 25% low-secretor, and 56% full-secretor) was more strongly associated with the infant microbiome than it was with the maternal FUT2 genotype. Alpha diversity was greater in the full-secretors than in the low- or non-secretor infants (p = 0.049). Three distinct microbial enterotypes corresponded to infant secretor phenotype (p = 0.022) and to the dominance of Bifidobacterium breve, B. longum, or neither (p < 0.001). Infant secretor status was also associated with microbial metabolic capacity, specifically, bioenergetics pathways. We concluded that in exclusively breastfed infants, infant—but not maternal—secretor status is associated with infant microbial colonization and metabolic capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Breast Milk and Formula on Infant Intestinal Health and the Infant Gut Microbiome)

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14 pages, 851 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nutritional Status Is Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life, Physical Activity, and Sleep Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Elderly Greek Population

by Sousana K. Papadopoulou, Maria Mantzorou, Gavriela Voulgaridou, Eleni Pavlidou, Konstantinos Vadikolias, Georgios Antasouras, Theofanis Vorvolakos, Evmorfia Psara, Georgios K. Vasios, Aspasia Serdari, Efthymios Poulios and Constantinos Giaginis

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020443 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5400

Abstract

This study aims to explore the associations between nutritional status and health-related quality of life, physical activity, and sleep quality in older exclusively Caucasian adults from Greec who were free of any severe disease. This is a cross-sectional study. Mini Nutritional Assessment was [...] Read more.

This study aims to explore the associations between nutritional status and health-related quality of life, physical activity, and sleep quality in older exclusively Caucasian adults from Greec who were free of any severe disease. This is a cross-sectional study. Mini Nutritional Assessment was used to assess nutritional status, health-related quality of life was assessed using the Short Form Healthy Survey questionnaire, sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and physical activity levels were assessed via the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. 3405 community-dwelling men and women, over 65 years old from14 different Greek regions were enrolled. Ten-point four percent (10.4%) of the participants were classified as malnourished, while 35.6% were “at risk of malnutrition”. A better nutritional status was significantly and independently associated with higher physical activity levels (p = 0.0011) and better quality of life (p = 0.0135), as well as better sleep quality (p = 0.0202). In conclusion, our study highlights the interrelationships between a good nutritional status, a high-quality sleep, active lifestyle, and good quality of life. Further interventional studies are needed to clarify the associations, and test the feasibility of improving the nutritional status, physical activity levels and sleep quality of the elderly, and the impact of these changes on quality of life, and healthy ageing in races beyond Caucasian populations. Public health strategies and policies should be recommended to inform older adults for the necessity to improve their nutritional status and lifestyle habits to improve their health status and to obtain better life expectancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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13 pages, 986 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nutritional Quality of Plant-Based Meat and Dairy Imitation Products and Comparison with Animal-Based Counterparts

by Alexandra Katidi, Konstantina Xypolitaki, Antonis Vlassopoulos and Maria Kapsokefalou

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020401 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8073

Abstract

While consumers are increasingly adopting plant-based meat and dairy imitation products, the nutritional quality and adequacy of those foods to act as a substitute is still under discussion. The Greek Branded Food Composition Database (HelTH) was expanded to map currently available meat and [...] Read more.

While consumers are increasingly adopting plant-based meat and dairy imitation products, the nutritional quality and adequacy of those foods to act as a substitute is still under discussion. The Greek Branded Food Composition Database (HelTH) was expanded to map currently available meat and dairy imitations in Greece. Their main ingredient used, nutritional composition, and promotion as a healthy, nutritious food were described, and their overall nutritional quality using the Nutri-Score algorithm was evaluated. A total of n = 421 plant-based imitations were analyzed, made primarily of wheat or wheat mixes (83.5%) for meat imitations and grain (19.8%) or vegetable oil (17.1%) for dairy imitations. All meat imitations were high in protein and fiber, while, for dairy, only yogurts carried a protein content claim (80.9%). Imitation sausages, milk, and yogurt products had lower total fat and saturated fat content compared to their animal-based counterparts. All dairy imitations had lower protein content than animal-based dairy. The nutritional quality of imitation cheeses was graded as D–E, under the Nutri-Score system, compared to A–C for the animal-based cheese. Plant-based imitations have variable composition based on their main ingredient, and the substitution of specific food groups with plant-based alternatives may not support an equivalent or improved diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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22 pages, 1756 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) in Healthy Children during the First Two Years of Life: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study

by Beata Łoniewska, Magda Fraszczyk-Tousty, Piotr Tousty, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz and Igor Łoniewski

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020367 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5073

Abstract

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important metabolites of the gut microbiota. The aim is to analyze the influence of perinatal factors, which can affect the gut microbiota, on the concentrations of fecal SCFAs over the first two years of life. Gas chromatography was [...] Read more.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important metabolites of the gut microbiota. The aim is to analyze the influence of perinatal factors, which can affect the gut microbiota, on the concentrations of fecal SCFAs over the first two years of life. Gas chromatography was used to analyze SCFA in a total of 456 fecal samples from 86 children. Total SCFA concentrations increased until 12 months and stabilized after that. Antibiotic treatment during pregnancy was associated with an increase in acetic acid, propionic acid and total SCFA in meconium and a decrease in the same SCFAs at 6 months. Butyric acid was increased after Caesarean delivery until 1 month. In formula-fed children, propionic acid (at 1 month) and butyric acid and total SCFA (at 12 months) were increased. Acetic and linear butyric acids and total SCFAs were also increased at 12 months in children born vaginally that were also formula-fed. Higher butyric acid was observed in children of mothers with normal pre-pregnancy weight and adequate weight gain during pregnancy. Butyric acid was also elevated in 6-month-old infants with a higher body weight (≥85th percentile). Acetic acid concentrations were significantly higher in 2-year-old females vs. males. We conclude that perinatal factors are linked to changes in fecal SCFAs and further long-term epidemiological studies are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Pre- and Perinatal Factors and Infant Nutrition on the Intestinal Microbiota)

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11 pages, 1121 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of the Extra Virgin Olive Oil Minor Phenolic Compound 3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenylglycol in Experimental Diabetic Kidney Disease

by María Dolores Rodriguez-Pérez, Laura Santiago-Corral, Laura Ortega-Hombrados, Cristina Verdugo, María Monsalud Arrebola, Esther Martín-Aurioles, María África Fernández-Prior, Alejandra Bermúdez-Oria, José Pedro De La Cruz and José Antonio González-Correa

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020377 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2906

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the possible nephroprotective effect of 3’,4’-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), a polyphenolic compound of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), on renal lesions in an experimental model of type 1 diabetes. Rats were distributed as follows: healthy normoglycemic rats [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to analyze the possible nephroprotective effect of 3’,4’-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), a polyphenolic compound of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), on renal lesions in an experimental model of type 1 diabetes. Rats were distributed as follows: healthy normoglycemic rats (NDR), diabetic rats treated with saline (DR), and DR treated with 0.5 mg/kg/day or 1 mg/kg/day of DHPG. DR showed a significantly higher serum and renal oxidative and nitrosative stress profile than NDR, as well as reduced prostacyclin production and renal damage (defined as urinary protein excretion, reduced creatinine clearance, increased glomerular volume, and increased glomerulosclerosis index). DHPG reduced the oxidative and nitrosative stress and increased prostacyclin production (a 59.2% reduction in DR and 34.7–7.8% reduction in DHPG-treated rats), as well as 38–56% reduction in urinary protein excretion and 22–46% reduction in glomerular morphological parameters (after the treatment with 0.5 or 1 mg/kg/day, respectively). Conclusions: DHPG administration to type 1-like diabetic rats exerts a nephroprotective effect probably due to the sum of its antioxidant (Pearson’s coefficient 0.68–0.74), antinitrosative (Pearson’s coefficient 0.83), and prostacyclin production regulator (Pearson’s coefficient 0.75) effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases)

