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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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43 pages, 7921 KiB  
Review
From Theory to Experiment: Reviewing the Role of Graphene in Li-Ion Batteries Through Density Functional Theory
by Ghada AlJaber, Basheer AlShammari and Bandar AlOtaibi
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15130992 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 663
Abstract
Rechargeable Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have experienced swift advancement and widespread commercialization in electronic devices and electric vehicles, driven by their exceptional efficiency, energy capacity, and elevated power density. However, to promote sustainable energy development there is a dire need to further extend the [...] Read more.
Rechargeable Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have experienced swift advancement and widespread commercialization in electronic devices and electric vehicles, driven by their exceptional efficiency, energy capacity, and elevated power density. However, to promote sustainable energy development there is a dire need to further extend the search for developing and optimizing the existing anode active energy storage materials. This has steered research towards carbon-based anode materials, particularly graphene, to promote and develop sustainable and efficient LIB technology that can drive the next wave of industrial innovation. In this regard, density functional theory (DFT) computations are considered a powerful tool to elucidate chemical and physical properties at an atomistic scale and serve as a transformative framework, catalyzing the discovery of novel high-performance anode materials for LIBs. This review highlights the computational progress in graphene and graphene composites to design better graphene-based anode materials for LIBs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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33 pages, 4158 KiB  
Review
Graphene-Based Plasmonic Antenna for Advancing Nano-Scale Sensors
by Waqas Ahmad, Yihuan Wang, Guangqing Du, Qing Yang and Feng Chen
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120943 - 18 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 896
Abstract
The integration of two-dimensional graphene with gold nanostructures has significantly advanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical biosensors, due to graphene’s exceptional optical, electronic, and surface properties. This review examines recent developments in graphene-based hybrid nanomaterials designed to enhance SPR sensor performance. The synergistic [...] Read more.
The integration of two-dimensional graphene with gold nanostructures has significantly advanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical biosensors, due to graphene’s exceptional optical, electronic, and surface properties. This review examines recent developments in graphene-based hybrid nanomaterials designed to enhance SPR sensor performance. The synergistic combination of graphene and other functional materials enables superior plasmonic sensitivity, improves biomolecular interaction, and enhances signal transduction. Key focus areas include the fundamental principle of graphene-enhanced SPR, the functional advantages of graphene hybrid platforms, and their recent applications in detecting biomolecules, disease biomarkers, and pathogens. Finally, current limitations and potential future perspectives are discussed, highlighting the transformative potential of these hybrid nanomaterials in next-generation optical biosensing Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Nanomaterials in Optical Sensors, Second Edition)
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16 pages, 4395 KiB  
Article
Nanoporous Copper Films via Dynamic Hydrogen Bubbling: A Promising SERS Substrate for Sensitive Detection of Methylene Blue
by Noor Tayyaba, Stefano Zago, Andrea Giura, Gianluca Fiore, Luigi Ribotta, Federico Scaglione and Paola Rizzi
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120945 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 459
Abstract
Cu-based nanomaterials have received considerable attention as promising and cost-effective substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications despite their relatively low enhancement factor (EF) compared to noble metals like gold and silver. In this study, a fast and affordable synthesis route is proposed [...] Read more.
Cu-based nanomaterials have received considerable attention as promising and cost-effective substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications despite their relatively low enhancement factor (EF) compared to noble metals like gold and silver. In this study, a fast and affordable synthesis route is proposed to obtain a three-dimensional porous copper film (NPC) via an electrodeposition technique based on the dynamic hydrogen bubbling template (DHBT). Two sets of NPC film were synthesized, one without additives and the other with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The impacts of deposition time on the NPCs’ porous morphology, thickness, and SERS performance were systematically investigated. With the optimal deposition time, the nanopore sizes could be tailored from 26.8 to 73 μm without additives and from 12.8 to 24 µm in the presence of CTAB. The optimal additive-free NPC film demonstrated excellent SERS performance at 180 s of deposition, while the CTAB-modified film showed strong enhancement at 120 s towards methylene blue (MB), a highly toxic dye, achieving a detection limit of 10−6 M. Additionally, the samples with CTAB showed better efficiency than those without CTAB. The calculated EF of NPC was found to be 5.9 × 103 without CTAB and 2.5 × 103 with the CTAB, indicating the potential of NPC as a cost-effective candidate for high-performance SERS substrates. This comprehensive study provides insights into optimizing the structural morphology of the NPCs to maximize their SERS enhancement factor and improve their detection sensitivity toward MB, thus overcoming the limitations associated with conventional copper-based SERS substrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)
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11 pages, 7517 KiB  
Article
Effect of Size on Phase Mixing Patterns in Rapidly Solidified Au–Ge Nanoparticles
by Olha Khshanovska, Vladyslav Ovsynskyi and Aleksandr Kryshtal
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120924 - 14 Jun 2025
Viewed by 419
Abstract
We investigated the morphological patterns, crystalline structures and their thermal stability in solidified Au–Ge nanoparticles ranging in size from 10 to 500 nm. Liquid Au–Ge alloy nanoparticles with hypoeutectic composition were rapidly cooled from a temperature of 500 °C in a TEM and [...] Read more.
We investigated the morphological patterns, crystalline structures and their thermal stability in solidified Au–Ge nanoparticles ranging in size from 10 to 500 nm. Liquid Au–Ge alloy nanoparticles with hypoeutectic composition were rapidly cooled from a temperature of 500 °C in a TEM and characterized using advanced TEM techniques. We demonstrated that Au–Ge nanoparticles 10–80 nm in size predominantly solidified into a Janus-like morphology with nearly pure single-crystalline hcp Au and diamond cubic Ge domains. These particles remained stable up to the eutectic temperature, indicating that Ge doping and particle size play key roles in stabilizing the hcp Au phase. In turn, larger nanoparticles exhibited a metastable core–shell morphology with polycrystalline Ge shell and hcp Au-Ge alloy core under solidification. It was shown that the mentioned morphology and crystalline structure evolved into the equilibrium Janus morphology with fcc Au and diamond Ge domains at temperatures above ≈160 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Microscopy Techniques for Energy Materials)
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33 pages, 1666 KiB  
Review
Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Magnetic Zeolite Nanocomposites: A Review of Current Research and Future Applications
by Sabina Vohl, Irena Ban, Janja Stergar and Mojca Slemnik
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120921 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1080
Abstract
Magnetic zeolite nanocomposites (NCs) have emerged as a promising class of hybrid materials that combine the high surface area, porosity, and ion exchange capacity of zeolites with the magnetic properties of nanoparticles (NPs), particularly iron oxide-based nanomaterials. This review provides a comprehensive overview [...] Read more.
