Nutrients

20 pages, 2423 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Diet in Modulating Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, and Psoriatic Arthritis

by Daria Kupczyk, Rafał Bilski, Łukasz Szeleszczuk, Katarzyna Mądra-Gackowska and Renata Studzińska

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091603 - 7 May 2025

Viewed by 547

Abstract

Rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are chronic autoimmune disorders characterized by persistent inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to joint damage and reduced quality of life. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to [...] Read more.

Rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are chronic autoimmune disorders characterized by persistent inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to joint damage and reduced quality of life. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to diet as a modifiable environmental factor that can complement pharmacological therapy. This review summarizes current evidence on how key dietary components—such as omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, polyphenols, and antioxidant vitamins—affect inflammatory pathways and oxidative balance. Special emphasis is placed on the Mediterranean diet, low-starch diets, and hypocaloric regimens, which have shown potential in improving disease activity. The gut microbiota emerges as a critical mediator between diet and immune function, with dietary interventions capable of restoring eubiosis and strengthening the intestinal barrier. Additionally, this paper discusses challenges in the clinical implementation of diet therapy, the need for personalized nutritional strategies, and the importance of integrating diet into holistic patient care. Collectively, findings suggest that dietary interventions may reduce disease activity, mitigate systemic inflammation, and enhance patients’ overall well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rheumatoid Arthritis and Nutrition: Bridging Diet and Disease Management)

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14 pages, 933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safety and Efficacy of High-Dose Folinic Acid in Children with Autism: The Impact of Folate Metabolism Gene Polymorphisms

by Caiyun Zhang, Yanlin Chen, Fang Hou, Yanzhi Li, Wanxin Wang, Lan Guo, Caixia Zhang, Li Li and Ciyong Lu

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091602 - 7 May 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Research on the safety and efficacy of high-dose folinic acid in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is limited, and the impact of folate metabolism gene polymorphisms on its efficacy remains unclear. This trial aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Research on the safety and efficacy of high-dose folinic acid in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is limited, and the impact of folate metabolism gene polymorphisms on its efficacy remains unclear. This trial aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of high-dose folinic acid intervention in Chinese children with ASD and explore the association between folate metabolism gene polymorphisms and efficacy. Methods: A 12-week randomized clinical trial was conducted, including 80 eligible children with ASD, randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 50) or a control group (n = 30). The intervention group was administered folinic acid (2 mg/kg/day, max 50 mg/day) in two divided doses. Efficacy was measured using the Psycho-Educational Profile, Third Edition (PEP-3) at baseline and 12 weeks by two trained professionals blind to the group assignments. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C), methionine synthase (MTR A2756G), and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR A66G) were genotyped by the gold standard methods in the intervention group. Results: 49 participants in the intervention group and 27 in the control group completed this trial. Both groups showed improvements from baseline to 12 weeks across most outcome measures. The intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in social reciprocity compared to the control group. Children with MTHFR A1298C or MTRR A66G mutations demonstrated greater improvements in various developmental domains than wild type. Folinic acid may be more effective in certain genotype combinations, such as MTHFR C677T and A1298C. No significant adverse effects were observed during the intervention. Conclusions: High-dose folinic acid may be a promising intervention for children with ASD, and its efficacy is associated with folate metabolism gene polymorphisms. High-dose folinic acid intervention may promote better neurodevelopmental outcomes by alleviating folate metabolism abnormalities caused by single or combined mutations in folate metabolism genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Effect of Folate and Other B Vitamins on Brain Health and Disease)

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17 pages, 1414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adherence to β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate-Enriched Oral Nutritional Supplements Enhances Survival and Nutritional Recovery in Malnourished Outpatients: Prognostic Insights

by Isabel Vegas-Aguilar, Rocío Fernández-Jiménez, Isabel Cornejo-Pareja, María Del Mar Amaya-Campos, Patricia Guirado-Peláez, Natalia Montero-Madrid, Álvaro Vidal-Suarez, Maria Angeles Martín-Fontalba, Victor Simon-Frapolli, Francisco J. Tinahones and José Manuel García-Almeida

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1601; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091601 - 7 May 2025

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Abstract

Background: Disease-related malnutrition (DRM) in outpatients is associated with increased mortality and functional decline. Morphofunctional assessments, including phase angle (PA), rectus femoris cross-sectional area (RF-CSA), and handgrip strength (HGS), provide valuable prognostic insights in the ambulatory setting. Nutritional recovery programs enriched with [...] Read more.

Background: Disease-related malnutrition (DRM) in outpatients is associated with increased mortality and functional decline. Morphofunctional assessments, including phase angle (PA), rectus femoris cross-sectional area (RF-CSA), and handgrip strength (HGS), provide valuable prognostic insights in the ambulatory setting. Nutritional recovery programs enriched with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) offer potential benefits in improving nutritional and functional outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a six-month nutritional recovery program combining HMB-enriched oral nutritional supplements (HMB-ONS), dietary recommendations, and exercise on survival, morphofunctional markers, and adherence in malnourished outpatients. Methods: This retrospective observational study included 135 malnourished outpatients diagnosed using GLIM criteria. Morphofunctional assessments included PA (bioimpedance analysis), RF-CSA (nutritional ultrasound), HGS (dynamometry), and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Adherence was assessed using pharmacy retrieval records and a validated questionnaire. Changes in morphofunctional markers and their association with mortality were analyzed using multivariate Cox regression models. Results: After six months, significant improvements were observed in PA (+0.47°), RF-CSA (+0.90 cm²), HGS (+4.1 kg), and TUG (−0.93 s) (all p < 0.001). These improvements were more pronounced in the high-adherence group, which also exhibited a reduced mortality risk (HR 0.42, p < 0.05). Changes in PA and HGS were strongly associated with survival, with ΔPA showing an HR of 0.27 (95% CI: 0.15–0.50, p < 0.001) and ΔHGS showing an HR of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.75–0.89, p < 0.001). Conclusions: A nutritional recovery program with HMB-ONS significantly improves survival and morphofunctional markers in malnourished patients, with the greatest benefits observed in those with high adherence. These findings underscore the importance of adherence-support strategies in optimizing clinical outcomes and highlight the need for further research to confirm long-term benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Status and Lifestyle in Metabolic Disorders)

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15 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Healthy Dietary Patterns and Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Diabetes: Findings from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019–2021

by Minsang Kim, Jung Hun Koh, Jeong Min Cho, Semin Cho, Soojin Lee, Hyuk Huh, Seong Geun Kim, Sehyun Jung, Eunjeong Kang, Sehoon Park, Jin Hyuk Paek, Woo Yeong Park, Kyubok Jin, Seungyeup Han, Kwon Wook Joo, Kyungdo Han, Dong Ki Kim and Yaerim Kim

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1600; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091600 - 7 May 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Although a healthy dietary pattern is a modifiable lifestyle factor in the prevention of chronic kidney disease (CKD), studies that investigate the association between a healthy diet and prevalent CKD in patients with diabetes, using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI), [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Although a healthy dietary pattern is a modifiable lifestyle factor in the prevention of chronic kidney disease (CKD), studies that investigate the association between a healthy diet and prevalent CKD in patients with diabetes, using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI), are lacking. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1991 patients with diabetes from the eighth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019–2021. A higher KHEI indicated healthier eating habits. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or urine albumin–creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g. The risk of prevalent CKD was evaluated according to the median KHEI value using logistic regression analysis adjusted for various clinicodemographic characteristics. Each KHEI component score was compared between those with and those without CKD, using the Student’s t-test. Results: Participants with a higher KHEI were older, with higher proportions of women, non-smokers, and non-alcoholics. A higher KHEI was significantly associated with a lower risk of prevalent CKD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.73 [0.58–0.93]). Subgroup analysis revealed stronger associations in those without hypertension status (aOR, 0.57 [0.37–0.87]) with at least high school education (aOR, 0.56 [0.38–0.81]). Moreover, patients with diabetes and CKD had significantly lower KHEI, particularly in the adequacy category components, including breakfast consumption, total fruit intake, and dairy product intake. Conclusions: A healthier dietary pattern was associated with a lower risk of prevalent CKD in patients with diabetes. Dietary intervention, which recommends the intake of breakfast, fruits, and dairy products, may be an effective strategy for CKD prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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16 pages, 471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effects of Medium-Chain Triglyceride Supplementation and Resistance Training on Physical Function and Muscle Health in Post-Stroke Patients

by Yoshihiro Yoshimura, Fumihiko Nagano, Ayaka Matsumoto, Sayuri Shimazu, Ai Shiraishi, Yoshifumi Kido, Takahiro Bise, Takenori Hamada and Kouki Yoneda

