Assessment of the Nutritional Quality of Plant Lipids Using Atherogenicity and Thrombogenicity Indices
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nutritional Quality Indices
3. Material and Methods
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Plant Oils
4.2. Lesser-Used and Non-Traditional Oils (Unconventional Oils) Originating from the Temperate Region
4.3. Nut Oils, Nuts, Seeds, and Their Products
4.4. Amazonian Fats and Oils
4.5. Tropical Fats and Oils
4.6. Chia Seed Oil
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Common Oil | Σ SFA | Σ MUFA | Σ PUFA | Σ n-3 PUFA | Σ n-6 PUFA | Σ n-3/n-6 | AI | TI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rapeseed oil | 6.80 | 61.50 | 30.10 | 10.40 | 19.70 | 0.53 | 0.05 | 0.09 bc |
Sunflower oil | 8.65 | 53.20 | 38.10 | 0.28 | 37.80 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.18 bc |
Linseed oil | 9.20 | 20.60 | 70.20 | 55.20 | 15.00 | 3.68 | 0.06 | 0.05 bc |
Evening primrose oil | 11.02 | 8.74 | 72.70 | 0.20 | 72.50 | ˂0.01 | 0.10 | 0.26 bc |
Soybean oil | 13.50 | 24.50 | 62.00 | 8.03 | 54.00 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.21 bc |
Sesame oil | 15.75 | 39.60 | 45.00 | 0.30 | 44.70 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.34 bc |
Sesame oil * | 16.40 | 41.40 | 42.30 | 0.51 | 41.80 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.37 bc |
Olive oil | 17.50 | 76.30 | 6.28 | 0.78 | 5.50 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.39 bc |
Unconventional oils originated from the temperate region (except for Henna oil) | ||||||||
Hemp oil | 9.40 | 13.90 | 76.70 | 18.20 | 56.94 | 0.32 | 0.07 | 0.05 bc |
Mustard oil | 6.60 | 24.75 | 29.00 | 12.00 | 17.00 | 0.71 | 0.08 | 0.07 bc |
Blackcurrant oil | 9.00 | 12.20 | 61.00 | 13.50 | 47.50 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.12 bc |
Henna oil | 14.38 | 10.67 | 74.91 | 0.25 | 74.06 | ˂0.01 | 0.10 | 0.29 bc |
Poppy seed oil | 13.50 | 19.70 | 62.90 | 0.50 | 62.40 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.32 bc |
Borage oil | 14.30 | 21.85 | 38.50 | 0.20 | 38.30 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.46 bc |
Tomato oil | 20.30 | 20.80 | 57.00 | 2.00 | 55.00 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.44 bc |
Field pumpkin (squash) oil | 22.17 | 25.92 | 51.06 | 0.18 | 50.88 | ˂0.01 | 0.20 | 0.56 bc |
Pumpkin oil | 20.20 | 24.70 | 55.10 | 0.43 | 54.70 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.47 bc |
Corn oil | 21.10 | 0.80 | 67.10 | 1.50 | 65.60 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.53 bc |
Rice oil | 18.50 | 39.30 | 35.00 | 1.60 | 33.40 | 0.05 | 0.27 | 0.47 bc |
Wheat germ oil | 26.10 | 16.20 | 57.70 | 4.68 | 53.00 | ˂0.01 | 0.29 | 0.49 bc |
Nut oils originated from temperate region | ||||||||
Pecan oil | 8.00 | 65.20 | 25.90 | 1.10 | 24.80 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.17 bc |