Magnetic zeolite nanocomposites (NCs) have emerged as a promising class of hybrid materials that combine the high surface area, porosity, and ion exchange capacity of zeolites with the magnetic properties of nanoparticles (NPs), particularly iron oxide-based nanomaterials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, characterization, and diverse applications of magnetic zeolite NCs. We begin by introducing the fundamental properties of zeolites and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), highlighting their synergistic integration into multifunctional composites. The structural features of various zeolite frameworks and their influence on composite performance are discussed, along with different interaction modes between MNPs and zeolite matrices. The evolution of research on magnetic zeolite NCs is traced chronologically from its early stages in the 1990s to current advancements. Synthesis methods such as co-precipitation, sol–gel, hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and sonochemical approaches are systematically compared, emphasizing their advantages and limitations. Key characterization techniques—including X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Nitrogen Adsorption/Desorption (BET analysis), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), Zeta potential analysis, Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)—are described, with attention to the specific insights they provide into the physicochemical, magnetic, and structural properties of the NCs. Finally, the review explores current and potential applications of these materials in environmental and biomedical fields, focusing on adsorption, catalysis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), drug delivery, ion exchange, and polymer modification. This article aims to provide a foundation for future research directions and inspire innovative applications of magnetic zeolite NCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of New Pollutants by Functional Nanomaterials and Their Ecological Risk Assessment)
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26 pages, 2299 KiB  
Review
Nanostructured Aerogels for Water Decontamination: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
by Alexa-Maria Croitoru, Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu, Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă, Dan Eduard Mihaiescu, Marius Rădulescu and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120901 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 720
Abstract
Water contamination with toxic pollutants such as heavy metals, oil spills, organic and inorganic dyes, pesticides, etc., causes severe environmental and human health pollution. Aerogels have gained increasing attention in recent years as promising adsorbents due to their outstanding properties. This paper critically [...] Read more.
Water contamination with toxic pollutants such as heavy metals, oil spills, organic and inorganic dyes, pesticides, etc., causes severe environmental and human health pollution. Aerogels have gained increasing attention in recent years as promising adsorbents due to their outstanding properties. This paper critically evaluates the recent advancements in aerogel-based materials, highlighting their challenges, limitations, and practical applications in large-scale experiments. The influence of key parameters such as adsorbent dosage, solution pH, ionic strength, and temperature is also discussed. Integrating nanotechnology and advanced manufacturing methods, a new generation of high-performance adsorbents with increased sorption capacity and reusability could be developed. Additionally, pilot studies and field trials are highlighted in this review, showing aerogels’ practical and real-world applications. Although various gaps in the production process that limit aerogel implementation in the market still exist, the research progress in the field shows that novel aerogels could be used in real wastewater treatment in the future. This review underscores the need for future research to develop advanced aerogel-based materials using green and sustainable synthesis methods that can lead to full-scale application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Removal of New Emerging Pollutants from Water/Wastewater (2nd Edition))
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12 pages, 2888 KiB  
Article
The Elevated-Temperature Nano-Mechanical Properties of a PDMS–Silica-Based Superhydrophobic Nanocomposite Coating
by Chun-Wei Yao, Ian Lian, Jiang Zhou, Paul Bernazzani and Mien Jao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120898 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 488
Abstract
This study investigates the elevated-temperature mechanical and viscoelastic properties of a PDMS–silica-based superhydrophobic nanocomposite coating using nanoindentation and a nano-dynamic mechanical analysis over a temperature range of 24 °C to 160 °C. The nanoindentation load–displacement curves exhibited consistent hysteresis, indicating a stable energy [...] Read more.
This study investigates the elevated-temperature mechanical and viscoelastic properties of a PDMS–silica-based superhydrophobic nanocomposite coating using nanoindentation and a nano-dynamic mechanical analysis over a temperature range of 24 °C to 160 °C. The nanoindentation load–displacement curves exhibited consistent hysteresis, indicating a stable energy dissipation across the temperature range. Creep tests revealed an increased displacement and accelerated deformation at elevated temperatures, displaying a two-stage creep profile characterized by rapid primary and steady-state secondary creep. The hardness decreased with the creep time, while the strain rate sensitivity remained relatively stable, suggesting consistent deformation mechanisms. A time-dependent creep model incorporating linear and logarithmic terms accurately captured the experimental data. The nano-dynamic mechanical analysis results showed a decrease in the storage modulus with depth, while the loss modulus and tan δ peaked at shallow depths. These findings are crucial for the evaluation and design of superhydrophobic nanocomposite coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Nanostructured Coatings for Functional Properties and Applications)
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49 pages, 3130 KiB  
Review
Multimodal AI in Biomedicine: Pioneering the Future of Biomaterials, Diagnostics, and Personalized Healthcare
by Nargish Parvin, Sang Woo Joo, Jae Hak Jung and Tapas K. Mandal
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120895 - 10 Jun 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2194
Abstract
Multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) is driving a paradigm shift in modern biomedicine by seamlessly integrating heterogeneous data sources such as medical imaging, genomic information, and electronic health records. This review explores the transformative impact of multimodal AI across three pivotal areas: biomaterials science, [...] Read more.
Multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) is driving a paradigm shift in modern biomedicine by seamlessly integrating heterogeneous data sources such as medical imaging, genomic information, and electronic health records. This review explores the transformative impact of multimodal AI across three pivotal areas: biomaterials science, medical diagnostics, and personalized medicine. In the realm of biomaterials, AI facilitates the design of patient-specific solutions tailored for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and regenerative therapies. Advanced tools like AlphaFold have significantly improved protein structure prediction, enabling the creation of biomaterials with enhanced biological compatibility. In diagnostics, AI systems synthesize multimodal inputs combining imaging, molecular markers, and clinical data—to improve diagnostic precision and support early disease detection. For precision medicine, AI integrates data from wearable technologies, continuous monitoring systems, and individualized health profiles to inform targeted therapeutic strategies. Despite its promise, the integration of AI into clinical practice presents challenges such as ensuring data security, meeting regulatory standards, and promoting algorithmic transparency. Addressing ethical issues including bias and equitable access remains critical. Nonetheless, the convergence of AI and biotechnology continues to shape a future where healthcare is more predictive, personalized, and responsive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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23 pages, 2222 KiB  
Review
Ultrasound-Mediated Membrane Modulation for Biomedical Applications
by Jinhee Yoo, Dasom Heo, Yunhee Hwang, Chulhong Kim and Byullee Park
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120884 - 7 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1344
Abstract
The cell membrane plays a critical role in regulating substance exchange, signal transduction, and energy conversion, making it essential for maintaining homeostasis and responding to environmental stimuli. Ultrasound is a non-invasive, low-toxic modality that penetrates deep tissues, offering a promising alternative to traditional [...] Read more.
The cell membrane plays a critical role in regulating substance exchange, signal transduction, and energy conversion, making it essential for maintaining homeostasis and responding to environmental stimuli. Ultrasound is a non-invasive, low-toxic modality that penetrates deep tissues, offering a promising alternative to traditional physical stimuli for advancing cell membrane research. This review focuses on the approaches by which ultrasound interacts with cell membranes and highlights its diverse biomedical applications. Key approaches of ultrasound–membrane interaction include cavitation, sonoporation, and mechanotransduction, which have been harnessed in drug delivery, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Furthermore, we discuss current challenges and future directions to advance the clinical and research potential of this field. Ultrasound-mediated membrane modulation serves as a bridge between fundamental biological studies and clinical translation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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26 pages, 6034 KiB  
Review
Progress and Challenges of Three-Dimensional/Two-Dimensional Bilayered Perovskite Solar Cells: A Critical Review
by Ashraful Hossain Howlader and Ashraf Uddin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120876 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 758
Abstract
Three-dimensional/two-dimensional bilayered perovskite solar cells have recently become popular for ensuring high efficiency and promising long-term stability. The 3D/2D bilayered perovskite thin film is mainly used in regular (n-i-p)-type perovskite solar cells. In this review, our discussion also focuses on the regular kind [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional/two-dimensional bilayered perovskite solar cells have recently become popular for ensuring high efficiency and promising long-term stability. The 3D/2D bilayered perovskite thin film is mainly used in regular (n-i-p)-type perovskite solar cells. In this review, our discussion also focuses on the regular kind of perovskite solar cells. In a 3D/2D bilayered perovskite thin film, the 2D perovskite layer works as a capping layer on top of the 3D perovskite thin film. The 2D capping layer heals the surface and bulk defects of the 3D perovskite thin film. The 2D layer interfaces between the 3D perovskite and hole transport layers. The 2D layer also acts as a shield against moisture and heat. This layer also inhibits ion migration between layers (3D perovskite and back contact). This review lists and investigates different organic precursors deposited as a 2D capping layer on top of the 3D perovskite thin film to explore their impact on the solar cell’s efficiency and stability. The possible challenges and remedies in growing a 2D capping layer on top of the 3D perovskite thin film are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Halide Perovskites-Based Optoelectronics: From Lab to Fab)
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17 pages, 4979 KiB  
Article
Dispersion Stability and Tribological Properties of Cold Plasma-Modified h-BN Nanofluid
by Zhenjing Duan, Ziheng Wang, Yishuai Jia, Shuaishuai Wang, Peng Bian, Ji Tan, Jinlong Song and Xin Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110874 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 531
Abstract
h-BN spherical nanoparticles, known as white graphene, have good anti-wear properties, long service life, chemical inertness, and stability, which provide superior lubricating performance as a solid additive item to nanofluids. However, the poor dispersion stability of h-BN nanoparticles in nanofluids is a bottleneck [...] Read more.