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1599; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091599 - 7 May 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia and malnutrition are common in post-stroke patients, impairing recovery. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) may support muscle metabolism, while chair-stand exercises improve strength and mobility. However, their combined effects remain unclear. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of MCT supplementation and high-frequency [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia and malnutrition are common in post-stroke patients, impairing recovery. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) may support muscle metabolism, while chair-stand exercises improve strength and mobility. However, their combined effects remain unclear. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of MCT supplementation and high-frequency chair-stand exercise on physical function and muscle health in post-stroke patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study included 1080 post-stroke patients categorized into three groups: (1) MCT supplementation alone, (2) chair-stand exercise alone, and (3) both combined. MCT supplementation consisted of ~40 g/day MCT oil or powder. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM-motor), while muscle health was evaluated by handgrip strength (HGS) and skeletal muscle index (SMI). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed, adjusting for confounders. Results: The combined intervention group showed significantly greater improvements in FIM-motor scores at discharge (B = 8.79, 95% CI: 5.64–11.95, β = 0.32, p < 0.001) and FIM-motor gain (B = 6.02, 95% CI: 3.42–8.62, β = 0.29, p < 0.001) compared to the control. Increases in HGS (B = 2.441, 95% CI: 0.483–4.398, β = 0.18, p = 0.015) and SMI (B = 0.194, 95% CI: 0.102–0.419, β = 0.12, p = 0.039) were also observed. Chair-stand exercise was performed a median of 62 times/day and independently improved outcomes, while MCT alone had limited effects. Conclusions: MCT supplementation combined with chair-stand exercise enhances functional recovery and muscle health in post-stroke patients, supporting its role in rehabilitation. Further research is needed to evaluate long-term effects and to examine the pharmacokinetics of MCTs, including blood concentrations, in broader populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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15 pages, 1024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micronutrient Status in Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome Weaned off Parenteral Support

by Nastasia Mattio, Charlotte Juin, Madeleine Lauverjat, Cécile Chambrier, Charlotte Bergoin and Thomas Couronne

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1598; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091598 - 6 May 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: In short bowel syndrome adults (SBS), about 50% of patients on parenteral support (PS) are weaned off. However, micronutrient deficiency prevalence has never been studied in weaned patients. We aimed to assess the prevalence of micronutrient depletions and potential risk factors, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In short bowel syndrome adults (SBS), about 50% of patients on parenteral support (PS) are weaned off. However, micronutrient deficiency prevalence has never been studied in weaned patients. We aimed to assess the prevalence of micronutrient depletions and potential risk factors, more than a year after PS weaning. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on our 161 weaned SBS patients between January 2011 and December 2021. Only 42 of them had an assessment of their plasma micronutrient status more than a year after PS weaning. Results: 40/42 patients had at least one micronutrient depletion, with an average of 4.0 ± 1.9 depletions per patient. Depletions in vitamins D, E, selenium, copper, and zinc were the most frequent, present for >50% of patients. In 75% of cases, patients depleted in vitamin B12 and D were already supplemented. Long-term proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and duration on PS was associated with ≥ three depletions (p = 0.02). A daily mean of the total energy infused per week > 20 kcal/kg/day at the time of weaning was associated with more depletions (5.8 ± 1.6 vs. 3.7 ± 1.7 depletions, p = 0.02). Other factors (digestive anatomy, particularly SBS type, or associated chronic disease) were not predictive of depletion. Conclusions: Nearly all patients with SBS have at least one micronutrient depletion after PS withdrawal. This study suggests that a long-term monitoring of micronutrients status is needed for SBS patients weaned off PS. A larger-scale study would be necessary to generalize these results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Gastrointestinal Diseases)

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24 pages, 3771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Specific Bacterial Taxa and Their Metabolite, DHPS, May Be Linked to Gut Dyshomeostasis in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

by Courtney Jayde Christopher, Katherine Hope Morgan, Christopher Mahone Tolleson, Randall Trudell, Roberto Fernandez-Romero, Lexis Rice, Blessing A. Abiodun, Zane Vickery, Katarina A. Jones, Brittni Morgan Woodall, Christopher Nagy, Piotr Andrzej Mieczkowski, Gregory Bowen, Shawn R. Campagna and Joseph Christopher Ellis

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1597; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091597 - 6 May 2025

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Abstract

Background: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are multifactorial disorders frequently associated with gut dysbiosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Methods: Using untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and 16S sequencing of human stool, we investigated bacterial and metabolic dyshomeostasis in the [...] Read more.

Background: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are multifactorial disorders frequently associated with gut dysbiosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Methods: Using untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and 16S sequencing of human stool, we investigated bacterial and metabolic dyshomeostasis in the gut microbiome associated with early disease stages across three NDDs—amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD)—and healthy controls (HC). Results: We discovered a previously unrecognized link between a microbial-derived metabolite with an unknown role in human physiology, 2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate (DHPS), and gut dysbiosis in NDDs. DHPS was downregulated in AD, ALS, and PD, while bacteria involved in DHPS metabolism, Eubacterium and Desulfovibrio, were increased in all disease cohorts. Additionally, select taxa within the Clostridia class had strong negative correlations to DHPS, suggesting a potential role in DHPS metabolism. A catabolic product of DHPS is hydrogen sulfide, and when in excess, it is known to promote inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and gut dysbiosis, known hallmarks of NDDs. Conclusions: These findings suggest that cryptic sulfur metabolism via DHPS is a potential missing link in our current understanding of gut dysbiosis associated with NDD onset and progression. As this was a hypothesis generating study, more work is needed to elucidate the role of DHPS in gut dysbiosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet–Host–Gut Microbiota Interactions and Human Health)

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13 pages, 2355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Hyperuricemic and Nephroprotective Effects of Hydrolysate Derived from Silkworm Pupae (Bombyx mori): In Vitro and In Vivo Study

by Yuting Fan, Zhencong Yang, Xiao Lin, Zhoujin Xu, Lixia Mu, Qingrong Li and Xuli Wu

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091596 - 6 May 2025

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Abstract

Background: Hyperuricemia is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by elevated serum uric acid (UA) levels. Methods: In this study, hydrolysate (SPP) derived from silkworm pupae protein was isolated and identified, demonstrating anti-hyperuricemic activity. The research aimed to investigate its anti-hyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects, [...] Read more.

