Nanomaterials

23 pages, 2146 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Concepts and Recent Advances in Transdermal Applications

by Lefkothea Antonara, Efstathia Triantafyllopoulou, Maria Chountoulesi, Natassa Pippa, Paraskevas P. Dallas and Dimitrios M. Rekkas

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171326 - 28 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1657

Abstract

Lipid-based nanocarriers are ideal drug delivery systems for transdermal administration due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Their lipophilicity and/or similarity to the natural lipids of the epidermis enable intermolecular interactions with the lipid membrane and therefore result in effective passage through the skin. [...] Read more.

Lipid-based nanocarriers are ideal drug delivery systems for transdermal administration due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Their lipophilicity and/or similarity to the natural lipids of the epidermis enable intermolecular interactions with the lipid membrane and therefore result in effective passage through the skin. The purpose of this review is to focus on lipid-based drug delivery nanoplatforms administered via the transdermal route by summarizing the most recent developments with the intention of fast clinical translation. Liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), ethosomes, and transfersomes exhibit ideal physicochemical characteristics and encapsulation efficiency to enhance the effectiveness of the incorporated Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). The state of the art for fabricating transcutaneous lipid drug delivery nanoparticles and the strategies for overcoming the current obstacles, as well as the added value of novel formulations, will be discussed within the scope of Quality by Design applications. The limitations and challenges that still exist will also be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Environmental Applications)

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16 pages, 3508 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Tensile Strength and Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties of B-Doped SiC Nanowire/Silicone Composites

by Yiwei Wang, Qin Qin, Jingyue Chen, Xiang Lu, Jialu Yin, Ranhao Liu, Peijie Jiang, Jianlei Kuang and Wenbin Cao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171298 - 22 Aug 2025

Viewed by 919

Abstract

To investigate the synthesis route and electromagnetic wave absorption performance of SiC nanowires (SiC-NWs), boron was simultaneously employed as both a catalyst and a dopant, and the doped nanowires were embedded into a silicone matrix to fabricate SiC-NW/silicone composites with enhanced mechanical properties [...] Read more.

To investigate the synthesis route and electromagnetic wave absorption performance of SiC nanowires (SiC-NWs), boron was simultaneously employed as both a catalyst and a dopant, and the doped nanowires were embedded into a silicone matrix to fabricate SiC-NW/silicone composites with enhanced mechanical properties and microwave attenuation. Boric acid significantly increased the yield of SiC-NWs, while boron doping enhanced both conductive and relaxation losses. The subsequent nanowire pull-out mechanism improved the tensile strength of the composites by 185%, reaching 5.7 MPa at a filler loading of 5 wt%. The three-dimensional SiC-NW network provided synergistic dielectric and conductive losses, along with good impedance matching, achieving a minimum reflection loss of −35 dB at a thickness of 3.5 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 4.2 GHz within the 8.2–12.4 GHz range, with a nanowire content of only 5 wt%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanowires: Growth, Properties, and Applications)

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11 pages, 1896 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Real-Time Cell Gap Estimation in LC-Filled Devices Using Lightweight Neural Networks for Edge Deployment

by Chi-Yen Huang, You-Lun Zhang, Su-Yu Liao, Wen-Chun Huang, Jiann-Heng Chen, Bo-Chang Dong, Che-Ju Hsu and Chun-Ying Huang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161289 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 781

Abstract

Accurate determination of the liquid crystal (LC) cell gap after filling is essential for ensuring device performance in LC-based optical applications. However, the introduction of birefringent materials significantly distorts the transmission spectrum, complicating traditional optical analysis. In this work, we propose a lightweight [...] Read more.

Accurate determination of the liquid crystal (LC) cell gap after filling is essential for ensuring device performance in LC-based optical applications. However, the introduction of birefringent materials significantly distorts the transmission spectrum, complicating traditional optical analysis. In this work, we propose a lightweight machine learning framework using a shallow multilayer perceptron (MLP) to estimate the cell gap directly from the transmission spectrum of filled LC cells. The model was trained on experimentally acquired spectra with peak-to-peak interferometry-derived ground truth values. We systematically evaluated different optimization algorithms, activation functions, and hidden neuron configurations to identify an optimal model setting that balances prediction accuracy and computational simplicity. The best-performing model, using exponential activation with eight hidden units and BFGS optimization, achieved a correlation coefficient near 1 and an RMSE below 0.1 μm across multiple random seeds and training–test splits. The model was successfully deployed on a Raspberry Pi 4, demonstrating real-time inference with low latency, memory usage, and power consumption. These results validate the feasibility of portable, edge-based LC inspection systems for in situ diagnostics and quality control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Nanostructured Oxide Semiconductors: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)

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18 pages, 5626 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Reactions of Surface-Confined Terminal Alkynes Mediated by Diverse Regulation Strategies

by Yun Wu, Lei Xu, Junxi Li and Chi Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1271; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161271 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 992

Abstract

Terminal alkynes, characterized by sp-hybridized carbon atoms at the molecular termini, possess high electron density and exceptional chemical reactivity. These properties make them ideal candidates for the synthesis of one-dimensional molecular wires and two-dimensional networks. Advances in nanoscale characterization techniques, such as [...] Read more.

Terminal alkynes, characterized by sp-hybridized carbon atoms at the molecular termini, possess high electron density and exceptional chemical reactivity. These properties make them ideal candidates for the synthesis of one-dimensional molecular wires and two-dimensional networks. Advances in nanoscale characterization techniques, such as scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy, have enabled the real-space visualization of molecular assembly and chemical reactions of terminal alkynes and in situ atomic-level manipulations under surface-confined conditions. In addition, through the combination of spectroscopic measurements, physicochemical properties of and information about resulting nanostructures have been achieved. Moreover, density functional theory calculations provide deeper insights into the underlying reaction pathways and mechanisms. From this perspective, this review summarizes recent progress in the assembly and chemical transformations of terminal alkynes on noble metal surfaces. It discusses strategies for structural modulation and reaction selectivity control, including direct incorporation of heteroatoms or functional groups into precursors, the selection of metal surfaces, the introduction of extrinsic components into molecular systems, and atomic-scale manipulations using scanning probes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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23 pages, 6275 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Hydrolysis Reaction and Abrasive Drag Force Accelerator on Enhancing Si-Wafer Polishing Rate and Improving Si-Wafer Surface Roughness

by Min-Uk Jeon, Pil-Su Kim, Man-Hyup Han, Se-Hui Lee, Hye-Min Lee, Su-Bin Kim, Jin-Hyung Park, Kyoo-Chul Cho, Jinsub Park and Jea-Gun Park

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1248; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161248 - 14 Aug 2025

Viewed by 695

Abstract

To satisfy the superior surface quality requirements in the fabrication of HBM (High-Bandwidth Memory) and 3D NAND Flash Memory, high-efficiency Si chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) is essential. In this study, a colloidal silica abrasive-based Si-wafer CMP slurry was developed to simultaneously achieve a [...] Read more.

To satisfy the superior surface quality requirements in the fabrication of HBM (High-Bandwidth Memory) and 3D NAND Flash Memory, high-efficiency Si chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) is essential. In this study, a colloidal silica abrasive-based Si-wafer CMP slurry was developed to simultaneously achieve a high polishing rate (≥10 nm/min) and low surface roughness (≤0.2 nm) without inducing CMP-induced scratches. The proposed Si-wafer CMP slurry incorporates two functional components: triammonium phosphate (TAP) as a hydrolysis reaction accelerator and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as an abrasive drag force accelerator. The polishing rate enhancement mechanism of TAP was analyzed by monitoring the OH⁻ mol concentration, surface adsorption behavior, and XPS spectra. The results showed that increasing the TAP concentration raised the OH⁻ mol concentration and converted Si–Si and Si–O–Si bonds to Si–OH via a hydrolysis reaction, thereby increasing the polishing rate. However, excessive hydrolysis also led to increased surface roughness. On the other hand, HEC influenced slurry viscosity, abrasive dispersibility, and drag force. At low HEC concentrations, increased abrasive drag force improved the polishing rate. At high concentrations, however, HEC formed a hindrance layer on the Si surface via hydrogen bonding and condensation reactions, reducing the effective contact area of abrasives and thus decreasing the polishing rate. By optimizing the concentrations of TAP (0.0037 wt%) and HEC (≤0.0024 wt%), the proposed slurry formulation achieved high-performance Si-wafer CMP, satisfying both surface roughness and polishing rate targets required for advanced memory packaging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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19 pages, 3620 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multifaceted Nanocomposites Combining Phosphorylated PVA, MXene, and Cholesteric Liquid Crystal: Design and Application Insights

by Tăchiță Vlad-Bubulac, Diana Serbezeanu, Elena Perju, Dana Mihaela Suflet, Daniela Rusu, Gabriela Lisa, Tudor-Alexandru Filip and Marius-Andrei Olariu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161251 - 14 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 661

Abstract

In this study, composite films based on phosphorylated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-P), Ti₃C₂T_x MXene, and cholesteryl acetate (ChLC) were designed and characterized to explore their potential in flexible electronic applications. The incorporation of phosphate groups and ChLC enhanced intermolecular [...] Read more.

In this study, composite films based on phosphorylated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-P), Ti₃C₂T_x MXene, and cholesteryl acetate (ChLC) were designed and characterized to explore their potential in flexible electronic applications. The incorporation of phosphate groups and ChLC enhanced intermolecular interactions, as confirmed with FTIR spectroscopy. Morphological and optical analyses revealed a transition from homogeneous to phase-separated structures with birefringent textures in ChLC-rich films. Thermal studies demonstrated improved stability and increased glass transition and melting temperatures, particularly in samples with higher ChLC content. Mechanical and dielectric evaluations highlighted the tunability of stiffness, flexibility, permittivity, and dielectric losses depending on MXene and ChLC ratios. These multifunctional films exhibit flame-retardant behavior and show promise for use in stimuli-responsive, sustainable electronic devices such as flexible displays and sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials and Energetic Application: Experiment and Simulation)

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16 pages, 4111 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fabrication of High-Quality MoS₂/Graphene Lateral Heterostructure Memristors

by Claudia Mihai, Iosif-Daniel Simandan, Florinel Sava, Teddy Tite, Amelia Bocirnea, Mirela Vaduva, Mohamed Yassine Zaki, Mihaela Baibarac and Alin Velea

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161239 - 13 Aug 2025

Viewed by 893

Abstract

Integrating two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides with graphene is attractive for low-power memory and neuromorphic hardware, yet sequential wet transfer leaves polymer residues and high contact resistance. We demonstrate a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible, transfer-free route in which an atomically thin amorphous MoS₂ precursor is [...] Read more.