h-BN spherical nanoparticles, known as white graphene, have good anti-wear properties, long service life, chemical inertness, and stability, which provide superior lubricating performance as a solid additive item to nanofluids. However, the poor dispersion stability of h-BN nanoparticles in nanofluids is a bottleneck that restricts their application. Currently, to prepare h-BN nanofluids with good dispersion stability, a cold plasma (CP) modification of h-BN nanoparticles is proposed in this study. In this research, h-BN nanofluid with added surfactant (SNL), CP-modified h-BN nanofluid with N2 as the working gas (CP(N2)NL), and CP-modified h-BN nanofluid with O2 as the working gas (CP(O2)NL) were prepared, separately. The mechanism of the dispersion stability of CP-modified h-BN nanofluid was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the performance of CP-modified nanofluid was analyzed based on static observation of nanofluid, kinematic viscosity, and heat transfer properties. Finally, friction and wear experiments were conducted to further analyze the tribological performance of h-BN nanofluids based on the coefficient of friction, 3D surface morphology, surface roughness (Sa), scratches, and micro-morphology. The results show that CP-modified h-BN nanofluid has excellent dispersed suspension stability and can be statically placed for more than 336 h. The CP-modified h-BN nanofluid showed stable friction-reducing, anti-wear, and heat transfer performance, in which the coefficient of friction of h-BN nanofluid was about 0.66 before and after 24 h of settling. The Sa value of the sample was reduced by 31.6–49.2% in comparison with pure cottonseed oil (CO). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)
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15 pages, 3628 KiB  
Article
Nitrogen-Doped Biochar Aerogel as Efficient Peroxymonosulfate Activator for Organic Pollutant Removal
by Lingshuai Kong, Mingshuo Zhu and Jinhua Zhan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110865 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 493
Abstract
Rapid industrialization has escalated environmental pollution caused by organic compounds, posing critical challenges for wastewater treatment. Advanced oxidation processes based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) suffer from metal leaching and catalyst recycling challenges. To address these limitations, this study developed a nitrogen-doped biochar aerogel (NBA) [...] Read more.
Rapid industrialization has escalated environmental pollution caused by organic compounds, posing critical challenges for wastewater treatment. Advanced oxidation processes based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) suffer from metal leaching and catalyst recycling challenges. To address these limitations, this study developed a nitrogen-doped biochar aerogel (NBA) derived from poplar wood powder as an eco-friendly and easily recoverable PMS activator. The NBA catalyst, optimized by tuning the calcination temperature to achieve a specific surface area of 297.5 m2 g−1, achieved 97% bisphenol A (BPA) removal within 60 min with a catalyst dosage of 0.3 g/L and 1.0 mM PMS under mild conditions. The material exhibited broad pH adaptability (pH 3.5–9), recyclability (>94% efficiency after thermal treatment), and versatility in degrading seven pollutants (BPA, phenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, rhodamine 6G, and levofloxacin) through synergistic radical (•OH, SO4•−, O2•−) and non-radical (1O2) pathways. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed that nitrogen doping enhanced PMS activation by optimizing electronic structures. This study highlights the potential of waste biomass-derived carbon aerogels as eco-friendly, efficient, and reusable catalysts for advanced oxidation processes in wastewater treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineered Nanomaterials and Natural Nanominerals for Catalytic Degradation of Emerging Pollutants: Mechanisms and Applications)
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14 pages, 2150 KiB  
Article
Dual Biocide Behaviour of Quaternary Ammonium Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with Thymus Essential Oil for Stone Conservation
by Federico Olivieri, Elena Orlo, Elodia Spinelli, Rachele Castaldo, Gennaro Gentile, Silvia Licoccia, Margherita Lavorgna and Marino Lavorgna
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110866 - 4 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 507
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) functionalized with silane quaternary ammonium compounds (SiQACs) were synthesized and utilized as carriers for thymus essential oil (TO), a green bio-antifouling agent. The synthesis of MSNs functionalized with SiQACs was carried out in a single step, with clear advantages [...] Read more.
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) functionalized with silane quaternary ammonium compounds (SiQACs) were synthesized and utilized as carriers for thymus essential oil (TO), a green bio-antifouling agent. The synthesis of MSNs functionalized with SiQACs was carried out in a single step, with clear advantages in terms of simplicity of the process, high yield (94%) and saving of reagents and solvents for the MSN purification. After loading with TO, this innovative dual-action antifouling system was able to integrate the intrinsic biocidal properties of SiQACs with the release of TO from MSN pores, resulting in an engineered material with prolonged efficacy. The antifouling compounds incorporated into the nanoparticles accounted for 42% of the total weight. The biocidal performance was evaluated by monitoring the growth inhibition of Chlorella sorokiniana, a microalga commonly associated with stone biodeterioration. Additionally, these nanoparticles were embedded in a commercial silane-based protective coating and applied to tuff stone samples to assess their ability to mitigate biofilm formation over extended periods. Results demonstrated the system’s high potential for durable protection against microbial colonization and biofilm growth on stone surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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17 pages, 3338 KiB  
Article
Multimode Switching Broadband Terahertz Metamaterial Absorbing Micro-Devices Based on Graphene and Vanadium Oxide
by Xin Ning, Qianju Song, Zao Yi, Jianguo Zhang and Yougen Yi
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110867 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 433
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a multi-mode switchable ultra-wideband terahertz absorber based on patterned graphene and VO2 by designing a graphene pattern composed of a large rectangle rotated 45° in the center and four identical small rectangles in the periphery, as well [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose a multi-mode switchable ultra-wideband terahertz absorber based on patterned graphene and VO2 by designing a graphene pattern composed of a large rectangle rotated 45° in the center and four identical small rectangles in the periphery, as well as a VO2 layer pattern composed of four identical rectangular boxes and small rectangles embedded in the dielectric layer. VO2 can regulate conductivity via temperature, the Fermi level of graphene depends on the external voltage, and the graphene layer and VO2 layer produce resonance responses at different frequencies, resulting in high absorption. The proposed absorption microdevices have three modes: Mode 1 (2.52–4.52 THz), Mode 2 (3.91–9.66 THz), and Mode 3 (2.14–10 THz), which are low-band absorption, high-band absorption, and ultra-wideband absorption. At 2.96 THz in Mode 1, the absorption rate reaches 99.98%; at 8.04 THz in Mode 2, the absorption rate reaches 99.76%; at 5.04 THz in Mode 3, the absorption rate reaches 99.85%; and at 8.4 THz, the absorption rate reaches 99.76%. We explain the absorption mechanism by analyzing the electric field distribution and local plasma resonance, and reveal the high-performance absorption mechanism by using the relative impedance theory. In addition, absorption microdevices have the advantages of polarization insensitivity, incident angle insensitivity, multi-mode switching, ultra-wideband absorption, large manufacturing tolerance, etc., and have potential research and application value in electromagnetic stealth devices, filters and optical switches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials and Energetic Application: Experiment and Simulation)
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18 pages, 7043 KiB  
Article
Phase-Dependent Photocatalytic Activity of Nb2O5 Nanomaterials for Rhodamine B Degradation: The Role of Surface Chemistry and Crystal Structure
by Aarón Calvo-Villoslada, Inmaculada Álvarez-Serrano, María Luisa López, Paloma Fernández and Belén Sotillo
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110846 - 1 Jun 2025
Viewed by 587
Abstract
Niobium oxides are promising materials for catalytic applications due to their unique structural versatility and surface chemistry. Nb2O5 nanomaterials were synthesized via a solvothermal method at 150 °C using niobium oxalate as a precursor. A comprehensive characterization of the material [...] Read more.