Background: Hyperuricemia is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by elevated serum uric acid (UA) levels. Methods: In this study, hydrolysate (SPP) derived from silkworm pupae protein was isolated and identified, demonstrating anti-hyperuricemic activity. The research aimed to investigate its anti-hyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects, along with potential mechanisms, through in vitro assays and in vivo experiments using potassium oxonate/hypoxanthine-induced hyperuricemic mice. Results: The SPP exhibited significant xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 7.41 mg/mL. Furthermore, SPP administration effectively reduced serum UA, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine levels, and renal pro-inflammatory cytokines in hyperuricemic mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that the anti-hyperuricemic effects of SPP may involve XOD inhibition and the modulation of renal UA transporters, specifically upregulating organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) expression. Histopathological analysis and inflammatory cytokine profiling further demonstrated that SPP alleviated renal inflammation and pathological damage. Conclusions: These findings suggest that SPP possesses a notable urate-lowering efficacy and renal protective properties, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for the management and prevention of hyperuricemia (HUA). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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20 pages, 1001 KiB

Open AccessReview

From Chemical Composition to Antiproliferative Effects Through In Vitro Studies: Honey, an Ancient and Modern Hot Topic Remedy

by Alexandru Nan, Victor Dumitrascu, Corina Flangea, Gabi Dumitrescu, Daniela Puscasiu, Tania Vlad, Roxana Popescu and Cristian Vlad

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1595; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091595 - 6 May 2025

Viewed by 285

Abstract

Honey is a natural product which has been used throughout time as a food, spice, and medicine. Its therapeutic use has its origins in direct empirical observations of various beneficial actions in terms of its anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing effects, to which an [...] Read more.

Honey is a natural product which has been used throughout time as a food, spice, and medicine. Its therapeutic use has its origins in direct empirical observations of various beneficial actions in terms of its anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing effects, to which an antiproliferative effect is added. In the context of malignant transformation, reductions in chronic inflammation, antioxidant action, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis activation contribute to this antiproliferative effect, achievements attributed mainly to the polyphenols in its composition. A multitude of in vitro studies performed on malignant cell cultures try to elucidate the real mechanism(s) that can scientifically explain this action. In addition, its use as an adjuvant in association with cytostatic therapy demonstrates a promising effect in enhancing its cytotoxic effect, but also in reducing some adverse effects. Highlighting these actions allows for further perspectives to be opened regarding the use of honey for therapeutic and also prophylactic purposes, as a food supplement. Future studies will support the identification of real antiproliferative effects in patients with malignant tumors in terms of actions on the human body as a whole, moving from cell cultures to complex implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of Dietary Bioactive Compounds)

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14 pages, 1819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urinary Caffeine Levels in Chinese Children: Insights from Diet, Gender, and Regional Variations

by Wen-Jing Deng and John Chi-Kin Lee

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1594; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091594 - 6 May 2025

Viewed by 262

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The consumption of caffeine products among children in China is on the rise, yet there remains a paucity of evidence regarding the variability of caffeine consumption and the influencing factors. Urinary caffeine levels provide a valid indicator of caffeine intake, as it [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The consumption of caffeine products among children in China is on the rise, yet there remains a paucity of evidence regarding the variability of caffeine consumption and the influencing factors. Urinary caffeine levels provide a valid indicator of caffeine intake, as it directly reflects the quantitative measure of consumption within the population. This study aimed to investigate the effects of diet, gender, and region on urinary caffeine concentrations in Chinese children and their parents, specifically focusing on participants from Guangdong province and Guangxi province. Methods: Morning urine samples were pretreated using liquid-liquid extraction. Caffeine and creatinine concentrations were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), with quality control measures ensuring method accuracy (recovery rate: 92.8–122%, RSD < 20%). Caffeine exposure was assessed through estimated daily intake (EDI) calculations, and statistical analyses, including weighted regression and Spearman correlation, were conducted to evaluate associations with demographic and dietary variables. Results: The findings revealed that urinary caffeine levels and detection rates among Chinese children were significantly lower than those observed in the United States (30.1 ng/mL), with a median concentration of 2.18 ng/mL and a detection rate of 45%. Urinary caffeine concentrations in males were slightly higher than in females; however, these gender differences were not statistically significant. Certain dietary habits, particularly milk consumption, were found to influence urinary caffeine levels and detection rates. Using the random forest method, urine caffeine detection was highest (nearly 60%) when milk was consumed three times a week. Regionally, children in Guangdong had marginally higher urinary caffeine concentrations compared to those in Guangxi (median: 5.20 μg/g_crea vs. 1.58 μg/g_crea). The estimated daily caffeine intake suggested that children in China consume less caffeine than their counterparts in other countries. Conclusions: These results indicate that dietary habits significantly correlated with caffeine consumption in children, and urinary caffeine concentration serves as a valuable measure for dietary research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Urinary Caffeine Metabolites and Dietary Habits in Children)

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15 pages, 966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hair as an Indicator of Prolonged Paraben Exposure and Its Relation to Weight Gain in a Sample of Spanish Children: A Proof-of-Concept Study

by Yolanda Gálvez-Ontiveros, Patricia González-Palacios, Viviana Ramírez, Celia Monteagudo, Cristina Samaniego-Sánchez, Ana Rivas and Alberto Zafra-Gómez

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1593; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091593 - 6 May 2025

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Abstract

Background: Childhood obesity has become a major public health concern worldwide, and increasing attention is being paid to the potential role of endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as parabens. Understanding environmental contributors is essential for early prevention strategies. Objectives: The aim of the present research [...] Read more.

Background: Childhood obesity has become a major public health concern worldwide, and increasing attention is being paid to the potential role of endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as parabens. Understanding environmental contributors is essential for early prevention strategies. Objectives: The aim of the present research was to determine the presence of parabens in hair samples and to examine its association with excess weight and obesity in a sample of Spanish schoolchildren. Methods: A total of 104 cases and 166 controls (3–12 year olds) were recruited. Sociodemographic and lifestyle data and hair and urine samples were gathered. UHPLC-MS/MS coupled to a triple quadrupole detector was used for the quantitative determination of six parabens (methylparaben [MetPB], ethylparaben [EthPB], butylparaben [ButPB], propylparaben [PropPB], and isopropylparaben [i-PropPB]). The relationship between the concentration of parabens in hair and urine was examined according to Spearman correlation coefficients. Finally, binary logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the relationship of parabens with excess weight/obesity. Results: Detected paraben levels were higher in cases. A weak correlation was produced between hair and urine concentrations, with the exception of i-PropP (hair)/PropPB (urine) and i-PropP (hair)/i-PropPB (urine) in boys, and i-PropPB (hair)/PropPB (urine) in girls. A high level of PropPB was associated with a 4.67 times greater risk of excess weight/obesity only in the boys. Conclusions: In males, a high concentration of PropPB in hair is associated with excess weight and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Obesity, and Overweight in Children and Adolescents)

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19 pages, 2075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Practical Application of Evidence-Based Dietary Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The DELECTABLE Program

by Gina L. Trakman, Erin E. Russell, Amy L. Hamilton, Amy Wilson-O’Brien, Emily Thompson, Natalie Simmance, Ola Niewiadomski and Michael A. Kamm