Integrating two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides with graphene is attractive for low-power memory and neuromorphic hardware, yet sequential wet transfer leaves polymer residues and high contact resistance. We demonstrate a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible, transfer-free route in which an atomically thin amorphous MoS₂ precursor is RF-sputtered directly onto chemical vapor-deposited few-layer graphene and crystallized by confined-space sulfurization at 800 °C. Grazing-incidence X-ray reflectivity, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm the formation of residue-free, three-to-four-layer 2H-MoS₂ (roughness: 0.8–0.9 nm) over 1.5 cm × 2 cm coupons. Lateral MoS₂/graphene devices exhibit reproducible non-volatile resistive switching with a set transition (SET) near +6 V and an analogue ON/OFF ≈2.1, attributable to vacancy-induced Schottky-barrier modulation. The single-furnace magnetron sputtering + sulfurization sequence avoids toxic H₂S, polymer transfer steps, and high-resistance contacts, offering a cost-effective pathway toward wafer-scale 2D memristors compatible with back-end CMOS temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetron Sputtering-Obtained Nanomaterials: From Synthesis to Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications)

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18 pages, 6820 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Carbon Restrains the Precipitation of Cu-Rich Nanoparticles in CuFeMnNi HEAs

by Mingze Wang, Mengyuan He, Yongfeng Shen, Wenying Xue and Zhijian Fan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161223 - 11 Aug 2025

Viewed by 492

Abstract

In this study, we report a strategy to suppress the formation of large Cu-rich particles by adding excessive interstitial carbon into CuFeMnNi high-entropy alloys. With the increase in C contents in the CuFeMnNi HEAs annealed at 1000 °C, the size and area fraction [...] Read more.

In this study, we report a strategy to suppress the formation of large Cu-rich particles by adding excessive interstitial carbon into CuFeMnNi high-entropy alloys. With the increase in C contents in the CuFeMnNi HEAs annealed at 1000 °C, the size and area fraction of the submicron Cu-rich particles markedly decreased. Of note, the CuFeMnNi 1.5 at. %C alloy containing nanosized Cu-rich particles (13 nm) displayed excellent strength–ductility synergy, with yield strength of 695 ± 10 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 925 ± 20 MPa, and ductility of 21.5%. This is because the addition of carbon significantly increases the diffusion speed of Cu atoms, thereby restraining the growth of Cu-rich nanoparticles. As a result, the comprehensive mechanical properties of the prepared HEAs were significantly enhanced. Additionally, the active diffusion channels induced by high-temperature short-time annealing significantly inhibited the grain growth, which improved the ductility. This work creates a new strategy for solving the dilemma caused by the large Cu-rich particles in the Cu-containing HEAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Nanostructuring for Enhanced Mechanical Properties in Metallic Materials)

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15 pages, 2944 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

High-Responsivity UV–Blue Photodetector Based on Nanostructured CdS and Prepared by Solution Processing

by Jian-Ru Lai, Fang-Hsing Wang, Han-Wen Liu and Tsung-Kuei Kang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161212 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 624

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) and blue-light photodetectors are vital in environmental monitoring, medical and biomedical applications, optical communications, and security and anti-counterfeiting technologies. However, conventional silicon-based devices suffer from limited sensitivity to short-wavelength light due to their narrow indirect bandgap. In this study, we investigate [...] Read more.

Ultraviolet (UV) and blue-light photodetectors are vital in environmental monitoring, medical and biomedical applications, optical communications, and security and anti-counterfeiting technologies. However, conventional silicon-based devices suffer from limited sensitivity to short-wavelength light due to their narrow indirect bandgap. In this study, we investigate the influence of precursor concentration on the structural, optical, and photoresponse characteristics of nanostructured CdS thin films synthesized via chemical bath deposition. Among the CdS samples prepared at different precursor concentrations, the best photoresponsivity of 21.1 mA/W was obtained at 2 M concentration. Subsequently, a p–n heterojunction photodetector was fabricated by integrating a spin-coated CuSCN layer with the optimized CdS nanostructure. The resulting device exhibited pronounced rectifying behavior with a rectification ratio of ~750 and an ideality factor of 1.39. Under illumination and a 5 V bias, the photodetector achieved an exceptional responsivity exceeding 10⁴ A/W in the UV region—over six orders of magnitude higher than that of CdS-based metal–semiconductor–metal devices. This remarkable enhancement is attributed to the improved light absorption, efficient charge separation, and enhanced hole transport enabled by CuSCN incorporation and heterojunction formation. These findings present a cost-effective, solution-processed approach to fabricating high-responsivity nanostructured photodetectors, promising for future applications in smart healthcare, environmental surveillance, and consumer electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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18 pages, 1861 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Clay Nanomaterials Sorbents for Cleaner Water: A Sustainable Application for the Mining Industry

by María Molina-Fernández, Albert Santos Silva, Rodrigo Prado Feitosa, Edson C. Silva-Filho, Josy A. Osajima, Santiago Medina-Carrasco and María del Mar Orta Cuevas

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151211 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 797

Abstract

The increasing shortage of drinking water, driven by reduced rainfall and the intensification of industrial and agricultural activities, has raised justified concerns about the quantity and quality of available water resources. These sectors not only demand high water consumption but also discharge large [...] Read more.

The increasing shortage of drinking water, driven by reduced rainfall and the intensification of industrial and agricultural activities, has raised justified concerns about the quantity and quality of available water resources. These sectors not only demand high water consumption but also discharge large amounts of toxic substances such as organic matter, metal ions and inorganic anions, posing risks to both public health and the environment. This study evaluated the effectiveness of clay-based nanomaterials in the treatment of contaminated industrial wastewater from the mining sector. The materials tested included montmorillonite, high-loading expandable synthetic mica, and their organically functionalized forms (MMT, Mica-Na-4, C18-MMT, and C18-Mica-4). The experimental results show that these clays had minimal impact on the pH of the water, while a notable decrease in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was observed. Ion chromatography indicated an increase in nitrogen and sulfur compounds with higher oxidation states. Inductively coupled plasma analysis revealed a significant reduction in the calcium concentration and an increase in the sodium concentration, likely due to cation exchange mechanisms. However, the removal of copper and iron was ineffective, possibly due to competitive interactions with other cations in the solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the structural modifications and interlayer spacing changes in the clay materials upon exposure to contaminated water. These findings demonstrate the potential of clay minerals as effective and low-cost materials for the remediation of industrial wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Nanomaterials: Innovations in Sustainable Applications)

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42 pages, 7458 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Novel Nanomaterials for Developing Bone Scaffolds and Tissue Regeneration

by Nazim Uddin Emon, Lu Zhang, Shelby Dawn Osborne, Mark Allen Lanoue, Yan Huang and Z. Ryan Tian

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151198 - 5 Aug 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2414

Abstract

Nanotechnologies bring a rapid paradigm shift in hard and soft bone tissue regeneration (BTR) through unprecedented control over the nanoscale structures and chemistry of biocompatible materials to regenerate the intricate architecture and functional adaptability of bone. This review focuses on the transformative analyses [...] Read more.

Nanotechnologies bring a rapid paradigm shift in hard and soft bone tissue regeneration (BTR) through unprecedented control over the nanoscale structures and chemistry of biocompatible materials to regenerate the intricate architecture and functional adaptability of bone. This review focuses on the transformative analyses and prospects of current and next-generation nanomaterials in designing bioactive bone scaffolds, emphasizing hierarchical architecture, mechanical resilience, and regenerative precision. Mainly, this review elucidated the innovative findings, new capabilities, unmet challenges, and possible future opportunities associated with biocompatible inorganic ceramics (e.g., phosphates, metallic oxides) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approved synthetic polymers, including their nanoscale structures. Furthermore, this review demonstrates the newly available approaches for achieving customized standard porosity, mechanical strengths, and accelerated bioactivity to construct an optimized nanomaterial-oriented scaffold. Numerous strategies including three-dimensional bioprinting, electro-spinning techniques and meticulous nanomaterials (NMs) fabrication are well established to achieve radical scientific precision in BTR engineering. The contemporary research is unceasingly decoding the pathways for spatial and temporal release of osteoinductive agents to enhance targeted therapy and prompt healing processes. Additionally, successful material design and integration of an osteoinductive and osteoconductive agents with the blend of contemporary technologies will bring radical success in this field. Furthermore, machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) can further decode the current complexities of material design for BTR, notwithstanding the fact that these methods call for an in-depth understanding of bone composition, relationships and impacts on biochemical processes, distribution of stem cells on the matrix, and functionalization strategies of NMs for better scaffold development. Overall, this review integrated important technological progress with ethical considerations, aiming for a future where nanotechnology-facilitated bone regeneration is boosted by enhanced functionality, safety, inclusivity, and long-term environmental responsibility. Therefore, the assimilation of a specialized research design, while upholding ethical standards, will elucidate the challenge and questions we are presently encountering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Functional Nanomaterials in Biomedical Science)

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32 pages, 1045 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nanoparticle Uptake and Crossing by Human In Vitro Models of Intestinal Barriers: A Scoping Review

by Chiara Ritarossi, Valentina Prota, Francesca De Battistis, Chiara Laura Battistelli, Isabella De Angelis, Cristina Andreoli and Olimpia Vincentini

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151195 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1652

Abstract

The Caco-2 in vitro model of the intestinal barrier is a well-established system for the investigation of the intestinal fate of orally ingested chemicals and drugs, and it has been used for over ten years by pharmaceutical industries as a model for absorption [...] Read more.

The Caco-2 in vitro model of the intestinal barrier is a well-established system for the investigation of the intestinal fate of orally ingested chemicals and drugs, and it has been used for over ten years by pharmaceutical industries as a model for absorption in preclinical studies. The Caco-2 model shows a fair correlation with in vivo drug absorption, though some inherent biases remain unresolved. Its main limitation lies in the lack of structural complexity, as it does not replicate the diverse cell types and mucus layer present in the human intestinal epithelium. Consequently, the development of advanced in vitro models of the intestinal barrier, that more structurally resemble the human intestinal epithelium physiology, has increased the potential applications of these models. Recently, Caco-2-based advanced intestinal models have proven effective in predicting nanomaterial uptake and transport across the intestinal barrier. The aim of this review is to provide a state-of-the-art of human in vitro intestinal barrier models for the study of translocation/uptake of nanoparticles relevant for oral exposure, including inorganic nanomaterials, micro/nano plastic, and fiber nanomaterials. The main effects of the above-mentioned nanomaterials on the intestinal barrier are also reported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanosafety and Nanotoxicology: Current Opportunities and Challenges)

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37 pages, 5131 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Coating Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Associated Composites on Electrodes, Thin Film Polymeric Materials, and Glass Surfaces

by Md Zahidul Hasan, Tyeaba Tasnim Dipti, Liu Liu, Caixia Wan, Li Feng and Zhongyu Yang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151187 - 2 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2887

Abstract

Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as advanced porous crystalline materials due to their highly ordered structures, ultra-high surface areas, fine-tunable pore sizes, and massive chemical diversity. These features, arising from the coordination between an almost unlimited number of metal ions/clusters and organic linkers, [...] Read more.

Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as advanced porous crystalline materials due to their highly ordered structures, ultra-high surface areas, fine-tunable pore sizes, and massive chemical diversity. These features, arising from the coordination between an almost unlimited number of metal ions/clusters and organic linkers, have resulted in significant interest in MOFs for applications in gas storage, catalysis, sensing, energy, and biomedicine. Beyond their stand-alone properties and applications, recent research has increasingly explored the integration of MOFs with other substrates, particularly electrodes, polymeric thin films, and glass surfaces, to create synergistic effects that enhance material performance and broaden application potential. Coating MOFs onto these substrates can yield significant benefits, including, but not limited to, improved sensitivity and selectivity in electrochemical sensors, enhanced mechanical and separation properties in membranes, and multifunctional coatings for optical and environmental applications. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of recent advances (primarily from the past 3–5 years) in MOF coating techniques, including layer-by-layer assembly, in situ growth, and electrochemical deposition. This is followed by a discussion of the representative applications arising from MOF-substrate coating and an outline of key challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field. This article aims to serve as a focused reference point for researchers interested in both fundamental strategies and applied developments in MOF surface coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Functionalization and Applications of Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Nanomaterials)

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23 pages, 10606 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of On-Surface Synthesis and Characterization of Macrocycles

by Chao Yan, Yiwen Wang, Jiahui Li, Xiaorui Chen, Xin Zhang, Jianzhi Gao and Minghu Pan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151184 - 1 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1089

Abstract

Macrocyclic organic nanostructures have emerged as crucial components of functional supramolecular materials owing to their unique structural and chemical features, such as their distinctive “infinite” cyclic topology and tunable topology-dependent properties, attracting significant recent attention. However, the controlled synthesis of macrocyclic compounds with [...] Read more.

Macrocyclic organic nanostructures have emerged as crucial components of functional supramolecular materials owing to their unique structural and chemical features, such as their distinctive “infinite” cyclic topology and tunable topology-dependent properties, attracting significant recent attention. However, the controlled synthesis of macrocyclic compounds with well-defined compositions and geometries remains a formidable challenge. On-surface synthesis, capable of constructing nanostructures with atomic precision on various substrates, has become a frontier technique for exploring novel macrocyclic architectures. This review summarizes the recent advances in the on-surface synthesis of macrocycles. It focuses on analyzing the synthetic mechanisms and conformational characterization of macrocycles formed through diverse bonding interactions, including both covalent and non-covalent linkages. This review elucidates the intricate interplay between the thermodynamic and kinetic factors governing macrocyclic structure formation across these bonding types and clarifies the critical influence of the reaction temperature and external conditions on the cyclization efficiency. Ultimately, this study offers design strategies for the precise on-surface synthesis of larger and more flexible macrocyclic compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surface and Interface Nanosystems)

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20 pages, 4411 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Influence of the Defect Rate of Graphene on Its Reinforcing Capability Within High-Entropy Alloys

by Xianhe Zhang, Hongyun Wang, Chunpei Zhang, Cun Zhang and Xuyao Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151177 - 30 Jul 2025

Viewed by 524

Abstract

Graphene, a remarkable two-dimensional material, enhances the mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys as a reinforcing phase. This study investigated the influence of vacancy defects in graphene on the strengthening effect of FeNiCrCoCu high-entropy alloy through molecular dynamics simulations. The findings reveal that vacancy [...] Read more.

Graphene, a remarkable two-dimensional material, enhances the mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys as a reinforcing phase. This study investigated the influence of vacancy defects in graphene on the strengthening effect of FeNiCrCoCu high-entropy alloy through molecular dynamics simulations. The findings reveal that vacancy defects diminish graphene’s strength, resulting in its premature failure. In tensile tests, graphene with defects lowers the yield stress of the composite, yet it retains the ability to impede dislocations. Conversely, graphene exhibits a more pronounced strengthening effect during compression. Specifically, when the deletion of C atoms is less than 1%, the impact is negligible; between 1% and 6%, the strengthening effect diminishes; and when it surpasses 6%, the strengthening effect virtually ceases to exist. This research offers a theoretical foundation for optimizing graphene-reinforced composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical, Physical Properties and Thermal Characteristics of Nanofiller-Reinforced Composites)

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20 pages, 3837 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in the Application of VO₂ for Electrochemical Energy Storage

by Yuxin He, Xinyu Gao, Jiaming Liu, Junxin Zhou, Jiayu Wang, Dan Li, Sha Zhao and Wei Feng

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151167 - 28 Jul 2025

Viewed by 637

Abstract

Energy storage technology is crucial for addressing the intermittency of renewable energy sources and plays a key role in power systems and electronic devices. In the field of energy storage systems, multivalent vanadium-based oxides have attracted widespread attention. Among these, vanadium dioxide (VO [...] Read more.

Energy storage technology is crucial for addressing the intermittency of renewable energy sources and plays a key role in power systems and electronic devices. In the field of energy storage systems, multivalent vanadium-based oxides have attracted widespread attention. Among these, vanadium dioxide (VO₂) is distinguished by its key advantages, including high theoretical capacity, low cost, and strong structural designability. The diverse crystalline structures and plentiful natural reserves of VO₂ offer a favorable foundation for facilitating charge transfer and regulating storage behavior during energy storage processes. This mini review provides an overview of the latest progress in VO₂-based materials for energy storage applications, specifically highlighting their roles in lithium-ion batteries, zinc-ion batteries, photoassisted batteries, and supercapacitors. Particular attention is given to their electrochemical properties, structural integrity, and prospects for development. Additionally, it explores future development directions to offer theoretical insights and strategic guidance for ongoing research and industrial application of VO₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Energy Storage)

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17 pages, 3191 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimizing Graphene Ring Modulators: A Comparative Study of Straight, Bent, and Racetrack Geometries

by Pawan Kumar Dubey, Ashraful Islam Raju, Rasuole Lukose, Christian Wenger and Mindaugas Lukosius

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151158 - 27 Jul 2025

Viewed by 695

Abstract

Graphene-based micro-ring modulators are promising candidates for next-generation optical interconnects, offering compact footprints, broadband operation, and CMOS compatibility. However, most demonstrations to date have relied on conventional straight bus coupling geometries, which limit design flexibility and require extremely small coupling gaps to reach [...] Read more.

Graphene-based micro-ring modulators are promising candidates for next-generation optical interconnects, offering compact footprints, broadband operation, and CMOS compatibility. However, most demonstrations to date have relied on conventional straight bus coupling geometries, which limit design flexibility and require extremely small coupling gaps to reach critical coupling. This work presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of straight, bent, and racetrack bus geometries in graphene-on-silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) micro-ring modulators operating near 1.31 µm. Based on finite-difference time-domain simulation results, a proposed racetrack-based modulator structure demonstrates that extending the coupling region enables critical coupling at larger gaps—up to 300 nm—while preserving high modulation efficiency. With only 6–12% graphene coverage, this geometry achieves extinction ratios of up to 28 dB and supports electrical bandwidths approaching 90 GHz. Findings from this work highlight a new co-design framework for coupling geometry and graphene coverage, offering a pathway to high-speed and high-modulation-depth graphene photonic modulators suitable for scalable integration in next-generation photonic interconnects devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for High-Performance Optoelectronics)

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12 pages, 2303 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fabrication of Low-Power Consumption Hydrogen Sensor Based on TiO_x/Pt Nanocontacts via Local Atom Migration

by Yasuhisa Naitoh, Hisashi Shima and Hiroyuki Akinaga

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151154 - 25 Jul 2025

Viewed by 524

Abstract

Hydrogen (H₂) gas sensors are essential for detecting leaks and ensuring safety, thereby supporting the broader adoption of hydrogen energy. The performance of H₂ sensors has been shown to be improved by the incorporation of TiO₂ nanostructures. The key [...] Read more.

Hydrogen (H₂) gas sensors are essential for detecting leaks and ensuring safety, thereby supporting the broader adoption of hydrogen energy. The performance of H₂ sensors has been shown to be improved by the incorporation of TiO₂ nanostructures. The key findings are summarized as follows: (1) Resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) technology was used to fabricate extremely compact H₂ sensors via various forming techniques, and substantial sensor performance enhancement was investigated. (2) A nanocontact composed of titanium oxide (TiO_x)/platinum (Pt) was subjected to various forming operations to establish a Schottky junction with a nanogap structure on a tantalum oxide (Ta₂O₅) layer, and its properties were assessed. (3) When the Pt electrode was on the positive side during the forming operation used for ReRAM technology, a Pt nanopillar structure was produced. By contrast, when the forming operation was conducted with a positive bias on the TiO_x side, a mixed oxide film of Ta and Ti was produced, which indicates local Ta doping into the TiO_x. A sensor response of over 1000 times was achieved at a minimal voltage of 1 mV at room temperature. (4) This sensor fabrication technology based on the forming operation is promising for the development of low-power consumption sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Nanoscale Electronic Sensors—Innovations and Applications)

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26 pages, 4405 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nanocarriers for Combination Therapy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Comprehensive Review

by Iris Pontón and David Sánchez-García

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1139; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151139 - 22 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1875

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, characterized by late diagnosis, aggressive progression, and poor response to conventional monotherapies. Combination therapies have emerged as a promising approach to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), enhance efficacy, and target the complex tumor [...] Read more.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, characterized by late diagnosis, aggressive progression, and poor response to conventional monotherapies. Combination therapies have emerged as a promising approach to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), enhance efficacy, and target the complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) have gained significant attention for their ability to co-deliver multiple agents with controlled release profiles. This review comprehensively examines nanoparticle-based platforms developed for PDAC combination therapies, focusing on small-molecule drugs. The systems discussed are drawn from studies published between 2005 and 2025. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles for Multiple Drug Release)

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20 pages, 1106 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Synchrotron-Based Structural Analysis of Nanosized Gd₂(Ti_1−xZr_x)₂O₇ for Radioactive Waste Management

by Marco Pinna, Andrea Trapletti, Claudio Minelli, Armando di Biase, Federico Bianconi, Michele Clemente, Alessandro Minguzzi, Carlo Castellano and Marco Scavini

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141134 - 21 Jul 2025

Viewed by 630

Abstract

Complex oxides with the general formula Gd₂(Ti_1−xZr_x)₂O₇ are promising candidates for radioactive waste immobilization due to their capacity to withstand radiation by dissipating part of the free energy driving defect creation and phase transitions. [...] Read more.