Niobium oxides are promising materials for catalytic applications due to their unique structural versatility and surface chemistry. Nb2O5 nanomaterials were synthesized via a solvothermal method at 150 °C using niobium oxalate as a precursor. A comprehensive characterization of the material was performed using electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The as-prepared nanoparticles primarily crystallized in a mixture of the TT-Nb2O5 phase (TT from the German Tief-Tief, meaning “low-low”) and niobic acid, while subsequent thermal treatment at 900 and 1100 °C induced a phase transformation to T-Nb2O5 and H-Nb2O5, respectively (T from the German Tief, meaning “low”, and H from Hoch, meaning “high”). The as-prepared samples consist of micro-coils composed of interconnected nanometer-scale fibers, whereas the morphology changes into rods when they are treated at 1100 °C. The photocatalytic performance of the nanoparticles was evaluated by comparing the as-prepared and thermally treated samples. The as-prepared nanoparticles exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity under visible illumination, achieving 100% degradation after 180 min. More interestingly, the treatment of the as-prepared material with H2O2 modified the surface species formed on the Nb2O5, altering the photocatalytic behavior under various illumination conditions. This sample showed the highest photocatalytic activity under UV illumination, reaching 100% degradation after 75 min. On the other hand, the calcined samples are practically inactive, attributed to the loss of active catalytic sites during thermal treatment and phase transformation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Properties of Metal Oxide Thin Films)
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24 pages, 4825 KiB  
Article
Optimized Construction of Highly Efficient P-Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4 Photocatalytic Bactericide: Based on Source Material and Synthesis Process
by Leilei Xue, Jie Zhang, Mengmeng Sun, Hui Zhang, Ke Wang, Debao Wang and Ruiyong Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110834 - 30 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 393
Abstract
In this study, Bi2MoO6 nanoflowers with different molybdenum sources were in situ grown on the surface of g-C3N4 nanosheets (OCN) by a simple one-step solvothermal method. The effects of doping and different molybdenum sources on the photocatalytic [...] Read more.
In this study, Bi2MoO6 nanoflowers with different molybdenum sources were in situ grown on the surface of g-C3N4 nanosheets (OCN) by a simple one-step solvothermal method. The effects of doping and different molybdenum sources on the photocatalytic degradation and bactericidal activity of Bi2MoO6/OCN were discussed. Among them, the solvothermal preparation of P-Bi2MoO6/OCN using phosphomolybdic acid as molybdenum source can make up for the shortcomings caused by the destruction of OCN structure by generating more lattice defects to promote charge separation and constructing Lewis acid/base sites to effectively improve the photocatalytic performance. In addition, by adding phosphoric acid to increase the P-doped content, more exposed alkaline active sites are induced on the surface of P-Bi2MoO6/OCN, as well as larger specific surface area and charge transfer efficiency, which further improve the photocatalytic performance. Finally, the optimized 16P-Bi2MoO6/OCN showed a degradation rate of 99.7% for 20 mg/L rhodamine B (RhB) within 80 min under visible light, and the antibacterial rates against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa within 300 min were 99.58%, 98.20% and 97.48%, respectively. This study provides a reference for optimizing the synthesis of environmentally friendly, solar-responsive, photocatalytic sterilization materials from the perspective of preparation, raw materials and structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Photocatalysts Based on Nanocomposites)
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53 pages, 13476 KiB  
Review
Solvation Structure and Interface Engineering Synergy in Low-Temperature Sodium-Ion Batteries: Advances and Prospects
by Shengchen Huang, Lin Liu, Chenchen Han, Chao Tian, Yongjian Wang, Tianlin Li, Danyang Zhao and Yanwei Sui
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110820 - 29 May 2025
Viewed by 818
Abstract
The performance degradation of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) in extremely low-temperature conditions has faced significant challenges for energy storage applications in extreme environments. This review systematically establishes failure mechanisms that govern the performance of low-temperature SIBs, including significantly increased electrolyte viscosity, lattice distortion and [...] Read more.
The performance degradation of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) in extremely low-temperature conditions has faced significant challenges for energy storage applications in extreme environments. This review systematically establishes failure mechanisms that govern the performance of low-temperature SIBs, including significantly increased electrolyte viscosity, lattice distortion and adverse phase transitions in electrodes, and sluggish desolvation kinetics at the solid electrolyte interface. Herein, we specifically summarize a series of multi-scale optimization strategies to address these low-temperature challenges: (1) optimizing low-freezing-point solvent components and regulating solvation structures to increase ionic diffusion conductivity; (2) enhancing the hierarchical structure of electrodes and optimizing electron distribution density to improve structural stability and capacity retention at low temperatures; and (3) constructing an inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase to induce uniform ion deposition, reduce the desolvation barrier, and inhibit side reactions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of low-temperature SIB applications coupled with advanced characterization and first-principles simulations. Furthermore, we highlight solvation-shell dynamics, charge transfer kinetics, and metastable-phase evolution at the atomic scale, along with the critical pathways for overcoming low-temperature limitations. This review aims to establish fundamental principles and technological guidelines for deploying advanced SIBs in extreme low-temperature environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials in Solid-State Energy Storage Materials and Batteries (Second Edition))
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25 pages, 6204 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Antibacterial Chitin Nanofiber/ZnO Nanohybrid Materials: Ex Situ and In Situ Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation
by Caroline Piffet, Jean-Michel Thomassin, Emilie Stierlin, Job Tchoumtchoua, Claudio Fernández, Marta Mateo, Leyre Hernández, Kyriaki Marina Lyra, Aggeliki Papavasiliou, Elias Sakellis, Fotios K. Katsaros, Zili Sideratou and Dimitris Tsiourvas
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110809 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 526
Abstract
Diseases caused by infection are a threat to human health and the world economy, with bacterial infections being responsible for a large portion of hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality, which necessitates the quest for advanced medications and/or sustainable antibacterial strategies. This study aims to [...] Read more.
