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Nanomaterials
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Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedicine Applications
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Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedicine Applications

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "2D and Carbon Nanomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 8 June 2025 | Viewed by 7045

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Fathi Moussa

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Guest Editor
Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS–UMR 8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Interests: fullerenes; pharmacy; clinical biology; analytical chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As you know, nearly half a century after the discovery of fullerenes, countless publications have been devoted to the potential biomedical applications of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), including nanotubes, nanohorns and, more recently, graphene. However, no such drug or medical device has yet legally entered the market. Obviously, it was the fear of the alleged dangers of CNPs instilled by certain authors in 2000 after the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) in the USA, which was immediately spread by the media of the time, that was responsible for the sudden halt in the development of CNPs in the biomedical field and, even more seriously, the subsequent mistrust and disinterest of the pharmaceutical industry. Admittedly, the NNI originally called for investment in all S&T fields except toxicology and environmental impact.

Since then, it has taken several years for the scientific community to confirm that the toxicity observed with certain fullerene preparations can only be attributed to the impurities present in these preparations. Nevertheless, there is still a long way to go because, as with any drug candidate, the safety of each new CNP and/or formulation, as well as its fate in a living organism (ADME), must be tested before entering clinical trials.

The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a platform for expert groups, as well as young researchers, in this field to discuss the state of the art regarding the use of CNPs for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes. The underlying goal is to provide a springboard for renewed interest from researchers and potential investors in the healthcare sector.

All submissions, including, of course, those reporting proven toxic effects, in the form of research papers, analyses, commentaries, etc., will be accepted after peer review.

Prof. Dr. Fathi Moussa
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • carbon nanoparticles
  • fullerenes
  • nanotubes
  • nanohorns
  • graphene
  • biomedical applications