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13 pages, 1424 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Hepatic Safety of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) in Reproductive-Aged Women

by Hiba Siblini, Ayman Al-Hendy, James Segars, Frank González, Hugh S. Taylor, Bhuchitra Singh, Ainna Flaminia, Valerie A. Flores, Gregory M. Christman, Hao Huang, Jeremy J. Johnson and Heping Zhang

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020320 - 9 Jan 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5352

Abstract

A similar abstract of the interim analysis was previously published in Fertility and Sterility. EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE (EGCG) FOR TREATMENT OF UNEXPLAINED INFERTILITY ASSOCIATED WITH UTERINE FIBROIDS (PRE-FRIEND TRIAL): EARLY SAFETY ASSESSMENT. Uterine fibroids are the most common cause of unexplained infertility in reproductive-aged [...] Read more.

A similar abstract of the interim analysis was previously published in Fertility and Sterility. EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE (EGCG) FOR TREATMENT OF UNEXPLAINED INFERTILITY ASSOCIATED WITH UTERINE FIBROIDS (PRE-FRIEND TRIAL): EARLY SAFETY ASSESSMENT. Uterine fibroids are the most common cause of unexplained infertility in reproductive-aged women. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea catechin, has demonstrated its ability to shrink uterine fibroids in prior preclinical and clinical studies. Hence, we developed an NICHD Confirm-funded trial to evaluate the use of EGCG for treating women with fibroids and unexplained infertility (FRIEND trial). Prior to embarking on that trial, we here conducted the pre-FRIEND study (NCT 04177693) to evaluate the safety of EGCG in premenopausal women. Specifically, our aim was to assess any adverse effects of EGCG alone or in combination with an ovarian stimulator on serum liver function tests (LFTs) and folate level. In this randomized, open-label prospective cohort, participants were recruited from the FRIEND-collaborative clinical sites: Johns Hopkins University, University of Chicago, University of Illinois at Chicago, and Yale University. Thirty-nine women, ages ≥18 to ≤40 years, with/without uterine fibroids, were enrolled and randomized to one of three treatment arms: 800 mg of EGCG daily alone, 800 mg of EGCG daily with clomiphene citrate 100 mg for 5 days, or 800 mg of EGCG daily with Letrozole 5 mg for 5 days. No subject demonstrated signs of drug induced liver injury and no subject showed serum folate level outside the normal range. Hence, our data suggests that a daily dose of 800 mg of EGCG alone or in combination with clomiphene citrate or letrozole (for 5 days) is well-tolerated and is not associated with liver toxicity or folate deficiency in reproductive-aged women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals for Women’s Reproductive Health and Disorders)

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12 pages, 526 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Increased Intake of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Is Associated with Reduced Odds of Low Hand Grip Strength in Korean Adults

by Yoonjin Shin and Eugene Chang

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020321 - 9 Jan 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3924

Abstract

Nutritional status is thought to be one of the modifiable risk factors for muscle health. This study investigates the association between dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake and hand grip strength (HGS) in Korean adults. The cross-sectional analysis was performed on 18,278 [...] Read more.

Nutritional status is thought to be one of the modifiable risk factors for muscle health. This study investigates the association between dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake and hand grip strength (HGS) in Korean adults. The cross-sectional analysis was performed on 18,278 participants aged ≥19 years enrolled in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2016–2019. Omega-3 PUFA consumption was positively linked to the dietary intake of nuts, fish, and shellfish in Korean adults. After adjusting for potential confounders, the results showed that increased omega-3 PUFA intake was associated with a decreased risk of low HGS (odds ratio (OR) for upper quartile (Q4) compared to Q1, men: OR = 1.42 (95% CI: 1.17–1.72), women: OR = 1.61 (1.37–1.89)). This inverse association was reported in people who did no resistance exercise or had an insufficient protein intake. In contrast, this association was not evident in adults who did resistance exercise or had sufficient protein intake. Furthermore, participants with hypertension or type 2 diabetes showed stronger associations between dietary omega-3 PUFA intake and HGS compared with other subgroups. These results suggest that dietary omega-3 PUFA intake positively related with HGS in Korean adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Benefits of Dietary Fat in Chronic Diseases)

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14 pages, 360 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pediatric Overweight, Fatness and Risk for Dyslipidemia Are Related to Diet: A Cross-Sectional Study in 9-year-old Children

by Paulo Mascarenhas, José M. Furtado, Sílvia M. Almeida, Maria E. Ferraz, Fernando P. Ferraz and Pedro Oliveira

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020329 - 9 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3038

Abstract

Pediatric overweight, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance can result from unhealthy lifestyle habits and increase morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Herein, we evaluated the relationship between diet and physical activity patterns with the metabolic health of 9-year-old school children. Measurements included anthropometry, adiposity, lipid, [...] Read more.

Pediatric overweight, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance can result from unhealthy lifestyle habits and increase morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Herein, we evaluated the relationship between diet and physical activity patterns with the metabolic health of 9-year-old school children. Measurements included anthropometry, adiposity, lipid, and glycemic profiles. Questionnaires evaluated diet and physical activity. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) screened for diet patterns, and multilevel models evaluated diet and physical activity patterns against overweight, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance markers across schools and children. EFA highlighted two diet patterns, Western and Traditional. Food rich in fat, salt, and sugar and fewer vegetables and fruits defined the Western pattern. The Traditional pattern, linked to healthier eating habits, had analogies to the Mediterranean diet. Overall, 39% of the children were overweight (including the obese), while 62% presented cardiovascular risk factors on their lipid profiles. Normal-weight children presented 60% high cholesterol incidence. Global insulin resistance incidence was 4.1%, but almost doubled among the overweight/obese. The Westernized diet consistently linked to worse cardiovascular risk markers, even independently of physical practice. Intensive or competitive physical activity was associated with decreased triglycerides (p = 0.003), regardless of diet. Future prospective studies are warranted to validate these results externally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Lifestyle Promoting Healthy Weight Strategies in Children and Adolescents)

12 pages, 618 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Oral Bioavailability and Metabolism of Hydroxytyrosol from Food Supplements

by Cecilia Bender, Sarah Strassmann and Christian Golz

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020325 - 9 Jan 2023

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4103

Abstract

Table olives and olive oils are the main dietary sources of hydroxytyrosol (HT), a natural antioxidant compound that has emerged as a potential aid in protection against cardiovascular risk. Bioavailability studies with olive oils showed that HT is bioavailable from its free form [...] Read more.