Diseases caused by infection are a threat to human health and the world economy, with bacterial infections being responsible for a large portion of hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality, which necessitates the quest for advanced medications and/or sustainable antibacterial strategies. This study aims to develop bioderived chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) and ZnO nanoparticles to produce non-toxic nanohybrid materials with improved aqueous stability and enhanced antibacterial properties. These nanohybrids were formed via either (i) an ex situ route by mixing the ChNFs with ZnO nanoparticles prepared by flame spray pyrolysis or (ii) an in situ route resulting in ZnO nanoparticles being formed and embedded into ChNFs by a simple aqueous hydrothermal process, utilizing a low-cost Zn inorganic precursor. The ChNFs, the ZnO nanoparticles, and the nanohybrids were physicochemically characterized for their size, morphology, charge and stability. Their antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram (−) E. coli and Gram (+) S. aureus bacteria, while their cytocompatibility was assessed against mammalian cell lines. The obtained results reveal a balance between antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility, as both nanohybrids exhibited satisfactory antibacterial activity (MIC 200–300 μg/mL) combined with low cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines (cell viability 80–100%), indicating that their further application as safe and effective antibacterial agents is promising. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications (Second Edition))
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13 pages, 1291 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Cellulose-Activated Carbon Gel with High Activated Carbon Content and Its Adsorption of Methylene Blue
by Ung-Jin Kim
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110799 - 26 May 2025
Viewed by 474
Abstract
Activated carbon is a useful adsorbent for the removal of pollutants from the aqueous phase. In this study, an easy method to overcome the difficulty in separating activated carbon from a solution after adsorption has been developed. Cellulose-activated carbon gels with a high [...] Read more.
Activated carbon is a useful adsorbent for the removal of pollutants from the aqueous phase. In this study, an easy method to overcome the difficulty in separating activated carbon from a solution after adsorption has been developed. Cellulose-activated carbon gels with a high activated carbon content up to 70% in the total solids were successfully prepared via the dissolution–regeneration process of cellulose using a LiBr aqueous solution. Activated carbon suspended in a cellulose solution dissolved by heating with a LiBr aqueous solution was embedded into a gel directly formed by lowering the temperature of the cellulose solution. The cellulose-activated carbon gels exhibited large specific surface areas and sufficient mechanical properties. The adsorption capacity of methylene blue onto the cellulose-activated carbon gels proportionally increased with the increasing content of activated carbon. The cellulose-activated carbon gels maintained a high adsorption capacity even after repeated adsorption–desorption cycles, demonstrating their potential as reusable adsorbents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanotechnology in Detection and Removal of Pollutants in Water System)
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15 pages, 2507 KiB  
Article
Selective Photothermal Therapy Using Antioxidant Nanoparticles Encapsulating Novel Near-Infrared-Absorbing Platinum(II) Complexes
by Ryota Sawamura, Hiromi Kurokawa, Atsushi Taninaka, Takuto Toriumi, Yukio Nagasaki, Hidemi Shigekawa, Hirofumi Matsui and Nobuhiko Iki
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110796 - 25 May 2025
Viewed by 750
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising approach for cancer treatment that has minimal side effects. It locally heats tumors using agents that convert near-infrared (NIR) light energy into heat. We previously reported that the NIR-absorbing hydrophobic diradical-platinum(II) complex PtL2 (L = 3,5-dibromo-1,2-diiminobenzosemiquinonato [...] Read more.
Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising approach for cancer treatment that has minimal side effects. It locally heats tumors using agents that convert near-infrared (NIR) light energy into heat. We previously reported that the NIR-absorbing hydrophobic diradical-platinum(II) complex PtL2 (L = 3,5-dibromo-1,2-diiminobenzosemiquinonato radical) can kill cancer cells through its photothermal conversion ability. In this study, we developed PtL2-loading nanoparticles (PtL2@RNPs) for the delivery of the complex to tumors based on the enhanced permeability and retention effect using an amphiphilic block copolymer that can scavenge reactive oxygen species. PtL2@RNPs exhibited particle diameters of 20–30 nm, an encapsulation efficiency exceeding 90%, and loading capacities of up to 12%. Under NIR laser irradiation, PtL2@RNPs stably generated heat with almost 100% photothermal conversion efficiency. Although the particles were not modified for cancer cell targeting, their uptake by cancer cells was approximately double that by normal cells. PtL2@RNPs exhibited NIR absorption and effectively killed cancer cells at a low irradiation power (0.15 W). Normal cells treated with PtL2@RNPs remained largely undamaged under identical irradiation conditions, demonstrating a cancer-cell-specific photothermal killing effect. These findings can provide insights for future basic studies on cancer cells and the development of effective cancer treatment modalities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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14 pages, 3264 KiB  
Article
Thickness and Wavelength Optimizations of a High-Performance SPR Sensor Employing a Silver Layer and Black Phosphorus in Principal Directions
by Jakub Chylek, Dalibor Ciprian and Petr Hlubina
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110790 - 24 May 2025
Viewed by 613
Abstract
In this paper, we propose an innovative approach based on the wavelength optimization of a light source for a simple, high-performance surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor utilizing comprehensive reflectance analysis in the angular domain. The proposed structure consists of a glass substrate, an [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose an innovative approach based on the wavelength optimization of a light source for a simple, high-performance surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor utilizing comprehensive reflectance analysis in the angular domain. The proposed structure consists of a glass substrate, an adhesion layer of titanium dioxide, a silver plasmonic layer, and a 2D material. Analysis is performed in the Kretschmann configuration for liquid analyte sensing. Sensing parameters such as the refractive index (RI) sensitivity, the reflectance minimum, and the figure of merit (FOM) are investigated in the first step of this study as a function of the thickness of the silver layer together with the RI of a coupling prism. Next, utilizing the results offering a fused silica prism, the thickness of the silver layer and the wavelength of the light source are optimized for the structure with the addition of a 2D material, black phosphorus (BP), which is studied along different principal directions, the zigzag and armchair directions. In addition, a new approach of adjusting the source wavelength using a one-dimensional photonic crystal combined with an LED, is presented. Based on this analysis, for the reference structure at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, the optimized silver layer thickness is 50 nm, and the achieved RI sensitivity ranges from 193.9 to 251.5 degrees per RI unit (deg/RIU), with the highest FOM reaching 52.3 RIU−1. In addition, for the modified structure with BP, the achieved RI sensitivity varies in the range of 269.1–351.2 deg/RIU at the optimized wavelength of 628 nm, with the highest FOM reaching 44.7 RIU−1 for the zigzag direction. Due to the optimization and adjusting the wavelength of the source, the results obtained for the proposed SPR structure could have significant implications for the development of more sensitive and efficient sensors employing a simple plasmonic structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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14 pages, 3791 KiB  
Article
Deposition of HfO2 by Remote Plasma ALD for High-Aspect-Ratio Trench Capacitors in DRAM
by Jiwon Kim, Inkook Hwang, Byungwook Kim, Wookyung Lee, Juha Song, Yeonwoong Jung and Changbun Yoon
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110783 - 23 May 2025
Viewed by 1075
Abstract
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a vital component in modern computing systems. Enhancing memory performance requires maximizing capacitor capacitance within DRAM cells, which is achieved using high-k dielectric materials deposited as thin, uniform films via atomic layer deposition (ALD). Precise film deposition that [...] Read more.