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1592; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091592 - 6 May 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Exclusive Enteral Nutrition (EEN) and the Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) have been shown to induce remission in Crohn’s disease. Low-sulphur, plant-based diets are being explored for ulcerative colitis, and wholefood, low-additive approaches are emerging as significant. Although Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Exclusive Enteral Nutrition (EEN) and the Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) have been shown to induce remission in Crohn’s disease. Low-sulphur, plant-based diets are being explored for ulcerative colitis, and wholefood, low-additive approaches are emerging as significant. Although Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients modify their diet, evidence for tolerability and benefit outside clinical trials is limited. The DELECTABLE program aimed to assess satisfaction, adherence, and efficacy of dietary therapies as part of IBD care. Methods: In this dietitian-led, open-label, prospective study, patients with Crohn’s disease were offered the CDED or a whole-food, additive-free diet (WFD), and patients with ulcerative colitis were offered a low-sulphur, plant-based diet (UCD) or WFD. Primary outcomes were 12-week diet satisfaction (modified DSAT-28) and diet adherence, including food additive intake. Secondary outcomes were quality of life (QoL) (IBDQ-9), disease activity (CDAI for Crohn’s disease, partial Mayo score for ulcerative colitis), and biochemical markers (CRP, faecal calprotectin). Analyses were conducted within, rather than between, diet arms due to the non-random nature of the study. Diet adherence and disease activity change across time points (baseline, week 6, week 12) were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman’s test, with pairwise paired t-test or Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Diet satisfaction and quality of life changes across time (baseline/week 1, week 12) were assessed using a paired t-test or Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Results: Of 165 referrals, 76 patients enrolled, with 64 completing the 12-week program (CDED: n = 15, WFD: n = 42, UCD: n = 7). Diet satisfaction was initially high and remained stable over time on CDED (p = 0.212) and improved on WFD (p = 0.03). Patient- and dietitian-rated adherence was high at baseline and did not significantly decrease on any diet arm (p > 0.349). Food additive intake decreased on WFD (p = 0.009). QoL improved on CDED and WFD (p < 0.001). CRP, calprotectin, and CDAI were reduced on CDED (p < 0.045), and CDAI and partial Mayo were reduced on WFD (p < 0.027). Conclusions: Well-balanced therapeutic diets are feasible and well-accepted by patients with IBD, with a promising impact on disease activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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18 pages, 2282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Analysis of the Impact of a Dietitian and the Canadian Nutrition Screening Tool in a Geriatric Oncology Clinic

by Harriet Ho, Linda Cerullo, Rana Jin, Susie Monginot and Shabbir M. H. Alibhai

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1591; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091591 - 6 May 2025

Viewed by 273

Abstract

Introduction: Canada’s aging population is leading to an increased number of older adults being diagnosed with cancer. This population faces unique challenges, including frailty, comorbidities, polypharmacy, and malnutrition, which can negatively affect treatment outcomes. The role of registered dietitians (RDs) in managing nutrition-related [...] Read more.

Introduction: Canada’s aging population is leading to an increased number of older adults being diagnosed with cancer. This population faces unique challenges, including frailty, comorbidities, polypharmacy, and malnutrition, which can negatively affect treatment outcomes. The role of registered dietitians (RDs) in managing nutrition-related issues in this population is well-documented, but there is limited research on their integration into geriatric oncology clinics. We evaluated the impact of integrating a registered dietitian (RD) into the Older Adult with Cancer Clinic (OACC) at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of older adult cancer patients seen at the OACC, comparing outcomes before and after the RD’s integration. The focus was on weight characteristics and change, malnutrition screening/identification, and management. The two-item Canadian Nutrition Screening Tool (CNST) was introduced during the RD’s integration and was also examined to see its usefulness in identifying malnutrition risk. Chi-squared tests and t-tests were used for data analysis. Results: The pre-cohort (n = 140) had a mean age of 80.2 years, 48.6% female, and 77.9% vulnerable (Vulnerable Elders Survey (VES-13) ≥ 3). The post-cohort (n = 117) had a mean age of 81.4 years, 59.8% female, and 80.3% vulnerable (VES-13 ≥ 3). Weight change within 3 ± 1 months after the initial OACC consult was similar between pre and post groups with −1.4 kg and −1.2 kg, respectively (p = 0.77). Patients at nutritional risk, as determined by the OACC team, generated significantly more referrals to the RD in the post group (100% vs. 36.4%, p < 0.001). Among patients who had CNST screening and saw the RD, there was a higher rate of high nutrition risk among CNST-positive compared to CNST-negative patients (67.2% versus 44.4%, respectively). After the integration of the RD, a greater number of patients at nutritional risk received nutritional education and referrals to other healthcare professionals (43 versus 1). Conclusions: The integration of an RD into the OACC led to improved referral rates, nutritional education, and referrals to other healthcare professionals. Moreover, patients who were CNST positive were more likely to have high nutritional risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutrition Approaches to Support Cancer Patients Post-Acute Active Treatment)

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14 pages, 635 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Are We Meeting the Needs? A Systematic Review of Nutritional Gaps and Growth Outcomes in Children with Multiple Food Allergies

by Gianluca Di Cesare, Annalisa Carciofi, Francesca Borgiani, Deborah Cappelletti, Alessio Correani, Chiara Monachesi, Simona Gatti and Maria Elena Lionetti

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1590; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091590 - 5 May 2025

Viewed by 296

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Food allergies represent a growing public health challenge, showing an alarming increase in prevalence over the past few decades. Children with multiple food allergies face not only allergic reaction risks but also nutritional gaps, affecting diet, nutrition, and growth. This review summarizes [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Food allergies represent a growing public health challenge, showing an alarming increase in prevalence over the past few decades. Children with multiple food allergies face not only allergic reaction risks but also nutritional gaps, affecting diet, nutrition, and growth. This review summarizes the impact on nutrient intake and growth, highlighting key challenges and strategies to improve clinical care. Methods: The literature search was conducted using a structured search strategy in PubMed up to 31 January, using MeSH terms with Boolean operators (AND, OR) to combine searches (food hypersensitivity AND growth, food hypersensitivity AND nutrition, food hypersensitivity AND micronutrient, food hypersensitivity AND vitamin, food hypersensitivity AND trace element, and soy hypersensitivity) for human studies meeting pre-defined PICOS criteria that simultaneously assessed the reproducibility and validity. Results: Nearly 2000 studies were identified in the literature search, with 31 articles selected for full-text evaluation and 11 articles included in the final review. Dietary restrictions imposed by the need to avoid multiple allergens can lead to a reduced intake of essential nutrients, particularly proteins, calcium, iron, zinc, iodine, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin D. Children with multiple FAs appear to be at an increased risk of impaired growth, as evidenced by the lower height-for-age, weight-for-age, head-circumference, and weight-for-length Z-scores compared to non-allergic peers. Conclusions: Evidence from the studies reviewed suggests that children with multiple FAs may be at increased risk for growth impairments and nutritional inadequacies, especially where dietary management does not adequately compensate for nutrient losses, and highlights that tailored dietary counseling is crucial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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18 pages, 6476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sugarcane Molasses Polyphenol Extract Attenuates Alcohol-Induced Chronic Liver Damage via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and CYP2E1/Keap1/NF-κB Pathway Modulation

by Min Wang, Lin Zhao, Yumei Wang, Chengfeng Zhang and He Li

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091589 - 5 May 2025

Viewed by 324

Abstract

Background/Objective: The prevention and treatment of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) urgently require safe and effective nutritional intervention strategies. Polyphenol extracts from sugarcane molasses (SP) show antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, yet their protective effects against ALD have not been elucidated. This study explored the [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: The prevention and treatment of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) urgently require safe and effective nutritional intervention strategies. Polyphenol extracts from sugarcane molasses (SP) show antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, yet their protective effects against ALD have not been elucidated. This study explored the therapeutic potential of SP in alcohol-induced chronic liver damage. Methods: A graded alcohol concentration-induced liver damage model was established in C57BL/6J mice to systematically evaluate SP’s regulatory effects on liver function markers, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress indicators, inflammatory factors, and related molecular mechanisms through a 10-week nutritional intervention. Results: The results demonstrated that SP intervention significantly inhibited the liver index, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, and triglyceride and total cholesterol accumulation in mice. SP enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities in a dose-dependent manner, with the high-dose group increasing catalase activity by 161.19% and superoxide dismutase activity by 22.97%. Furthermore, SP significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, thereby alleviating hepatic inflammatory infiltration. Mechanistic studies revealed that SP effectively mitigated alcohol-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory injury by inhibiting cytochrome P450 2E1 overexpression, regulating the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 signaling pathway, and suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B pathway activation. Conclusions: The findings reveal that SP mitigates ALD via synergistic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, providing a novel strategy for high-value utilization of sugarcane molasses byproducts in agricultural industries. Future studies should focus on the contribution of the different phenolics in SP and validate their specific hepatoprotective mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Intervention and Regulatory Potential of Natural Active Substances in Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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12 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emotional Eating in Hispanic Girls and Boys: The Role of Anxiety and Sleep Quality

by Norma Olvera, Tamal J. Roy, Rhonda Scherer, Molly R. Matthews-Ewald, Weihua Fan and Consuelo Arbona

