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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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20 pages, 4411 KB  
Article
The Influence of the Defect Rate of Graphene on Its Reinforcing Capability Within High-Entropy Alloys
by Xianhe Zhang, Hongyun Wang, Chunpei Zhang, Cun Zhang and Xuyao Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151177 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 299
Abstract
Graphene, a remarkable two-dimensional material, enhances the mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys as a reinforcing phase. This study investigated the influence of vacancy defects in graphene on the strengthening effect of FeNiCrCoCu high-entropy alloy through molecular dynamics simulations. The findings reveal that vacancy [...] Read more.
Graphene, a remarkable two-dimensional material, enhances the mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys as a reinforcing phase. This study investigated the influence of vacancy defects in graphene on the strengthening effect of FeNiCrCoCu high-entropy alloy through molecular dynamics simulations. The findings reveal that vacancy defects diminish graphene’s strength, resulting in its premature failure. In tensile tests, graphene with defects lowers the yield stress of the composite, yet it retains the ability to impede dislocations. Conversely, graphene exhibits a more pronounced strengthening effect during compression. Specifically, when the deletion of C atoms is less than 1%, the impact is negligible; between 1% and 6%, the strengthening effect diminishes; and when it surpasses 6%, the strengthening effect virtually ceases to exist. This research offers a theoretical foundation for optimizing graphene-reinforced composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical, Physical Properties and Thermal Characteristics of Nanofiller-Reinforced Composites)
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17 pages, 3191 KB  
Article
Optimizing Graphene Ring Modulators: A Comparative Study of Straight, Bent, and Racetrack Geometries
by Pawan Kumar Dubey, Ashraful Islam Raju, Rasuole Lukose, Christian Wenger and Mindaugas Lukosius
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151158 - 27 Jul 2025
Viewed by 458
Abstract
Graphene-based micro-ring modulators are promising candidates for next-generation optical interconnects, offering compact footprints, broadband operation, and CMOS compatibility. However, most demonstrations to date have relied on conventional straight bus coupling geometries, which limit design flexibility and require extremely small coupling gaps to reach [...] Read more.
Graphene-based micro-ring modulators are promising candidates for next-generation optical interconnects, offering compact footprints, broadband operation, and CMOS compatibility. However, most demonstrations to date have relied on conventional straight bus coupling geometries, which limit design flexibility and require extremely small coupling gaps to reach critical coupling. This work presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of straight, bent, and racetrack bus geometries in graphene-on-silicon nitride (Si3N4) micro-ring modulators operating near 1.31 µm. Based on finite-difference time-domain simulation results, a proposed racetrack-based modulator structure demonstrates that extending the coupling region enables critical coupling at larger gaps—up to 300 nm—while preserving high modulation efficiency. With only 6–12% graphene coverage, this geometry achieves extinction ratios of up to 28 dB and supports electrical bandwidths approaching 90 GHz. Findings from this work highlight a new co-design framework for coupling geometry and graphene coverage, offering a pathway to high-speed and high-modulation-depth graphene photonic modulators suitable for scalable integration in next-generation photonic interconnects devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for High-Performance Optoelectronics)
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12 pages, 2303 KB  
Article
Fabrication of Low-Power Consumption Hydrogen Sensor Based on TiOx/Pt Nanocontacts via Local Atom Migration
by Yasuhisa Naitoh, Hisashi Shima and Hiroyuki Akinaga
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151154 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 376
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) gas sensors are essential for detecting leaks and ensuring safety, thereby supporting the broader adoption of hydrogen energy. The performance of H2 sensors has been shown to be improved by the incorporation of TiO2 nanostructures. The key [...] Read more.
Hydrogen (H2) gas sensors are essential for detecting leaks and ensuring safety, thereby supporting the broader adoption of hydrogen energy. The performance of H2 sensors has been shown to be improved by the incorporation of TiO2 nanostructures. The key findings are summarized as follows: (1) Resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) technology was used to fabricate extremely compact H2 sensors via various forming techniques, and substantial sensor performance enhancement was investigated. (2) A nanocontact composed of titanium oxide (TiOx)/platinum (Pt) was subjected to various forming operations to establish a Schottky junction with a nanogap structure on a tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) layer, and its properties were assessed. (3) When the Pt electrode was on the positive side during the forming operation used for ReRAM technology, a Pt nanopillar structure was produced. By contrast, when the forming operation was conducted with a positive bias on the TiOx side, a mixed oxide film of Ta and Ti was produced, which indicates local Ta doping into the TiOx. A sensor response of over 1000 times was achieved at a minimal voltage of 1 mV at room temperature. (4) This sensor fabrication technology based on the forming operation is promising for the development of low-power consumption sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Nanoscale Electronic Sensors—Innovations and Applications)
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26 pages, 4405 KB  
Review
Nanocarriers for Combination Therapy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Comprehensive Review
by Iris Pontón and David Sánchez-García
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1139; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151139 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 809
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, characterized by late diagnosis, aggressive progression, and poor response to conventional monotherapies. Combination therapies have emerged as a promising approach to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), enhance efficacy, and target the complex tumor [...] Read more.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, characterized by late diagnosis, aggressive progression, and poor response to conventional monotherapies. Combination therapies have emerged as a promising approach to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), enhance efficacy, and target the complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) have gained significant attention for their ability to co-deliver multiple agents with controlled release profiles. This review comprehensively examines nanoparticle-based platforms developed for PDAC combination therapies, focusing on small-molecule drugs. The systems discussed are drawn from studies published between 2005 and 2025. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles for Multiple Drug Release)
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10 pages, 2061 KB  
Article
Controlled Synthesis of Tellurium Nanowires and Performance Optimization of Thin-Film Transistors via Percolation Network Engineering
by Mose Park, Zhiyi Lyu, Seung Hyun Song and Hoo-Jeong Lee
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141128 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 433
Abstract
In this study, we propose a method for systematic nanowire length control through the precise control of the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) concentration during the synthesis of tellurium nanowires. Furthermore, we report the changes in the electrical properties of thin-film transistor (TFT) devices with different [...] Read more.
In this study, we propose a method for systematic nanowire length control through the precise control of the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) concentration during the synthesis of tellurium nanowires. Furthermore, we report the changes in the electrical properties of thin-film transistor (TFT) devices with different lengths of synthesized tellurium nanowires used as channels. Through the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), it was determined that the length of the wires increased in relation to the amount of PVP incorporated, while the diameter remained consistent. The synthesized long wires formed a well-connected percolation network with a junction density of 4.6 junctions/µm2, which enabled the fabrication of devices with excellent electrical properties, the highest on/off ratio of 103, and charge mobility of 1.1 cm2/V·s. In contrast, wires with comparatively reduced PVP content demonstrated a junction density of 2.1 junctions/µm2, exhibiting a lower on/off ratio and reduced charge mobility. These results provide guidance on how the amount of PVP added during wire growth affects the length of the synthesized wires and how it affects the connectivity between the wires when they form a network, which may help optimize the performance of high-performance nanoelectronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanowires: Growth, Properties, and Applications)
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20 pages, 1106 KB  
Article
Synchrotron-Based Structural Analysis of Nanosized Gd2(Ti1−xZrx)2O7 for Radioactive Waste Management
by Marco Pinna, Andrea Trapletti, Claudio Minelli, Armando di Biase, Federico Bianconi, Michele Clemente, Alessandro Minguzzi, Carlo Castellano and Marco Scavini
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141134 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 440
Abstract
Complex oxides with the general formula Gd2(Ti1−xZrx)2O7 are promising candidates for radioactive waste immobilization due to their capacity to withstand radiation by dissipating part of the free energy driving defect creation and phase transitions. [...] Read more.
Complex oxides with the general formula Gd2(Ti1−xZrx)2O7 are promising candidates for radioactive waste immobilization due to their capacity to withstand radiation by dissipating part of the free energy driving defect creation and phase transitions. In this study, samples with varying zirconium content (xZr = 0.00, 0.15, 0.25, 0.375, 0.56, 0.75, 0.85, 1.00) were synthesized via the sol–gel method and thermally treated at 500 °C to obtain nanosized powders mimicking the defective structure of irradiated materials. Synchrotron-based techniques were employed to investigate their structural properties: High-Resolution X-ray Powder Diffraction (HR-XRPD) was used to assess long-range structure, while Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy provided insights into the local structure. HR-XRPD data revealed that samples with low Zr content (xZr ≤ 0.25) are amorphous. Increasing Zr concentration led to the emergence of a crystalline phase identified as defective fluorite (xZr = 0.375, 0.56). Samples with the highest Zr content (xZr ≥ 0.75) were fully crystalline and exhibited only the fluorite phase. The experimental G(r) functions of the fully crystalline samples in the low r range are suitably fitted by the Weberite structure, mapping the relaxations induced by structural disorder in defective fluorite. These structural insights informed the subsequent EXAFS analysis at the Zr-K and Gd-L3 edges, confirming the splitting of the cation–cation distances associated with different metal species. Moreover, EXAFS provided a local structural description of the amorphous phases, identifying a consistent Gd-O distance across all compositions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)
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17 pages, 4334 KB  
Article
Wafer-Level Fabrication of Radiofrequency Devices Featuring 2D Materials Integration
by Vitor Silva, Ivo Colmiais, Hugo Dinis, Jérôme Borme, Pedro Alpuim and Paulo M. Mendes
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141119 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 379
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been proposed for use in a multitude of applications, with graphene being one of the most well-known 2D materials. Despite their potential to contribute to innovative solutions, the fabrication of such devices still faces significant challenges. One of the [...] Read more.
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been proposed for use in a multitude of applications, with graphene being one of the most well-known 2D materials. Despite their potential to contribute to innovative solutions, the fabrication of such devices still faces significant challenges. One of the key challenges is the fabrication at a wafer-level scale, a fundamental step for allowing reliable and reproducible fabrication of a large volume of devices with predictable properties. Overcoming this barrier will allow further integration with sensors and actuators, as well as enabling the fabrication of complex circuits based on 2D materials. This work presents the fabrication steps for a process that allows the on-wafer fabrication of active and passive radiofrequency (RF) devices enabled by graphene. Two fabrication processes are presented. In the first one, graphene is transferred to a back gate surface using critical point drying to prevent cracks in the graphene. In the second process, graphene is transferred to a flat surface planarized by ion milling, with the gate being buried beneath the graphene. The fabrication employs a damascene-like process, ensuring a flat surface that preserves the graphene lattice. RF transistors, passive RF components, and antennas designed for backscatter applications are fabricated and measured, illustrating the versatility and potential of the proposed method for 2D material-based RF devices. The integration of graphene on devices is also demonstrated in an antenna. This aimed to demonstrate that graphene can also be used as a passive device. Through this device, it is possible to measure different backscatter responses according to the applied graphene gating voltage, demonstrating the possibility of wireless sensor development. With the proposed fabrication processes, a flat graphene with good quality is achieved, leading to the fabrication of RF active devices (graphene transistors) with intrinsic fT and fmax of 14 GHz and 80 GHz, respectively. Excellent yield and reproducibility are achieved through these methods. Furthermore, since the graphene membranes are grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), it is expected that this process can also be applied to other 2D materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced 2D Materials for Emerging Application)
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41 pages, 6887 KB  
Review
Charging the Future with Pioneering MXenes: Scalable 2D Materials for Next-Generation Batteries
by William Coley, Amir-Ali Akhavi, Pedro Pena, Ruoxu Shang, Yi Ma, Kevin Moseni, Mihrimah Ozkan and Cengiz S. Ozkan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141089 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 641
Abstract
MXenes, a family of two-dimensional carbide and nitride nanomaterials, have demonstrated significant promise across various technological domains, particularly in energy storage applications. This review critically examines scalable synthesis techniques for MXenes and their potential integration into next-generation rechargeable battery systems. We highlight both [...] Read more.