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a vital component in modern computing systems. Enhancing memory performance requires maximizing capacitor capacitance within DRAM cells, which is achieved using high-k dielectric materials deposited as thin, uniform films via atomic layer deposition (ALD). Precise film deposition that minimizes electronic defects caused by charged vacancies is essential for reducing leakage current and ensuring high dielectric strength. In this study, we fabricated metal–insulator–metal (MIM) capacitors in high-aspect-ratio trench structures using remote plasma ALD (RP-ALD) and direct plasma ALD (DP-ALD). The trenches, etched into silicon, featured a 7:1 aspect ratio, 76 nm pitch, and 38 nm critical dimension. We evaluated the electrical characteristics of HfO2-based capacitors with TiN top and bottom electrodes, focusing on leakage current density and equivalent oxide thickness. Capacitance–voltage analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that RP-ALD effectively suppressed plasma-induced damage, reducing defect density and leakage current. While DP-ALD offered excellent film properties, it suffered from degraded lateral uniformity due to direct plasma exposure. Given its superior lateral uniformity, lower leakage, and defect suppression, RP-ALD shows strong potential for improving DRAM capacitor performance and serves as a promising alternative to the currently adopted thermal ALD process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Photonic and Electronic Devices Based on Semiconductor Nanomaterials)
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24 pages, 4777 KiB  
Review
Photostability of Perovskite Solar Cells: Challenges and Strategies
by Ruohan Liu, Runnan Yu and Zhan’ao Tan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110786 - 23 May 2025
Viewed by 860
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been regarded as a revolutionary technology in the photovoltaic field, offering a promising pathway for efficient and cost-effective solar energy conversion and demonstrating broad prospects for future green energy technologies. However, critical stability challenges, specifically degradation induced by [...] Read more.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been regarded as a revolutionary technology in the photovoltaic field, offering a promising pathway for efficient and cost-effective solar energy conversion and demonstrating broad prospects for future green energy technologies. However, critical stability challenges, specifically degradation induced by humidity, light, or heat, severely hinder the commercialization of this technology. Specifically, ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the solar spectrum is a major factor leading to the degradation of perovskite materials. This review focuses on the challenges and strategies for addressing the photostability issues of PSCs. A variety of strategies have been explored, which can be classified as external protection (such as UV-blocking encapsulation technologies) and internal optimization approaches (including precise compositional tuning, the incorporation of functional additives, interface engineering, and improvements to charge transport layers). Finally, this review delves into the key scientific challenges and technological bottlenecks currently faced in addressing the UV stability of PSCs and proposes future directions for solving UV stability issues. It also provides an outlook on the future development prospects of these technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Solar Energy and Solar Cells)
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31 pages, 6550 KiB  
Review
Surface Modification, Toxicity, and Applications of Carbon Dots to Cancer Theranosis: A Review
by Tirusew Tegafaw, Endale Mulugeta, Dejun Zhao, Ying Liu, Xiaoran Chen, Ahrum Baek, Jihyun Kim, Yongmin Chang and Gang Ho Lee
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110781 - 22 May 2025
Viewed by 692
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting extensive research into novel theranostic (combined word of diagnostic and therapeutic) strategies. Nanomedicine has emerged as a potential breakthrough in cancer theranosis, overcoming limitations of conventional approaches. Among such approaches, carbon dots [...] Read more.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting extensive research into novel theranostic (combined word of diagnostic and therapeutic) strategies. Nanomedicine has emerged as a potential breakthrough in cancer theranosis, overcoming limitations of conventional approaches. Among such approaches, carbon dots (CDs) with a size smaller than 10 nm have garnered significant attention for their potential use in cancer theranosis, owing to their low toxicity, good water solubility, easy synthesis, facile surface modification, and unique optical and photothermal and photodynamic properties. Researchers have demonstrated that surface functionalization of CDs with diverse hydrophilic groups can be easily achieved by choosing proper carbon precursors in synthesis, and further surface modification of CDs with cancer-targeting ligands, photosensitizers, anticancer drugs, and genes can also be easily achieved using various methods, thereby establishing a versatile approach for cancer theranosis. This review described the various surface modification methods of CDs, in vitro and in vivo toxicity of CDs, and various cancer theranostic methods such as drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, gene therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and gas therapy. Therefore, CDs can serve as various mono and combined theranostic modalities, offering us new methods for cancer theranosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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21 pages, 1496 KiB  
Review
Research Status of Agricultural Nanotechnology and Its Application in Horticultural Crops
by Xiaobin Wen, Zhihao Lin, Bin Sheng, Xueling Ye, Yiming Zhao, Guangyang Liu, Ge Chen, Lin Qin, Xinyan Liu and Donghui Xu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100765 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 553
Abstract
Global food security is facing numerous severe challenges. Population growth, climate change, and irrational agricultural inputs have led to a reduction in available arable land, a decline in soil fertility, and difficulties in increasing crop yields. As a result, the supply of food [...] Read more.
Global food security is facing numerous severe challenges. Population growth, climate change, and irrational agricultural inputs have led to a reduction in available arable land, a decline in soil fertility, and difficulties in increasing crop yields. As a result, the supply of food and agricultural products is under serious threat. Against this backdrop, the development of new technologies to increase the production of food and agricultural products and ensure their supply is extremely urgent. Agricultural nanotechnology, as an emerging technology, mainly utilizes the characteristics of nanomaterials such as small size, large specific surface area, and surface effects. It plays a role in gene delivery, regulating crop growth, adsorbing environmental pollutants, detecting the quality of agricultural products, and preserving fruits and vegetables, providing important technical support for ensuring the global supply of food and agricultural products. Currently, the research focus of agricultural nanotechnology is concentrated on the design and preparation of nanomaterials, the regulation of their properties, and the optimization of their application effects in the agricultural field. In terms of the research status, certain progress has been made in the research of nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, nano-sensors, nano-preservation materials, and nano-gene delivery vectors. However, it also faces problems such as complex processes and incomplete safety evaluations. This review focuses on the horticultural industry, comprehensively expounding the research status and application progress of agricultural nanotechnology in aspects such as the growth regulation of horticultural crops and the quality detection and preservation of horticultural products. It also deeply analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by the application of nanomaterials in the horticultural field. The aim is to provide a reference for the further development of agricultural nanotechnology in the horticultural industry, promote its broader and more efficient application, contribute to solving the global food security problem, and achieve sustainable agricultural development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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16 pages, 4092 KiB  
Article
Observation of Thickness-Modulated Out-of-Plane Spin–Orbit Torque in Polycrystalline Few-Layer Td-WTe2 Film
by Mingkun Zheng, Wancheng Zhang, You Lv, Yong Liu, Rui Xiong, Zhenhua Zhang and Zhihong Lu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100762 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 553
Abstract
The low-symmetry Weyl semimetallic Td-phase WTe2 exhibits both a distinct out-of-plane damping torque (τDL) and exceptional charge–spin interconversion efficiency enabled by strong spin-orbit coupling, positioning it as a prime candidate for spin–orbit torque (SOT) applications in two-dimensional transition metal [...] Read more.
The low-symmetry Weyl semimetallic Td-phase WTe2 exhibits both a distinct out-of-plane damping torque (τDL) and exceptional charge–spin interconversion efficiency enabled by strong spin-orbit coupling, positioning it as a prime candidate for spin–orbit torque (SOT) applications in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Herein, we report on thickness-dependent unconventional out-of-plane τDL in chemically vapor-deposited (CVD) polycrystalline Td-WTe2 (t)/Ni80Fe20/MgO/Ti (Td-WTN-t) heterostructures. Angle-resolved spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements on the Td-WTN-12 structure showed significant spin Hall conductivities of σSH,y = 4.93 × 103 (ℏ/2e) Ω−1m−1 and σSH,z = 0.81 × 103 (ℏ/2e) Ω−1m−1, highlighting its potential for wafer-scale spin–orbit torque device applications. Additionally, a detailed examination of magnetotransport properties in polycrystalline few-layer Td-WTe2 films as a function of thickness revealed a marked amplification of the out-of-plane magnetoresistance, which can be ascribed to the anisotropic nature of charge carrier scattering mechanisms within the material. Spin pumping measurements in Td-WTN-t heterostructures further revealed thickness-dependent spin transport properties of Td-WTe2, with damping analysis yielding an out-of-plane spin diffusion length of λSD ≈ 14 nm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Two-Dimensional Materials and Applications for Electronic Devices)
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16 pages, 3340 KiB  
Article
Stripe-Patterned Al/PDMS Triboelectric Nanogenerator for a High-Sensitive Pressure Sensor and a Novel Two-Digit Switch with Surface-Edge Enhanced Charge Transfer Behavior
by Chung-Yu Yu, Chia-Chun Hsu, Chin-An Ku and Chen-Kuei Chung
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100760 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 831
Abstract
A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) holds significant potential as a self-powered pressure sensor due to its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The output voltage of a TENG is directly correlated with the applied pressure, making it highly suitable for pressure sensing [...] Read more.