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 5168 KiB  
Article
Pleozymes: Pleiotropic Oxidized Carbon Nanozymes Enhance Cellular Metabolic Flexibility
by Anh T. T. Vo, Karthik Mouli, Anton V. Liopo, Philip Lorenzi, Lin Tan, Bo Wei, Sara A. Martinez, Emily A. McHugh, James M. Tour, Uffaf Khan, Paul J. Derry and Thomas A. Kent
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(24), 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14242017 - 15 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1344
Abstract
Our group has synthesized a pleiotropic synthetic nanozyme redox mediator we term a “pleozyme” that displays multiple enzymatic characteristics, including acting as a superoxide dismutase mimetic, oxidizing NADH to NAD+, and oxidizing H2S to polysulfides and thiosulfate. Benefits have [...] Read more.
Our group has synthesized a pleiotropic synthetic nanozyme redox mediator we term a “pleozyme” that displays multiple enzymatic characteristics, including acting as a superoxide dismutase mimetic, oxidizing NADH to NAD+, and oxidizing H2S to polysulfides and thiosulfate. Benefits have been seen in acute and chronic neurological disease models. The molecule is sourced from coconut-derived activated charcoal that has undergone harsh oxidization with fuming nitric acid, which alters the structure and chemical characteristics, yielding 3–8 nm discs with broad redox potential. Prior work showed pleozymes localize to mitochondria and increase oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Here, we measured cellular NAD+ and NADH levels after pleozyme treatment and observed increased total cellular NADH levels but not total NAD+ levels. A 13C-glucose metabolic flux analysis suggested pleozymes stimulate the generation of pyruvate and lactate glycolytically and from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, pointing to malate decarboxylation. Analysis of intracellular fatty acid abundances suggests pleozymes increased fatty acid β-oxidation, with a concomitant increase in succinyl- and acetyl-CoA. Pleozymes increased total ATP, potentially via flexible enhancement of NAD+-dependent catabolic pathways such as glycolysis, fatty acid β-oxidation, and metabolic flux through the TCA cycle. These effects may be favorable for pathologies that compromise metabolism such as brain injury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedicine Applications)
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17 pages, 2160 KiB  
Article
Harshly Oxidized Activated Charcoal Enhances Protein Persulfidation with Implications for Neurodegeneration as Exemplified by Friedreich’s Ataxia
by Anh T. T. Vo, Uffaf Khan, Anton V. Liopo, Karthik Mouli, Kenneth R. Olson, Emily A. McHugh, James M. Tour, Madhavan Pooparayil Manoj, Paul J. Derry and Thomas A. Kent
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(24), 2007; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14242007 - 13 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1001
Abstract
Harsh acid oxidation of activated charcoal transforms an insoluble carbon-rich source into water-soluble, disc structures of graphene decorated with multiple oxygen-containing functionalities. We term these pleiotropic nano-enzymes as “pleozymes”. A broad redox potential spans many crucial redox reactions including the oxidation of hydrogen [...] Read more.
Harsh acid oxidation of activated charcoal transforms an insoluble carbon-rich source into water-soluble, disc structures of graphene decorated with multiple oxygen-containing functionalities. We term these pleiotropic nano-enzymes as “pleozymes”. A broad redox potential spans many crucial redox reactions including the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to polysulfides and thiosulfate, dismutation of the superoxide radical (O2−*), and oxidation of NADH to NAD+. The oxidation of H2S is predicted to enhance protein persulfidation—the attachment of sulfur to cysteine residues. Persulfidated proteins act as redox intermediates, and persulfidation protects proteins from irreversible oxidation and ubiquitination, providing an important means of signaling. Protein persulfidation is believed to decline in several neurological disorders and aging. Importantly, and consistent with the role of persulfidation in signaling, the master antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 is regulated by Keap1’s persulfidation. Here, we demonstrate that pleozymes increased overall protein persulfidation in cells from apparently healthy individuals and from individuals with the mitochondrial protein mutation responsible for Friedreich’s ataxia. We further find that pleozymes specifically enhanced Keap1 persulfidation, with subsequent increased accumulation of Nrf2 and Nrf2’s antioxidant targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedicine Applications)
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19 pages, 5369 KiB  
Article
What Are the Key Factors for the Detection of Peptides Using Mass Spectrometry on Boron-Doped Diamond Surfaces?
by Juvissan Aguedo, Marian Vojs, Martin Vrška, Marek Nemcovic, Zuzana Pakanova, Katerina Aubrechtova Dragounova, Oleksandr Romanyuk, Alexander Kromka, Marian Varga, Michal Hatala, Marian Marton and Jan Tkac
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(15), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14151241 - 24 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1748
Abstract
We investigated the use of boron-doped diamond (BDD) with different surface morphologies for the enhanced detection of nine different peptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). For the first time, we compared three different nanostructured BDD film morphologies (Continuous, Nanograss, and Nanotips) [...] Read more.
We investigated the use of boron-doped diamond (BDD) with different surface morphologies for the enhanced detection of nine different peptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). For the first time, we compared three different nanostructured BDD film morphologies (Continuous, Nanograss, and Nanotips) with differently terminated surfaces (-H, -O, and -F) to commercially available Ground Steel plates. All these surfaces were evaluated for their effectiveness in detecting the nine different peptides by MALDI-MS. Our results demonstrated that certain nanostructured BDD surfaces exhibited superior performance for the detection of especially hydrophobic peptides (e.g., bradykinin 1–7, substance P, and the renin substrate), with a limit of detection of down to 2.3 pM. Further investigation showed that hydrophobic peptides (e.g., bradykinin 1–7, substance P, and the renin substrate) were effectively detected on hydrogen-terminated BDD surfaces. On the other hand, the highly acidic negatively charged peptide adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment 18–39 was effectively identified on oxygen-/fluorine-terminated BDD surfaces. Furthermore, BDD surfaces reduced sodium adduct contamination significantly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedicine Applications)
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Review

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17 pages, 1137 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Application of Graphene Oxide-Based Nanomaterials in the Repair of Osteoporotic Fractures
by Hongfa Zhou, Jinyuan Chen, Xuan Zhang, JingJing Chen, Jiayou Chen, Shicheng Jia, Deli Wang, Hui Zeng, Jian Weng and Fei Yu
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(6), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14060553 - 21 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2377
Abstract
Osteoporotic fractures are induced by osteoporosis, which may lead to the degradation of bone tissues and microstructures and impair their healing ability. Conventional internal fixation therapies are ineffective in the treatment of osteoporotic fractures. Hence, developing tissue engineering materials is crucial for repairing [...] Read more.
Osteoporotic fractures are induced by osteoporosis, which may lead to the degradation of bone tissues and microstructures and impair their healing ability. Conventional internal fixation therapies are ineffective in the treatment of osteoporotic fractures. Hence, developing tissue engineering materials is crucial for repairing osteoporotic fractures. It has been demonstrated that nanomaterials, particularly graphene oxide (GO), possess unique advantages in tissue engineering due to their excellent biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and osteoinductive abilities. Based on that, GO-nanocomposites have garnered significant attention and hold promising prospects for bone repair applications. This paper provides a comprehensive insight into the properties of GO, preparation methods for nanocomposites, advantages of these materials, and relevant mechanisms for osteoporotic fracture applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedicine Applications)
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