Complex oxides with the general formula Gd₂(Ti_1−xZr_x)₂O₇ are promising candidates for radioactive waste immobilization due to their capacity to withstand radiation by dissipating part of the free energy driving defect creation and phase transitions. In this study, samples with varying zirconium content (xZr = 0.00, 0.15, 0.25, 0.375, 0.56, 0.75, 0.85, 1.00) were synthesized via the sol–gel method and thermally treated at 500 °C to obtain nanosized powders mimicking the defective structure of irradiated materials. Synchrotron-based techniques were employed to investigate their structural properties: High-Resolution X-ray Powder Diffraction (HR-XRPD) was used to assess long-range structure, while Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy provided insights into the local structure. HR-XRPD data revealed that samples with low Zr content (xZr ≤ 0.25) are amorphous. Increasing Zr concentration led to the emergence of a crystalline phase identified as defective fluorite (xZr = 0.375, 0.56). Samples with the highest Zr content (xZr ≥ 0.75) were fully crystalline and exhibited only the fluorite phase. The experimental G(r) functions of the fully crystalline samples in the low r range are suitably fitted by the Weberite structure, mapping the relaxations induced by structural disorder in defective fluorite. These structural insights informed the subsequent EXAFS analysis at the Zr-K and Gd-L₃ edges, confirming the splitting of the cation–cation distances associated with different metal species. Moreover, EXAFS provided a local structural description of the amorphous phases, identifying a consistent Gd-O distance across all compositions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)

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10 pages, 2061 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Controlled Synthesis of Tellurium Nanowires and Performance Optimization of Thin-Film Transistors via Percolation Network Engineering

by Mose Park, Zhiyi Lyu, Seung Hyun Song and Hoo-Jeong Lee

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141128 - 21 Jul 2025

Viewed by 708

Abstract

In this study, we propose a method for systematic nanowire length control through the precise control of the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) concentration during the synthesis of tellurium nanowires. Furthermore, we report the changes in the electrical properties of thin-film transistor (TFT) devices with different [...] Read more.

In this study, we propose a method for systematic nanowire length control through the precise control of the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) concentration during the synthesis of tellurium nanowires. Furthermore, we report the changes in the electrical properties of thin-film transistor (TFT) devices with different lengths of synthesized tellurium nanowires used as channels. Through the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), it was determined that the length of the wires increased in relation to the amount of PVP incorporated, while the diameter remained consistent. The synthesized long wires formed a well-connected percolation network with a junction density of 4.6 junctions/µm², which enabled the fabrication of devices with excellent electrical properties, the highest on/off ratio of 10³, and charge mobility of 1.1 cm²/V·s. In contrast, wires with comparatively reduced PVP content demonstrated a junction density of 2.1 junctions/µm², exhibiting a lower on/off ratio and reduced charge mobility. These results provide guidance on how the amount of PVP added during wire growth affects the length of the synthesized wires and how it affects the connectivity between the wires when they form a network, which may help optimize the performance of high-performance nanoelectronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanowires: Growth, Properties, and Applications)

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17 pages, 4334 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Wafer-Level Fabrication of Radiofrequency Devices Featuring 2D Materials Integration

by Vitor Silva, Ivo Colmiais, Hugo Dinis, Jérôme Borme, Pedro Alpuim and Paulo M. Mendes

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141119 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 606

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been proposed for use in a multitude of applications, with graphene being one of the most well-known 2D materials. Despite their potential to contribute to innovative solutions, the fabrication of such devices still faces significant challenges. One of the [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been proposed for use in a multitude of applications, with graphene being one of the most well-known 2D materials. Despite their potential to contribute to innovative solutions, the fabrication of such devices still faces significant challenges. One of the key challenges is the fabrication at a wafer-level scale, a fundamental step for allowing reliable and reproducible fabrication of a large volume of devices with predictable properties. Overcoming this barrier will allow further integration with sensors and actuators, as well as enabling the fabrication of complex circuits based on 2D materials. This work presents the fabrication steps for a process that allows the on-wafer fabrication of active and passive radiofrequency (RF) devices enabled by graphene. Two fabrication processes are presented. In the first one, graphene is transferred to a back gate surface using critical point drying to prevent cracks in the graphene. In the second process, graphene is transferred to a flat surface planarized by ion milling, with the gate being buried beneath the graphene. The fabrication employs a damascene-like process, ensuring a flat surface that preserves the graphene lattice. RF transistors, passive RF components, and antennas designed for backscatter applications are fabricated and measured, illustrating the versatility and potential of the proposed method for 2D material-based RF devices. The integration of graphene on devices is also demonstrated in an antenna. This aimed to demonstrate that graphene can also be used as a passive device. Through this device, it is possible to measure different backscatter responses according to the applied graphene gating voltage, demonstrating the possibility of wireless sensor development. With the proposed fabrication processes, a flat graphene with good quality is achieved, leading to the fabrication of RF active devices (graphene transistors) with intrinsic f_T and f_max of 14 GHz and 80 GHz, respectively. Excellent yield and reproducibility are achieved through these methods. Furthermore, since the graphene membranes are grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), it is expected that this process can also be applied to other 2D materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced 2D Materials for Emerging Application)

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19 pages, 1567 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Design Efficiency: A Critical Perspective on Testing Methods for Solar-Driven Photothermal Evaporation and Photocatalysis

by Hady Hamza, Maria Vittoria Diamanti, Vanni Lughi, Sergio Rossi and Daniela Meroni

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141121 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 795

Abstract

Water scarcity is a growing global challenge, intensified by climate change, seawater intrusion, and pollution. While conventional desalination methods are energy-intensive, solar-driven interfacial evaporators offer a promising low-energy solution by leveraging solar energy for water evaporation, with the resulting steam condensed into purified [...] Read more.

Water scarcity is a growing global challenge, intensified by climate change, seawater intrusion, and pollution. While conventional desalination methods are energy-intensive, solar-driven interfacial evaporators offer a promising low-energy solution by leveraging solar energy for water evaporation, with the resulting steam condensed into purified water. Despite advancements, challenges persist, particularly in addressing volatile contaminants and biofouling, which can compromise long-term performance. The integration of photocatalysts into solar-driven interfacial evaporators has been proposed as a solution, enabling pollutant degradation and microbial inactivation while enhancing water transport and self-cleaning properties. This review critically assesses testing methodologies for solar-driven interfacial evaporators incorporating both photothermal and photocatalytic functions. While previous studies have examined materials and system design, the added complexity of photocatalysis necessitates new testing approaches. First, solar still setups are analyzed, particularly concentrating on the selection of materials and geometry for the transparent cover and water-collecting surfaces. Then, performance evaluation tests are discussed, with focus on the types of tested pollutants and analytical techniques. Finally, key challenges are presented, providing insights for future advancements in sustainable water purification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradation of Pollutants by Nanostructured Photocatalysts)

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10 pages, 3162 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

High-Sensitivity, Low Detection Limit, and Fast Ammonia Detection of Ag-NiFe₂O₄ Nanocomposite and DFT Study

by Xianfeng Hao, Yuehang Sun, Zongwei Liu, Gongao Jiao and Dongzhi Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141088 - 14 Jul 2025

Viewed by 488

Abstract

Ammonia (NH₃) is one of the characteristic gases used to detect food spoilage. In this study, the 10 wt% Ag-NiFe₂O₄ nanocomposite was synthesized via the hydrothermal method. Characterization results from SEM, XRD, and XPS analyzed the microstructure, elemental [...] Read more.

Ammonia (NH₃) is one of the characteristic gases used to detect food spoilage. In this study, the 10 wt% Ag-NiFe₂O₄ nanocomposite was synthesized via the hydrothermal method. Characterization results from SEM, XRD, and XPS analyzed the microstructure, elemental composition, and crystal lattice features of the composite, confirming its successful fabrication. Under the optimal working temperature of 280 °C, the composite exhibited excellent gas-sensing properties towards NH₃. The 10 wt% Ag-NiFe₂O₄ sensor demonstrates rapid response and recovery, as well as high sensitivity, towards 30 ppm NH₃, with response and recovery times of merely 3 s and 9 s, respectively, and a response value of 4.59. The detection limit is as low as 0.1 ppm, meeting the standards for food safety detection. Additionally, the sensor exhibits good short-term repeatability and long-term stability. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) simulations were conducted to investigate the gas-sensing advantages of the Ag-NiFe₂O₄ composite by analyzing the electron density and density of states, thereby providing theoretical guidance for experimental testing. This study facilitates the rapid detection of food spoilage and promotes the development of portable food safety detection devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors: Second Edition)

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41 pages, 6887 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Charging the Future with Pioneering MXenes: Scalable 2D Materials for Next-Generation Batteries

by William Coley, Amir-Ali Akhavi, Pedro Pena, Ruoxu Shang, Yi Ma, Kevin Moseni, Mihrimah Ozkan and Cengiz S. Ozkan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141089 - 14 Jul 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 909

Abstract

MXenes, a family of two-dimensional carbide and nitride nanomaterials, have demonstrated significant promise across various technological domains, particularly in energy storage applications. This review critically examines scalable synthesis techniques for MXenes and their potential integration into next-generation rechargeable battery systems. We highlight both [...] Read more.