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1588; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091588 - 5 May 2025

Viewed by 338

Abstract

Background/Objective: Emotional eating is a significant health problem associated with increased obesity and mental health among children and adolescents. Investigating emotional eating and its associated factors is critical, as it coincides with key developmental periods during which eating patterns are formed. This study [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Emotional eating is a significant health problem associated with increased obesity and mental health among children and adolescents. Investigating emotional eating and its associated factors is critical, as it coincides with key developmental periods during which eating patterns are formed. This study assessed the contribution of anxiety and sleep quality to emotional eating among 232 Hispanic girls (n = 124, with a mean age of 10.23 years, SD = 1.40) and boys (n = 108, with a mean age of 10.36 years, SD = 1.57). Methods: This study used a correctional research design. Participants completed a series of surveys including demographics, acculturation, McKnight Risk Factor Survey-IV emotional eating subscale, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Participants also had their objective body height and weight measured. Results: Descriptive analyses showed that most girls (84%) and boys (87%) were born in the United States and were either overweight (n = 24, 19% girls; n = 18, 17% boys) or with obesity (n = 61, 49% girls; n = 61, 56% boys). The hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, for girls, poor sleep quality was the sole significant factor associated with EE (β = 350, p < 0.001), controlling for age and BMI. For boys, poor sleep quality (β = 0.302, p < 0.01) and anxiety (β = 0.247, p < 0.05) were significant. Conclusions: The study’s findings suggest that emotional eating interventions may need to focus on reducing anxiety levels and improving sleep quality in Hispanic children and early adolescents Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interdependence of Nutrition and Mental Well-Being)

28 pages, 1022 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hyperphosphatemia in Kidney Failure: Pathophysiology, Challenges, and Critical Role of Phosphorus Management

by Swetha Raju and Ramesh Saxena

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1587; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091587 - 5 May 2025

Viewed by 507

Abstract

Phosphorus is one of the most abundant minerals in the body and plays a critical role in numerous cellular and metabolic processes. Most of the phosphate is deposited in bones, 14% is present in soft tissues as various organic phosphates, and only 1% [...] Read more.

Phosphorus is one of the most abundant minerals in the body and plays a critical role in numerous cellular and metabolic processes. Most of the phosphate is deposited in bones, 14% is present in soft tissues as various organic phosphates, and only 1% is found in extracellular space, mainly as inorganic phosphate. The plasma inorganic phosphate concentration is closely maintained between 2.5 and 4.5 mg/dL by intertwined interactions between fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D, which tightly regulate the phosphate trafficking across the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and bones. Disruption of the strict hemostatic control of phosphate balance can lead to altered cellular and organ functions that are associated with high morbidity and mortality. In the past three decades, there has been a steady increase in the prevalence of kidney failure (KF) among populations. Individuals with KF have unacceptably high mortality, and well over half of deaths are related to cardiovascular disease. Abnormal phosphate metabolism is one of the major factors that is independently associated with vascular calcification and cardiovascular mortality in KF. In early stages of CKD, adaptive processes involving FGF-23, PTH, and vitamin D occur in response to dietary phosphate load to maintain plasma phosphate level in the normal range. However, as the CKD progresses, these adaptive events are unable to overcome phosphate retention from continued dietary phosphate intake and overt hyperphosphatemia ensues. As these hormonal imbalances and the associated adverse consequences are driven by the underlying hyperphosphatemic state in KF, it appears logical to strictly control serum phosphate. Conventional dialysis is inadequate in removing phosphate and most patients require dietary restrictions and pharmacologic interventions to manage hyperphosphatemia. However, diet control comes with many challenges with adherence and may place patients at risk for inadequate protein intake and malnutrition. Phosphate binders help to reduce phosphate levels but come with a sizable pill burden and high financial costs and are associated with poor adherence and psychosocial issues. Additionally, long-term use of binders may increase the risk of calcium, lanthanum, or iron overload or promote gastrointestinal side effects that exacerbate malnutrition and affect quality of life. Given the aforesaid challenges with phosphorus binders, novel therapies targeting small intestinal phosphate absorption pathways have been investigated. Recently, tenapanor, an agent that blocks paracellular absorption of phosphate via inhibition of enteric sodium–hydrogen exchanger-3 (NHE3) was approved for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in KF. While various clinical tools are now available to manage hyperphosphatemia, there is a lack of convincing clinical data to demonstrate improvement in outcomes in KF with the lowering of phosphorus level. Conceivably, deleterious effects associated with hyperphosphatemia could be attributable to disruptions in phosphorus-sensing mechanisms and hormonal imbalance thereof. Further exploration of mechanisms that precisely control phosphorus sensing and regulation may facilitate development of strategies to diminish the deleterious effects of phosphorus load and improve overall outcomes in KF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet and Nutrition on Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)—"Greedy Kidney" in Health and Diseases)

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16 pages, 3513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Impact of Maternal Obesity on Disease Severity in a Mouse Model of Preeclampsia

by Natalie K. Binder, Natasha de Alwis, Bianca R. Fato, Sally Beard, Yeukai T. M. Mangwiro, Elif Kadife, Fiona Brownfoot and Natalie J. Hannan

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1586; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091586 - 5 May 2025

Viewed by 238

Abstract

Background: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, with obesity recognised as a significant risk factor. However, the direct contribution of obesity to the pathophysiology underpinning preeclampsia remains unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and characterise a [...] Read more.

Background: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, with obesity recognised as a significant risk factor. However, the direct contribution of obesity to the pathophysiology underpinning preeclampsia remains unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and characterise a diet-induced obese mouse model with superimposed preeclampsia to better understand the impact of obesity on disease pathogenesis. Methods: Female mice were fed either standard rodent chow or a high-fat diet from weaning. At 8 weeks of age, mice were mated. Pregnant mice were treated with L-N^G-Nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; to block nitric oxide production) from gestational day (D)7.5 to D17.5 to induce a preeclampsia-like phenotype. Blood pressure was measured on D14.5 and D17.5, followed by the collection of maternal and fetal tissues for histological, biochemical, and molecular analyses. Results: Obese dams exhibited significantly increased body, fat pad, and liver weights compared to lean controls. While L-NAME induced hypertension in the control mice, contrary to expectations, the L-NAME-induced hypertension was partially attenuated in obese dams, with significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures at D14.5 and reduced systolic pressure at D17.5. Fetal weights were comparable between groups, however, placentas were significantly heavier with obesity. Endothelial function, inflammatory markers, and renal gene expression patterns suggested distinct physiological adaptations in obese preeclamptic-like mice. Conclusions: These findings challenge the prevailing assumption that obesity drives hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammatory markers. The differential vascular and physiological responses observed in the obese dams highlight the complexity of obesity–preeclampsia interactions and underscore the need for refined preclinical models to disentangle mechanistic contributions. This work has implications for personalised management strategies and targeted therapeutic interventions in obese pregnancies at risk of preeclampsia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Diet and Metabolism in Pregnancy)

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18 pages, 4042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Weissella viridescens Attenuates Hepatic Injury, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in a Rat Model of High-Fat Diet-Induced MASLD

by Shuwei Zhang, Ruiqing Zhao, Ruoshi Wang, Yao Lu, Mingchao Xu, Xiaoying Lin, Ruiting Lan, Suping Zhang, Huijing Tang, Qianhua Fan, Jing Yang, Liyun Liu and Jianguo Xu

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1585; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091585 - 5 May 2025

Viewed by 364

Abstract

Background: Metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disorder globally. Probiotic supplementation has shown promise in its prevention and treatment. Although Weissella viridescens, a lactic acid bacterium with immunomodulatory effects, has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, there is a [...] Read more.