Table olives and olive oils are the main dietary sources of hydroxytyrosol (HT), a natural antioxidant compound that has emerged as a potential aid in protection against cardiovascular risk. Bioavailability studies with olive oils showed that HT is bioavailable from its free form and from conjugated forms such as oleuropein and its aglycone. Still, its low dietary intake, poor bioavailability, and high inter-individual variability after absorption through the gastrointestinal tract hamper its full benefits. In a randomized, controlled, blinded, cross-over study, we investigated the impact of HT metabolism and bioavailability by comparing two olive-derived watery supplements containing different doses of HT (30.58 and 61.48 mg of HT/dosage). Additionally, HT-fortified olive oil was used in the control group. To this aim, plasma and urine samples were evaluated in 12 healthy volunteers following the intake of a single dose of the supplements or fortified olive oil. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, and 12 h after intake. HT and its metabolites were analyzed using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic results showed that dietary HT administered through the food supplements is bioavailable and bioavailability increases with the administered dose. After intake, homovanillic acid, HT-3-O-sulphate, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid are the main metabolites found both in plasma and urine. The maximum concentrations in plasma peaked 30 min after intake. As bioavailability of a compound is a fundamental prerequisite for its effect, these results promise a good potential of both food supplements for protection against oxidative stress and the consequent cardiovascular risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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12 pages, 1462 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prognostic Nutritional Index as a Predictor of Mortality in 101,616 Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

by Yoshikazu Miyasato, Ramy M. Hanna, Jun Morinaga, Masashi Mukoyama and Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020311 - 8 Jan 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4097

Abstract

High mortality in dialysis patients is linked to malnutrition and inflammation. Prognostic nutritional index (PNI), calculated from serum albumin level and total lymphocyte count, has been developed as a prognostic marker for cancer patients. We investigated the clinical utility of PNI in predicting [...] Read more.

High mortality in dialysis patients is linked to malnutrition and inflammation. Prognostic nutritional index (PNI), calculated from serum albumin level and total lymphocyte count, has been developed as a prognostic marker for cancer patients. We investigated the clinical utility of PNI in predicting mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Thus, 101,616 patients who initiated hemodialysis in United States dialysis centers between 2007 and 2011 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Using the Cox regression model, we assessed the relationship between PNI and mortality. Further, the predictive value of PNI for one-year mortality was compared with that of its constituent using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, net reclassification improvement, and integrated discrimination improvement. Higher PNI quartiles were incrementally associated with lower mortality; in patients with PNI values of 39.5–<43.1, 43.1–<46.6, and ≥46.6 (reference: PNI < 39.5), case-mix adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.66 (0.64, 0.68), 0.49 (0.48, 0.51), and 0.36 (0.34, 0.37), respectively. PNI predicted mortality better than serum albumin level or total lymphocyte count alone. In the subgroup analysis, PNI performed well in predicting mortality in patients aged < 65 years. Our results indicate that PNI is a simple and practical prognostic marker in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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15 pages, 2040 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Maternal Betaine Supplementation Mitigates Maternal High Fat Diet-Induced NAFLD in Offspring Mice through Gut Microbiota

by Liuqiao Sun, Xuying Tan, Xiaoping Liang, Hangjun Chen, Qian Ou, Qiongmei Wu, Xinxue Yu, Hanqing Zhao, Qiaoli Huang, Zehua Yi, Jun Wei, Feng Wu, Huilian Zhu and Lijun Wang

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020284 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3898

Abstract

Maternal betaine supplementation has been proven to alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in offspring caused by maternal high-fat diet (MHFD). The gut–liver axis plays an important role in NAFLD pathogenesis. However, whether maternal betaine supplementation can alleviate NAFLD in offspring by the [...] Read more.

Maternal betaine supplementation has been proven to alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in offspring caused by maternal high-fat diet (MHFD). The gut–liver axis plays an important role in NAFLD pathogenesis. However, whether maternal betaine supplementation can alleviate NAFLD in offspring by the gut–liver axis is unknown. C57BL/6J mice were fed with high-fat diet for 4 weeks before mating, and supplemented with 1% betaine during pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, offspring mice were fed with standard diet to 10 weeks. Maternal betaine supplementation reduced hepatic triglyceride content and alleviated hepatic steatosis in offspring mice exposed to MHFD. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of PPARα, CPT1α and FATP2 was increased and TNFα was reduced by maternal betaine supplementation. Maternal betaine intake decreased the relative abundances of Proteobateria, Desulfovibrio and Ruminococcus, but increased the relative abundances of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides. Moreover, maternal betaine intake increased the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid, in the feces. Gut microbiota and SCFAs were significantly correlated with hepatic triglyceride content and expression of the above genes. Maternal betaine intake had no effect on other gut microbiota-related metabolites (bile acid and trimethylamine-n-oxide). Altogether, maternal betaine supplementation ameliorated MHFD-induced NAFLD possibly through regulating gut microbiota and SCFAs in offspring mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet–Microbiome Interactions on Chronic Diseases)

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16 pages, 4609 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biotin Deficiency Induces Intestinal Dysbiosis Associated with an Inflammatory Bowel Disease-like Phenotype

by Julianne C. Yang, Jonathan P. Jacobs, Michael Hwang, Subrata Sabui, Fengting Liang, Hamid M. Said and Jonathan Skupsky

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020264 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 13826

Abstract

Biotin is an essential vitamin and critical cofactor in several metabolic pathways, and its deficiency has been linked to several disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We previously reported that biotin deficiency (BD) in mice, whether modeled through intestine-specific deletion of biotin transporter [...] Read more.

Biotin is an essential vitamin and critical cofactor in several metabolic pathways, and its deficiency has been linked to several disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We previously reported that biotin deficiency (BD) in mice, whether modeled through intestine-specific deletion of biotin transporter (SMVT-icKO) or through a biotin-deficient diet, resulted in intestinal inflammation consistent with an IBD-like phenotype. To assess whether the gut microbiome is associated with these BD-induced changes, we collected stool and intestinal samples from both of these mouse models and utilized them for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We find that both diet-mediated and deletion-mediated BD result in the expansion of opportunistic microbes including Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Helicobacter, at the expense of mucus-resident microbes including Akkermansia. Additionally, microbiome dysbiosis resulting from diet-mediated BD precedes the onset of the IBD-like phenotypic changes. Lastly, through the use of predictive metagenomics, we report that the resulting BD-linked microbiome perturbations exhibit increased biotin biosynthesis in addition to several other perturbed metabolic pathways. Altogether, these results demonstrate that biotin deficiency results in a specific microbiome composition, which may favor microbes capable of biotin synthesis and which may contribute to intestinal inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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12 pages, 670 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Waist Circumference Is an Essential Factor in Predicting Insulin Resistance and Early Detection of Metabolic Syndrome in Adults

by José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent, Andrés Martínez Jover, Caroline Silveira Martinez, Pilar Tomás-Gil, Pau Martí-Lliteras and Ángel Arturo López-González

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020257 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 4609