MXenes, a family of two-dimensional carbide and nitride nanomaterials, have demonstrated significant promise across various technological domains, particularly in energy storage applications. This review critically examines scalable synthesis techniques for MXenes and their potential integration into next-generation rechargeable battery systems. We highlight both top-down and emerging bottom-up approaches, exploring their respective efficiencies, environmental impacts, and industrial feasibility. The paper further discusses the electrochemical behavior of MXenes in lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and aluminum-ion batteries, as well as their multifunctional roles in solid-state batteries—including as electrodes, additives, and solid electrolytes. Special emphasis is placed on surface functionalization, interlayer engineering, and ion transport properties. We also compare MXenes with conventional graphite anodes, analyzing their gravimetric and volumetric performance potential. Finally, challenges such as diffusion kinetics, power density limitations, and scalability are addressed, providing a comprehensive outlook on the future of MXenes in sustainable energy storage technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pioneering Nanomaterials: Revolutionizing Energy and Catalysis)
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10 pages, 3162 KB  
Article
High-Sensitivity, Low Detection Limit, and Fast Ammonia Detection of Ag-NiFe2O4 Nanocomposite and DFT Study
by Xianfeng Hao, Yuehang Sun, Zongwei Liu, Gongao Jiao and Dongzhi Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141088 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 337
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is one of the characteristic gases used to detect food spoilage. In this study, the 10 wt% Ag-NiFe2O4 nanocomposite was synthesized via the hydrothermal method. Characterization results from SEM, XRD, and XPS analyzed the microstructure, elemental [...] Read more.
Ammonia (NH3) is one of the characteristic gases used to detect food spoilage. In this study, the 10 wt% Ag-NiFe2O4 nanocomposite was synthesized via the hydrothermal method. Characterization results from SEM, XRD, and XPS analyzed the microstructure, elemental composition, and crystal lattice features of the composite, confirming its successful fabrication. Under the optimal working temperature of 280 °C, the composite exhibited excellent gas-sensing properties towards NH3. The 10 wt% Ag-NiFe2O4 sensor demonstrates rapid response and recovery, as well as high sensitivity, towards 30 ppm NH3, with response and recovery times of merely 3 s and 9 s, respectively, and a response value of 4.59. The detection limit is as low as 0.1 ppm, meeting the standards for food safety detection. Additionally, the sensor exhibits good short-term repeatability and long-term stability. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) simulations were conducted to investigate the gas-sensing advantages of the Ag-NiFe2O4 composite by analyzing the electron density and density of states, thereby providing theoretical guidance for experimental testing. This study facilitates the rapid detection of food spoilage and promotes the development of portable food safety detection devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors: Second Edition)
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27 pages, 5856 KB  
Article
Buckypapers in Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: A Pathway to Superior Thermal Stability
by Johannes Bibinger, Sebastian Eibl, Hans-Joachim Gudladt and Philipp Höfer
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141081 - 11 Jul 2025
Viewed by 375
Abstract
The thermal stability of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) materials is constrained by the low thermal conductivity of its polymer matrix, resulting in inefficient heat dissipation, local overheating, and accelerated degradation during thermal loads. To overcome these limitations, composite materials can be modified with [...] Read more.
The thermal stability of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) materials is constrained by the low thermal conductivity of its polymer matrix, resulting in inefficient heat dissipation, local overheating, and accelerated degradation during thermal loads. To overcome these limitations, composite materials can be modified with buckypapers—thin, densely interconnected layers of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In this study, sixteen 8552/IM7 prepreg plies were processed with up to nine buckypapers and strategically placed at various positions. The resulting nanocomposites were evaluated for manufacturability, material properties, and thermal resistance. The findings reveal that prepreg plies provide only limited matrix material for buckypaper infiltration. Nonetheless, up to five buckypapers, corresponding to 8 wt.% CNTs, can be incorporated into the material without inducing matrix depletion defects. This integration significantly enhances the material’s thermal properties while maintaining its mechanical integrity. The nanotubes embedded in the matrix achieve an effective thermal conductivity of up to 7 W/(m·K) based on theoretical modeling. As a result, under one-sided thermal irradiation at 50 kW/m2, thermo-induced damage and strength loss can be delayed by up to 20%. Therefore, thermal resistance is primarily determined by the nanotube concentration, whereas the arrangement of the buckypapers affects the material quality. Since this innovative approach enables the targeted integration of high particle fractions, it offers substantial potential for improving the safety and reliability of CFRP under thermal stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nano-Enhanced Thermal Functional Materials)
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21 pages, 7602 KB  
Article
Visible-Light-Responsive Ag(Au)/MoS2-TiO2 Inverse Opals: Synergistic Plasmonic, Photonic, and Charge Transfer Effects for Photoelectrocatalytic Water Remediation
by Stelios Loukopoulos, Elias Sakellis, Polychronis Tsipas, Spiros Gardelis, Vassilis Psycharis, Marios G. Kostakis, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis and Vlassis Likodimos
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141076 - 11 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2552
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a benchmark photocatalyst for environmental applications, but its limited visible-light activity due to a wide band gap and fast charge recombination restricts its practical efficiency. This study presents the development of heterostructured Ag (Au)/MoS2-TiO2 [...] Read more.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a benchmark photocatalyst for environmental applications, but its limited visible-light activity due to a wide band gap and fast charge recombination restricts its practical efficiency. This study presents the development of heterostructured Ag (Au)/MoS2-TiO2 inverse opal (IO) films that synergistically integrate photonic, plasmonic, and semiconducting functionalities to overcome these limitations. The materials were synthesized via a one-step evaporation-induced co-assembly approach, embedding MoS2 nanosheets and plasmonic nanoparticles (Ag or Au) within a nanocrystalline TiO2 photonic framework. The inverse opal architecture enhances light harvesting through slow-photon effects, while MoS2 and plasmonic nanoparticles improve visible-light absorption and charge separation. By tuning the template sphere size, the photonic band gap was aligned with the TiO2-MoS2 absorption edge and the localized surface plasmon resonance of Ag, enabling optimal spectral overlap. The corresponding Ag/MoS2-TiO2 photonic films exhibited superior photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and Mott–Schottky analysis confirmed favorable band alignment and Fermi level shifts that facilitate interfacial charge transfer. These results highlight the potential of integrated photonic–plasmonic-semiconductor architectures for efficient solar-driven water treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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12 pages, 1250 KB  
Article
Probing the Structural Order of Half-Heusler Phases in Sb-Doped (Ti,Zr,Hf)NiSn Thermoelectrics
by Fani Pinakidou, Andreas Delimitis and Maria Katsikini
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131037 - 3 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 399
Abstract
The nanostructural features of a mechanically alloyed Sb-doped (Ti0.4Zr0.6)0.7Hf0.3NiSn thermoelectric (TE) Half-Heusler (HH) compound were addressed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy measurements and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. [...] Read more.
The nanostructural features of a mechanically alloyed Sb-doped (Ti0.4Zr0.6)0.7Hf0.3NiSn thermoelectric (TE) Half-Heusler (HH) compound were addressed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy measurements and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The EXAFS measurements at the Ni-K, Sn-K, Zr-K, and Hf-L3-edge were implemented in an effort to reveal the influence of Hf and Zr incorporation into the crystal with respect to their previously measured TE properties. The substitution of Ti by Hf and Zr is expected to yield local lattice distortions due to the different atomic sizes of the dopants or/and electronic charge redistribution amongst the cations. However, the material is characterised by a high degree of crystallinity in both the short and long-range order, on average, and the nominal stoichiometry is identified as (Zr0.42Hf0.30Ti0.28)NiSn0.98Sb0.02. The synergistic effect of minimization of extended structural defects or lattice distortions and considerable alloying-induced point defect population contributes to the improved TE properties and leads to the previously reported enhancement of the figure of merit of the mixed HHs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Thermoelectric Materials: Advanced Synthesis and Characterisation Approaches)
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16 pages, 2468 KB  
Article
Multi-Bit Resistive Random-Access Memory Based on Two-Dimensional MoO3 Layers
by Kai Liu, Wengui Jiang, Liang Zhou, Yinkang Zhou, Minghui Hu, Yuchen Geng, Yiyuan Zhang, Yi Qiao, Rongming Wang and Yinghui Sun
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131033 - 3 Jul 2025
Viewed by 503
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) material-based resistive random-access memory (RRAM) has emerged as a promising solution for neuromorphic computing and computing-in-memory architectures. Compared to conventional metal-oxide-based RRAM, the novel 2D material-based RRAM devices demonstrate lower power consumption, higher integration density, and reduced performance variability, benefiting from [...] Read more.
Two-dimensional (2D) material-based resistive random-access memory (RRAM) has emerged as a promising solution for neuromorphic computing and computing-in-memory architectures. Compared to conventional metal-oxide-based RRAM, the novel 2D material-based RRAM devices demonstrate lower power consumption, higher integration density, and reduced performance variability, benefiting from their atomic-scale thickness and ultra-flat surfaces. Remarkably, 2D layered metal oxides retain these advantages while preserving the merits of traditional metal oxides, including their low cost and high environmental stability. Through a multi-step dry transfer process, we fabricated a Pd-MoO3-Ag RRAM device featuring 2D α-MoO3 as the resistive switching layer, with Pd and Ag serving as inert and active electrodes, respectively. Resistive switching tests revealed an excellent operational stability, low write voltage (~0.5 V), high switching ratio (>106), and multi-bit storage capability (≥3 bits). Nevertheless, the device exhibited a limited retention time (~2000 s). To overcome this limitation, we developed a Gr-MoO3-Ag heterostructure by substituting the Pd electrode with graphene (Gr). This modification achieved a fivefold improvement in the retention time (>104 s). These findings demonstrate that by controlling the type and thickness of 2D materials and resistive switching layers, RRAM devices with both high On/Off ratios and long-term data retention may be developed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Nanomaterials—2D Materials and Heterostructures: Synthesis, Processing, and Device Applications)
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33 pages, 2373 KB  
Article
Effect of Ga2O3 Content on the Activity of Al2O3-Supported Catalysts for the CO2-Assisted Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane
by Alexandra Florou, Georgios Bampos, Panagiota D. Natsi, Aliki Kokka and Paraskevi Panagiotopoulou
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131029 - 2 Jul 2025
Viewed by 424
Abstract
Propylene production through the CO2-assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (CO2-ODP) is an effective route able to address the ever-increasing demand for propylene and simultaneously utilize CO2. In this study, a series of alumina-supported gallium oxide catalysts of [...] Read more.