Background: Metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disorder globally. Probiotic supplementation has shown promise in its prevention and treatment. Although Weissella viridescens, a lactic acid bacterium with immunomodulatory effects, has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, there is a lack of direct evidence for its role in alleviating MASLD. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of W. viridescens strain Wv2365, isolated from healthy human feces, in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced rat model of MASLD. Methods: Rats were randomly assigned to a normal chow diet (NC), high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with W. viridescens Wv2365 (Wv2365) groups. All groups were fed their respective diets for 8 weeks. During this period, the NC and HFD groups received a daily oral gavage of PBS, while the Wv2365 group received a daily oral gavage of Wv2365. Results: Wv2365 supplementation significantly reduced HFD-induced body weight gain, improved NAFLD activity scores, alleviated hepatic injury, and restored lipid metabolism. A liver transcriptomic analysis revealed the downregulation of inflammation-related pathways, along with decreased serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and LPS. Wv2365 also activated the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway, enhanced hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced malondialdehyde levels. A gut microbiota analysis showed the enrichment of beneficial genera, including Butyricicoccus, Akkermansia, and Blautia. Serum metabolomic profiling revealed increased levels of metabolites including indole-3-propionic acid, indoleacrylic acid, and glycolithocholic acid. Conclusions: Wv2365 attenuates hepatic injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation in a rat model of high-fat-diet-induced MASLD, supporting its potential as a probiotic candidate for the modulation of MASLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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14 pages, 1053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Maternal Iron Indices in the Second Trimester with Cord Blood Iron Indices and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study

by J. P. Akshaykirthan, Manjunath S. Somannavar, M. S. Deepthy, Umesh Charantimath, S. Yogeshkumar, Amaresh Patil, Mrutyunjaya B. Bellad, Richard Derman and Shivaprasad S. Goudar

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1584; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091584 - 5 May 2025

Viewed by 303

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy poses risks to mothers and infants. This study aimed to correlate maternal iron indices in the second trimester with cord blood indices and pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This prospective cohort study was nested within the RAPIDIRON Trial (Reducing [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy poses risks to mothers and infants. This study aimed to correlate maternal iron indices in the second trimester with cord blood indices and pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This prospective cohort study was nested within the RAPIDIRON Trial (Reducing Anaemia in Pregnancy in India) at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Karnataka, India. A total of 292 pregnant women with moderate anemia who received oral iron supplementation were enrolled from April 2021 to May 2023. Maternal iron indices were measured at multiple time points and correlated with cord blood indices and pregnancy outcomes. Results: Increased hemoglobin levels were observed in mothers of preterm and term neonates from 8.92 ± 0.81 vs. 9.02 ± 0.77 g/dL at 12–16 weeks to 11.14 ± 1.31 vs. 10.73 ± 1.24 g/dL at 26–30 weeks. A similar trend was observed in mothers across birth weight groups. Ferritin and TSAT levels significantly increased in all outcome groups (p < 0.001), peaking at 20–24 weeks and then slightly declining at 26–30 weeks. Additionally, maternal sTfR levels significantly improved from the early (7.72 ± 1.33 vs. 7.51 ± 1.61) to late second trimester (5.87 ± 0.81 vs. 5.76 ± 1.11) in mothers of both anemic and non-anemic neonates (p < 0.001). Maternal sTfR in other outcome groups also showed a similar pattern. A negligible correlation was found between maternal and cord blood iron indices. Conclusions: Maternal iron indices increased from the early to mid-second trimester, followed by a slight fall in the late second trimester. Notably, higher iron indices were observed in mothers of preterm and low-birth-weight neonates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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15 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns and Major Depression: Results from 15,262 Participants (International ALIMENTAL Study)

by Yannis Achour, Guillaume Lucas, Sylvain Iceta, Mohamed Boucekine, Masoud Rahmati, Michael Berk, Tasnime Akbaraly, Bruno Aouizerate, Lucile Capuron, Wolfgang Marx, Melissa M. Lane, Cao Duy Nguyen, Huyen Do, Bach Xuan Tran, Dong Keon Yon, Laurent Boyer and Guillaume Fond

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1583; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091583 - 4 May 2025

Viewed by 1645

Abstract

Background: Different patterns of food consumption may be associated with a differential risk of depression. Differences in dietary patterns between men and women and across different age groups have been reported, but their influence on the risk of depression has not been fully [...] Read more.

Background: Different patterns of food consumption may be associated with a differential risk of depression. Differences in dietary patterns between men and women and across different age groups have been reported, but their influence on the risk of depression has not been fully explored. Objectives: To investigate the associations between dietary patterns and risk of depression across sex and age groups to identify vulnerable subpopulations, which may inform targeted prevention and intervention strategies. Methods: The ALIMENTAL study was a cross-sectional, online international survey conducted between 2021 and 2023. Dietary data were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire; depression data were collected using a self-reported validated questionnaire. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify distinct food consumption patterns. Multivariate analyses were then conducted to assess the associations between these patterns and depression, adjusting for multiple potential confounders. Results: Among 15,262 participants without chronic diseases or current psychotropic treatments, 4923 (32.2%) were classified in the depression group. Among those aged 18–34, the PCA-derived factor of ultra-processed foods consumption was significantly associated with increased risk of depression in both sexes with similar odds ratios (women 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.15; 1.27), men 1.21, 95% CI: (1.07–1.18)). In women aged 18–34, the PCA factors for sodas (aOR 1.10, 95% CI: (1.06; 1.95) and canned and frozen foods (aOR 1.10, 95% CI: (1.04; 1.15) were associated with an increased risk of depression. In participants aged 35–54 years, the association between ultra-processed foods and depression was only observed in women (35–54 years: aOR 1.30, 95% CI: (1.20; 1.42), ≥55 years: 1.41, 95% CI: (1.11; 1.79)), with a significant association between a higher adherence to the PCA-derived “healthy diet” factor (e.g., fruits, nuts, green vegetables) and a lower risk of depression (35–54 years: aOR 0.82, 95% CI: (0.75; 0.89), ≥55 years: aOR 0.79, 95% CI: (0.64; 0.97)). Conclusions: These results show significant differences between men and women and between age groups regarding associations between dietary patterns and the risk of depression. These findings can help better target public health interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Path Towards Personalized Smart Nutrition)

17 pages, 3577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Ultra-Processed Food Intake and Its Circulating Metabolomic Signature with Mental Disorders in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

by Shenghao Yuan, Tengfei Zhu, Jiawei Gu, Li Hua, Jinli Sun, Xiaobei Deng and Jinjun Ran

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1582; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091582 - 4 May 2025

Viewed by 712

Abstract

Background: The global rise in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and the persistent burden of mental disorders have raised growing public health concerns. Emerging evidence suggests that unfavorable dietary patterns, particularly with high UPF intake, contribute to the development of mental disorders. Objective: To [...] Read more.