Abstract

Background: Metabolic syndrome (Met-S) is considered one of the most important health problems of the 21st century. It includes a group of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as overweight and obesity, elevated lipid profile and blood pressure and [...] Read more.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (Met-S) is considered one of the most important health problems of the 21st century. It includes a group of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as overweight and obesity, elevated lipid profile and blood pressure and insulin resistance (IR). Based on the information mentioned above in which there seems to be a relationship between IR and Met-S, the objective of this work was twofold: on the one hand, to assess the relationship between the values of different insulin resistance risk scales and Met-S determined with three different scales, and on the other, to determine whether any of the components of Met-S predispose more to the appearance of IR. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 418,343 workers. Waist circumference was measured and evaluated together with six formulas to assess the insulin resistance index. Categorical variables were evaluated by calculating the frequency and distribution of each one. For quantitative variables, mean and standard deviation were determined, and Student’s t-test was applied, while for qualitative variables, the chi-square test was performed. The usefulness of the different risk scales for insulin resistance for predicting metabolic syndrome was evaluated using ROC curves, the area under the curve (AUC), as well as their cut-off points for sensitivity, specificity, and the Youden index. Results: People with metabolic syndrome applying any criteria had higher values in the IR risk scales. The different IR scales made it possible to adequately classify people with metabolic syndrome. Of the three definitions of Met-S, the one that showed the greatest relationship with IR was IDF. Conclusions: Most risk scales for insulin resistance enable the presence of metabolic syndrome to be adequately classified, finding the best ones if the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria are applied. Of the elements included in the Met-S, the one that seems to increase the risk of presenting IR the most is waist circumference; hence, the Met-S definition that is most related to IR is that of the IDF, which is the only one of the three in which a high value of waist circumference is necessary to be able to diagnose Met-S. Waist circumference can be considered the central essential component for detecting insulin resistance and, therefore, the early detection of metabolic syndrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Metabolism and Health)

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15 pages, 1385 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Five U.S. Dietary Patterns and Their Relationship to Land Use, Water Use, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Implications for Future Food Security

by Rose Jennings, Andrew D. Henderson, Alexis Phelps, Kathryn M. Janda and Alexandra E. van den Berg

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010215 - 1 Jan 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 15667

Abstract

The U.S. agri-food system is a driver of climate change and other impacts. In order to achieve environmental targets that limit global mean temperature rise ≤2 °C, a shift in American dietary patterns is critical. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) [...] Read more.

The U.S. agri-food system is a driver of climate change and other impacts. In order to achieve environmental targets that limit global mean temperature rise ≤2 °C, a shift in American dietary patterns is critical. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the environmental impact (i.e., land use, water use, and GHG emissions) related to consumption of five U.S. dietary patterns (i.e., Current U.S., the Healthy U.S., Mediterranean, Healthy Vegetarian, and Vegan), and (2) to determine the specific impact of each food group in each dietary pattern on the three environmental indicators. This study utilized existing datasets to synthesize information related to the study’s environmental indicators and food production and connected these data to the current U.S. diet and the USDA-defined diets. Results indicate that the three omnivore diets contributed the greatest to GHG emissions, land use and water use. The Vegan diet scored the lowest across all indicators, although the water required for plant-based protein nearly offset other water gains. For the omnivore diets, red meat and dairy milk contributed the most to each environmental indicator. By considering sustainability as well as health outcomes in their recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines, the USDA can have a critical role in shifting diets necessary to alter climate change trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Examining Linkages among Food Insecurity, Food Systems, and Public Health)

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10 pages, 1106 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of High-Intensity Anaerobic Exercise on the Scavenging Activity of Various Reactive Oxygen Species and Free Radicals in Athletes

by Yuri Sawada, Hiroshi Ichikawa, Naoyuki Ebine, Yukiko Minamiyama, Ahad Abdulkarim D. Alharbi, Noriaki Iwamoto and Yoshiyuki Fukuoka

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010222 - 1 Jan 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4812

Abstract

High-intensity exercise in athletes results in mainly the production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle, and thus athletes should maintain greater ROS scavenging activity in the body. We investigated the changes in six different ROS-scavenging activities in athletes following high-intensity [...] Read more.

High-intensity exercise in athletes results in mainly the production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle, and thus athletes should maintain greater ROS scavenging activity in the body. We investigated the changes in six different ROS-scavenging activities in athletes following high-intensity anaerobic exercise. A 30-s Wingate exercise test as a form of high-intensity anaerobic exercise was completed by 10 male university track and field team members. Blood samples were collected before and after the exercise, and the ROS-scavenging activities (OH•, O₂•⁻, ¹O₂, RO• and ROO•, and CH₃•) were evaluated by the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping method. The anaerobic exercise significantly increased RO• and ROO• scavenging activities, and the total area of the radar chart in the ROS-scavenging activities increased 178% from that in pre-exercise. A significant correlation between the mean power of the anaerobic exercise and the ¹O₂ scavenging activity was revealed (r = 0.72, p < 0.05). The increase ratio in OH• scavenging activity after high-intensity exercise was significantly greater in the higher mean-power group compared to the lower mean-power group (n = 5, each). These results suggest that (i) the scavenging activities of some ROS are increased immediately after high-intensity anaerobic exercise, and (ii) an individual’s OH• scavenging activity responsiveness may be related to his anaerobic exercise performance. In addition, greater pre-exercise ¹O₂ scavenging activity might lead to the generation of higher mean power in high-intensity anaerobic exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Metabolic Recovery after Intense Exercise)

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15 pages, 3126 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Sarcopenia: A Meta-Analysis

by Houze Diao, Feifei Yan, Qingzhen He, Mingyuan Li, Qingzhao Zheng, Qing Zhu, Fang Fang and Weiwei Cui

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010219 - 1 Jan 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5016

Abstract

Background: The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is thought to be related to many healthy events. However, the association between the DII and sarcopenia remains unclear. Methods: The meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of the DII on the risk of sarcopenia utilizing [...] Read more.

Background: The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is thought to be related to many healthy events. However, the association between the DII and sarcopenia remains unclear. Methods: The meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of the DII on the risk of sarcopenia utilizing available studies. Up to September 2022, Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and EMBASE databases were searched to evaluate the relationships between the DII and sarcopenia. A random‒effects model was used to calculate the effect size and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Result: Eleven studies with 19,954 participants were included in our meta-analysis. The results indicated that a high DII increased the risk of sarcopenia (OR = 1.16, 95%CI [1.06, 1.27], p < 0.05). The result of the dose–response analysis showed that the risk of sarcopenia increased by 1.22 times for each 1-point increase in the DII score (OR = 1.22, 95%CI [1.12, 1.33], p < 0.05). Conclusion: The meta-analysis demonstrated that the DII is associated with sarcopenia. Considering some limitations in this study, more studies are needed to verify this relationship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epigenetics and Nutritional Epidemiology of Metabolic Diseases)

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13 pages, 1241 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of l-Arginine Plus Vitamin C Supplementation on Physical Performance, Endothelial Function, and Persistent Fatigue in Adults with Long COVID: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

by Matteo Tosato, Riccardo Calvani, Anna Picca, Francesca Ciciarello, Vincenzo Galluzzo, Hélio José Coelho-Júnior, Angela Di Giorgio, Clara Di Mario, Jacopo Gervasoni, Elisa Gremese, Paolo Maria Leone, Antonio Nesci, Anna Maria Paglionico, Angelo Santoliquido, Luca Santoro, Lavinia Santucci, Barbara Tolusso, Andrea Urbani, Federico Marini, Emanuele Marzetti and Francesco Landi Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 4984; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14234984 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 23436

Abstract

Long COVID, a condition characterized by symptom and/or sign persistence following an acute COVID-19 episode, is associated with reduced physical performance and endothelial dysfunction. Supplementation of l-arginine may improve endothelial and muscle function by stimulating nitric oxide synthesis. A single-blind randomized, placebo-controlled [...] Read more.