Propylene production through the CO2-assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (CO2-ODP) is an effective route able to address the ever-increasing demand for propylene and simultaneously utilize CO2. In this study, a series of alumina-supported gallium oxide catalysts of variable Ga2O3 loading was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated with respect to their activity for the CO2-ODP reaction. It was found that both the catalysts’ physicochemical characteristics and performance were strongly affected by the amount of Ga2O3 dispersed on Al2O3. Surface basicity was maximized for the sample containing 20 wt.% Ga2O3, whereas surface acidity was monotonically increased with increasing Ga2O3 loading. A volcano-type correlation was found between catalytic performance and acid/base properties, according to which propane conversion and propylene yield exhibited optimum values for intermediate surface basicity and acidity, which both correspond to the sample containing 30 wt.% Ga2O3. The dispersion of a suitable amount of Ga2O3 on the Al2O3 surface not only enhances the conversion of propane to propylene but also suppresses the formation of side products (C2H4, CH4, and C2H6) at temperatures of practical interest. The 30%Ga2O3-Al2O3 catalyst exhibited very good stability at 550 °C, where byproduct formation and carbon deposition were limited. Mechanistic studies indicated that the reaction proceeds through a two-step oxidative route with the participation of CO2 in the abstraction of H2, originating from propane dehydrogenation, through the reverse water–gas reaction (RWGS) reaction, shifting the thermodynamic equilibrium towards propylene generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Material Catalysis for Environmental Protection)
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20 pages, 11822 KB  
Article
Inverse Design of Ultrathin Metamaterial Absorber
by Eunbi Jang, Junghee Cho, Chanik Kang and Haejun Chung
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1024; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131024 - 1 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 676
Abstract
Electromagnetic absorbers combining ultrathin profiles with robust absorptivity across wide incidence angles are essential for applications such as stealth applications, wireless communications, and quantum computing. Traditional designs, including Salisbury screens, typically require thicknesses of at least a quarter-wavelength (λ/4), [...] Read more.
Electromagnetic absorbers combining ultrathin profiles with robust absorptivity across wide incidence angles are essential for applications such as stealth applications, wireless communications, and quantum computing. Traditional designs, including Salisbury screens, typically require thicknesses of at least a quarter-wavelength (λ/4), restricting their use in compact systems. While metamaterial absorbers (MMAs) offer reduced thicknesses, their absorptivity generally decreases under oblique incidence conditions. Here, we introduce an adjoint optimization-based inverse design method that merges the ultrathin advantage of MMAs with the angle-insensitive characteristics of Salisbury screens. By leveraging the computational efficiency of the adjoint method, we systematically optimize absorber structures as thin as λ/20. The optimized structures achieve absorption exceeding 90% at the target frequency (7.5 GHz) and demonstrate robust performance under oblique incidence, maintaining over 90% absorption up to 50°, approximately 80% at 60°, and around 70% at 70°. Comparative analysis against particle swarm optimization further highlights the superior efficiency of the adjoint method, reducing the computational effort by approximately 98%. This inverse design framework thus provides substantial improvements in both the performance and computational cost, offering a promising solution for advanced electromagnetic absorber design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Electromagnetic Shielding and Absorption Applications)
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22 pages, 2603 KB  
Review
Core–Shell Engineering of One-Dimensional Cadmium Sulfide for Solar Energy Conversion
by Rama Krishna Chava and Misook Kang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131000 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 513
Abstract
Fabricating efficient photocatalysts that can be used in solar-to-fuel conversion and to enhance the photochemical reaction rate is essential to the current energy crisis and climate changes due to the excessive usage of nonrenewable fossil fuels. To attain high photo-to-chemical conversion efficiency, it [...] Read more.
Fabricating efficient photocatalysts that can be used in solar-to-fuel conversion and to enhance the photochemical reaction rate is essential to the current energy crisis and climate changes due to the excessive usage of nonrenewable fossil fuels. To attain high photo-to-chemical conversion efficiency, it is important to fabricate cost-effective and durable catalysts with high activity. One-dimensional cadmium sulfides (1D CdS), with higher surface area, charge carrier separation along the linear direction, and visible light harvesting properties, are promising candidates for converting solar energy to H2, reducing CO2 to commodity chemicals, and remediating environmental pollutants. The main disadvantage of CdS is photocorrosion due to the leaching of S2− ions during the photochemical reactions, and further charge recombination rate leads to low quantum efficiency. Therefore, the implementation of core–shell heterostructured morphology, i.e., the growth of the shell on the surface of the 1D CdS, which offers unique features such as protection of CdS from photocorrosion, a tunable interface between the core CdS and shell, and photogenerated charge carrier separation via heterojunctions, provides additional active sites and enhanced visible light harvesting. Therefore, the viability of the core–shell synthesis strategy and synergetic effects offer a new way of designing photocatalysts with enhanced stability and improved charge separation in solar energy conversion systems. This review highlights some critical aspects of synthesizing 1D CdS core–shell heterostructures, underlying reaction mechanisms, and their performance in photoredox reactions. Finally, some challenges and considerations in the fabrication of 1D CdS-based core–shell nanostructures that can overcome the current barriers in industrial applications are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials and/or Nanocomposites for Photo(Electro-) Catalytic Applications)
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43 pages, 7921 KB  
Review
From Theory to Experiment: Reviewing the Role of Graphene in Li-Ion Batteries Through Density Functional Theory
by Ghada AlJaber, Basheer AlShammari and Bandar AlOtaibi
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15130992 - 26 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1227
Abstract
Rechargeable Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have experienced swift advancement and widespread commercialization in electronic devices and electric vehicles, driven by their exceptional efficiency, energy capacity, and elevated power density. However, to promote sustainable energy development there is a dire need to further extend the [...] Read more.
Rechargeable Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have experienced swift advancement and widespread commercialization in electronic devices and electric vehicles, driven by their exceptional efficiency, energy capacity, and elevated power density. However, to promote sustainable energy development there is a dire need to further extend the search for developing and optimizing the existing anode active energy storage materials. This has steered research towards carbon-based anode materials, particularly graphene, to promote and develop sustainable and efficient LIB technology that can drive the next wave of industrial innovation. In this regard, density functional theory (DFT) computations are considered a powerful tool to elucidate chemical and physical properties at an atomistic scale and serve as a transformative framework, catalyzing the discovery of novel high-performance anode materials for LIBs. This review highlights the computational progress in graphene and graphene composites to design better graphene-based anode materials for LIBs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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20 pages, 3729 KB  
Article
Au-Co Alloy Nanoparticles Supported on ZrO2 as an Efficient Photocatalyst for the Deoxygenation of Styrene Oxide
by Hashini T. Abeyrathna, Chamodi L. Fernando Thibiripalage, Huai Yong Zhu and Eric R. Waclawik
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15130957 - 20 Jun 2025
Viewed by 522
Abstract
Epoxide deoxygenation by photocatalysis was explored using Au-Co alloy nanoparticles supported on ZrO2 under visible light irradiation. The active metals were deposited on commercial monoclinic ZrO2 by chemical impregnation to achieve controlled mass ratios of gold and cobalt in the alloy [...] Read more.
Epoxide deoxygenation by photocatalysis was explored using Au-Co alloy nanoparticles supported on ZrO2 under visible light irradiation. The active metals were deposited on commercial monoclinic ZrO2 by chemical impregnation to achieve controlled mass ratios of gold and cobalt in the alloy nanoparticles. The characterisation of the alloy nanoparticles confirmed the technique produced an average particle size of 4.50 ± 0.29 nm. Catalysts containing pure 3% Au and different Au-Co metal ratios attached to the ZrO2 induced the deoxygenation of styrene oxide in an isopropanol solvent medium. Only 20 mg of pure Au/ZrO2 catalyst gave a 99% yield of styrene at an 80 °C temperature within 16 h under visible light irradiation (400–800 nm). Au-Co/ZrO2 catalysts generally induced conversion to styrene under the same conditions below 60 °C. Above 60 °C, a new reaction pathway was observed to favour a different product over Au-Co/ZrO2, which was identified as styrene glycol. This study developed a new approach to the synthesis of styrene glycol, a molecule that has many useful applications in the chemical and polymer industries. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) studies and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic (EPR) studies identified changes in the reaction mechanism and pathway upon increasing the cobalt molar ratio in the Au-Co alloy catalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanocomposites for Enhanced Supercapacitor and Photocatalytic Applications)
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16 pages, 4395 KB  
Article
Nanoporous Copper Films via Dynamic Hydrogen Bubbling: A Promising SERS Substrate for Sensitive Detection of Methylene Blue
by Noor Tayyaba, Stefano Zago, Andrea Giura, Gianluca Fiore, Luigi Ribotta, Federico Scaglione and Paola Rizzi
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120945 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 598
Abstract
Cu-based nanomaterials have received considerable attention as promising and cost-effective substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications despite their relatively low enhancement factor (EF) compared to noble metals like gold and silver. In this study, a fast and affordable synthesis route is proposed [...] Read more.
Cu-based nanomaterials have received considerable attention as promising and cost-effective substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications despite their relatively low enhancement factor (EF) compared to noble metals like gold and silver. In this study, a fast and affordable synthesis route is proposed to obtain a three-dimensional porous copper film (NPC) via an electrodeposition technique based on the dynamic hydrogen bubbling template (DHBT). Two sets of NPC film were synthesized, one without additives and the other with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The impacts of deposition time on the NPCs’ porous morphology, thickness, and SERS performance were systematically investigated. With the optimal deposition time, the nanopore sizes could be tailored from 26.8 to 73 μm without additives and from 12.8 to 24 µm in the presence of CTAB. The optimal additive-free NPC film demonstrated excellent SERS performance at 180 s of deposition, while the CTAB-modified film showed strong enhancement at 120 s towards methylene blue (MB), a highly toxic dye, achieving a detection limit of 10−6 M. Additionally, the samples with CTAB showed better efficiency than those without CTAB. The calculated EF of NPC was found to be 5.9 × 103 without CTAB and 2.5 × 103 with the CTAB, indicating the potential of NPC as a cost-effective candidate for high-performance SERS substrates. This comprehensive study provides insights into optimizing the structural morphology of the NPCs to maximize their SERS enhancement factor and improve their detection sensitivity toward MB, thus overcoming the limitations associated with conventional copper-based SERS substrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)
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33 pages, 4158 KB  
Review
Graphene-Based Plasmonic Antenna for Advancing Nano-Scale Sensors
by Waqas Ahmad, Yihuan Wang, Guangqing Du, Qing Yang and Feng Chen
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120943 - 18 Jun 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1136
Abstract
The integration of two-dimensional graphene with gold nanostructures has significantly advanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical biosensors, due to graphene’s exceptional optical, electronic, and surface properties. This review examines recent developments in graphene-based hybrid nanomaterials designed to enhance SPR sensor performance. The synergistic [...] Read more.