Background: The global rise in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and the persistent burden of mental disorders have raised growing public health concerns. Emerging evidence suggests that unfavorable dietary patterns, particularly with high UPF intake, contribute to the development of mental disorders. Objective: To assess the associations of UPF-related metabolic signatures and mental disorders. Methods: In this population-based cohort study of 30,059 participants from the UK Biobank, we first identified a plasma metabolic signature associated with UPF intake leveraging nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics. We then applied Cox and logistic regression models to investigate the associations of both UPF consumption and its metabolic signature with incident mental disorders and specific psychological symptoms, respectively. Results: Higher UPF intake was significantly associated with increased risks of overall mental disorder (hazard ratio per 10% increment [95% confidence interval]: 1.04 [1.02, 1.06]), depressive disorder (1.14 [1.08, 1.20]), anxiety disorder (1.12 [1.06, 1.18]), and substance use disorder (1.06 [1.01, 1.11]), as well as several psychological symptoms including suicidal ideation (odds ratios [95% confidence interval]: 1.12 [1.03, 1.16]) and anxiety feeling (1.05 [1.01, 1.09]). Similarly, the UPF-related metabolic signature was independently associated with elevated risks of these mental health outcomes and partially mediated the associations between UPF intake and mental disorders. Conclusions: These findings highlighted the potential metabolic pathways underlying the neuropsychiatric risks of UPF consumption and underscored the importance of dietary quality in mental health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultra-Processed Foods, Dietary Quality and Human Health)

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20 pages, 3756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postprandial Responses to Animal Products with Distinct Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Composition Are Diet-Dependent

by Bjørg Egelandsdal, Anna Haug, Jens F. Rehfeld, Sílvia Coutinho, Lledó Roglà Ricart, Harald Martens, Milena Monfort-Pires and Catia Martins

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091581 - 4 May 2025

Viewed by 414

Abstract

Background: Though evidence is limited, animal products like pork sausages and cheese may affect satiety differently due to their distinct protein, fat, and calcium content. This study therefore compared their acute effects on breakfast using appetite-related markers. Methods: A total of 11 women [...] Read more.

Background: Though evidence is limited, animal products like pork sausages and cheese may affect satiety differently due to their distinct protein, fat, and calcium content. This study therefore compared their acute effects on breakfast using appetite-related markers. Methods: A total of 11 women and 13 men, with a mean age of 23.0 ± 2.6 years and mean BMI of 24.5 ± 2.6 kg/m², participated in this crossover design study. Concentrations of active ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), insulin, glucose, leptin, and blood lipids were measured. Subjective feelings of appetite using visual analogue scales were analyzed (0–4 h) as a response to two test breakfasts meals with a similar energy and macronutrient content. Appetite feelings and energy intake from an ad libitum buffet lunch were subsequently measured. Data were analyzed using two different ANOVA methods. Results: The pork sausage breakfast was characterized by an earlier triglyceride (TG) peak than the cheese. A slower TG clearance was seen with the cheese breakfast. Ghrelin suppression was longer in the pork sausage breakfast. Active GLP-1 concentration was higher following the cheese breakfast and active GIP declined slower. The two ANOVA methods disagreed regarding the insulin effect. Subjective feelings of hunger before buffet and ad libitum energy intake were higher in males (791 ± 64 kcal) compared with females (344 ± 32 kcal), but did not differ between breakfast types. Conclusions: Acute consumption of pork and cheese of the same energy, fat, and protein content provided detectable differences in appetite-related hormones and lipid responses. Appetite and lipid metabolism were affected by the major differentiators of the test meals, namely calcium, fatty acids and amino acids compositions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal-Originated Food and Food Compounds in Health and Disease)

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23 pages, 1144 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unraveling MASLD: The Role of Gut Microbiota, Dietary Modulation, and AI-Driven Lifestyle Interventions

by Carolina Jiménez-González, Marta Alonso-Peña, Paula Argos Vélez, Javier Crespo and Paula Iruzubieta

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1580; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091580 - 4 May 2025

Viewed by 467

Abstract

Gut microbiota has a crucial role in the pathophysiology of metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), influencing various metabolic mechanisms and contributing to the development of the disease. Dietary interventions targeting gut microbiota have shown potential in modulating microbial composition and mitigating MASLD progression. [...] Read more.

Gut microbiota has a crucial role in the pathophysiology of metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), influencing various metabolic mechanisms and contributing to the development of the disease. Dietary interventions targeting gut microbiota have shown potential in modulating microbial composition and mitigating MASLD progression. In this context, the integration of multi-omics analysis and artificial intelligence (AI) in personalized nutrition offers new opportunities for tailoring dietary strategies based on individual microbiome profiles and metabolic responses. The use of chatbots and other AI-based health solutions offers a unique opportunity to democratize access to health interventions due to their low cost, accessibility, and scalability. Future research should focus on the clinical validation of AI-powered dietary strategies, integrating microbiome-based therapies and precision nutrition approaches. Establishing standardized protocols and ethical guidelines will be crucial for implementing AI in MASLD management, paving the way for a more personalized, data-driven approach to disease prevention and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationship Between Diet and Lifestyle and Liver Health: From the Latest Perspective)

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16 pages, 685 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effects of Quercetin on Vascular Endothelium, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease and Lipid Metabolism—A Review

by Mateusz Ozorowski, Michał Wiciński, Oskar Kuźmiński, Paweł Wojciechowski, Zygmunt Siedlecki, Maciej Śniegocki and Elżbieta Włodarczyk

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091579 - 3 May 2025

Viewed by 556

Abstract

Quercetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid of plant origin. This naturally occurring polyphenolic compound is generally known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has been reported to be a factor in improving the antioxidant defense system, lipid metabolism, and reducing the incidence [...] Read more.

Quercetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid of plant origin. This naturally occurring polyphenolic compound is generally known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has been reported to be a factor in improving the antioxidant defense system, lipid metabolism, and reducing the incidence of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. In this article, we will take a closer look at quercetin—what it is, what properties it has, what health benefits it can bring, and in which products it can be found. Thanks to its wide spectrum of action, quercetin is gaining popularity as an ingredient in dietary supplements, as well as an element of a healthy diet supporting overall health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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16 pages, 912 KiB

Open AccessReview

Targeting the Gut–Brain Axis with Plant-Derived Essential Oils: Phytocannabinoids and Beyond

by Luca Camarda, Laura Beatrice Mattioli, Ivan Corazza, Carla Marzetti and Roberta Budriesi

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1578; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091578 - 3 May 2025

Viewed by 412

Abstract

Background: The gut–brain axis (GBA) is a complex bidirectional communication system that links the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Essential oils (EOs) have emerged as promising natural compounds capable of modulating this axis. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of the [...] Read more.

Background: The gut–brain axis (GBA) is a complex bidirectional communication system that links the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Essential oils (EOs) have emerged as promising natural compounds capable of modulating this axis. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of the recent literature was conducted, focusing on studies investigating the effects of EOs on the GBA. Particular attention was given to the endocannabinoid system, the role of cannabis-derived EOs, and other plant-based EOs with potential neuroprotective and gut microbiota-modulating effects. Results: Among the EOs analyzed, cannabis essential oil (CEO) gained attention for its interaction with cannabinoid receptors (CBR1 and CBR2), modulating gut motility, immune responses, and neurotransmission. While acute administration of the CEO reduces inflammation and gut permeability, chronic use has been associated with alterations in gut microbiota composition, potentially impairing cognitive function. Other EOs, such as those from rosemary, lavender, eucalyptus, and oregano, demonstrated effects on neurotransmitter modulation, gut microbiota balance, and neuroinflammation, supporting their potential therapeutic applications in GBA-related disorders. Conclusions: EOs demonstrate promising potential in modulating the GBA through mechanisms including neurotransmitter regulation, gut microbiota modulation, and anti-inflammatory activity. At the same time, phytocannabinoids offer therapeutic value; their long-term use warrants caution due to potential impacts on microbiota. Future research should aim to identify EO-based interventions that can synergistically restore GBA homeostasis and mitigate neurodegenerative and gastrointestinal disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Phytochemicals on the Gastrointestinal Tract—Implications for Innovative Nutraceutical and Functional Food Development)