Almond oil | 8.79 | 67.10 | 24.00 | 0.14 | 23.90 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.19 bc |
Hazelnut oil | 7.30 | 78.00 | 10.10 | ND | ND | ND | 0.06 | 0.18 bc |
Walnut oil | 13.30 | 26.60 | 60.40 | 0.05 | 60.40 | ˂0.01 | 0.10 | 0.35 bc |
Peanut oil | 20.80 | 53.15 | 28.60 | 0.10 | 28.50 | ˂0.01 | 0.14 | 0.35 bc |
Pistachio oil | 13.80 | 70.40 | 15.50 | 0.30 | 15.20 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.30 bc |
Amazonian fats and oils | ||||||||
Patawa oil | 18.20 | 77.4 | 4.00 | 0.10 | 3.90 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.42 a |
Para nut oil (Brazil nut) oil | 26.32 | 41.96 | 31.73 | 0.10 | 31.73 | ˂0.01 | 0.20 | 0.42 a |
Pracaxi oil | 38.47 | 48.39 | 13.15 | 1.07 | 12.08 | 11.29 | 0.23 | 0.70 a |
Buriti oil | 22.00 | 75.75 | 2.25 | 0.10 | 2.15 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.51 a |
Mari oil | 28.40 | 67.90 | 3.50 | 0.10 | 3.40 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.59 a |
Tucuma oil | 32.00 | 65.20 | 2.80 | 0.20 | 2.60 | 0.08 | 0.37 | 0.80 a |
Inaja oil | 38.10 | 52.50 | 9.10 | 0.20 | 8.90 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 1.00 a |
Bacuri fat | 64.39 | 33.53 | 2.09 | 0.10 | 2.09 | 20.90 | 1.85 | 3.57 a |
Tucuma kernel fat | 88.97 | 8.10 | 2.94 | 0.10 | 2.94 | 29.40 | 14.31 | 6.20 a |
Murumuru fat | 88.41 | 7.97 | 3.62 | 0.10 | 3.62 | 36.20 | 14.60 | 6.69 a |
Tropical fats and oils | ||||||||
Grape seed oil | 12.70 | 17.70 | 69.60 | 0.33 | 69.30 | ˂0.01 | 0.28 | 0.28 abc |
Argan oil | 19.20 | 45.80 | 35.00 | 0.35 | 34.60 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.45 abc |
Avocado oil | 19.20 | 65.30 | 15.50 | 0.73 | 17.70 | 0.04 | 0.41 | 0.41 abc |
Palm oil | 51.20 | 40.60 | 9.75 | 0.50 | 9.25 | 0.05 | 1.88 | 1.88 abc |
Palm kernel oil | 76.40 | 15.50 | 2.60 | 0.35 | 2.25 | 0.16 | 2.62 | 2.62 abc |
Chia seed oil | ||||||||
Cold pressedRoasted chia seeds | 8.69 | 8.15 | 82.23 | 64.98 | 17.25 | 3.77 | 0.07 | 0.04 c |
Soxhlet extraction (solvent extraction) Unroasted chia seeds | 8.92 | 8.57 | 85.72 | 66.75 | 18.97 | 3.52 | 0.07 | 0.04 c |
Roasted chia seeds | 9.55 | 9.11 | 84.58 | 66.24 | 18.34 | 3.61 | 0.08 | 0.04 c |
Cold pressed Unroasted chia seeds | 9.83 | 9.57 | 87.45 | 67.84 | 19.61 | 3.46 | 0.08 | 0.04 c |
Traditional nuts originated from temperate region | ||||||||
Hazelnuts | 7.20 | 77.70 | 9.50 | 0.20 | 9.30 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.16 bc |
Walnuts | 6.20 | 21.00 | 65.00 | 5.80 | 59.20 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.11 bc |
Almond | 9.10 | 63.70 | 20.80 | 0.70 | 20.10 | 0.30 | 0.11 | 0.21 bc |
Peanuts | 20.03 | 47.26 | 32.87 | 0.06 | 32.80 | ˂0.01 | 0.14 | 0.35 bc |
Unconventional nuts, seeds and fruits | ||||||||
Pecans | 7.60 | 60.90 | 24.60 | 1.00 | 23.60 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.17 abc |