A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) holds significant potential as a self-powered pressure sensor due to its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The output voltage of a TENG is directly correlated with the applied pressure, making it highly suitable for pressure sensing applications. Among the key factors influencing TENG performance, the microstructure on the surface plays a crucial role. However, the effect of surface microstructure on charge transfer behavior remains relatively underexplored. Here, a stripe-patterned rough TENG (SR-TENG) fabricated by laser ablation and molding is proposed. The stripe-patterned rough surface exhibits excellent deformation properties, allowing for more effective contact area between the tribolayers. Additionally, the localized surface-edge enhanced electric field at the stripe boundaries improves surface charge transfer, thereby enhancing overall output performance. The SR-TENG achieved an open-circuit voltage of 97 V, a short-circuit current of 59.6 μA, an instantaneous power of 3.55 mW, and a power density of 1.54 W/m2. As an energy harvester, the SR-TENG successfully powered 150 LEDs. A linear relationship between applied pressure and output voltage was established with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.94, demonstrating a high sensitivity of 14.14 V/kPa. For practical application, a novel self-powered two-digit pressure switch was developed based on the SR-TENG. This system enables the control of two different LEDs using a single TENG device, triggered by applying a light or hard press. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research for Food Contact Materials and Sensors Based on Nanomaterials)
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19 pages, 4494 KiB  
Article
Spacer Loss upon 2D Ruddlesden–Popper Halide Perovskite Annealing Raises Film Properties and Solar Cell Performances
by Tao Zhu, Min Liu, Marie Cresp, Daming Zheng, Karol Vegso, Peter Siffalovic and Thierry Pauporté
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100750 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 566
Abstract
Using reduced-dimensional halide perovskites is emerging as a promising strategy for enhancing the stability of optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, even if their performances remain a step below those of the 3D halide perovskites. Two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper (2D-RP) structures are characterized by the [...] Read more.
Using reduced-dimensional halide perovskites is emerging as a promising strategy for enhancing the stability of optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, even if their performances remain a step below those of the 3D halide perovskites. Two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper (2D-RP) structures are characterized by the n parameter that represents the number of PbI6 layers in the spacer-separated perovskite slabs. The present study focuses on formamidinium (FA)-based 2D-RP type perovskites denoted as PMA2FAn−1PbnI3n+1 (PMA = Phenylmethylammonium or benzylammonium). We investigate the effect of n on the one step growth mechanism and the film morphology, microstructure, phase purity, and optoelectronic properties. Our findings demonstrate that the average n is not only determined by the initial spacer content in the precursor solution but also by the thermal annealing process that leads to a partial spacer loss. Depending on n, perovskite solar cells achieving a power conversion efficiency up to 21%, coupled with enhanced film stability compared to 3D perovskites have been prepared. By using MACl additive and an excess of PbI2 in the perovskite precursor solution, we have been able to achieve high efficiency and to stabilize the n = 5 perovskite solar cells. This research represents a significant stride in comprehending the formation of FA-based layered perovskites through one-step sequential deposition, enabling control over their phase distribution, composition, and orientation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanomaterials for Optoelectronics: Second Edition)
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22 pages, 2259 KiB  
Article
Dynamical Characteristics of Isolated Donors, Acceptors, and Complex Defect Centers in Novel ZnO
by Devki N. Talwar and Piotr Becla
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 749; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100749 - 16 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 369
Abstract
Novel wide-bandgap ZnO, BeO, and ZnBeO materials have recently gained considerable interest due to their stellar optoelectronic properties. These semiconductors are being used in developing high-resolution, flexible, transparent nanoelectronics/photonics and achieving high-power radio frequency modules for sensors/biosensors, photodetectors/solar cells, and resistive random-access memory [...] Read more.
Novel wide-bandgap ZnO, BeO, and ZnBeO materials have recently gained considerable interest due to their stellar optoelectronic properties. These semiconductors are being used in developing high-resolution, flexible, transparent nanoelectronics/photonics and achieving high-power radio frequency modules for sensors/biosensors, photodetectors/solar cells, and resistive random-access memory applications. Despite earlier evidence of attaining p-type wz ZnO with N doping, the problem persists in achieving reproducible p-type conductivity. This issue is linked to charging compensation by intrinsic donors and/or background impurities. In ZnO: Al (Li), the vibrational features by infrared and Raman spectroscopy have been ascribed to the presence of isolated AlZn(LiZn) defects, nearest-neighbor (NN) [AlZn−NO] pairs, and second NN [AlZn−O−LiZn;VZn−O−LiZn] complexes. However, no firm identification has been established. By integrating accurate perturbation models in a realistic Green’s function method, we have meticulously simulated the impurity vibrational modes of AlZn(LiZn) and their bonding to form complexes with dopants as well as intrinsic defects. We strongly feel that these phonon features in doped ZnO will encourage spectroscopists to perform similar measurements to check our theoretical conjectures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)
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21 pages, 6110 KiB  
Article
Thermoplasmonic Nano–Hybrid Core@Shell Ag@SiO2 Films Engineered via One–Step Flame Spray Pyrolysis
by Christos Dimitriou and Yiannis Deligiannakis
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100743 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 630
Abstract
Thermoplasmonic heat generation by silver (Ag) nanoparticles can harness visible light to efficiently produce localized heating. Flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) is a powerful one-step synthesis technology for fabricating plasmonic Ag-based nanostructures. In the present study, we employed FSP to engineer core@shell Ag@SiO2 [...] Read more.
Thermoplasmonic heat generation by silver (Ag) nanoparticles can harness visible light to efficiently produce localized heating. Flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) is a powerful one-step synthesis technology for fabricating plasmonic Ag-based nanostructures. In the present study, we employed FSP to engineer core@shell Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles coated with an ultrathin (1–2 nm) silica (SiO2) nanolayer in a single step in tandem with their deposition as films onto solid substrates. Accordingly, we engineered a library of Ag@SiO2 nanofilms with precisely controlled thicknesses in the range of 1–23 μm. A systematic study of the thermoplasmonic heat-generation efficiency (ΔT) of the films under visible-light irradiation (LED, λ = 405 nm) revealed that the films’ compactness and thickness are key parameters governing the heat-generation efficiency and thermal response rate. Moreover, we show that the substrate type can also play a key role; Ag@SiO2 films on glass-fiber filters (PGFFs) enabled faster temperature increase (dT/dt) and a higher maximum temperature gain (ΔTmax) compared with Ag@SiO2 films on glass substrates (PGSs). The photothermal conversion efficiencies were approximately 60%, with the highest efficiency (η = 65%) observed in the thinner impinged film. This study demonstrates that FSP-derived Ag@SiO2 nanofilms provide a versatile and scalable platform for thermoplasmonic heat generation applications with significant industrial potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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14 pages, 3552 KiB  
Article
Electrical Behavior of Combinatorial Thin-Film ZrxTa1−xOy
by Matthew Flynn-Hepford, Reece Emery, Steven J. Randolph, Scott T. Retterer, Gyula Eres, Bobby G. Sumpter, Anton V. Ievlev, Olga S. Ovchinnikova and Philip D. Rack
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100732 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 386
Abstract
Combinatorial magnetron sputtering and electrical characterization were used to systematically study the impact of compositional changes in the resistive switching of transition metal oxides, specifically the ZrxTa1−xOy system. Current-voltage behavior across a range of temperatures provided insights into [...] Read more.