MXenes, a family of two-dimensional carbide and nitride nanomaterials, have demonstrated significant promise across various technological domains, particularly in energy storage applications. This review critically examines scalable synthesis techniques for MXenes and their potential integration into next-generation rechargeable battery systems. We highlight both top-down and emerging bottom-up approaches, exploring their respective efficiencies, environmental impacts, and industrial feasibility. The paper further discusses the electrochemical behavior of MXenes in lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and aluminum-ion batteries, as well as their multifunctional roles in solid-state batteries—including as electrodes, additives, and solid electrolytes. Special emphasis is placed on surface functionalization, interlayer engineering, and ion transport properties. We also compare MXenes with conventional graphite anodes, analyzing their gravimetric and volumetric performance potential. Finally, challenges such as diffusion kinetics, power density limitations, and scalability are addressed, providing a comprehensive outlook on the future of MXenes in sustainable energy storage technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pioneering Nanomaterials: Revolutionizing Energy and Catalysis)

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21 pages, 7602 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Visible-Light-Responsive Ag(Au)/MoS₂-TiO₂ Inverse Opals: Synergistic Plasmonic, Photonic, and Charge Transfer Effects for Photoelectrocatalytic Water Remediation

by Stelios Loukopoulos, Elias Sakellis, Polychronis Tsipas, Spiros Gardelis, Vassilis Psycharis, Marios G. Kostakis, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis and Vlassis Likodimos

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141076 - 11 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3630

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a benchmark photocatalyst for environmental applications, but its limited visible-light activity due to a wide band gap and fast charge recombination restricts its practical efficiency. This study presents the development of heterostructured Ag (Au)/MoS₂-TiO₂ [...] Read more.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a benchmark photocatalyst for environmental applications, but its limited visible-light activity due to a wide band gap and fast charge recombination restricts its practical efficiency. This study presents the development of heterostructured Ag (Au)/MoS₂-TiO₂ inverse opal (IO) films that synergistically integrate photonic, plasmonic, and semiconducting functionalities to overcome these limitations. The materials were synthesized via a one-step evaporation-induced co-assembly approach, embedding MoS₂ nanosheets and plasmonic nanoparticles (Ag or Au) within a nanocrystalline TiO₂ photonic framework. The inverse opal architecture enhances light harvesting through slow-photon effects, while MoS₂ and plasmonic nanoparticles improve visible-light absorption and charge separation. By tuning the template sphere size, the photonic band gap was aligned with the TiO₂-MoS₂ absorption edge and the localized surface plasmon resonance of Ag, enabling optimal spectral overlap. The corresponding Ag/MoS₂-TiO₂ photonic films exhibited superior photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and Mott–Schottky analysis confirmed favorable band alignment and Fermi level shifts that facilitate interfacial charge transfer. These results highlight the potential of integrated photonic–plasmonic-semiconductor architectures for efficient solar-driven water treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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27 pages, 5856 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Buckypapers in Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: A Pathway to Superior Thermal Stability

by Johannes Bibinger, Sebastian Eibl, Hans-Joachim Gudladt and Philipp Höfer

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141081 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 550

Abstract

The thermal stability of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) materials is constrained by the low thermal conductivity of its polymer matrix, resulting in inefficient heat dissipation, local overheating, and accelerated degradation during thermal loads. To overcome these limitations, composite materials can be modified with [...] Read more.

The thermal stability of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) materials is constrained by the low thermal conductivity of its polymer matrix, resulting in inefficient heat dissipation, local overheating, and accelerated degradation during thermal loads. To overcome these limitations, composite materials can be modified with buckypapers—thin, densely interconnected layers of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In this study, sixteen 8552/IM7 prepreg plies were processed with up to nine buckypapers and strategically placed at various positions. The resulting nanocomposites were evaluated for manufacturability, material properties, and thermal resistance. The findings reveal that prepreg plies provide only limited matrix material for buckypaper infiltration. Nonetheless, up to five buckypapers, corresponding to 8 wt.% CNTs, can be incorporated into the material without inducing matrix depletion defects. This integration significantly enhances the material’s thermal properties while maintaining its mechanical integrity. The nanotubes embedded in the matrix achieve an effective thermal conductivity of up to 7 W/(m·K) based on theoretical modeling. As a result, under one-sided thermal irradiation at 50 kW/m², thermo-induced damage and strength loss can be delayed by up to 20%. Therefore, thermal resistance is primarily determined by the nanotube concentration, whereas the arrangement of the buckypapers affects the material quality. Since this innovative approach enables the targeted integration of high particle fractions, it offers substantial potential for improving the safety and reliability of CFRP under thermal stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nano-Enhanced Thermal Functional Materials)

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37 pages, 8085 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Scaling Amphiphilicity with Janus Nanoparticles: A New Frontier in Nanomaterials and Interface Science

by Mirela Honciuc and Andrei Honciuc

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141079 - 11 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1313

Abstract

Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) extend the concept of amphiphilicity beyond classical molecular surfactants into the nanoscale. Amphiphilic behavior is defined by the presence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties within a single molecular structure. Traditionally, such molecular structures are known as surfactants or amphiphiles and [...] Read more.

Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) extend the concept of amphiphilicity beyond classical molecular surfactants into the nanoscale. Amphiphilic behavior is defined by the presence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties within a single molecular structure. Traditionally, such molecular structures are known as surfactants or amphiphiles and are capable of reducing interfacial tension, adsorbing spontaneously at interfaces, stabilizing emulsions and foams, and forming micelles, bilayers, or vesicles. Recent experimental, theoretical, and computational studies demonstrate that these behaviors are scalable to nanostructured colloids such as JNPs. Amphiphilic JNPs, defined by anisotropic surface chemistry on distinct hemispheres, display interfacial activity driven by directional wetting, variable interfacial immersion depth, and strong interfacial anchoring. They can stabilize liquid/liquid and liquid/gas interfaces, and enable templated or spontaneous self-assembly into supra-structures, such as monolayer sheets, vesicles, capsules, etc., both in bulk and at interfaces. Their behavior mimics the “soft” molecular amphiphiles but also includes additional particularities given by their “hard” structure, as well as contributions from capillary, van der Waals, hydrophobic, and shape-dependent forces. This review focuses on compiling the evidence supporting amphiphilicity as a scalable property, discussing how JNPs function as colloidal amphiphiles and how geometry, polarity contrast, interfacial interactions, and environmental parameters influence their behavior. By comparing surfactant behavior and JNP assembly, this work aims to clarify the transferable principles, the knowledge gap, as well as the emergent properties associated with amphiphilic Janus colloids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphological Design and Synthesis of Nanoparticles (Second Edition))

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28 pages, 4234 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review on Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion

by Giulia Massaglia and Marzia Quaglio

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141070 - 10 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1270

Abstract

The increasing demand for efficient and sustainable energy conversion technologies has driven extensive research into alternative electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Platinum-based catalysts, while highly efficient, suffer from high costs, scarcity, and long-term instability Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) has recently attracted considerable [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for efficient and sustainable energy conversion technologies has driven extensive research into alternative electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Platinum-based catalysts, while highly efficient, suffer from high costs, scarcity, and long-term instability Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) has recently attracted considerable interest as an effective metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), owing to its remarkable electrical conductivity, customizable surface functionalities, and multi-scale porous architecture. This review explores the synthesis strategies, physicochemical properties, and ORR catalytic performance of LIG. Additionally, this review offered a detailed overview regarding the effective pole of heteroatom doping (N, S, P, B) and functionalization techniques to enhance catalytic activity. Finally, we highlight the current challenges and future perspectives of LIG-based ORR catalysts for fuel cells and other electrochemical energy applications. Furthermore, laser-induced-graphene (LIG) has emerged as a highly attractive candidate for electrochemical energy conversion systems, due to its large specific surface area, tunable porosity, excellent electrical conductivity, and cost-effective fabrication process. This review discusses recent advancements in LIG synthesis, its structural and electrochemical properties, and its applications in supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, and electrocatalysis. Despite its advantages, challenges such as mechanical stability, electrochemical degradation, and large-scale production remain key areas for improvement. Additionally, this review explores future perspectives on optimizing LIG for next-generation energy storage and conversion technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterial-Based (Bio)Electrochemical Energy and Storage Systems)

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15 pages, 2579 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Photo-Scanning Capacitance Microscopy and Spectroscopy Study of Epitaxial GaAsN Layers and GaAsN P-I-N Solar Cell Structures

by Adam Szyszka, Wojciech Dawidowski, Damian Radziewicz and Beata Ściana

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141066 - 9 Jul 2025

Viewed by 612

Abstract

This work presents a novel approach to investigating epitaxial GaAsN layers and GaAsN-based p-i-n solar cell structures using light-assisted scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) and spectroscopy. Due to the technological challenges in growing high-quality GaAsN with controlled nitrogen incorporation, the epitaxial layers often exhibit [...] Read more.

This work presents a novel approach to investigating epitaxial GaAsN layers and GaAsN-based p-i-n solar cell structures using light-assisted scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) and spectroscopy. Due to the technological challenges in growing high-quality GaAsN with controlled nitrogen incorporation, the epitaxial layers often exhibit inhomogeneity in their opto-electrical properties. By combining localized cross-section SCM measurements with wavelength-tunable optical excitation (800–1600 nm), we resolved carrier concentration profiles, internal electric fields, and deep-level transitions across the device structure at a nanoscale resolution. A comparative analysis between electrochemical capacitance–voltage (EC-V) profiling and photoluminescence spectroscopy confirmed multiple localized transitions, attributed to compositional fluctuations and nitrogen-induced defects within GaAsN. The SCM method revealed spatial variations in energy states, including discrete nitrogen-rich regions and gradual variations in the nitrogen content throughout the layer depth, which are not recognizable using standard characterization methods. Our results demonstrate the unique capability of the photo-scanning capacitance microscopy and spectroscopy technique to provide spatially resolved insights into complex dilute nitride structures, offering a universal and accessible tool for semiconductor structures and optoelectronic devices evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectroscopy and Microscopy Study of Nanomaterials)

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14 pages, 3062 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nanosized Anisotropic Sm–Fe–N Particles with Metastable TbCu7-Type Structures Prepared by an Induction Thermal Plasma Process

by Yusuke Hirayama, Jian Wang, Masaya Shigeta, Shunsuke Tsurumi, Makoto Sugimoto, Zheng Liu, Kenta Takagi and Kimihiro Ozaki

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131045 - 5 Jul 2025

Viewed by 664

Abstract

TbCu₇-type Sm-based compounds can be produced in bulk and potentially surpass Nd₂Fe₁₄B as permanent magnets. However, as the processes to prepare anisotropic magnetic particles are limited, the full potential of TbCu₇-type Sm-based compounds cannot be [...] Read more.