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14 pages, 285 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Involvement of Epilobium parviflorum in Different Human Diseases, with Particular Attention to Its Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties and Benefits to Vascular Health

by Klaudia Lewandowska and Michał S. Majewski

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1577; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091577 - 3 May 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Water and alcohol extracts of Epilobium have gained attention due to their high concentration of bioactive compounds and their associated health benefits. This review aimed to evaluate the effects of Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. (Onagraceae) preparations on vascular health in light of its [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Water and alcohol extracts of Epilobium have gained attention due to their high concentration of bioactive compounds and their associated health benefits. This review aimed to evaluate the effects of Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. (Onagraceae) preparations on vascular health in light of its medical applications in different human diseases over the last five years. Materials and Methods: A literature search was undertaken of databases such as PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar for original articles published between March 2000 and March 2025. The keywords used were “aortic rings”, “ellagitannins”, “Epilobium”, “hydrolyzable tannins”, “hypotension”, “oenothein B”, “Onagraceae”, “systolic blood pressure”, “vasorelaxation”, and “willow herb”. Results: The E. parviflorum Schreb. herb has been used as a remedy in folk medicine and has a variety of therapeutic properties. These include its preventive effects and ability to relieve symptoms in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia, prostatitis, and a variety of cancers. Other properties include effects on kidney and urinary tract diseases, lipid regulation, and skin infections. The herb also has antibacterial properties. E. parviflorum contains bioactive compounds such as oenothein B, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, and myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside. At low doses, these compounds contribute to a reduction in oxidative stress due to their antioxidant and immunostimulatory effects, positively reducing inflammation, which can cause certain conditions. At higher concentrations, Epilobium generates reactive oxygen species that stimulate the body’s defense mechanisms against a variety of cancers. The presence of oenothein B in E. parviflorum may influence the production and storage of nitric oxide, which, in turn, promotes vasodilation and regulates blood pressure. Conclusions: Although the potential application of E. parviflorum in metabolic disorders has not been extensively studied before, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are well documented and suggest potential pathways for future research and the therapeutic development of preparations to benefit vascular health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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15 pages, 1652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Meal Type Rather than the Meal Sequence Affects the Meal Duration, Number of Chews, and Chewing Tempo

by Kanako Deguchi, Megumi Aoshima, Eri Hiraiwa, Chisato Ono, Chihiro Ushiroda, Risako Yamamoto-Wada, Mitsuyoshi Yoshida and Katsumi Iizuka

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1576; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091576 - 3 May 2025

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Abstract

Background/Aim: Obese individuals are often said to eat fast. Given that obese individuals are often reported to consume fast food more frequently, we hypothesized that fast food can be eaten more quickly. This study aimed to examine the effects of meal type on [...] Read more.

Background/Aim: Obese individuals are often said to eat fast. Given that obese individuals are often reported to consume fast food more frequently, we hypothesized that fast food can be eaten more quickly. This study aimed to examine the effects of meal type on meal duration, considering meal sequence. Methods: Meal duration, number of chews and bites, and chewing tempo were measured among 41 participants (18 males, 23 females; average age, 41.1 years) using two meals: pizza (301 kcal) and hamburger steak bento (hamburger, rice and broccoli, 304 kcal; two eating sequences: vegetables first or last). Results: Compared with pizza, bento meals (vegetables first or last) were associated with longer meal durations (sec) (mean differences in pizza-bento (vegetable first): −182 [−245.6, −118.9], p < 0.0001; pizza-bento (vegetables last): −216.0 [−273.3, −158.7], p < 0.0001). In contrast, no differences in meal duration (sec) were observed regardless of the order of vegetable consumption (p = 0.14). These findings were consistent with the number of chews and chewing tempos across both sexes. The number of bites was similar among pizza, bento (vegetable fast), and bento (vegetable last). Meal duration was positively associated with the number of chews and bites and meal type and negatively associated with age and sex. BMI was not associated with meal duration. Conclusions: Meal type affected meal duration, the number of chews, and the chewing tempo, independent of meal sequence. To eat more slowly, it is important to pay attention to the meal type. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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15 pages, 744 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fertility in Celiac Disease: The Impact of Gluten on Male and Female Reproductive Health

by Herbert Wieser, Carolina Ciacci, Carlo Soldaini, Carolina Gizzi, Lucienne Pellegrini and Antonella Santonicola

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1575; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091575 - 3 May 2025

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Abstract

Celiac disease (CeD) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the small intestine triggered by the ingestion of dietary gluten. This narrative review aims to summarize and critically evaluate the recent literature on the association between CeD and infertility, with an emphasis on identifying [...] Read more.

Celiac disease (CeD) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the small intestine triggered by the ingestion of dietary gluten. This narrative review aims to summarize and critically evaluate the recent literature on the association between CeD and infertility, with an emphasis on identifying patterns and inconsistencies. Previous studies have reported conflicting findings: while some demonstrate a higher prevalence of unexplained infertility in patients with CeD, others do not support this association. Overall, untreated CeD may be a contributing factor to infertility, especially unexplained cases, and a gluten-free diet (GFD) might improve fertility outcomes. However, the general prevalence of infertility in CeD patients does not appear to exceed that of the general population. This review includes evidence on both male and female infertility and examines possible pathophysiological mechanisms, including nutritional deficiencies, immune-mediated effects, and sexual dysfunction. Further high-quality prospective studies are needed to determine the true impact of CeD on reproductive health and to inform screening guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Prevention and Management of Celiac Disease)

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18 pages, 898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Making Diet Management Easier: The Effects of Nudge-Based Dietary Education and Tableware in Individuals with Both T2DM and Overweight/Obesity: A 2 × 2 Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

by Tianxue Long, Yating Zhang, Yiyun Zhang, Yi Wu, Jing Huang, Hua Jiang, Dan Luo, Xue Cai, Rongsong Tang, Dan Zhang, Lang Peng, Xiaojing Guo and Mingzi Li

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1574; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091574 - 3 May 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Traditional diet management for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is often complex and effortful to sustain. Nudging offers low-effort and automatic approaches to dietary behaviour change yet remains underexplored in T2DM. This study evaluated the independent and combined 6-month effects of nudging education [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Traditional diet management for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is often complex and effortful to sustain. Nudging offers low-effort and automatic approaches to dietary behaviour change yet remains underexplored in T2DM. This study evaluated the independent and combined 6-month effects of nudging education (NE) and nudging tableware (NT) on HbA1c, along with other secondary health outcomes, among adults with T2DM and overweight/obesity, compared to their non-nudge counterparts (control education, CE; control tableware, CT). Methods: A 2 × 2 factorial cluster RCT was conducted in 12 primary healthcare settings in China (pre-registered as ChiCtr2100044471). Participants were randomly assigned to the nudging education group (NE + CT), the nudging tableware group (CE + NT), the combined group (NE + NT) or the full-control group (CE + CT) for 1 month. The primary outcome was HbA1c. Secondary outcomes included dietary behaviours, metabolic indicators, and psychological health. Generalized linear mixed models were used for analysis. Results: A total of 284 participants (mean age, 52.28 years; 54.3% male) were randomly assigned and included in the analysis. After 6 months, NE and NT independently led to HbA1c reductions (−0.76%, p < 0.001; −0.33%, p = 0.042, vs. controls), with an additive but non-interactive effect when combined, resulting in a 1.04% reduction (p < 0.001) in the combined group. They also improved total calorie, macronutrient, and vegetable intake, FBG, plasma lipids, and BMI. NE additionally reduced diabetes distress and enhanced self-efficacy. Conclusions: Both NE and NT improved dietary and metabolic outcomes without increasing the psychological burden. The combined group showed the greatest benefits. Findings highlighted the importance of considering automatic processes in diabetes management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Patient Education, Dietary Interventions and Physical Activity on Diabetes)

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Nutrients, Volume 17, Issue 9 (May-1 2025) – 205 articles

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