Baru almond | 15.47 | 51.57 | 31.71 | 3.14 | 28.57 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.24 abc |
Capuassu cacao seeds | 42.90 | 42.28 | 14.80 | 11.00 | 3.80 | 2.89 | 0.14 | 0.72 abc |
Macadamia nuts | 12.80 | 55.80 | 1.80 | 0.10 | 1.70 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.44 abc |
Avocado | 20.80 | 65.80 | 12.40 | 0.80 | 11.60 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.50 abc |
Para nuts | 25.67 | 28.45 | 45.48 | 0.10 | 45.48 | ˂0.01 | 0.26 | 0.68 abc |
Avocado seed | 22.10 | 34.20 | 40.60 | 5.30 | 35.30 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.39 abc |
Cashew | 28.67 | 23.03 | 47.99 | 0.47 | 34.07 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.95 abc |
Pequi almond | 36.14 | 45.01 | 10.68 | 5.97 | 0.10 | 59.70 | 0.66 | 0.35 abc |
Tucuman seeds | 91.36 | 6.45 | 2.13 | 0.10 | 2.10 | 0.05 | 16.29 | 4.95 abc |
Nut and seed products | ||||||||
Mango kernel fat | 49.40 | 44.16 | 4.63 | 0.45 | 4.18 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 1.84 ab |
Peanut butter | 16.80 | 46.70 | 27.10 | 0.20 | 26.90 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.45 ab |
Cocoa butter | 62.40 | 34.30 | 3.40 | 0.20 | 3.20 | 0.06 | 0.67 | 3.09 ab |
Common Oils | C12:0 | C14:0 | C16:0 | C16:1 | C17:0 | C18:0 | C18:1 n-9 | C18:2 n-6 | C20:0 | C18:3 n-3 | C20:1 n-9 | C22:0 | C24:0 | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sunflower oil | ND | 0.05 | 4.98 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 3.24 | 53.11 | 37.80 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.22 | [17] |
Linseed oil | ND | ND | 5.88 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 3.10 | 20.50 | 15.00 | 0.06 | 55.20 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.10 | [17] |
Sesame oil | ND | ND | 9.82 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 5.96 | 41.12 | 41.80 | 0.30 | 0.51 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.18 | [17] |
Olive oil | ND | ND | 13.60 | 0.50 | ND | 3.28 | 75.40 | 5.50 | 0.55 | 0.78 | 0.42 | ND | 0.03 | [17] |
Evening primrose oil | ND | 0.07 | 8.00 | 0.04 | ND | 2.50 | 8.50 | 72.50 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.05 | [18] |
Sesame oil | ND | 0.10 | 9.05 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 5.35 | 39.10 | 44.70 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | [19] |
Soybean oil | ND | 0.06 | 9.17 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 3.81 | 24.44 | 54.00 | 0.05 | 8.03 | ND | 0.05 | 0.24 | [17] |
Rapeseed oil | ND | ND | 4.40 | ND | ND | 2.00 | 60.30 | 19.70 | ND | 10.40 | 1.20 | 0.40 | ND | [20] |
Unconventional oils | C12:0 | C14:0 | C16:0 | C16:1 | C17:0 | C18:0 | C18:1 n-9 | C18:2 n-6 | C20:0 | C18:3 n-3 | C20:1 n-9 | C22:0 | C24:0 | Reference |
Wheat germ oil | ND | 0.12 | 21.10 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 2.79 | 15.48 | 53.00 | 1.73 | 4.68 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.20 | [17] |