TbCu₇-type Sm-based compounds can be produced in bulk and potentially surpass Nd₂Fe₁₄B as permanent magnets. However, as the processes to prepare anisotropic magnetic particles are limited, the full potential of TbCu₇-type Sm-based compounds cannot be exploited. In this study, metastable TbCu₇-type phases of anisotropic Sm–Fe–N ultrafine particles were prepared using the low-oxygen induction thermal plasma (LO-ITP) process. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the obtained TbCu₇-type Sm–Fe alloy nanoparticles exhibited a c/a value of 0.8419, with an Fe/Sm atomic ratio of ~8.5. After nitrogenation, the obtained Sm–Fe–N nanoparticles were aligned under an external magnetic field, indicating that each alloy particle exhibited anisotropic magnetic properties. A substantially high degree of alignment of 91 ± 2% was achieved, quantitatively estimated via pole figure measurements. Numerical analysis following Sm–Fe nanoparticle formation showed that, compared with Fe condensation, Sm condensation persisted even at low temperatures, because of a significant difference in vapor pressure between Sm and Fe. Though this led to a relatively large compositional distribution of Sm within particles with a Sm concentration of 9–12 at%, the preparation of single-phase TbCu₇-type Sm–Fe–N particles could be facilitated by optimizing several parameters during the LO-ITP process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Plasma-Induced Synthesis of Nanomaterials)

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16 pages, 2468 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multi-Bit Resistive Random-Access Memory Based on Two-Dimensional MoO₃ Layers

by Kai Liu, Wengui Jiang, Liang Zhou, Yinkang Zhou, Minghui Hu, Yuchen Geng, Yiyuan Zhang, Yi Qiao, Rongming Wang and Yinghui Sun

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131033 - 3 Jul 2025

Viewed by 774

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) material-based resistive random-access memory (RRAM) has emerged as a promising solution for neuromorphic computing and computing-in-memory architectures. Compared to conventional metal-oxide-based RRAM, the novel 2D material-based RRAM devices demonstrate lower power consumption, higher integration density, and reduced performance variability, benefiting from [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional (2D) material-based resistive random-access memory (RRAM) has emerged as a promising solution for neuromorphic computing and computing-in-memory architectures. Compared to conventional metal-oxide-based RRAM, the novel 2D material-based RRAM devices demonstrate lower power consumption, higher integration density, and reduced performance variability, benefiting from their atomic-scale thickness and ultra-flat surfaces. Remarkably, 2D layered metal oxides retain these advantages while preserving the merits of traditional metal oxides, including their low cost and high environmental stability. Through a multi-step dry transfer process, we fabricated a Pd-MoO₃-Ag RRAM device featuring 2D α-MoO₃ as the resistive switching layer, with Pd and Ag serving as inert and active electrodes, respectively. Resistive switching tests revealed an excellent operational stability, low write voltage (~0.5 V), high switching ratio (>10⁶), and multi-bit storage capability (≥3 bits). Nevertheless, the device exhibited a limited retention time (~2000 s). To overcome this limitation, we developed a Gr-MoO₃-Ag heterostructure by substituting the Pd electrode with graphene (Gr). This modification achieved a fivefold improvement in the retention time (>10⁴ s). These findings demonstrate that by controlling the type and thickness of 2D materials and resistive switching layers, RRAM devices with both high On/Off ratios and long-term data retention may be developed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Nanomaterials—2D Materials and Heterostructures: Synthesis, Processing, and Device Applications)

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12 pages, 1250 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Probing the Structural Order of Half-Heusler Phases in Sb-Doped (Ti,Zr,Hf)NiSn Thermoelectrics

by Fani Pinakidou, Andreas Delimitis and Maria Katsikini

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131037 - 3 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 604

Abstract

The nanostructural features of a mechanically alloyed Sb-doped (Ti_0.4Zr_0.6)_0.7Hf_0.3NiSn thermoelectric (TE) Half-Heusler (HH) compound were addressed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy measurements and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. [...] Read more.

The nanostructural features of a mechanically alloyed Sb-doped (Ti_0.4Zr_0.6)_0.7Hf_0.3NiSn thermoelectric (TE) Half-Heusler (HH) compound were addressed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy measurements and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The EXAFS measurements at the Ni-K, Sn-K, Zr-K, and Hf-L₃-edge were implemented in an effort to reveal the influence of Hf and Zr incorporation into the crystal with respect to their previously measured TE properties. The substitution of Ti by Hf and Zr is expected to yield local lattice distortions due to the different atomic sizes of the dopants or/and electronic charge redistribution amongst the cations. However, the material is characterised by a high degree of crystallinity in both the short and long-range order, on average, and the nominal stoichiometry is identified as (Zr_0.42Hf_0.30Ti_0.28)NiSn_0.98Sb_0.02. The synergistic effect of minimization of extended structural defects or lattice distortions and considerable alloying-induced point defect population contributes to the improved TE properties and leads to the previously reported enhancement of the figure of merit of the mixed HHs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Thermoelectric Materials: Advanced Synthesis and Characterisation Approaches)

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33 pages, 2373 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Ga₂O₃ Content on the Activity of Al₂O₃-Supported Catalysts for the CO₂-Assisted Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane

by Alexandra Florou, Georgios Bampos, Panagiota D. Natsi, Aliki Kokka and Paraskevi Panagiotopoulou

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131029 - 2 Jul 2025

Viewed by 672

Abstract

Propylene production through the CO₂-assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (CO₂-ODP) is an effective route able to address the ever-increasing demand for propylene and simultaneously utilize CO₂. In this study, a series of alumina-supported gallium oxide catalysts of [...] Read more.

Propylene production through the CO₂-assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (CO₂-ODP) is an effective route able to address the ever-increasing demand for propylene and simultaneously utilize CO₂. In this study, a series of alumina-supported gallium oxide catalysts of variable Ga₂O₃ loading was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated with respect to their activity for the CO₂-ODP reaction. It was found that both the catalysts’ physicochemical characteristics and performance were strongly affected by the amount of Ga₂O₃ dispersed on Al₂O₃. Surface basicity was maximized for the sample containing 20 wt.% Ga₂O₃, whereas surface acidity was monotonically increased with increasing Ga₂O₃ loading. A volcano-type correlation was found between catalytic performance and acid/base properties, according to which propane conversion and propylene yield exhibited optimum values for intermediate surface basicity and acidity, which both correspond to the sample containing 30 wt.% Ga₂O₃. The dispersion of a suitable amount of Ga₂O₃ on the Al₂O₃ surface not only enhances the conversion of propane to propylene but also suppresses the formation of side products (C₂H₄, CH₄, and C₂H₆) at temperatures of practical interest. The 30%Ga₂O₃-Al₂O₃ catalyst exhibited very good stability at 550 °C, where byproduct formation and carbon deposition were limited. Mechanistic studies indicated that the reaction proceeds through a two-step oxidative route with the participation of CO₂ in the abstraction of H₂, originating from propane dehydrogenation, through the reverse water–gas reaction (RWGS) reaction, shifting the thermodynamic equilibrium towards propylene generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Material Catalysis for Environmental Protection)

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20 pages, 11822 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Inverse Design of Ultrathin Metamaterial Absorber

by Eunbi Jang, Junghee Cho, Chanik Kang and Haejun Chung

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1024; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131024 - 1 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1320

Abstract

Electromagnetic absorbers combining ultrathin profiles with robust absorptivity across wide incidence angles are essential for applications such as stealth applications, wireless communications, and quantum computing. Traditional designs, including Salisbury screens, typically require thicknesses of at least a quarter-wavelength (

λ / 4

), [...] Read more.

Electromagnetic absorbers combining ultrathin profiles with robust absorptivity across wide incidence angles are essential for applications such as stealth applications, wireless communications, and quantum computing. Traditional designs, including Salisbury screens, typically require thicknesses of at least a quarter-wavelength (

λ / 4

), restricting their use in compact systems. While metamaterial absorbers (MMAs) offer reduced thicknesses, their absorptivity generally decreases under oblique incidence conditions. Here, we introduce an adjoint optimization-based inverse design method that merges the ultrathin advantage of MMAs with the angle-insensitive characteristics of Salisbury screens. By leveraging the computational efficiency of the adjoint method, we systematically optimize absorber structures as thin as

λ / 20

. The optimized structures achieve absorption exceeding 90% at the target frequency (7.5 GHz) and demonstrate robust performance under oblique incidence, maintaining over 90% absorption up to 50°, approximately 80% at 60°, and around 70% at 70°. Comparative analysis against particle swarm optimization further highlights the superior efficiency of the adjoint method, reducing the computational effort by approximately 98%. This inverse design framework thus provides substantial improvements in both the performance and computational cost, offering a promising solution for advanced electromagnetic absorber design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Electromagnetic Shielding and Absorption Applications)

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22 pages, 2603 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Core–Shell Engineering of One-Dimensional Cadmium Sulfide for Solar Energy Conversion

by Rama Krishna Chava and Misook Kang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131000 - 27 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 785

Abstract

Fabricating efficient photocatalysts that can be used in solar-to-fuel conversion and to enhance the photochemical reaction rate is essential to the current energy crisis and climate changes due to the excessive usage of nonrenewable fossil fuels. To attain high photo-to-chemical conversion efficiency, it [...] Read more.

Fabricating efficient photocatalysts that can be used in solar-to-fuel conversion and to enhance the photochemical reaction rate is essential to the current energy crisis and climate changes due to the excessive usage of nonrenewable fossil fuels. To attain high photo-to-chemical conversion efficiency, it is important to fabricate cost-effective and durable catalysts with high activity. One-dimensional cadmium sulfides (1D CdS), with higher surface area, charge carrier separation along the linear direction, and visible light harvesting properties, are promising candidates for converting solar energy to H₂, reducing CO₂ to commodity chemicals, and remediating environmental pollutants. The main disadvantage of CdS is photocorrosion due to the leaching of S²⁻ ions during the photochemical reactions, and further charge recombination rate leads to low quantum efficiency. Therefore, the implementation of core–shell heterostructured morphology, i.e., the growth of the shell on the surface of the 1D CdS, which offers unique features such as protection of CdS from photocorrosion, a tunable interface between the core CdS and shell, and photogenerated charge carrier separation via heterojunctions, provides additional active sites and enhanced visible light harvesting. Therefore, the viability of the core–shell synthesis strategy and synergetic effects offer a new way of designing photocatalysts with enhanced stability and improved charge separation in solar energy conversion systems. This review highlights some critical aspects of synthesizing 1D CdS core–shell heterostructures, underlying reaction mechanisms, and their performance in photoredox reactions. Finally, some challenges and considerations in the fabrication of 1D CdS-based core–shell nanostructures that can overcome the current barriers in industrial applications are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials and/or Nanocomposites for Photo(Electro-) Catalytic Applications)

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43 pages, 7921 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

From Theory to Experiment: Reviewing the Role of Graphene in Li-Ion Batteries Through Density Functional Theory

by Ghada AlJaber, Basheer AlShammari and Bandar AlOtaibi

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15130992 - 26 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2535

Abstract

Rechargeable Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have experienced swift advancement and widespread commercialization in electronic devices and electric vehicles, driven by their exceptional efficiency, energy capacity, and elevated power density. However, to promote sustainable energy development there is a dire need to further extend the [...] Read more.