The integration of two-dimensional graphene with gold nanostructures has significantly advanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical biosensors, due to graphene’s exceptional optical, electronic, and surface properties. This review examines recent developments in graphene-based hybrid nanomaterials designed to enhance SPR sensor performance. The synergistic combination of graphene and other functional materials enables superior plasmonic sensitivity, improves biomolecular interaction, and enhances signal transduction. Key focus areas include the fundamental principle of graphene-enhanced SPR, the functional advantages of graphene hybrid platforms, and their recent applications in detecting biomolecules, disease biomarkers, and pathogens. Finally, current limitations and potential future perspectives are discussed, highlighting the transformative potential of these hybrid nanomaterials in next-generation optical biosensing Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Nanomaterials in Optical Sensors, Second Edition)
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41 pages, 7453 KB  
Review
Recent Advances in Suspended 2D Materials and Their Applications
by Xuanshuo Zhang, Min Li, Qingya Wang, Yuxian Liang, Jing Wei, Hongbo Li and Fangze Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120929 - 15 Jun 2025
Viewed by 3763
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted significant attention, owing to their atomically thin thickness; large specific surface area; and excellent mechanical, optical, and electronic properties. Suspended 2D materials, which eliminate substrate effects, exhibit unique potential in a variety of applications, including ultrasensitive sensors, flexible [...] Read more.
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted significant attention, owing to their atomically thin thickness; large specific surface area; and excellent mechanical, optical, and electronic properties. Suspended 2D materials, which eliminate substrate effects, exhibit unique potential in a variety of applications, including ultrasensitive sensors, flexible electronic devices, acoustic devices, and optoelectronic devices. However, a central challenge in the fabrication of high-quality suspended structures lies in transfer technology—how to accurately transfer atomically thin layers onto target substrates or form self-suspended structures without introducing contamination or causing mechanical damage. This review summarizes recent advances in the fabrication, characterization, and applications of suspended 2D materials. We focus particularly on transfer methods, offering a comparative analysis of their advantages and limitations, and conclude with insights into future directions and remaining challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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11 pages, 7517 KB  
Article
Effect of Size on Phase Mixing Patterns in Rapidly Solidified Au–Ge Nanoparticles
by Olha Khshanovska, Vladyslav Ovsynskyi and Aleksandr Kryshtal
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120924 - 14 Jun 2025
Viewed by 487
Abstract
We investigated the morphological patterns, crystalline structures and their thermal stability in solidified Au–Ge nanoparticles ranging in size from 10 to 500 nm. Liquid Au–Ge alloy nanoparticles with hypoeutectic composition were rapidly cooled from a temperature of 500 °C in a TEM and [...] Read more.
We investigated the morphological patterns, crystalline structures and their thermal stability in solidified Au–Ge nanoparticles ranging in size from 10 to 500 nm. Liquid Au–Ge alloy nanoparticles with hypoeutectic composition were rapidly cooled from a temperature of 500 °C in a TEM and characterized using advanced TEM techniques. We demonstrated that Au–Ge nanoparticles 10–80 nm in size predominantly solidified into a Janus-like morphology with nearly pure single-crystalline hcp Au and diamond cubic Ge domains. These particles remained stable up to the eutectic temperature, indicating that Ge doping and particle size play key roles in stabilizing the hcp Au phase. In turn, larger nanoparticles exhibited a metastable core–shell morphology with polycrystalline Ge shell and hcp Au-Ge alloy core under solidification. It was shown that the mentioned morphology and crystalline structure evolved into the equilibrium Janus morphology with fcc Au and diamond Ge domains at temperatures above ≈160 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Microscopy Techniques for Energy Materials)
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33 pages, 1666 KB  
Review
Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Magnetic Zeolite Nanocomposites: A Review of Current Research and Future Applications
by Sabina Vohl, Irena Ban, Janja Stergar and Mojca Slemnik
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120921 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1404
Abstract
Magnetic zeolite nanocomposites (NCs) have emerged as a promising class of hybrid materials that combine the high surface area, porosity, and ion exchange capacity of zeolites with the magnetic properties of nanoparticles (NPs), particularly iron oxide-based nanomaterials. This review provides a comprehensive overview [...] Read more.
Magnetic zeolite nanocomposites (NCs) have emerged as a promising class of hybrid materials that combine the high surface area, porosity, and ion exchange capacity of zeolites with the magnetic properties of nanoparticles (NPs), particularly iron oxide-based nanomaterials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, characterization, and diverse applications of magnetic zeolite NCs. We begin by introducing the fundamental properties of zeolites and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), highlighting their synergistic integration into multifunctional composites. The structural features of various zeolite frameworks and their influence on composite performance are discussed, along with different interaction modes between MNPs and zeolite matrices. The evolution of research on magnetic zeolite NCs is traced chronologically from its early stages in the 1990s to current advancements. Synthesis methods such as co-precipitation, sol–gel, hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and sonochemical approaches are systematically compared, emphasizing their advantages and limitations. Key characterization techniques—including X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Nitrogen Adsorption/Desorption (BET analysis), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), Zeta potential analysis, Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)—are described, with attention to the specific insights they provide into the physicochemical, magnetic, and structural properties of the NCs. Finally, the review explores current and potential applications of these materials in environmental and biomedical fields, focusing on adsorption, catalysis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), drug delivery, ion exchange, and polymer modification. This article aims to provide a foundation for future research directions and inspire innovative applications of magnetic zeolite NCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of New Pollutants by Functional Nanomaterials and Their Ecological Risk Assessment)
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26 pages, 2299 KB  
Review
Nanostructured Aerogels for Water Decontamination: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
by Alexa-Maria Croitoru, Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu, Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă, Dan Eduard Mihaiescu, Marius Rădulescu and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120901 - 11 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 945
Abstract
Water contamination with toxic pollutants such as heavy metals, oil spills, organic and inorganic dyes, pesticides, etc., causes severe environmental and human health pollution. Aerogels have gained increasing attention in recent years as promising adsorbents due to their outstanding properties. This paper critically [...] Read more.
Water contamination with toxic pollutants such as heavy metals, oil spills, organic and inorganic dyes, pesticides, etc., causes severe environmental and human health pollution. Aerogels have gained increasing attention in recent years as promising adsorbents due to their outstanding properties. This paper critically evaluates the recent advancements in aerogel-based materials, highlighting their challenges, limitations, and practical applications in large-scale experiments. The influence of key parameters such as adsorbent dosage, solution pH, ionic strength, and temperature is also discussed. Integrating nanotechnology and advanced manufacturing methods, a new generation of high-performance adsorbents with increased sorption capacity and reusability could be developed. Additionally, pilot studies and field trials are highlighted in this review, showing aerogels’ practical and real-world applications. Although various gaps in the production process that limit aerogel implementation in the market still exist, the research progress in the field shows that novel aerogels could be used in real wastewater treatment in the future. This review underscores the need for future research to develop advanced aerogel-based materials using green and sustainable synthesis methods that can lead to full-scale application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Removal of New Emerging Pollutants from Water/Wastewater (2nd Edition))
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49 pages, 3130 KB  
Review
Multimodal AI in Biomedicine: Pioneering the Future of Biomaterials, Diagnostics, and Personalized Healthcare
by Nargish Parvin, Sang Woo Joo, Jae Hak Jung and Tapas K. Mandal
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120895 - 10 Jun 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3169
Abstract
Multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) is driving a paradigm shift in modern biomedicine by seamlessly integrating heterogeneous data sources such as medical imaging, genomic information, and electronic health records. This review explores the transformative impact of multimodal AI across three pivotal areas: biomaterials science, [...] Read more.
Multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) is driving a paradigm shift in modern biomedicine by seamlessly integrating heterogeneous data sources such as medical imaging, genomic information, and electronic health records. This review explores the transformative impact of multimodal AI across three pivotal areas: biomaterials science, medical diagnostics, and personalized medicine. In the realm of biomaterials, AI facilitates the design of patient-specific solutions tailored for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and regenerative therapies. Advanced tools like AlphaFold have significantly improved protein structure prediction, enabling the creation of biomaterials with enhanced biological compatibility. In diagnostics, AI systems synthesize multimodal inputs combining imaging, molecular markers, and clinical data—to improve diagnostic precision and support early disease detection. For precision medicine, AI integrates data from wearable technologies, continuous monitoring systems, and individualized health profiles to inform targeted therapeutic strategies. Despite its promise, the integration of AI into clinical practice presents challenges such as ensuring data security, meeting regulatory standards, and promoting algorithmic transparency. Addressing ethical issues including bias and equitable access remains critical. Nonetheless, the convergence of AI and biotechnology continues to shape a future where healthcare is more predictive, personalized, and responsive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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12 pages, 2888 KB  
Article
The Elevated-Temperature Nano-Mechanical Properties of a PDMS–Silica-Based Superhydrophobic Nanocomposite Coating
by Chun-Wei Yao, Ian Lian, Jiang Zhou, Paul Bernazzani and Mien Jao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120898 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 590
Abstract
This study investigates the elevated-temperature mechanical and viscoelastic properties of a PDMS–silica-based superhydrophobic nanocomposite coating using nanoindentation and a nano-dynamic mechanical analysis over a temperature range of 24 °C to 160 °C. The nanoindentation load–displacement curves exhibited consistent hysteresis, indicating a stable energy [...] Read more.