Borage oil | ND | 0.10 | 10.20 | 0.40 | ND | 3.80 | 17.95 | 38.30 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 3.50 | ND | ND | [18] |
Blackcurrant oil | ND | 0.10 | 7.00 | 0.20 | ND | 1.50 | 11.00 | 47.50 | 0.20 | 13.50 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 0.10 | [18] |
Tomato oil | ND | 0.20 | 13.75 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 5.25 | 20.50 | 55.00 | 0.60 | 2.00 | ND | 0.20 | ND | [19] |
Mustard oil | ND | 0.50 | 2.50 | 0.25 | ND | 1.25 | 15.50 | 17.00 | 0.75 | 12.00 | 9.00 | 1.35 | 0.25 | [18] |
Rice bran oil | ND | 0.70 | 16.90 | 0.20 | ND | 1.60 | 39.10 | 33.40 | ND | 1.60 | ND | ND | ND | [19] |
Poppy seed oil | ND | ND | 10.60 | ND | ND | 2.90 | 19.70 | 62.40 | ND | 0.50 | ND | ND | ND | [19] |
Pumpkin oil | ND | 0.22 | 15.60 | 0.15 | ND | 3.38 | 24.52 | 54.70 | 0.64 | 0.43 | ND | 0.17 | 0.16 | [17] |
Hemp oil (Order) | ND | 0.04 | 6.08 | 0.10 | ND | 2.34 | 13.38 | 56.94 | 0.61 | 18.20 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.08 | [21] |
Corn oil | 0.30 | 0.30 | 16.50 | 0.40 | ND | 3.30 | ND | 65.60 | 0.70 | 1.50 | 0.40 | ND | ND | [19] |
Henna oil | ND | ˂0.01 | 8.47 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 3.86 | 10.19 | 74.06 | 1.68 | 0.25 | 0.38 | ND | ND | [22] |
Pumpkin oil | ND | 0.23 | 14.83 | 0.02 | ND | 6.68 | 25.82 | 50.88 | 0.43 | 0.18 | 0.09 | ˂0.01 | ND | [23] |
Nut oils | C12:0 | C14:0 | C16:0 | C16:1 | C17:0 | C18:0 | C18:1 n-9 | C18:2 n-6 | C20:0 | C18:3 n-3 | C20:1 n-9 | C22:0 | C24:0 | Reference |
Almond oil | ND | 0.02 | 6.73 | 0.48 | 0.05 | 1.78 | 66.69 | 23.90 | 0.11 | 0.14 | ND | 0.07 | 0.03 | [17] |
Walnut oil | ND | 0.13 | 8.02 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 4.64 | 26.31 | 60.40 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | [17] |
Hazelnut oil | ND | 0.10 | 5.20 | 0.20 | ND | 2.00 | 77.80 | 10.10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | [19] |
Peanut oil | 0.10 | 0.10 | 11.15 | 0.20 | ND | 3.15 | 51.75 | 28.50 | 1.40 | 0.10 | 1.20 | 3.25 | 1.65 | [19] |
Pecan oil | ND | ND | 6.40 | 0.50 | ND | 1.60 | 64.00 | 24.80 | ND | 1.10 | 0.70 | ND | ND | [19] |
Pistachio oil | ND | 0.30 | 11.60 | 0.60 | ND | 1.40 | 69.30 | 15.20 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.50 | ND | ND | [19] |
Amazon fats and oils | C12:0 | C14:0 | C16:0 | C16:1 | C17:0 | C18:0 | C18:1 n-9 | C18:2 n-6 | C20:0 | C18:3 n-3 | C20:1 n-9 | C22:0 | C24:0 | Reference |
Buriti oil | 0.10 | 0.10 | 18.75 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 1.35 | 75.50 | 2.15 | 1.65 | 0.10 | ND | ND | ND | [24] |
Tucuma oil | ND | 0.10 | 24.60 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 3.00 | 65.10 | 2.60 | 4.10 | 0.20 | ND | 0.10 | ND | [24] |
Pataua oil | ND | 0.10 | 13.30 | 0.70 | 0.10 | 4.10 | 76.70 | 3.90 | 0.60 | 0.10 | ND | ND | ND | [24] |