Long COVID, a condition characterized by symptom and/or sign persistence following an acute COVID-19 episode, is associated with reduced physical performance and endothelial dysfunction. Supplementation of l-arginine may improve endothelial and muscle function by stimulating nitric oxide synthesis. A single-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in adults aged between 20 and 60 years with persistent fatigue attending a post-acute COVID-19 outpatient clinic. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive twice-daily orally either a combination of 1.66 g l-arginine plus 500 mg liposomal vitamin C or a placebo for 28 days. The primary outcome was the distance walked on the 6 min walk test. Secondary outcomes were handgrip strength, flow-mediated dilation, and fatigue persistence. Fifty participants were randomized to receive either l-arginine plus vitamin C or a placebo. Forty-six participants (median (interquartile range) age 51 (14), 30 [65%] women), 23 per group, received the intervention to which they were allocated and completed the study. At 28 days, l-arginine plus vitamin C increased the 6 min walk distance (+30 (40.5) m; placebo: +0 (75) m, p = 0.001) and induced a greater improvement in handgrip strength (+3.4 (7.5) kg) compared with the placebo (+1 (6.6) kg, p = 0.03). The flow-mediated dilation was greater in the active group than in the placebo (14.3% (7.3) vs. 9.4% (5.8), p = 0.03). At 28 days, fatigue was reported by two participants in the active group (8.7%) and 21 in the placebo group (80.1%; p < 0.0001). l-arginine plus vitamin C supplementation improved walking performance, muscle strength, endothelial function, and fatigue in adults with long COVID. This supplement may, therefore, be considered to restore physical performance and relieve persistent symptoms in this patient population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

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18 pages, 5845 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Once-Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide Improves Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 52-Week Prospective Real-Life Study

by Sara Volpe, Giuseppe Lisco, Margherita Fanelli, Davide Racaniello, Valentina Colaianni, Domenico Triggiani, Rossella Donghia, Lucilla Crudele, Roberta Rinaldi, Carlo Sabbà, Vincenzo Triggiani, Giovanni De Pergola and Giuseppina Piazzolla

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4673; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214673 - 4 Nov 2022

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 7629

Abstract

Background. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is commonly observed in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, may have a therapeutic role by targeting common mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of T2D and NAFLD. The study aimed [...] Read more.

Background. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is commonly observed in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, may have a therapeutic role by targeting common mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of T2D and NAFLD. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Semaglutide on NAFLD in patients with T2D. Methods. Forty-eight patients were treated with subcutaneous Semaglutide in add-on to metformin for 52 weeks. After the baseline visit (T0), follow-up was scheduled quarterly (T3, and T6) and then at 12 months of therapy (T12). During each visit, body composition was analyzed by phase-sensitive bio-impedance, and NAFLD was diagnosed and staged by Ultrasound (US) imaging. Surrogate biomarkers of NAFLD were also calculated and followed over time. Results. A significant decrease in anthropometric and glucometabolic parameters, insulin resistance, liver enzymes, and laboratory indices of hepatic steatosis was observed during treatment. Similarly, fat mass and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) decreased over time more than skeletal muscle and free-fat mass. US-assessed VAT thickness and the 12-point steatosis score also declined at T3 up to T12. Liver steatosis improved in most patients (70%), showing a reduction by at least one class in the semiquantitative US staging. Conclusion. Besides glucose control and body composition improvements, Semaglutide was effective in ameliorating the clinical appearance and severity of NAFLD in T2D patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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17 pages, 3683 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Co-Cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis Enhance Mucosal Barrier by Modulating Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids

by Zhengjun Xie, Meng Li, Mengqi Qian, Zhiren Yang and Xinyan Han

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4475; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214475 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 4854

Abstract

Weaning stress induces intestinal barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation in mammals. Various interventions based on the modulation of intestinal microbiota have been proposed. Our study aims to explore the effects of co-cultures from Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis (FAM^®) on intestinal [...] Read more.

Weaning stress induces intestinal barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation in mammals. Various interventions based on the modulation of intestinal microbiota have been proposed. Our study aims to explore the effects of co-cultures from Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis (FAM^®) on intestinal mucosal barrier from the perspective of metabolic function of gut microbiota. A total of 180 piglets were allocated to three groups, i.e., a control group (C, basal diet), a FAM group (F, basal diet supplemented with 0.1% FAM), and an antibiotic group (A, basal diet supplemented with antibiotic mixtures). Here, we showed FAM supplementation significantly increased body weight and reduced diarrhea incidence, accompanied by attenuated mucosal damage, increased levels of tight junction proteins, serum diamine oxidase (DAO) and antimicrobial peptides. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomic analysis revealed an increase in relative abundance of Clostridiales, Ruminococcaceae, Firmicutes and Muribaculaceae and a significant increase in the total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and butyric acid in FAM-treated piglets. FAM also increased CD4⁺ T cells and SIgA⁺ cells in intestinal mucosa and SIgA production in colon contents. Furthermore, FAM upregulated the expression of IL-22, short-chain fatty acid receptors GPR43 and GPR41, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). FAM shows great application prospect in gut health and provides a reference for infant weaning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms Underlying Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Probiotics-Focused Interventions)

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14 pages, 2637 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Vitamin C Supplementation for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Monika Olczak-Pruc, Damian Swieczkowski, Jerzy R. Ladny, Michal Pruc, Raul Juarez-Vela, Zubaid Rafique, Frank W. Peacock and Lukasz Szarpak

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4217; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194217 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 9380

Abstract

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), millions of people have died, and the medical system has faced significant difficulties. Our purpose was to perform a meta-analysis to estimate the effect [...] Read more.

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), millions of people have died, and the medical system has faced significant difficulties. Our purpose was to perform a meta-analysis to estimate the effect of vitamin C on in-hospital mortality and the ICU or hospital length of stay for patients diagnosed with COVID-19. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. We included studies that evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation, compared with standard treatment in COVID-19 patients who are ≥18 y of age. Nineteen trials were included in the meta-analysis. In-hospital mortality with and without vitamin C supplementation was 24.1% vs. 33.9% (OR = 0.59; 95%CI: 0.37 to 0.95; p = 0.03), respectively. Sub-analysis showed that, in randomized clinical trials, in-hospital mortality varied and amounted to 23.9% vs. 35.8% (OR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.25 to 0.76; p = 0.003), respectively. In the non-randomized trials, in-hospital mortality was 24.2% vs. 33.5% (OR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.38 to 1.39; p = 0.33), respectively. The ICU length of stay was longer in patients treated with vitamin C vs. standard therapy, 11.1 (7.3) vs. 8.3 (4.7) days (MD = 1.91; 95%CI: 0.89 to 2.93; p < 0.001), respectively. Acute kidney injury in patients treated with and without vitamin C varied and amounted to 27.8% vs. 45.0% (OR = 0.56; 95%CI: 0.40 to 0.78; p < 0.001), respectively. There were no differences in the frequency of other adverse events among patients’ treatment with and without vitamin C (all p > 0.05). The use of vitamin C reduces hospital mortality. The length of stay in the ICU is longer among patients treated with vitamin C. In terms of patient safety, vitamin C has an acceptable profile. Low doses of vitamin C are effective and safe. Despite some evidence of the usefulness of vitamin C in modifying the course of COVID-19, it is too early to modify guidelines and recommendations. Further studies, in particular randomized clinical trials, are necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition for Prevention and Control of Chronic Degenerative Diseases and COVID-19)

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21 pages, 5805 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Treadmill Exercise Modulates Intestinal Microbes and Suppresses LPS Displacement to Alleviate Neuroinflammation in the Brains of APP/PS1 Mice

by Shunling Yuan, Jialun Yang, Ye Jian, Yong Lei, Sisi Yao, Zelin Hu, Xia Liu, Changfa Tang and Wenfeng Liu

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194134 - 5 Oct 2022

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 4363

Abstract

Neuroinflammation occurs throughout the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice and the potential involvement of microbe–gut–brain axis (MGB) mechanisms based on growing evidence that AD’s pathogenesis is correlated with [...] Read more.