This study investigates the elevated-temperature mechanical and viscoelastic properties of a PDMS–silica-based superhydrophobic nanocomposite coating using nanoindentation and a nano-dynamic mechanical analysis over a temperature range of 24 °C to 160 °C. The nanoindentation load–displacement curves exhibited consistent hysteresis, indicating a stable energy dissipation across the temperature range. Creep tests revealed an increased displacement and accelerated deformation at elevated temperatures, displaying a two-stage creep profile characterized by rapid primary and steady-state secondary creep. The hardness decreased with the creep time, while the strain rate sensitivity remained relatively stable, suggesting consistent deformation mechanisms. A time-dependent creep model incorporating linear and logarithmic terms accurately captured the experimental data. The nano-dynamic mechanical analysis results showed a decrease in the storage modulus with depth, while the loss modulus and tan δ peaked at shallow depths. These findings are crucial for the evaluation and design of superhydrophobic nanocomposite coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Nanostructured Coatings for Functional Properties and Applications)
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16 pages, 2835 KB  
Article
Improving Na2Ti3O7 Anode Performance in Sodium-Ion Batteries via a Al Doping
by Chen Wu, Yuandong Xia, Kejing Song, Yongda Cao, Chenzhi Huang, Jiayi Chen, Yuan Wang and Chunliu Xu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120885 - 8 Jun 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 702
Abstract
Na2Ti3O7 (NTO), with low sodium insertion potential (~0.3 V vs. Na+/Na) and potential for high-energy-density batteries, is regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, its practical application is hindered [...] Read more.
Na2Ti3O7 (NTO), with low sodium insertion potential (~0.3 V vs. Na+/Na) and potential for high-energy-density batteries, is regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, its practical application is hindered by poor electronic conductivity, sluggish Na⁺ (de)intercalation kinetics, and interfacial instability, leading to inferior cycling stability, low initial Coulombic efficiency, and poor rate capability. In this work, micron-sized rod-like NTO and Al-doped NTO (NTO-Al) samples were synthesized via a one-step high-temperature solid-state method. Al doping slightly reduced the size of NTO microrods while introducing oxygen vacancies and generating Ti3+, thereby enhancing electronic conductivity and reducing ionic diffusion resistance. H2-TPR confirms that doping activates lattice oxygen and promotes its participation in the reaction. The optimized NTO-Al0.03 electrode delivered a significantly improved initial charge capacity of 147.4 mA h g−1 at 0.5 C, surpassing pristine NTO (124.7 mA h g−1). Moreover, it exhibited the best cycling stability (49.5% capacity retention after 100 cycles) and rate performance (36.3 mA h g−1 at 2 C). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Performance of Nanomaterials in Metal-Ion Batteries)
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18 pages, 9120 KB  
Review
Atomic Manipulation of 2D Materials by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Advances in Graphene and Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
by Tingting Wang, Lingtao Zhan, Teng Zhang, Yan Li, Haolong Fan, Xiongbai Cao, Zhenru Zhou, Qinze Yu, Cesare Grazioli, Huixia Yang, Quanzhen Zhang and Yeliang Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120888 - 8 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1064
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in atomic-scale manipulation of two-dimensional (2D) materials, particularly graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). STM, originally developed for high-resolution imaging, has evolved into a powerful tool for precise manipulation [...] Read more.
This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in atomic-scale manipulation of two-dimensional (2D) materials, particularly graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). STM, originally developed for high-resolution imaging, has evolved into a powerful tool for precise manipulation of 2D materials, enabling translational, rotational, folding, picking, and etching operations at the nanoscale. These manipulation techniques are critical for constructing custom heterostructures, tuning electronic properties, and exploring dynamic behaviors such as superlubricity, strain engineering, phase transitions, and quantum confinement effects. We detail the fundamental mechanisms behind STM-based manipulations and present representative experimental results, including stress-induced bandgap modulation, tip-induced phase transformations, and atomic-precision nanostructuring. The versatility and cleanliness of STM offer unique advantages over conventional transfer methods, paving the way for innovative applications in nanoelectronics, quantum devices, and 2D material-based systems. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future prospects of integrating STM manipulation with advanced computational techniques for automated nanofabrication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications (2nd Edition))
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23 pages, 2222 KB  
Review
Ultrasound-Mediated Membrane Modulation for Biomedical Applications
by Jinhee Yoo, Dasom Heo, Yunhee Hwang, Chulhong Kim and Byullee Park
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120884 - 7 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1706
Abstract
The cell membrane plays a critical role in regulating substance exchange, signal transduction, and energy conversion, making it essential for maintaining homeostasis and responding to environmental stimuli. Ultrasound is a non-invasive, low-toxic modality that penetrates deep tissues, offering a promising alternative to traditional [...] Read more.
The cell membrane plays a critical role in regulating substance exchange, signal transduction, and energy conversion, making it essential for maintaining homeostasis and responding to environmental stimuli. Ultrasound is a non-invasive, low-toxic modality that penetrates deep tissues, offering a promising alternative to traditional physical stimuli for advancing cell membrane research. This review focuses on the approaches by which ultrasound interacts with cell membranes and highlights its diverse biomedical applications. Key approaches of ultrasound–membrane interaction include cavitation, sonoporation, and mechanotransduction, which have been harnessed in drug delivery, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Furthermore, we discuss current challenges and future directions to advance the clinical and research potential of this field. Ultrasound-mediated membrane modulation serves as a bridge between fundamental biological studies and clinical translation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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26 pages, 6034 KB  
Review
Progress and Challenges of Three-Dimensional/Two-Dimensional Bilayered Perovskite Solar Cells: A Critical Review
by Ashraful Hossain Howlader and Ashraf Uddin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120876 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 976
Abstract
Three-dimensional/two-dimensional bilayered perovskite solar cells have recently become popular for ensuring high efficiency and promising long-term stability. The 3D/2D bilayered perovskite thin film is mainly used in regular (n-i-p)-type perovskite solar cells. In this review, our discussion also focuses on the regular kind [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional/two-dimensional bilayered perovskite solar cells have recently become popular for ensuring high efficiency and promising long-term stability. The 3D/2D bilayered perovskite thin film is mainly used in regular (n-i-p)-type perovskite solar cells. In this review, our discussion also focuses on the regular kind of perovskite solar cells. In a 3D/2D bilayered perovskite thin film, the 2D perovskite layer works as a capping layer on top of the 3D perovskite thin film. The 2D capping layer heals the surface and bulk defects of the 3D perovskite thin film. The 2D layer interfaces between the 3D perovskite and hole transport layers. The 2D layer also acts as a shield against moisture and heat. This layer also inhibits ion migration between layers (3D perovskite and back contact). This review lists and investigates different organic precursors deposited as a 2D capping layer on top of the 3D perovskite thin film to explore their impact on the solar cell’s efficiency and stability. The possible challenges and remedies in growing a 2D capping layer on top of the 3D perovskite thin film are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Halide Perovskites-Based Optoelectronics: From Lab to Fab)
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17 pages, 4979 KB  
Article
Dispersion Stability and Tribological Properties of Cold Plasma-Modified h-BN Nanofluid
by Zhenjing Duan, Ziheng Wang, Yishuai Jia, Shuaishuai Wang, Peng Bian, Ji Tan, Jinlong Song and Xin Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110874 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 617
Abstract
h-BN spherical nanoparticles, known as white graphene, have good anti-wear properties, long service life, chemical inertness, and stability, which provide superior lubricating performance as a solid additive item to nanofluids. However, the poor dispersion stability of h-BN nanoparticles in nanofluids is a bottleneck [...] Read more.
h-BN spherical nanoparticles, known as white graphene, have good anti-wear properties, long service life, chemical inertness, and stability, which provide superior lubricating performance as a solid additive item to nanofluids. However, the poor dispersion stability of h-BN nanoparticles in nanofluids is a bottleneck that restricts their application. Currently, to prepare h-BN nanofluids with good dispersion stability, a cold plasma (CP) modification of h-BN nanoparticles is proposed in this study. In this research, h-BN nanofluid with added surfactant (SNL), CP-modified h-BN nanofluid with N2 as the working gas (CP(N2)NL), and CP-modified h-BN nanofluid with O2 as the working gas (CP(O2)NL) were prepared, separately. The mechanism of the dispersion stability of CP-modified h-BN nanofluid was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the performance of CP-modified nanofluid was analyzed based on static observation of nanofluid, kinematic viscosity, and heat transfer properties. Finally, friction and wear experiments were conducted to further analyze the tribological performance of h-BN nanofluids based on the coefficient of friction, 3D surface morphology, surface roughness (Sa), scratches, and micro-morphology. The results show that CP-modified h-BN nanofluid has excellent dispersed suspension stability and can be statically placed for more than 336 h. The CP-modified h-BN nanofluid showed stable friction-reducing, anti-wear, and heat transfer performance, in which the coefficient of friction of h-BN nanofluid was about 0.66 before and after 24 h of settling. The Sa value of the sample was reduced by 31.6–49.2% in comparison with pure cottonseed oil (CO). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)
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12 pages, 315 KB  
Article
A Regulatory-Compliant Genotoxicity Study of a Mixture of C60 and C70 Fullerenes Dissolved in Olive Oil Using the Mammalian Micronucleus Test
by Fathi Moussa
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110870 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 948
Abstract
Although they show great promise in the medical field, the safety of fullerenes—discovered forty years ago—is still uncertain, according to regulatory experts at the European Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. This is a major obstacle to progress in the field. Meanwhile, oily solutions [...] Read more.
Although they show great promise in the medical field, the safety of fullerenes—discovered forty years ago—is still uncertain, according to regulatory experts at the European Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. This is a major obstacle to progress in the field. Meanwhile, oily solutions of fullerenes intended for human and pet consumption can be purchased online, without any marketing authorization. Therefore, to avoid any potential public health issues, regulatory-compliant preclinical studies on fullerene oily solutions are urgently needed. We present the first in vivo genotoxicity study of a C60/C70 fullerene mixture (4.1/1, w/w) dissolved in extra virgin olive oil (0.8 mg/mL). The study was conducted using the Mammalian Micronucleus Test (MMT) in an independent GLP-laboratory, in compliance with the OECD and EPA guidelines. The MMT was performed on NMRI mice following the oral administration of fullerenes at doses of up to 3.6 mg/kg. This dose is almost the maximum dose that can be administered to rodents. The data obtained clearly show that fullerene oily solutions have no genotoxic activity under these conditions. This should pave the way for further regulatory investigations of fullerene oily solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedicine Applications)
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17 pages, 3338 KB  
Article
Multimode Switching Broadband Terahertz Metamaterial Absorbing Micro-Devices Based on Graphene and Vanadium Oxide
by Xin Ning, Qianju Song, Zao Yi, Jianguo Zhang and Yougen Yi
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110867 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 524
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a multi-mode switchable ultra-wideband terahertz absorber based on patterned graphene and VO2 by designing a graphene pattern composed of a large rectangle rotated 45° in the center and four identical small rectangles in the periphery, as well [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose a multi-mode switchable ultra-wideband terahertz absorber based on patterned graphene and VO2 by designing a graphene pattern composed of a large rectangle rotated 45° in the center and four identical small rectangles in the periphery, as well as a VO2 layer pattern composed of four identical rectangular boxes and small rectangles embedded in the dielectric layer. VO2 can regulate conductivity via temperature, the Fermi level of graphene depends on the external voltage, and the graphene layer and VO2 layer produce resonance responses at different frequencies, resulting in high absorption. The proposed absorption microdevices have three modes: Mode 1 (2.52–4.52 THz), Mode 2 (3.91–9.66 THz), and Mode 3 (2.14–10 THz), which are low-band absorption, high-band absorption, and ultra-wideband absorption. At 2.96 THz in Mode 1, the absorption rate reaches 99.98%; at 8.04 THz in Mode 2, the absorption rate reaches 99.76%; at 5.04 THz in Mode 3, the absorption rate reaches 99.85%; and at 8.4 THz, the absorption rate reaches 99.76%. We explain the absorption mechanism by analyzing the electric field distribution and local plasma resonance, and reveal the high-performance absorption mechanism by using the relative impedance theory. In addition, absorption microdevices have the advantages of polarization insensitivity, incident angle insensitivity, multi-mode switching, ultra-wideband absorption, large manufacturing tolerance, etc., and have potential research and application value in electromagnetic stealth devices, filters and optical switches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials and Energetic Application: Experiment and Simulation)
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14 pages, 2150 KB  
Article
Dual Biocide Behaviour of Quaternary Ammonium Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with Thymus Essential Oil for Stone Conservation
by Federico Olivieri, Elena Orlo, Elodia Spinelli, Rachele Castaldo, Gennaro Gentile, Silvia Licoccia, Margherita Lavorgna and Marino Lavorgna
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110866 - 4 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 602
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) functionalized with silane quaternary ammonium compounds (SiQACs) were synthesized and utilized as carriers for thymus essential oil (TO), a green bio-antifouling agent. The synthesis of MSNs functionalized with SiQACs was carried out in a single step, with clear advantages [...] Read more.