Inaja oil | 3.70 | 7.60 | 20.10 | 0.10 | ND | 3.50 | 52.40 | 8.90 | 3.20 | 0.20 | ND | ND | ND | [24] |
Mari oil | ND | ND | 20.80 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 6.40 | 67.60 | 3.40 | 1.10 | 0.10 | ND | ND | ND | [24] |
Pracaxi oil | 1.20 | 0.71 | 1.95 | ND | ND | 2.92 | 47.57 | 12.08 | 1.34 | 1.07 | ND | 17.88 | 12.49 | [25] |
Bacuri fat | 0.88 | 0.91 | 61.26 | 7.12 | ND | 1.33 | 26.41 | 2.09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | [25] |
Tucuma kernel fat | 50.89 | 25.20 | 6.23 | ND | ND | 2.74 | 8.10 | 2.94 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | [25] |
Murumuru fat | 47.15 | 28.75 | 7.09 | ND | ND | 2.92 | 7.97 | 3.62 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | [25] |
Para nut oil (Brazil nut oil) | 0.59 | 0.41 | 14.84 | 0.35 | ND | 10.48 | 41.62 | 31.73 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | [25] |
Tropical fats and oils | C12:0 | C14:0 | C16:0 | C16:1 | C17:0 | C18:0 | C18:1 n-9 | C18:2 n-6 | C20:0 | C18:3 n-3 | C20:1 n-9 | C22:0 | C24:0 | Reference |
Avocado oil | ND | 0.14 | 16.30 | 4.59 | 0.34 | 1.50 | 60.61 | 14.70 | 0.36 | 0.73 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.50 | [17] |
Palm kernel fat | 50.00 | 16.00 | 8.25 | ND | ND | 2.15 | 15.50 | 2.25 | ND | 0.35 | ND | ND | ND | [19] |
Palm oil | 0.40 | 1.25 | 43.80 | 0.60 | ND | 4.75 | 40.00 | 9.25 | 1.00 | 0.50 | ND | ND | ND | [19] |
Grape seed oil | ND | 0.05 | 7.66 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 4.53 | 17.65 | 69.30 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.13 | [17] |
Argan oil | ND | 0.12 | 12.70 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 5.83 | 45.59 | 34.60 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.07 | [17] |
C12:0 | C14:0 | C16:0 | C16:1 | C17:0 | C18:0 | C18:1 n-9 | C18:2 n-6 | C20:0 | C18:3 n-3 | C20:1 n-9 | C22:0 | C24:0 | Reference | |
Roasted chia seeds—cold pressed | ND | 0.04 | 7.19 | 0.05 | ND | 2.17 | 9.06 | 18.34 | 0.15 | 66.24 | ND | ND | ND | [26] |
Unroasted chia seeds—cold pressed | ND | 0.05 | 7.28 | 0.09 | ND | 2.33 | 9.48 | 19.6 | 0.17 | 67.84 | ND | ND | ND | [26] |
Roasted chia seeds—soxhlet extraction | ND | 0.03 | 6.58 | 0.03 | ND | 1.97 | 8.12 | 17.25 | 0.11 | 64.98 | ND | ND | ND | [26] |
Unroasted chia seeds—soxhlet extraction | ND | 0.04 | 6.67 | 0.06 | ND | 2.07 | 8.51 | 18.97 | 0.14 | 66.75 | ND | ND | ND | [26] |
Traditional nuts | C12:0 | C14:0 | C16:0 | C16:1 | C17:0 | C18:0 | C18:1 n-9 | C18:2 n-6 | C20:0 | C18:3 n-3 | C20:1 n-9 | C22:0 | C24:0 | Reference |
Almond | ˂0.01 | 0.60 | 6.60 | ND | ND | 1.90 | 63.70 | 20.10 | ND | 0.70 | ND | ND | ND | [27] |
Hazelnuts | ˂0.01 | 0.20 | 5.00 | ND | ND | 2.00 | 77.70 | 9.30 | ND | 0.20 | ND | ND | ND | [27] |
Peanuts | ND | 0.10 | 11.08 | 0.39 | 0.08 | 2.88 | 45.69 | 32.80 | 1.41 | 0.06 | 1.17 | 2.89 | 1.58 | [28] |