Rechargeable Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have experienced swift advancement and widespread commercialization in electronic devices and electric vehicles, driven by their exceptional efficiency, energy capacity, and elevated power density. However, to promote sustainable energy development there is a dire need to further extend the search for developing and optimizing the existing anode active energy storage materials. This has steered research towards carbon-based anode materials, particularly graphene, to promote and develop sustainable and efficient LIB technology that can drive the next wave of industrial innovation. In this regard, density functional theory (DFT) computations are considered a powerful tool to elucidate chemical and physical properties at an atomistic scale and serve as a transformative framework, catalyzing the discovery of novel high-performance anode materials for LIBs. This review highlights the computational progress in graphene and graphene composites to design better graphene-based anode materials for LIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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16 pages, 4233 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Doping Effects on Magnetic and Electronic Transport Properties in (Ba_1−xRb_x)(Zn_1−yMn_y)₂As₂ (0.1 ≤ x, y ≤ 0.25)

by Guoqiang Zhao, Yi Peng, Kenji M. Kojima, Yipeng Cai, Xiang Li, Kan Zhao, Shengli Guo, Wei Han, Yongqing Li, Fanlong Ning, Xiancheng Wang, Bo Gu, Gang Su, Sadamichi Maekawa, Yasutomo J. Uemura and Changqing Jin

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15130975 - 23 Jun 2025

Viewed by 703

Abstract

Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) represent a significant area of interest for research and applications in spintronics. Recently, DMSs derived from BaZn₂As₂ have garnered significant interest due to the record Curie temperature (T_C) of 260 K. However, the [...] Read more.

Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) represent a significant area of interest for research and applications in spintronics. Recently, DMSs derived from BaZn₂As₂ have garnered significant interest due to the record Curie temperature (T_C) of 260 K. However, the influence of doping on their magnetic evolution and transport characteristics has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to fill this gap through susceptibility and magnetization measurements, electric transport analysis, and muon spin relaxation and rotation (µSR) measurements on (Ba_1−xRb_x)(Zn_1−yMn_y)₂As₂ (0.1 ≤ x, y ≤ 0.25, BRZMA). Key findings include the following: (1) BRZMA showed a maximum T_C of 138 K, much lower than (Ba,K)(Zn,Mn)₂As, because of a reduced carrier concentration. (2) A substantial electromagnetic coupling is evidenced by a negative magnetoresistance of up to 34% observed in optimally doped BRZMA. (3) A 100% static magnetic ordered volume fraction is achieved in the low-temperature region, indicating a homogeneous magnet. (4) Furthermore, a systematic and innovative methodology has been initially proposed, characterized by clear step-by-step instructions aimed at enhancing T_C, grounded in robust experimental findings. The findings presented provide valuable insights into the spin–charge interplay concerning magnetic and electronic transport properties. Furthermore, they offer clear direction for the investigation of higher T_C DMSs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)

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20 pages, 3729 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Au-Co Alloy Nanoparticles Supported on ZrO₂ as an Efficient Photocatalyst for the Deoxygenation of Styrene Oxide

by Hashini T. Abeyrathna, Chamodi L. Fernando Thibiripalage, Huai Yong Zhu and Eric R. Waclawik

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15130957 - 20 Jun 2025

Viewed by 725

Abstract

Epoxide deoxygenation by photocatalysis was explored using Au-Co alloy nanoparticles supported on ZrO₂ under visible light irradiation. The active metals were deposited on commercial monoclinic ZrO₂ by chemical impregnation to achieve controlled mass ratios of gold and cobalt in the alloy [...] Read more.

Epoxide deoxygenation by photocatalysis was explored using Au-Co alloy nanoparticles supported on ZrO₂ under visible light irradiation. The active metals were deposited on commercial monoclinic ZrO₂ by chemical impregnation to achieve controlled mass ratios of gold and cobalt in the alloy nanoparticles. The characterisation of the alloy nanoparticles confirmed the technique produced an average particle size of 4.50 ± 0.29 nm. Catalysts containing pure 3% Au and different Au-Co metal ratios attached to the ZrO₂ induced the deoxygenation of styrene oxide in an isopropanol solvent medium. Only 20 mg of pure Au/ZrO₂ catalyst gave a 99% yield of styrene at an 80 °C temperature within 16 h under visible light irradiation (400–800 nm). Au-Co/ZrO₂ catalysts generally induced conversion to styrene under the same conditions below 60 °C. Above 60 °C, a new reaction pathway was observed to favour a different product over Au-Co/ZrO₂, which was identified as styrene glycol. This study developed a new approach to the synthesis of styrene glycol, a molecule that has many useful applications in the chemical and polymer industries. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) studies and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic (EPR) studies identified changes in the reaction mechanism and pathway upon increasing the cobalt molar ratio in the Au-Co alloy catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanocomposites for Enhanced Supercapacitor and Photocatalytic Applications)

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16 pages, 4395 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nanoporous Copper Films via Dynamic Hydrogen Bubbling: A Promising SERS Substrate for Sensitive Detection of Methylene Blue

by Noor Tayyaba, Stefano Zago, Andrea Giura, Gianluca Fiore, Luigi Ribotta, Federico Scaglione and Paola Rizzi

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120945 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 952

Abstract

Cu-based nanomaterials have received considerable attention as promising and cost-effective substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications despite their relatively low enhancement factor (EF) compared to noble metals like gold and silver. In this study, a fast and affordable synthesis route is proposed [...] Read more.

Cu-based nanomaterials have received considerable attention as promising and cost-effective substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications despite their relatively low enhancement factor (EF) compared to noble metals like gold and silver. In this study, a fast and affordable synthesis route is proposed to obtain a three-dimensional porous copper film (NPC) via an electrodeposition technique based on the dynamic hydrogen bubbling template (DHBT). Two sets of NPC film were synthesized, one without additives and the other with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The impacts of deposition time on the NPCs’ porous morphology, thickness, and SERS performance were systematically investigated. With the optimal deposition time, the nanopore sizes could be tailored from 26.8 to 73 μm without additives and from 12.8 to 24 µm in the presence of CTAB. The optimal additive-free NPC film demonstrated excellent SERS performance at 180 s of deposition, while the CTAB-modified film showed strong enhancement at 120 s towards methylene blue (MB), a highly toxic dye, achieving a detection limit of 10⁻⁶ M. Additionally, the samples with CTAB showed better efficiency than those without CTAB. The calculated EF of NPC was found to be 5.9 × 10³ without CTAB and 2.5 × 10³ with the CTAB, indicating the potential of NPC as a cost-effective candidate for high-performance SERS substrates. This comprehensive study provides insights into optimizing the structural morphology of the NPCs to maximize their SERS enhancement factor and improve their detection sensitivity toward MB, thus overcoming the limitations associated with conventional copper-based SERS substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)

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33 pages, 4158 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Graphene-Based Plasmonic Antenna for Advancing Nano-Scale Sensors

by Waqas Ahmad, Yihuan Wang, Guangqing Du, Qing Yang and Feng Chen

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120943 - 18 Jun 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2057

Abstract

The integration of two-dimensional graphene with gold nanostructures has significantly advanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical biosensors, due to graphene’s exceptional optical, electronic, and surface properties. This review examines recent developments in graphene-based hybrid nanomaterials designed to enhance SPR sensor performance. The synergistic [...] Read more.

The integration of two-dimensional graphene with gold nanostructures has significantly advanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical biosensors, due to graphene’s exceptional optical, electronic, and surface properties. This review examines recent developments in graphene-based hybrid nanomaterials designed to enhance SPR sensor performance. The synergistic combination of graphene and other functional materials enables superior plasmonic sensitivity, improves biomolecular interaction, and enhances signal transduction. Key focus areas include the fundamental principle of graphene-enhanced SPR, the functional advantages of graphene hybrid platforms, and their recent applications in detecting biomolecules, disease biomarkers, and pathogens. Finally, current limitations and potential future perspectives are discussed, highlighting the transformative potential of these hybrid nanomaterials in next-generation optical biosensing Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Nanomaterials in Optical Sensors, Second Edition)

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41 pages, 7453 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Suspended 2D Materials and Their Applications

by Xuanshuo Zhang, Min Li, Qingya Wang, Yuxian Liang, Jing Wei, Hongbo Li and Fangze Liu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120929 - 15 Jun 2025

Viewed by 5421

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted significant attention, owing to their atomically thin thickness; large specific surface area; and excellent mechanical, optical, and electronic properties. Suspended 2D materials, which eliminate substrate effects, exhibit unique potential in a variety of applications, including ultrasensitive sensors, flexible [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted significant attention, owing to their atomically thin thickness; large specific surface area; and excellent mechanical, optical, and electronic properties. Suspended 2D materials, which eliminate substrate effects, exhibit unique potential in a variety of applications, including ultrasensitive sensors, flexible electronic devices, acoustic devices, and optoelectronic devices. However, a central challenge in the fabrication of high-quality suspended structures lies in transfer technology—how to accurately transfer atomically thin layers onto target substrates or form self-suspended structures without introducing contamination or causing mechanical damage. This review summarizes recent advances in the fabrication, characterization, and applications of suspended 2D materials. We focus particularly on transfer methods, offering a comparative analysis of their advantages and limitations, and conclude with insights into future directions and remaining challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)

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11 pages, 7517 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Size on Phase Mixing Patterns in Rapidly Solidified Au–Ge Nanoparticles

by Olha Khshanovska, Vladyslav Ovsynskyi and Aleksandr Kryshtal

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120924 - 14 Jun 2025

Viewed by 658

Abstract

We investigated the morphological patterns, crystalline structures and their thermal stability in solidified Au–Ge nanoparticles ranging in size from 10 to 500 nm. Liquid Au–Ge alloy nanoparticles with hypoeutectic composition were rapidly cooled from a temperature of 500 °C in a TEM and [...] Read more.

We investigated the morphological patterns, crystalline structures and their thermal stability in solidified Au–Ge nanoparticles ranging in size from 10 to 500 nm. Liquid Au–Ge alloy nanoparticles with hypoeutectic composition were rapidly cooled from a temperature of 500 °C in a TEM and characterized using advanced TEM techniques. We demonstrated that Au–Ge nanoparticles 10–80 nm in size predominantly solidified into a Janus-like morphology with nearly pure single-crystalline hcp Au and diamond cubic Ge domains. These particles remained stable up to the eutectic temperature, indicating that Ge doping and particle size play key roles in stabilizing the hcp Au phase. In turn, larger nanoparticles exhibited a metastable core–shell morphology with polycrystalline Ge shell and hcp Au-Ge alloy core under solidification. It was shown that the mentioned morphology and crystalline structure evolved into the equilibrium Janus morphology with fcc Au and diamond Ge domains at temperatures above ≈160 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Microscopy Techniques for Energy Materials)

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33 pages, 1666 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Magnetic Zeolite Nanocomposites: A Review of Current Research and Future Applications

by Sabina Vohl, Irena Ban, Janja Stergar and Mojca Slemnik

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120921 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 2020

Abstract

Magnetic zeolite nanocomposites (NCs) have emerged as a promising class of hybrid materials that combine the high surface area, porosity, and ion exchange capacity of zeolites with the magnetic properties of nanoparticles (NPs), particularly iron oxide-based nanomaterials. This review provides a comprehensive overview [...] Read more.