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) functionalized with silane quaternary ammonium compounds (SiQACs) were synthesized and utilized as carriers for thymus essential oil (TO), a green bio-antifouling agent. The synthesis of MSNs functionalized with SiQACs was carried out in a single step, with clear advantages in terms of simplicity of the process, high yield (94%) and saving of reagents and solvents for the MSN purification. After loading with TO, this innovative dual-action antifouling system was able to integrate the intrinsic biocidal properties of SiQACs with the release of TO from MSN pores, resulting in an engineered material with prolonged efficacy. The antifouling compounds incorporated into the nanoparticles accounted for 42% of the total weight. The biocidal performance was evaluated by monitoring the growth inhibition of Chlorella sorokiniana, a microalga commonly associated with stone biodeterioration. Additionally, these nanoparticles were embedded in a commercial silane-based protective coating and applied to tuff stone samples to assess their ability to mitigate biofilm formation over extended periods. Results demonstrated the system’s high potential for durable protection against microbial colonization and biofilm growth on stone surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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15 pages, 3628 KB  
Article
Nitrogen-Doped Biochar Aerogel as Efficient Peroxymonosulfate Activator for Organic Pollutant Removal
by Lingshuai Kong, Mingshuo Zhu and Jinhua Zhan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110865 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 587
Abstract
Rapid industrialization has escalated environmental pollution caused by organic compounds, posing critical challenges for wastewater treatment. Advanced oxidation processes based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) suffer from metal leaching and catalyst recycling challenges. To address these limitations, this study developed a nitrogen-doped biochar aerogel (NBA) [...] Read more.
Rapid industrialization has escalated environmental pollution caused by organic compounds, posing critical challenges for wastewater treatment. Advanced oxidation processes based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) suffer from metal leaching and catalyst recycling challenges. To address these limitations, this study developed a nitrogen-doped biochar aerogel (NBA) derived from poplar wood powder as an eco-friendly and easily recoverable PMS activator. The NBA catalyst, optimized by tuning the calcination temperature to achieve a specific surface area of 297.5 m2 g−1, achieved 97% bisphenol A (BPA) removal within 60 min with a catalyst dosage of 0.3 g/L and 1.0 mM PMS under mild conditions. The material exhibited broad pH adaptability (pH 3.5–9), recyclability (>94% efficiency after thermal treatment), and versatility in degrading seven pollutants (BPA, phenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, rhodamine 6G, and levofloxacin) through synergistic radical (•OH, SO4•−, O2•−) and non-radical (1O2) pathways. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed that nitrogen doping enhanced PMS activation by optimizing electronic structures. This study highlights the potential of waste biomass-derived carbon aerogels as eco-friendly, efficient, and reusable catalysts for advanced oxidation processes in wastewater treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineered Nanomaterials and Natural Nanominerals for Catalytic Degradation of Emerging Pollutants: Mechanisms and Applications)
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46 pages, 3547 KB  
Review
Powering the Future: Unveiling the Potential of Na, K, and Mg Solid-State Batteries
by Ruoxu Shang, Yi Ma, Kathrine Anduaga-Quiros, Gustavo Briseno, Yuying Ning, Hung-Ju Chang, Mihrimah Ozkan and Cengiz S. Ozkan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110859 - 3 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 988
Abstract
In the pursuit of advancing sustainable energy storage solutions, solid-state batteries (SSBs) have emerged as a formidable contender to traditional lithium-ion batteries, distinguished by their superior energy density, augmented safety measures, and improved cyclability. Amid escalating concerns regarding resource scarcity, environmental ramifications, and [...] Read more.
In the pursuit of advancing sustainable energy storage solutions, solid-state batteries (SSBs) have emerged as a formidable contender to traditional lithium-ion batteries, distinguished by their superior energy density, augmented safety measures, and improved cyclability. Amid escalating concerns regarding resource scarcity, environmental ramifications, and the safety hazards posed by lithium-ion technologies, the exploration into non-lithium SSBs has emerged as a crucial frontier for technological breakthroughs. This exhaustive review delves into the latest progressions and persisting challenges within the sphere of sodium (Na), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) SSBs, spotlighting seminal materials, cutting-edge technologies, and strategic approaches propelling advancements in this vibrant domain. Despite considerable progress, hurdles such as amplifying ionic conductivity, mitigating the intricacies at the electrode–electrolyte interface, and realizing scalable production methodologies continue to loom. Nevertheless, the trajectory for non-lithium SSBs holds considerable promise, poised to redefine the landscape of electric vehicles, portable electronics, and grid stabilization technologies, thereby marking a significant leap toward realizing a sustainable and energy-secure future. This review article aims to provide a detailed overview of the materials and methodologies underpinning the development of these next-generation energy storage devices, underscoring their potential to catalyze a paradigm shift in our approach to energy storage and utilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Battery Applications)
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18 pages, 7043 KB  
Article
Phase-Dependent Photocatalytic Activity of Nb2O5 Nanomaterials for Rhodamine B Degradation: The Role of Surface Chemistry and Crystal Structure
by Aarón Calvo-Villoslada, Inmaculada Álvarez-Serrano, María Luisa López, Paloma Fernández and Belén Sotillo
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110846 - 1 Jun 2025
Viewed by 728
Abstract
Niobium oxides are promising materials for catalytic applications due to their unique structural versatility and surface chemistry. Nb2O5 nanomaterials were synthesized via a solvothermal method at 150 °C using niobium oxalate as a precursor. A comprehensive characterization of the material [...] Read more.
Niobium oxides are promising materials for catalytic applications due to their unique structural versatility and surface chemistry. Nb2O5 nanomaterials were synthesized via a solvothermal method at 150 °C using niobium oxalate as a precursor. A comprehensive characterization of the material was performed using electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The as-prepared nanoparticles primarily crystallized in a mixture of the TT-Nb2O5 phase (TT from the German Tief-Tief, meaning “low-low”) and niobic acid, while subsequent thermal treatment at 900 and 1100 °C induced a phase transformation to T-Nb2O5 and H-Nb2O5, respectively (T from the German Tief, meaning “low”, and H from Hoch, meaning “high”). The as-prepared samples consist of micro-coils composed of interconnected nanometer-scale fibers, whereas the morphology changes into rods when they are treated at 1100 °C. The photocatalytic performance of the nanoparticles was evaluated by comparing the as-prepared and thermally treated samples. The as-prepared nanoparticles exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity under visible illumination, achieving 100% degradation after 180 min. More interestingly, the treatment of the as-prepared material with H2O2 modified the surface species formed on the Nb2O5, altering the photocatalytic behavior under various illumination conditions. This sample showed the highest photocatalytic activity under UV illumination, reaching 100% degradation after 75 min. On the other hand, the calcined samples are practically inactive, attributed to the loss of active catalytic sites during thermal treatment and phase transformation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Properties of Metal Oxide Thin Films)
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24 pages, 4825 KB  
Article
Optimized Construction of Highly Efficient P-Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4 Photocatalytic Bactericide: Based on Source Material and Synthesis Process
by Leilei Xue, Jie Zhang, Mengmeng Sun, Hui Zhang, Ke Wang, Debao Wang and Ruiyong Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110834 - 30 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 450
Abstract
In this study, Bi2MoO6 nanoflowers with different molybdenum sources were in situ grown on the surface of g-C3N4 nanosheets (OCN) by a simple one-step solvothermal method. The effects of doping and different molybdenum sources on the photocatalytic [...] Read more.
In this study, Bi2MoO6 nanoflowers with different molybdenum sources were in situ grown on the surface of g-C3N4 nanosheets (OCN) by a simple one-step solvothermal method. The effects of doping and different molybdenum sources on the photocatalytic degradation and bactericidal activity of Bi2MoO6/OCN were discussed. Among them, the solvothermal preparation of P-Bi2MoO6/OCN using phosphomolybdic acid as molybdenum source can make up for the shortcomings caused by the destruction of OCN structure by generating more lattice defects to promote charge separation and constructing Lewis acid/base sites to effectively improve the photocatalytic performance. In addition, by adding phosphoric acid to increase the P-doped content, more exposed alkaline active sites are induced on the surface of P-Bi2MoO6/OCN, as well as larger specific surface area and charge transfer efficiency, which further improve the photocatalytic performance. Finally, the optimized 16P-Bi2MoO6/OCN showed a degradation rate of 99.7% for 20 mg/L rhodamine B (RhB) within 80 min under visible light, and the antibacterial rates against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa within 300 min were 99.58%, 98.20% and 97.48%, respectively. This study provides a reference for optimizing the synthesis of environmentally friendly, solar-responsive, photocatalytic sterilization materials from the perspective of preparation, raw materials and structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Photocatalysts Based on Nanocomposites)
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53 pages, 13476 KB  
Review
Solvation Structure and Interface Engineering Synergy in Low-Temperature Sodium-Ion Batteries: Advances and Prospects
by Shengchen Huang, Lin Liu, Chenchen Han, Chao Tian, Yongjian Wang, Tianlin Li, Danyang Zhao and Yanwei Sui
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110820 - 29 May 2025
Viewed by 1051
Abstract
The performance degradation of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) in extremely low-temperature conditions has faced significant challenges for energy storage applications in extreme environments. This review systematically establishes failure mechanisms that govern the performance of low-temperature SIBs, including significantly increased electrolyte viscosity, lattice distortion and [...] Read more.