Walnuts | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | 3.70 | ND | ND | 2.50 | 21.00 | 59.20 | ND | 5.80 | ND | ND | ND | [27] |
Unconventional nuts, seeds and fruits | C12:0 | C14:0 | C16:0 | C16:1 | C17:0 | C18:0 | C18:1 n-9 | C18:2 n-6 | C20:0 | C18:3 n-3 | C20:1 n-9 | C22:0 | C24:0 | Reference |
Cashew | ND | 0.65 | 20.52 | 1.23 | ND | 7.16 | 20.76 | 34.07 | 0.10 | 0.47 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.15 | [29] |
Macadamia nuts | ˂0.01 | 0.60 | 8.50 | ND | ND | 3.70 | 55.0 | 1.70 | ND | ˂0.01 | ND | ND | ND | [27] |
Pecans | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | 6.10 | ND | ND | 1.50 | 60.90 | 23.60 | ND | 1.00 | ND | ND | ND | [27] |
Avocado mesocarp | ˂0.01 | 0.10 | 19.90 | 5.70 | ˂0.01 | 0.70 | 54.40 | 11.60 | 0.10 | 0.80 | 0.40 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | [30] |
Avocado seed | 0.60 | 1.00 | 17.80 | 4.60 | 0.30 | 0.90 | 24.00 | 35.30 | 0.70 | 5.30 | 2.00 | 0.40 | 0.40 | [30] |
Semena tucuman | 63.30 | 18.50 | 3.30 | ND | 0.00 | 1.10 | 6.50 | 2.10 | ND | ˂0.00 | ND | ND | ND | [31] |
Cacao seeds capuassu | 0.09 | 0.05 | 7.60 | ND | 0.14 | 35.00 | 42.30 | 3.80 | ND | 11.00 | ND | ND | ND | [31] |
Baru almond | ND | ND | 7.16 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 4.79 | 51.45 | 28.57 | 0.86 | 3.14 | ND | 0.51 | 1.90 | [32] |
Pequi almond | ND | 0.34 | 32.55 | 0.02 | 0.71 | 2.39 | 44.76 | ND | ND | 5.97 | ND | ND | ND | [32] |
Para nuts | ND | ND | 15.60 | 0.59 | 0.07 | 9.74 | 27.86 | 45.48 | 0.18 | ND | ND | 0.08 | ND | [32] |
Nut and seed products | C12:0 | C14:0 | C16:0 | C16:1 | C17:0 | C18:0 | C18:1 n-9 | C18:2 n-6 | C20:0 | C18:3 n-3 | C20:1 n-9 | C22:0 | C24:0 | Reference |
Peanut butter | ˂0.01 | 0.40 | 11.10 | ND | ND | 5.30 | 46.70 | 26.90 | ND | 0.20 | ND | ND | ND | [27] |
Cocoa butter | ND | 0.10 | 24.80 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 35.10 | 33.90 | 3.20 | 1.80 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.10 | [33] |
Mango kernel fat | 0.02 | 0.07 | 7.41 | ND | ND | 39.64 | 44.16 | 4.18 | 1.57 | 0.45 | ND | 0.29 | 0.40 | [34] |
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Khalili Tilami, S.; Kouřimská, L. Assessment of the Nutritional Quality of Plant Lipids Using Atherogenicity and Thrombogenicity Indices. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3795. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183795
Khalili Tilami S, Kouřimská L. Assessment of the Nutritional Quality of Plant Lipids Using Atherogenicity and Thrombogenicity Indices. Nutrients. 2022; 14(18):3795. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183795
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalili Tilami, Sarvenaz, and Lenka Kouřimská. 2022. "Assessment of the Nutritional Quality of Plant Lipids Using Atherogenicity and Thrombogenicity Indices" Nutrients 14, no. 18: 3795. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183795