Magnetic zeolite nanocomposites (NCs) have emerged as a promising class of hybrid materials that combine the high surface area, porosity, and ion exchange capacity of zeolites with the magnetic properties of nanoparticles (NPs), particularly iron oxide-based nanomaterials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, characterization, and diverse applications of magnetic zeolite NCs. We begin by introducing the fundamental properties of zeolites and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), highlighting their synergistic integration into multifunctional composites. The structural features of various zeolite frameworks and their influence on composite performance are discussed, along with different interaction modes between MNPs and zeolite matrices. The evolution of research on magnetic zeolite NCs is traced chronologically from its early stages in the 1990s to current advancements. Synthesis methods such as co-precipitation, sol–gel, hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and sonochemical approaches are systematically compared, emphasizing their advantages and limitations. Key characterization techniques—including X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Nitrogen Adsorption/Desorption (BET analysis), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), Zeta potential analysis, Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)—are described, with attention to the specific insights they provide into the physicochemical, magnetic, and structural properties of the NCs. Finally, the review explores current and potential applications of these materials in environmental and biomedical fields, focusing on adsorption, catalysis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), drug delivery, ion exchange, and polymer modification. This article aims to provide a foundation for future research directions and inspire innovative applications of magnetic zeolite NCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of New Pollutants by Functional Nanomaterials and Their Ecological Risk Assessment)

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26 pages, 2299 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nanostructured Aerogels for Water Decontamination: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

by Alexa-Maria Croitoru, Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu, Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă, Dan Eduard Mihaiescu, Marius Rădulescu and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120901 - 11 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1679

Abstract

Water contamination with toxic pollutants such as heavy metals, oil spills, organic and inorganic dyes, pesticides, etc., causes severe environmental and human health pollution. Aerogels have gained increasing attention in recent years as promising adsorbents due to their outstanding properties. This paper critically [...] Read more.

Water contamination with toxic pollutants such as heavy metals, oil spills, organic and inorganic dyes, pesticides, etc., causes severe environmental and human health pollution. Aerogels have gained increasing attention in recent years as promising adsorbents due to their outstanding properties. This paper critically evaluates the recent advancements in aerogel-based materials, highlighting their challenges, limitations, and practical applications in large-scale experiments. The influence of key parameters such as adsorbent dosage, solution pH, ionic strength, and temperature is also discussed. Integrating nanotechnology and advanced manufacturing methods, a new generation of high-performance adsorbents with increased sorption capacity and reusability could be developed. Additionally, pilot studies and field trials are highlighted in this review, showing aerogels’ practical and real-world applications. Although various gaps in the production process that limit aerogel implementation in the market still exist, the research progress in the field shows that novel aerogels could be used in real wastewater treatment in the future. This review underscores the need for future research to develop advanced aerogel-based materials using green and sustainable synthesis methods that can lead to full-scale application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Removal of New Emerging Pollutants from Water/Wastewater (2nd Edition))

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49 pages, 3130 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Multimodal AI in Biomedicine: Pioneering the Future of Biomaterials, Diagnostics, and Personalized Healthcare

by Nargish Parvin, Sang Woo Joo, Jae Hak Jung and Tapas K. Mandal

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120895 - 10 Jun 2025

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5050

Abstract

Multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) is driving a paradigm shift in modern biomedicine by seamlessly integrating heterogeneous data sources such as medical imaging, genomic information, and electronic health records. This review explores the transformative impact of multimodal AI across three pivotal areas: biomaterials science, [...] Read more.

Multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) is driving a paradigm shift in modern biomedicine by seamlessly integrating heterogeneous data sources such as medical imaging, genomic information, and electronic health records. This review explores the transformative impact of multimodal AI across three pivotal areas: biomaterials science, medical diagnostics, and personalized medicine. In the realm of biomaterials, AI facilitates the design of patient-specific solutions tailored for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and regenerative therapies. Advanced tools like AlphaFold have significantly improved protein structure prediction, enabling the creation of biomaterials with enhanced biological compatibility. In diagnostics, AI systems synthesize multimodal inputs combining imaging, molecular markers, and clinical data—to improve diagnostic precision and support early disease detection. For precision medicine, AI integrates data from wearable technologies, continuous monitoring systems, and individualized health profiles to inform targeted therapeutic strategies. Despite its promise, the integration of AI into clinical practice presents challenges such as ensuring data security, meeting regulatory standards, and promoting algorithmic transparency. Addressing ethical issues including bias and equitable access remains critical. Nonetheless, the convergence of AI and biotechnology continues to shape a future where healthcare is more predictive, personalized, and responsive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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12 pages, 2888 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Elevated-Temperature Nano-Mechanical Properties of a PDMS–Silica-Based Superhydrophobic Nanocomposite Coating

by Chun-Wei Yao, Ian Lian, Jiang Zhou, Paul Bernazzani and Mien Jao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120898 - 10 Jun 2025

Viewed by 865

Abstract

This study investigates the elevated-temperature mechanical and viscoelastic properties of a PDMS–silica-based superhydrophobic nanocomposite coating using nanoindentation and a nano-dynamic mechanical analysis over a temperature range of 24 °C to 160 °C. The nanoindentation load–displacement curves exhibited consistent hysteresis, indicating a stable energy [...] Read more.

This study investigates the elevated-temperature mechanical and viscoelastic properties of a PDMS–silica-based superhydrophobic nanocomposite coating using nanoindentation and a nano-dynamic mechanical analysis over a temperature range of 24 °C to 160 °C. The nanoindentation load–displacement curves exhibited consistent hysteresis, indicating a stable energy dissipation across the temperature range. Creep tests revealed an increased displacement and accelerated deformation at elevated temperatures, displaying a two-stage creep profile characterized by rapid primary and steady-state secondary creep. The hardness decreased with the creep time, while the strain rate sensitivity remained relatively stable, suggesting consistent deformation mechanisms. A time-dependent creep model incorporating linear and logarithmic terms accurately captured the experimental data. The nano-dynamic mechanical analysis results showed a decrease in the storage modulus with depth, while the loss modulus and tan δ peaked at shallow depths. These findings are crucial for the evaluation and design of superhydrophobic nanocomposite coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Nanostructured Coatings for Functional Properties and Applications)

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18 pages, 9120 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Atomic Manipulation of 2D Materials by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Advances in Graphene and Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

by Tingting Wang, Lingtao Zhan, Teng Zhang, Yan Li, Haolong Fan, Xiongbai Cao, Zhenru Zhou, Qinze Yu, Cesare Grazioli, Huixia Yang, Quanzhen Zhang and Yeliang Wang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120888 - 8 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1956

Abstract

This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in atomic-scale manipulation of two-dimensional (2D) materials, particularly graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). STM, originally developed for high-resolution imaging, has evolved into a powerful tool for precise manipulation [...] Read more.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in atomic-scale manipulation of two-dimensional (2D) materials, particularly graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). STM, originally developed for high-resolution imaging, has evolved into a powerful tool for precise manipulation of 2D materials, enabling translational, rotational, folding, picking, and etching operations at the nanoscale. These manipulation techniques are critical for constructing custom heterostructures, tuning electronic properties, and exploring dynamic behaviors such as superlubricity, strain engineering, phase transitions, and quantum confinement effects. We detail the fundamental mechanisms behind STM-based manipulations and present representative experimental results, including stress-induced bandgap modulation, tip-induced phase transformations, and atomic-precision nanostructuring. The versatility and cleanliness of STM offer unique advantages over conventional transfer methods, paving the way for innovative applications in nanoelectronics, quantum devices, and 2D material-based systems. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future prospects of integrating STM manipulation with advanced computational techniques for automated nanofabrication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications (2nd Edition))

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16 pages, 2835 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improving Na₂Ti₃O₇ Anode Performance in Sodium-Ion Batteries via a Al Doping

by Chen Wu, Yuandong Xia, Kejing Song, Yongda Cao, Chenzhi Huang, Jiayi Chen, Yuan Wang and Chunliu Xu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120885 - 8 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1066

Abstract

Na₂Ti₃O₇ (NTO), with low sodium insertion potential (~0.3 V vs. Na⁺/Na) and potential for high-energy-density batteries, is regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, its practical application is hindered [...] Read more.

Na₂Ti₃O₇ (NTO), with low sodium insertion potential (~0.3 V vs. Na⁺/Na) and potential for high-energy-density batteries, is regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, its practical application is hindered by poor electronic conductivity, sluggish Na⁺ (de)intercalation kinetics, and interfacial instability, leading to inferior cycling stability, low initial Coulombic efficiency, and poor rate capability. In this work, micron-sized rod-like NTO and Al-doped NTO (NTO-Al) samples were synthesized via a one-step high-temperature solid-state method. Al doping slightly reduced the size of NTO microrods while introducing oxygen vacancies and generating Ti³⁺, thereby enhancing electronic conductivity and reducing ionic diffusion resistance. H₂-TPR confirms that doping activates lattice oxygen and promotes its participation in the reaction. The optimized NTO-Al0.03 electrode delivered a significantly improved initial charge capacity of 147.4 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.5 C, surpassing pristine NTO (124.7 mA h g⁻¹). Moreover, it exhibited the best cycling stability (49.5% capacity retention after 100 cycles) and rate performance (36.3 mA h g⁻¹ at 2 C). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Performance of Nanomaterials in Metal-Ion Batteries)

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23 pages, 2222 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ultrasound-Mediated Membrane Modulation for Biomedical Applications

by Jinhee Yoo, Dasom Heo, Yunhee Hwang, Chulhong Kim and Byullee Park

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120884 - 7 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2390

Abstract

The cell membrane plays a critical role in regulating substance exchange, signal transduction, and energy conversion, making it essential for maintaining homeostasis and responding to environmental stimuli. Ultrasound is a non-invasive, low-toxic modality that penetrates deep tissues, offering a promising alternative to traditional [...] Read more.

The cell membrane plays a critical role in regulating substance exchange, signal transduction, and energy conversion, making it essential for maintaining homeostasis and responding to environmental stimuli. Ultrasound is a non-invasive, low-toxic modality that penetrates deep tissues, offering a promising alternative to traditional physical stimuli for advancing cell membrane research. This review focuses on the approaches by which ultrasound interacts with cell membranes and highlights its diverse biomedical applications. Key approaches of ultrasound–membrane interaction include cavitation, sonoporation, and mechanotransduction, which have been harnessed in drug delivery, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Furthermore, we discuss current challenges and future directions to advance the clinical and research potential of this field. Ultrasound-mediated membrane modulation serves as a bridge between fundamental biological studies and clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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