The performance degradation of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) in extremely low-temperature conditions has faced significant challenges for energy storage applications in extreme environments. This review systematically establishes failure mechanisms that govern the performance of low-temperature SIBs, including significantly increased electrolyte viscosity, lattice distortion and adverse phase transitions in electrodes, and sluggish desolvation kinetics at the solid electrolyte interface. Herein, we specifically summarize a series of multi-scale optimization strategies to address these low-temperature challenges: (1) optimizing low-freezing-point solvent components and regulating solvation structures to increase ionic diffusion conductivity; (2) enhancing the hierarchical structure of electrodes and optimizing electron distribution density to improve structural stability and capacity retention at low temperatures; and (3) constructing an inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase to induce uniform ion deposition, reduce the desolvation barrier, and inhibit side reactions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of low-temperature SIB applications coupled with advanced characterization and first-principles simulations. Furthermore, we highlight solvation-shell dynamics, charge transfer kinetics, and metastable-phase evolution at the atomic scale, along with the critical pathways for overcoming low-temperature limitations. This review aims to establish fundamental principles and technological guidelines for deploying advanced SIBs in extreme low-temperature environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials in Solid-State Energy Storage Materials and Batteries (Second Edition))
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25 pages, 6204 KB  
Article
Sustainable Antibacterial Chitin Nanofiber/ZnO Nanohybrid Materials: Ex Situ and In Situ Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation
by Caroline Piffet, Jean-Michel Thomassin, Emilie Stierlin, Job Tchoumtchoua, Claudio Fernández, Marta Mateo, Leyre Hernández, Kyriaki Marina Lyra, Aggeliki Papavasiliou, Elias Sakellis, Fotios K. Katsaros, Zili Sideratou and Dimitris Tsiourvas
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110809 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 609
Abstract
Diseases caused by infection are a threat to human health and the world economy, with bacterial infections being responsible for a large portion of hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality, which necessitates the quest for advanced medications and/or sustainable antibacterial strategies. This study aims to [...] Read more.
Diseases caused by infection are a threat to human health and the world economy, with bacterial infections being responsible for a large portion of hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality, which necessitates the quest for advanced medications and/or sustainable antibacterial strategies. This study aims to develop bioderived chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) and ZnO nanoparticles to produce non-toxic nanohybrid materials with improved aqueous stability and enhanced antibacterial properties. These nanohybrids were formed via either (i) an ex situ route by mixing the ChNFs with ZnO nanoparticles prepared by flame spray pyrolysis or (ii) an in situ route resulting in ZnO nanoparticles being formed and embedded into ChNFs by a simple aqueous hydrothermal process, utilizing a low-cost Zn inorganic precursor. The ChNFs, the ZnO nanoparticles, and the nanohybrids were physicochemically characterized for their size, morphology, charge and stability. Their antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram (−) E. coli and Gram (+) S. aureus bacteria, while their cytocompatibility was assessed against mammalian cell lines. The obtained results reveal a balance between antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility, as both nanohybrids exhibited satisfactory antibacterial activity (MIC 200–300 μg/mL) combined with low cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines (cell viability 80–100%), indicating that their further application as safe and effective antibacterial agents is promising. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications (Second Edition))
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13 pages, 1291 KB  
Article
Preparation of Cellulose-Activated Carbon Gel with High Activated Carbon Content and Its Adsorption of Methylene Blue
by Ung-Jin Kim
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110799 - 26 May 2025
Viewed by 551
Abstract
Activated carbon is a useful adsorbent for the removal of pollutants from the aqueous phase. In this study, an easy method to overcome the difficulty in separating activated carbon from a solution after adsorption has been developed. Cellulose-activated carbon gels with a high [...] Read more.
Activated carbon is a useful adsorbent for the removal of pollutants from the aqueous phase. In this study, an easy method to overcome the difficulty in separating activated carbon from a solution after adsorption has been developed. Cellulose-activated carbon gels with a high activated carbon content up to 70% in the total solids were successfully prepared via the dissolution–regeneration process of cellulose using a LiBr aqueous solution. Activated carbon suspended in a cellulose solution dissolved by heating with a LiBr aqueous solution was embedded into a gel directly formed by lowering the temperature of the cellulose solution. The cellulose-activated carbon gels exhibited large specific surface areas and sufficient mechanical properties. The adsorption capacity of methylene blue onto the cellulose-activated carbon gels proportionally increased with the increasing content of activated carbon. The cellulose-activated carbon gels maintained a high adsorption capacity even after repeated adsorption–desorption cycles, demonstrating their potential as reusable adsorbents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanotechnology in Detection and Removal of Pollutants in Water System)
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15 pages, 2507 KB  
Article
Selective Photothermal Therapy Using Antioxidant Nanoparticles Encapsulating Novel Near-Infrared-Absorbing Platinum(II) Complexes
by Ryota Sawamura, Hiromi Kurokawa, Atsushi Taninaka, Takuto Toriumi, Yukio Nagasaki, Hidemi Shigekawa, Hirofumi Matsui and Nobuhiko Iki
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110796 - 25 May 2025
Viewed by 864
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising approach for cancer treatment that has minimal side effects. It locally heats tumors using agents that convert near-infrared (NIR) light energy into heat. We previously reported that the NIR-absorbing hydrophobic diradical-platinum(II) complex PtL2 (L = 3,5-dibromo-1,2-diiminobenzosemiquinonato [...] Read more.
Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising approach for cancer treatment that has minimal side effects. It locally heats tumors using agents that convert near-infrared (NIR) light energy into heat. We previously reported that the NIR-absorbing hydrophobic diradical-platinum(II) complex PtL2 (L = 3,5-dibromo-1,2-diiminobenzosemiquinonato radical) can kill cancer cells through its photothermal conversion ability. In this study, we developed PtL2-loading nanoparticles (PtL2@RNPs) for the delivery of the complex to tumors based on the enhanced permeability and retention effect using an amphiphilic block copolymer that can scavenge reactive oxygen species. PtL2@RNPs exhibited particle diameters of 20–30 nm, an encapsulation efficiency exceeding 90%, and loading capacities of up to 12%. Under NIR laser irradiation, PtL2@RNPs stably generated heat with almost 100% photothermal conversion efficiency. Although the particles were not modified for cancer cell targeting, their uptake by cancer cells was approximately double that by normal cells. PtL2@RNPs exhibited NIR absorption and effectively killed cancer cells at a low irradiation power (0.15 W). Normal cells treated with PtL2@RNPs remained largely undamaged under identical irradiation conditions, demonstrating a cancer-cell-specific photothermal killing effect. These findings can provide insights for future basic studies on cancer cells and the development of effective cancer treatment modalities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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14 pages, 3264 KB  
Article
Thickness and Wavelength Optimizations of a High-Performance SPR Sensor Employing a Silver Layer and Black Phosphorus in Principal Directions
by Jakub Chylek, Dalibor Ciprian and Petr Hlubina
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110790 - 24 May 2025
Viewed by 875
Abstract
In this paper, we propose an innovative approach based on the wavelength optimization of a light source for a simple, high-performance surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor utilizing comprehensive reflectance analysis in the angular domain. The proposed structure consists of a glass substrate, an [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose an innovative approach based on the wavelength optimization of a light source for a simple, high-performance surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor utilizing comprehensive reflectance analysis in the angular domain. The proposed structure consists of a glass substrate, an adhesion layer of titanium dioxide, a silver plasmonic layer, and a 2D material. Analysis is performed in the Kretschmann configuration for liquid analyte sensing. Sensing parameters such as the refractive index (RI) sensitivity, the reflectance minimum, and the figure of merit (FOM) are investigated in the first step of this study as a function of the thickness of the silver layer together with the RI of a coupling prism. Next, utilizing the results offering a fused silica prism, the thickness of the silver layer and the wavelength of the light source are optimized for the structure with the addition of a 2D material, black phosphorus (BP), which is studied along different principal directions, the zigzag and armchair directions. In addition, a new approach of adjusting the source wavelength using a one-dimensional photonic crystal combined with an LED, is presented. Based on this analysis, for the reference structure at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, the optimized silver layer thickness is 50 nm, and the achieved RI sensitivity ranges from 193.9 to 251.5 degrees per RI unit (deg/RIU), with the highest FOM reaching 52.3 RIU−1. In addition, for the modified structure with BP, the achieved RI sensitivity varies in the range of 269.1–351.2 deg/RIU at the optimized wavelength of 628 nm, with the highest FOM reaching 44.7 RIU−1 for the zigzag direction. Due to the optimization and adjusting the wavelength of the source, the results obtained for the proposed SPR structure could have significant implications for the development of more sensitive and efficient sensors employing a simple plasmonic structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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24 pages, 4777 KB  
Review
Photostability of Perovskite Solar Cells: Challenges and Strategies
by Ruohan Liu, Runnan Yu and Zhan’ao Tan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110786 - 23 May 2025
Viewed by 1402
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been regarded as a revolutionary technology in the photovoltaic field, offering a promising pathway for efficient and cost-effective solar energy conversion and demonstrating broad prospects for future green energy technologies. However, critical stability challenges, specifically degradation induced by [...] Read more.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been regarded as a revolutionary technology in the photovoltaic field, offering a promising pathway for efficient and cost-effective solar energy conversion and demonstrating broad prospects for future green energy technologies. However, critical stability challenges, specifically degradation induced by humidity, light, or heat, severely hinder the commercialization of this technology. Specifically, ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the solar spectrum is a major factor leading to the degradation of perovskite materials. This review focuses on the challenges and strategies for addressing the photostability issues of PSCs. A variety of strategies have been explored, which can be classified as external protection (such as UV-blocking encapsulation technologies) and internal optimization approaches (including precise compositional tuning, the incorporation of functional additives, interface engineering, and improvements to charge transport layers). Finally, this review delves into the key scientific challenges and technological bottlenecks currently faced in addressing the UV stability of PSCs and proposes future directions for solving UV stability issues. It also provides an outlook on the future development prospects of these technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Solar Energy and Solar Cells)
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14 pages, 3791 KB  
Article
Deposition of HfO2 by Remote Plasma ALD for High-Aspect-Ratio Trench Capacitors in DRAM
by Jiwon Kim, Inkook Hwang, Byungwook Kim, Wookyung Lee, Juha Song, Yeonwoong Jung and Changbun Yoon
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110783 - 23 May 2025
Viewed by 1543
Abstract
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a vital component in modern computing systems. Enhancing memory performance requires maximizing capacitor capacitance within DRAM cells, which is achieved using high-k dielectric materials deposited as thin, uniform films via atomic layer deposition (ALD). Precise film deposition that [...] Read more.