Neuroinflammation occurs throughout the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice and the potential involvement of microbe–gut–brain axis (MGB) mechanisms based on growing evidence that AD’s pathogenesis is correlated with a deterioration in the function of gut microbiota. APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice were subjected to 12 weeks of treadmill exercise, followed by spatial memory tests. After the behavioral study, the amyloid (Aβ) pathology, gut microbes and metabolites, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) displacement, and degree of neuroinflammation were analyzed. We found that this strategy of exercise enriched gut microbial diversity and alleviated neuroinflammation in the brain. Notably, exercise led to reductions in pathogenic bacteria such as intestinal Allobaculum, increases in probiotic bacteria such as Akkermansia, increased levels of intestine–brain barrier proteins, and attenuated LPS displacement. These results suggest that prolonged exercise can effectively modulate gut microbes and the intestinal barrier and thereby reduce LPS displacement and ultimately alleviate AD-related neuroinflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Body Composition and Metabolism with Exercise, Diet and Surgery: Translational Approaches)

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14 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Prevalence of Hyperuricemia and Its Correlates among Adults in China: Results from CNHS 2015–2017

by Wei Piao, Liyun Zhao, Yuxiang Yang, Hongyun Fang, Lahong Ju, Shuya Cai and Dongmei Yu

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4095; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194095 - 2 Oct 2022

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 4542

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia (HUA) and associated risk factors in Chinese adults aged 18 to 59 years. All the data were collected from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during the period 2015–2017, which adopted a stratified, multistage, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia (HUA) and associated risk factors in Chinese adults aged 18 to 59 years. All the data were collected from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during the period 2015–2017, which adopted a stratified, multistage, random sampling method on a national scale. A total of 52,627 participants aged 18 years or older were included in this study. The definition of hyperuricemia was 420 μmol/L for male and 360 μmol/L for female. The Rao–Scott chi-square test was used to compare the differences in prevalence between or among the subgroups. A weighted two-level multivariate survey-logistic regression was used to detect the correlations between HUA and demographic, physical, lifestyle and metabolic factors. The total prevalence of HUA was 15.1%, and that was higher in male, current smokers, higher BMI and less physical activities subgroups, and also in noninfectious chronic diseases (NCDs) subgroups. The subgroups of non-vegetarian diet, insufficient vegetable intakes and excessive red meat and alcohol intakes had significantly higher HUA prevalence. After introducing all the variables in the survey-logistic regression, gender, age, BMI, physically active, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, bean and nut intake, vegetable intake, red meat intake, alcohol consumption and vegetarian were associated with HUA. Among the significant variables, age and physical active served as a protective factor, and BMI showed to be a risk factor for HUA. Hypertension and dyslipidemia could increase the risk for HUA, while diabetes mellitus was shown a negative association with it. For dietary factors, vegetarian diet, sufficient beans and nuts and vegetables intake could lower the risk of HUA, but more alcohol could increase the risk of HUA. Dietary factor played a key role in HUA. It suggested that the intervention of dietary factor should receive more attention to ameliorate the high prevalence of HUA in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Health throughout the Life Cycle)

19 pages, 1191 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nutritional Composition and Estimated Iron and Zinc Bioavailability of Meat Substitutes Available on the Swedish Market

by Inger-Cecilia Mayer Labba, Hannah Steinhausen, Linnéa Almius, Knud Erik Bach Knudsen and Ann-Sofie Sandberg

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3903; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193903 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 31535

Abstract

Transition towards plant-based diets is advocated to reduce the climate footprint. Health implications of a diet composed of meat substitutes are currently unknown, and there are knowledge gaps in their nutritional composition and quality. Samples of available meat substitutes were bought in two [...] Read more.

Transition towards plant-based diets is advocated to reduce the climate footprint. Health implications of a diet composed of meat substitutes are currently unknown, and there are knowledge gaps in their nutritional composition and quality. Samples of available meat substitutes were bought in two convenience stores in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, and were included in the study. Meat substitutes (n = 44) were analyzed for their contents of dietary fiber, fat, iron, zinc, phytate, salt, total phenolics and protein, as well as for their amino acid and fatty acid composition. Bioavailability of iron and zinc was estimated based on the phytate:mineral molar ratio. We found large variations in the nutritional composition of the analyzed meat substitutes. Amino acid profiles seemed to be affected by processing methods. Mycoprotein products were rich in zinc, with a median content of 6.7 mg/100 g, and had very low content of phytate, which suggests mycoprotein as a good source of zinc. Degradability of fungal cell walls might, however, pose as a potential aggravating factor. None of the products could be regarded as a good source of iron due to very high content of phytate (9 to 1151 mg/100 g) and/or low content of iron (0.4 to 4.7 mg/100 g). Phytate:iron molar ratios in products with iron contents >2.1 mg/100 g ranged from 2.5 to 45. Tempeh stood out as a protein source with large potential due to low phytate content (24 mg/100 g) and an iron content (2 mg/100 g) close to the level of a nutrition claim. Producers of the products analyzed in this study appear to use nutritional claims regarding iron that appear not in line with European regulations, since the iron is in a form not available by the body. Meat substitutes analyzed in this study do not contribute to absorbed iron in a relevant manner. Individuals following mainly plant-based diets have to meet their iron needs through other sources. Salt and saturated fat were high in certain products, while other products were more in line with nutritional recommendations. Further investigation of the nutritional and health effects of protein extraction and extrusion is needed. We conclude that nutritional knowledge needs to be implemented in product development of meat substitutes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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16 pages, 1773 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Vitamin D Supplementation Does Not Influence SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy or Immunogenicity: Sub-Studies Nested within the CORONAVIT Randomised Controlled Trial

by David A. Jolliffe, Giulia Vivaldi, Emma S. Chambers, Weigang Cai, Wenhao Li, Sian E. Faustini, Joseph M. Gibbons, Corinna Pade, Anna K. Coussens, Alex G. Richter, Áine McKnight and Adrian R. Martineau

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3821; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183821 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4412

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to associate with the impaired development of antigen-specific responses following vaccination. We aimed to determine whether vitamin D supplements might boost the immunogenicity and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination by conducting three sub-studies nested within the CORONAVIT randomised [...] Read more.

Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to associate with the impaired development of antigen-specific responses following vaccination. We aimed to determine whether vitamin D supplements might boost the immunogenicity and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination by conducting three sub-studies nested within the CORONAVIT randomised controlled trial, which investigated the effects of offering vitamin D supplements at a dose of 800 IU/day or 3200 IU/day vs. no offer on risk of acute respiratory infections in UK adults with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations <75 nmol/L. Sub-study 1 (n = 2808) investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection following two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Sub-study 2 (n = 1853) investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on titres of combined IgG, IgA and IgM (IgGAM) anti-Spike antibodies in eluates of dried blood spots collected after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Sub-study 3 (n = 100) investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on neutralising antibody and cellular responses in venous blood samples collected after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. In total, 1945/2808 (69.3%) sub-study 1 participants received two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford–AstraZeneca); the remainder received two doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer). Mean follow-up 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly elevated in the 800 IU/day vs. no-offer group (82.5 vs. 53.6 nmol/L; mean difference 28.8 nmol/L, 95% CI 22.8–34.8) and in the 3200 IU/day vs. no offer group (105.4 vs. 53.6 nmol/L; mean difference 51.7 nmol/L, 45.1–58.4). Vitamin D supplementation did not influence the risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated participants (800 IU/day vs. no offer: adjusted hazard ratio 1.28, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.84; 3200 IU/day vs. no offer: 1.17, 0.81 to 1.70). Neither did it influence IgGAM anti-Spike titres, neutralising antibody titres or IFN-γ concentrations in the supernatants of S peptide-stimulated whole blood. In conclusion, vitamin D replacement at a dose of 800 or 3200 IU/day effectively elevated 25(OH)D concentrations, but it did not influence the protective efficacy or immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination when given to adults who had a sub-optimal vitamin D status at baseline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Vitamin D on Respiratory Disease)

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18 pages, 1525 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of the Nutritional Quality of Plant Lipids Using Atherogenicity and Thrombogenicity Indices

by Sarvenaz Khalili Tilami and Lenka Kouřimská

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3795; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183795 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 3766

Abstract

Dietary lipids derived from plants have different compositions of individual fatty acids (FA), providing different physical and chemical properties with positive or adverse health effects on humans. To evaluate the nutritional value and assess the FA composition of various plants, the atherogenicity (AI) [...] Read more.

Dietary lipids derived from plants have different compositions of individual fatty acids (FA), providing different physical and chemical properties with positive or adverse health effects on humans. To evaluate the nutritional value and assess the FA composition of various plants, the atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) indices were calculated and reviewed for nine different categories of fats and oils. This included common oils, unconventional oils, nut oils originating from temperate regions, Amazonian and tropical fats and oils, chia seed oil, traditional nuts originating from temperate regions, unconventional nuts, seeds, and fruits, and their products. The main factors influencing fatty acid composition in plants are growth location, genotype, and environmental variation, particularly temperature after flowering, humidity, and frequency of rainfall (exceeding cultivar variation). The lowest AI was calculated for rapeseed oil (0.05), whereas the highest value was obtained for tucuman seeds (16.29). Chia seed oil had the lowest TI (0.04), and murumuru butter had the highest (6.69). The differences in FA composition and subsequent changes in the lipid health indices of the investigated fats and oils indicate their importance in the human diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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17 pages, 1281 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Maternal Vitamin B₁₂ Deficiency Detected by Newborn Screening—Evaluation of Causes and Characteristics

by Anna T. Reischl-Hajiabadi, Sven F. Garbade, Patrik Feyh, Karl Heinz Weiss, Ulrike Mütze, Stefan Kölker, Georg F. Hoffmann and Gwendolyn Gramer

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3767; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183767 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5268

Abstract

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, mostly of maternal origin in newborns, is a well-treatable condition but can cause severe neurologic sequelae in infants. Early detection of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency allows the pre-symptomatic treatment of affected children. This evaluation assesses the characteristics of maternal [...] Read more.

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, mostly of maternal origin in newborns, is a well-treatable condition but can cause severe neurologic sequelae in infants. Early detection of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency allows the pre-symptomatic treatment of affected children. This evaluation assesses the characteristics of maternal vitamin B₁₂ deficiency detected by newborn screening. In a prospective single-center study, a systematic screening strategy for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency using a combination of two second-tier strategies was applied. In addition to confirmatory diagnostics in children, the systematic work-up of vitamin B₁₂ status was also performed for their mothers. Maternal characteristics were assessed including ethnic origin, diet, and vitamin supplementation during pregnancy. For affected mothers, a work-up by internal medicine was recommended. In total, 121 mother–infant couples were analyzed. 66% of mothers adhered to a balanced diet including meat. The cause of maternal vitamin B₁₂ deficiency was unknown in 56% of cases, followed by dietary causes in 32%, and organic causes in 8%. All mothers following a vegan diet and most mothers with a vegetarian diet took vitamin preparations during pregnancy, whereas only 55.8% of mothers with a balanced diet took folic acid or other vitamins. Maternal vitamin B₁₂, folic acid, and homocysteine levels were significantly correlated with the child’s folic acid levels, and with homocysteine, methylmalonic, and methylcitric acid levels in first and second NBS dried blood spots. Most children had normal blood counts and showed normocytosis. Although 36.7% of mothers showed anemia, only one presented with macrocytosis. Adherence to vitamin supplementation in pregnancy is low despite the recommendation for supplementation of folic acid. Ideally, the evaluation of mothers for vitamin B₁₂ levels and appropriate therapy should be initiated in early pregnancy. In infants detected through newborn screening, the multidisciplinary assessment and therapy of both children and mothers should be performed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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11 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exclusive Breastfeeding for at Least Four Months Is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Mothers and Their Children after 2–5 Years from Delivery

by Maria Mantzorou, Dimitrios Papandreou, Georgios K. Vasios, Eleni Pavlidou, Georgios Antasouras, Evmorfia Psara, Zainab Taha, Efthymios Poulios and Constantinos Giaginis

Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3599; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173599 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5233

Abstract

Introduction: Obesity is a current public health concern. Higher body weight is influenced by genetic and environmental parameters, and their interplay and is associated with a greater risk for several chronic diseases. Breastfeeding has been suggested as a preventive measure against obesity, which [...] Read more.

Introduction: Obesity is a current public health concern. Higher body weight is influenced by genetic and environmental parameters, and their interplay and is associated with a greater risk for several chronic diseases. Breastfeeding has been suggested as a preventive measure against obesity, which can further reduce long-term negative health outcomes for both women and children. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of breastfeeding on maternal and childhood overweight and obesity. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 2515 healthy mothers and their children, aged 2–5 years, enrolled from nine different Greek rural and urban regions. Validated, standardized questionnaires were administrated that included anthropometric indices, socio-demographic characteristics of mothers and children, as well as breastfeeding practices. Results: Overall, 68% of participated women exclusively breastfed their children for at least 4 months. Mothers that exclusively breastfed showed a significantly lower prevalence of overweight and obesity after 2–5 years from delivery (p < 0.0001). Children that had exclusively been breastfed showed a significantly lower prevalence of overweight and obesity at the age of 2–5 years (p < 0.0001). Using multivariate regression analysis, exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months was associated with a two-fold lower risk for maternal and childhood overweight and obesity after 2–5 years from delivery, independent from maternal age, educational and economic status, and smoking habits (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months had a positive effect on childhood overweight and obesity, also contributing beneficially to post-natal maternal weight control. The beneficial effects of breastfeeding should be communicated to future and new mothers, while supportive actions for all mothers to initiate and continue breastfeeding their offspring should be implemented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feeding Practice and Infant and Young Child Health)

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20 pages, 4505 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gut-Flora-Dependent Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Promotes Atherosclerosis-Associated Inflammation Responses by Indirect ROS Stimulation and Signaling Involving AMPK and SIRT1

by Sa Zhou, Jiamin Xue, Jingbo Shan, Yingxiang Hong, Wenkang Zhu, Zhiyan Nie, Yujie Zhang, Nanxi Ji, Xuegang Luo, Tongcun Zhang and Wenjian Ma

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3338; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163338 - 15 Aug 2022

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 4063

Abstract

Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-microbiota-dependent metabolite after ingesting dietary choline, has been identified as a novel risk factor for atherosclerosis through inducing vascular inflammation. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Using an in vitro vascular cellular model, we found that the TMAO-induced [...] Read more.

Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-microbiota-dependent metabolite after ingesting dietary choline, has been identified as a novel risk factor for atherosclerosis through inducing vascular inflammation. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Using an in vitro vascular cellular model, we found that the TMAO-induced inflammation responses were correlated with an elevation of ROS levels and downregulation of SIRT1 expression in VSMCs and HUVECs. The overexpression of SIRT1 could abrogate both the stimulation of ROS and inflammation. Further studies revealed that AMPK was also suppressed by TMAO and was a mediator upstream of SIRT1. Activation of AMPK by AICAR could reduce TMAO-induced ROS and inflammation. Moreover, the GSH precursor NAC could attenuate TMAO-induced inflammation. In vivo studies with mice models also showed that choline-induced production of TMAO and the associated glycolipid metabolic changes leading to atherosclerosis could be relieved by NAC and a probiotic LP8198. Collectively, the present study revealed an unrecognized mechanistic link between TMAO and atherosclerosis risk, and probiotics ameliorated TMAO-induced atherosclerosis through affecting the gut microbiota. Consistent with previous studies, our data confirmed that TMAO could stimulate inflammation by modulating cellular ROS levels. However, this was not due to direct cytotoxicity but through complex signaling pathways involving AMPK and SIRT1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Factors on Cardiovascular and Endocrine Health)

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18 pages, 3587 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Anti-Inflammatory Diet Prevents Subclinical Colonic Inflammation and Alters Metabolomic Profile of Ulcerative Colitis Patients in Clinical Remission

by Ammar Hassanzadeh Keshteli, Rosica Valcheva, Cheryl Nickurak, Heekuk Park, Rupasri Mandal, Kendall van Diepen, Karen I. Kroeker, Sander Veldhuyzen van Zanten, Brendan Halloran, David S. Wishart, Karen L. Madsen and Levinus A. Dieleman

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3294; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163294 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 8720

Abstract

A relationship between ulcerative colitis (UC) and diet has been shown in epidemiological and experimental studies. In a 6-month, open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, adult UC patients in clinical remission were randomized to either an “Anti-inflammatory Diet (AID)” or “Canada’s Food Guide (CFG)”. Menu [...] Read more.

A relationship between ulcerative colitis (UC) and diet has been shown in epidemiological and experimental studies. In a 6-month, open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, adult UC patients in clinical remission were randomized to either an “Anti-inflammatory Diet (AID)” or “Canada’s Food Guide (CFG)”. Menu plans in the AID were designed to increase the dietary intake of dietary fiber, probiotics, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids and to decrease the intake of red meat, processed meat, and added sugar. Stool was collected for fecal calprotectin (FCP) and microbial analysis. Metabolomic analysis was performed on urine, serum, and stool samples at the baseline and study endpoint. In this study, 53 patients were randomized. Five (19.2%) patients in the AID and 8 (29.6%) patients in the CFG experienced a clinical relapse. The subclinical response to the intervention (defined as FCP < 150 µg/g at the endpoint) was significantly higher in the AID group (69.2 vs. 37.0%, p = 0.02). The patients in the AID group had an increased intake of zinc, phosphorus, selenium, yogurt, and seafood versus the control group. Adherence to the AID was associated with significant changes in the metabolome, with decreased fecal acetone and xanthine levels along with increased fecal taurine and urinary carnosine and p-hydroxybenzoic acid levels. The AID subjects also had increases in fecal Bifidobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae. In this study, we found thatdietary modifications involving the increased intake of anti-inflammatory foods combined with a decreased intake of pro-inflammatory foods were associated with metabolic and microbial changes in UC patients in clinical remission and were effective in preventing subclinical inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Intervention on Digestive Diseases)

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12 pages, 850 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future

by Markku Laakso and Lilian Fernandes Silva

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3201; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153201 - 4 Aug 2022

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 13968

Abstract

Diabetes has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Currently, approximately 537 million adults (20–79 years) have diabetes, and the total number of people with diabetes is continuously increasing. Diabetes includes several subtypes. About 80% of all cases of diabetes are type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D [...] Read more.

Diabetes has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Currently, approximately 537 million adults (20–79 years) have diabetes, and the total number of people with diabetes is continuously increasing. Diabetes includes several subtypes. About 80% of all cases of diabetes are type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D is a polygenic disease with an inheritance ranging from 30 to 70%. Genetic and environment/lifestyle factors, especially obesity and sedentary lifestyle, increase the risk of T2D. In this review, we discuss how studies on the genetics of diabetes started, how they expanded when genome-wide association studies and exome and whole-genome sequencing became available, and the current challenges in genetic studies of diabetes. T2D is heterogeneous with respect to clinical presentation, disease course, and response to treatment, and has several subgroups which differ in pathophysiology and risk of micro- and macrovascular complications. Currently, genetic studies of T2D focus on these subgroups to find the best diagnoses and treatments for these patients according to the principles of precision medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Gene–Diet Interactions in the Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetic Conditions)

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12 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and NAFLD in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: The FLIPAN Study

by Sofía Montemayor, Catalina M. Mascaró, Lucía Ugarriza, Miguel Casares, Isabel Llompart, Itziar Abete, María Ángeles Zulet, J. Alfredo Martínez, Josep A. Tur and Cristina Bouzas

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3186; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153186 - 3 Aug 2022

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 9564

Abstract

Unhealthy diet is an important factor in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previous studies showed the benefits of a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) on Metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases, which usually have a pathophysiological relationship [...] Read more.

Unhealthy diet is an important factor in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previous studies showed the benefits of a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) on Metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases, which usually have a pathophysiological relationship with NAFLD. To assess the effect of adherence to a MedDiet on NAFLD in MetS patients after lifestyle intervention, this multicentre (Mallorca and Navarra, Spain) prospective randomized trial, with personalized nutritional intervention based on a customized MedDiet, coupled with physical activity promotion was performed to prevent, and reverse NAFLD among patients with MetS. The current analysis included 138 patients aged 40 to 60 years old, Body Mass Index (BMI) 27–40 kg/m², diagnosed with NAFLD using MRI, and MetS according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Adherence to Mediterranean diet by means of a 17-item validated questionnaire, anthropometrics, physical activity, blood pressure, blood biochemical parameters, and intrahepatic fat contents (IFC) were measured. The independent variable used was changes in MedDiet adherence, categorized in tertiles after 6 months follow-up. Subjects with high adherence to the MedDiet showed higher decreases in BMI, body weight, WC, SBP, DBP, and IFC. An association between improvement in adherence to the MedDiet and amelioration of IFC after 6-month follow-up was observed. High adherence to the MedDiet is associated with better status of MetS features, and better values of IFC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Time Trends and Determinants of the Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Children and Adults)

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