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a vital component in modern computing systems. Enhancing memory performance requires maximizing capacitor capacitance within DRAM cells, which is achieved using high-k dielectric materials deposited as thin, uniform films via atomic layer deposition (ALD). Precise film deposition that minimizes electronic defects caused by charged vacancies is essential for reducing leakage current and ensuring high dielectric strength. In this study, we fabricated metal–insulator–metal (MIM) capacitors in high-aspect-ratio trench structures using remote plasma ALD (RP-ALD) and direct plasma ALD (DP-ALD). The trenches, etched into silicon, featured a 7:1 aspect ratio, 76 nm pitch, and 38 nm critical dimension. We evaluated the electrical characteristics of HfO2-based capacitors with TiN top and bottom electrodes, focusing on leakage current density and equivalent oxide thickness. Capacitance–voltage analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that RP-ALD effectively suppressed plasma-induced damage, reducing defect density and leakage current. While DP-ALD offered excellent film properties, it suffered from degraded lateral uniformity due to direct plasma exposure. Given its superior lateral uniformity, lower leakage, and defect suppression, RP-ALD shows strong potential for improving DRAM capacitor performance and serves as a promising alternative to the currently adopted thermal ALD process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Photonic and Electronic Devices Based on Semiconductor Nanomaterials)
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31 pages, 6550 KB  
Review
Surface Modification, Toxicity, and Applications of Carbon Dots to Cancer Theranosis: A Review
by Tirusew Tegafaw, Endale Mulugeta, Dejun Zhao, Ying Liu, Xiaoran Chen, Ahrum Baek, Jihyun Kim, Yongmin Chang and Gang Ho Lee
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110781 - 22 May 2025
Viewed by 1110
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting extensive research into novel theranostic (combined word of diagnostic and therapeutic) strategies. Nanomedicine has emerged as a potential breakthrough in cancer theranosis, overcoming limitations of conventional approaches. Among such approaches, carbon dots [...] Read more.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting extensive research into novel theranostic (combined word of diagnostic and therapeutic) strategies. Nanomedicine has emerged as a potential breakthrough in cancer theranosis, overcoming limitations of conventional approaches. Among such approaches, carbon dots (CDs) with a size smaller than 10 nm have garnered significant attention for their potential use in cancer theranosis, owing to their low toxicity, good water solubility, easy synthesis, facile surface modification, and unique optical and photothermal and photodynamic properties. Researchers have demonstrated that surface functionalization of CDs with diverse hydrophilic groups can be easily achieved by choosing proper carbon precursors in synthesis, and further surface modification of CDs with cancer-targeting ligands, photosensitizers, anticancer drugs, and genes can also be easily achieved using various methods, thereby establishing a versatile approach for cancer theranosis. This review described the various surface modification methods of CDs, in vitro and in vivo toxicity of CDs, and various cancer theranostic methods such as drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, gene therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and gas therapy. Therefore, CDs can serve as various mono and combined theranostic modalities, offering us new methods for cancer theranosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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21 pages, 1496 KB  
Review
Research Status of Agricultural Nanotechnology and Its Application in Horticultural Crops
by Xiaobin Wen, Zhihao Lin, Bin Sheng, Xueling Ye, Yiming Zhao, Guangyang Liu, Ge Chen, Lin Qin, Xinyan Liu and Donghui Xu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100765 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 667
Abstract
Global food security is facing numerous severe challenges. Population growth, climate change, and irrational agricultural inputs have led to a reduction in available arable land, a decline in soil fertility, and difficulties in increasing crop yields. As a result, the supply of food [...] Read more.
Global food security is facing numerous severe challenges. Population growth, climate change, and irrational agricultural inputs have led to a reduction in available arable land, a decline in soil fertility, and difficulties in increasing crop yields. As a result, the supply of food and agricultural products is under serious threat. Against this backdrop, the development of new technologies to increase the production of food and agricultural products and ensure their supply is extremely urgent. Agricultural nanotechnology, as an emerging technology, mainly utilizes the characteristics of nanomaterials such as small size, large specific surface area, and surface effects. It plays a role in gene delivery, regulating crop growth, adsorbing environmental pollutants, detecting the quality of agricultural products, and preserving fruits and vegetables, providing important technical support for ensuring the global supply of food and agricultural products. Currently, the research focus of agricultural nanotechnology is concentrated on the design and preparation of nanomaterials, the regulation of their properties, and the optimization of their application effects in the agricultural field. In terms of the research status, certain progress has been made in the research of nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, nano-sensors, nano-preservation materials, and nano-gene delivery vectors. However, it also faces problems such as complex processes and incomplete safety evaluations. This review focuses on the horticultural industry, comprehensively expounding the research status and application progress of agricultural nanotechnology in aspects such as the growth regulation of horticultural crops and the quality detection and preservation of horticultural products. It also deeply analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by the application of nanomaterials in the horticultural field. The aim is to provide a reference for the further development of agricultural nanotechnology in the horticultural industry, promote its broader and more efficient application, contribute to solving the global food security problem, and achieve sustainable agricultural development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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16 pages, 3340 KB  
Article
Stripe-Patterned Al/PDMS Triboelectric Nanogenerator for a High-Sensitive Pressure Sensor and a Novel Two-Digit Switch with Surface-Edge Enhanced Charge Transfer Behavior
by Chung-Yu Yu, Chia-Chun Hsu, Chin-An Ku and Chen-Kuei Chung
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100760 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 1103
Abstract
A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) holds significant potential as a self-powered pressure sensor due to its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The output voltage of a TENG is directly correlated with the applied pressure, making it highly suitable for pressure sensing [...] Read more.
A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) holds significant potential as a self-powered pressure sensor due to its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The output voltage of a TENG is directly correlated with the applied pressure, making it highly suitable for pressure sensing applications. Among the key factors influencing TENG performance, the microstructure on the surface plays a crucial role. However, the effect of surface microstructure on charge transfer behavior remains relatively underexplored. Here, a stripe-patterned rough TENG (SR-TENG) fabricated by laser ablation and molding is proposed. The stripe-patterned rough surface exhibits excellent deformation properties, allowing for more effective contact area between the tribolayers. Additionally, the localized surface-edge enhanced electric field at the stripe boundaries improves surface charge transfer, thereby enhancing overall output performance. The SR-TENG achieved an open-circuit voltage of 97 V, a short-circuit current of 59.6 μA, an instantaneous power of 3.55 mW, and a power density of 1.54 W/m2. As an energy harvester, the SR-TENG successfully powered 150 LEDs. A linear relationship between applied pressure and output voltage was established with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.94, demonstrating a high sensitivity of 14.14 V/kPa. For practical application, a novel self-powered two-digit pressure switch was developed based on the SR-TENG. This system enables the control of two different LEDs using a single TENG device, triggered by applying a light or hard press. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research for Food Contact Materials and Sensors Based on Nanomaterials)
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16 pages, 4092 KB  
Article
Observation of Thickness-Modulated Out-of-Plane Spin–Orbit Torque in Polycrystalline Few-Layer Td-WTe2 Film
by Mingkun Zheng, Wancheng Zhang, You Lv, Yong Liu, Rui Xiong, Zhenhua Zhang and Zhihong Lu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100762 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 695
Abstract
The low-symmetry Weyl semimetallic Td-phase WTe2 exhibits both a distinct out-of-plane damping torque (τDL) and exceptional charge–spin interconversion efficiency enabled by strong spin-orbit coupling, positioning it as a prime candidate for spin–orbit torque (SOT) applications in two-dimensional transition metal [...] Read more.
The low-symmetry Weyl semimetallic Td-phase WTe2 exhibits both a distinct out-of-plane damping torque (τDL) and exceptional charge–spin interconversion efficiency enabled by strong spin-orbit coupling, positioning it as a prime candidate for spin–orbit torque (SOT) applications in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Herein, we report on thickness-dependent unconventional out-of-plane τDL in chemically vapor-deposited (CVD) polycrystalline Td-WTe2 (t)/Ni80Fe20/MgO/Ti (Td-WTN-t) heterostructures. Angle-resolved spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements on the Td-WTN-12 structure showed significant spin Hall conductivities of σSH,y = 4.93 × 103 (ℏ/2e) Ω−1m−1 and σSH,z = 0.81 × 103 (ℏ/2e) Ω−1m−1, highlighting its potential for wafer-scale spin–orbit torque device applications. Additionally, a detailed examination of magnetotransport properties in polycrystalline few-layer Td-WTe2 films as a function of thickness revealed a marked amplification of the out-of-plane magnetoresistance, which can be ascribed to the anisotropic nature of charge carrier scattering mechanisms within the material. Spin pumping measurements in Td-WTN-t heterostructures further revealed thickness-dependent spin transport properties of Td-WTe2, with damping analysis yielding an out-of-plane spin diffusion length of λSD ≈ 14 nm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Two-Dimensional Materials and Applications for Electronic Devices)
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19 pages, 4494 KB  
Article
Spacer Loss upon 2D Ruddlesden–Popper Halide Perovskite Annealing Raises Film Properties and Solar Cell Performances
by Tao Zhu, Min Liu, Marie Cresp, Daming Zheng, Karol Vegso, Peter Siffalovic and Thierry Pauporté
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100750 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 760
Abstract
Using reduced-dimensional halide perovskites is emerging as a promising strategy for enhancing the stability of optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, even if their performances remain a step below those of the 3D halide perovskites. Two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper (2D-RP) structures are characterized by the [...] Read more.
Using reduced-dimensional halide perovskites is emerging as a promising strategy for enhancing the stability of optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, even if their performances remain a step below those of the 3D halide perovskites. Two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper (2D-RP) structures are characterized by the n parameter that represents the number of PbI6 layers in the spacer-separated perovskite slabs. The present study focuses on formamidinium (FA)-based 2D-RP type perovskites denoted as PMA2FAn−1PbnI3n+1 (PMA = Phenylmethylammonium or benzylammonium). We investigate the effect of n on the one step growth mechanism and the film morphology, microstructure, phase purity, and optoelectronic properties. Our findings demonstrate that the average n is not only determined by the initial spacer content in the precursor solution but also by the thermal annealing process that leads to a partial spacer loss. Depending on n, perovskite solar cells achieving a power conversion efficiency up to 21%, coupled with enhanced film stability compared to 3D perovskites have been prepared. By using MACl additive and an excess of PbI2 in the perovskite precursor solution, we have been able to achieve high efficiency and to stabilize the n = 5 perovskite solar cells. This research represents a significant stride in comprehending the formation of FA-based layered perovskites through one-step sequential deposition, enabling control over their phase distribution, composition, and orientation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanomaterials for Optoelectronics: Second Edition)
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