Combinatorial magnetron sputtering and electrical characterization were used to systematically study the impact of compositional changes in the resistive switching of transition metal oxides, specifically the ZrxTa1−xOy system. Current-voltage behavior across a range of temperatures provided insights into the mechanisms that contribute to differences in the electrical conductivity of the pristine Ta2O5 and ZrO2, and mixed ZrxTa1−xOy devices. The underlying conductive mechanism was found to be a mixture of charge trapping and ionic motion, where charge trapping/emission dictated the short-term cycling behavior while ion motion contributed to changes in the conduction with increased cycling number. ToF-SIMS was used to identify the origin of the “wake-up” behavior of the devices, revealing an ionic motion contribution. This understanding of how cation concentration affects conduction in mixed valence systems helps provide a foundation for a new approach toward manipulating resistive switching in these active layer materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
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21 pages, 4025 KiB  
Article
Proliferation of Human Cervical Cancer Cells Responds to Surface Properties of Bicomponent Polymer Coatings
by Emil Rosqvist, Erik Niemelä, Shujun Liang, John E. Eriksson, Xiaoju Wang and Jouko Peltonen
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100716 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 538
Abstract
The proliferation of human cervical cancer (Hela) cells was investigated on a series of nanostructured polymer latex surfaces. The physico-chemical properties of the surfaces, composed of mixtures of polystyrene and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene dispersions, were precisely controlled in the nanoscale range by adjusting [...] Read more.
The proliferation of human cervical cancer (Hela) cells was investigated on a series of nanostructured polymer latex surfaces. The physico-chemical properties of the surfaces, composed of mixtures of polystyrene and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene dispersions, were precisely controlled in the nanoscale range by adjusting the mixing ratio of the components and thermal treatment. In addition, the proliferation response of HeLa cells was compared to that of human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. A low dispersive surface energy and peak or valley dominance (Spk/Svk) were observed to increase the proliferation yield of the Hela cells. The HDF cells were less influenced by the surface chemistry and showed improved proliferation on surfaces without dominant peak or valley features (Spk and Svk). The observed changes in Hela cell behaviour underscored the critical role of material surface properties in influencing cellular responses, with more significant accumulation of nuclear patterning of filamentous actin (F-actin) on stiffer and smoother surfaces (e.g., borosilicate glass) due to higher mechanical stress. A more dynamic reorganisation of the cytoskeleton was observed for cells grown on polymer surfaces with moderate roughness and surface energy. These results emphasise the importance of characterising and tuning surface properties to accommodate the specific behaviours of different cell types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
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19 pages, 10642 KiB  
Article
Rose Bengal–Chitosan Nanocomposites for Oral Administration
by Sara Demartis, Camila J. Picco, Octavio E. Fandiño, Eneko Larrañeta, Ryan F. Donnelly, Paolo Giunchedi, Giovanna Rassu and Elisabetta Gavini
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100706 - 8 May 2025
Viewed by 496
Abstract
Rose Bengal (RB) holds promise for therapeutic applications in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract but faces significant limitations due to poor bioavailability and stability in the GI environment. This in vitro proof-of-concept study aimed to develop an oral drug delivery system using self-assembled RB–chitosan [...] Read more.
Rose Bengal (RB) holds promise for therapeutic applications in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract but faces significant limitations due to poor bioavailability and stability in the GI environment. This in vitro proof-of-concept study aimed to develop an oral drug delivery system using self-assembled RB–chitosan (RBCS) nanocomposites formed via electrostatic interactions. RBCS nanocomposites exhibited high drug loading efficiency (87%) and a uniform particle size (~443 nm), with physicochemical analyses confirming molecular interactions and structural stability. However, in vitro studies revealed poor and highly variable drug release in simulated gastric fluids (SGFs), underlining the need for further optimization. To address these limitations, RBCS nanocomposites were encapsulated within well-established alginate beads (AlgBs). Among the tested systems, RBCS20-AlgBs were selected as the optimal one, forming a gastroresistant platform. Encapsulation mitigated burst release, enhanced structural integrity, and enabled sustained RB release under intestinal conditions. Swelling studies demonstrated that RBCS20-AlgBs maintained controlled hydration, preventing premature disintegration. Mathematical modeling indicated a matrix relaxation-driven release mechanism, with RBCS20-AlgBs demonstrating improved reproducibility compared to RB-loaded AlgBs (RB-AlgBs). Future studies should focus on evaluating in vivo performance to confirm the system’s efficacy for oral administration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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11 pages, 3555 KiB  
Article
Atmospheric Flame Vapor Deposition of 1D and 2D Nanostructured Vanadium Pentoxide on Diverse Substrates
by Kai Zhou and Lili Cai
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100709 - 8 May 2025
Viewed by 485
Abstract
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) has attracted considerable interest owing to its unique chemical and physical properties. However, traditional synthesis methods are often time-consuming, complex, and difficult to scale, limiting the broader applications of V2O5. Herein, we [...] Read more.
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) has attracted considerable interest owing to its unique chemical and physical properties. However, traditional synthesis methods are often time-consuming, complex, and difficult to scale, limiting the broader applications of V2O5. Herein, we present a flame vapor deposition (FVD) method to enable rapid, scalable, and one-step synthesis of various V2O5 nanostructures under ambient pressure conditions. By optimizing critical synthesis parameters, specifically, source temperature (840 °C) and substrate temperature (610 °C), we achieved highly crystalline, one-dimensional (1D) V2O5 nanorods on a variety of substrates, including silicon (Si), fluorine tin doped (FTO) glass, stainless steel, and silicon dioxide (SiO2). Moreover, we demonstrate the rapid growth of ultrathin, two-dimensional (2D) V2O5 nanoflakes with nanometer-scale thickness, as well as enhanced uniformity and coverage density with an externally applied electric field. This FVD method provides a simple, efficient, and scalable approach for synthesizing advanced V2O5 nanostructures, significantly expanding opportunities for their integration into various technological applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Chemical Engineering (3rd Edition))
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23 pages, 6020 KiB  
Review
Poly(arylene ether nitrile) Based Dielectrics with High Energy Storage Properties: A Review
by Yongxian Liu, Guangjun Liu, Yayao Jiao, Zaixing Wang, Shumin Bao, Xiufu Hua, Lingling Wang, Bo Tang, Zhiyuan Xiong and Renbo Wei
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090696 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 646
Abstract
Polymer-based nanocomposites have demonstrated significant strategic value in dielectric energy storage systems due to their tunable high energy density and rapid charge–discharge efficiency. Poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN), owing to its superior thermal stability, high mechanical strength, chemical corrosion resistance, and outstanding dielectric properties, [...] Read more.
Polymer-based nanocomposites have demonstrated significant strategic value in dielectric energy storage systems due to their tunable high energy density and rapid charge–discharge efficiency. Poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN), owing to its superior thermal stability, high mechanical strength, chemical corrosion resistance, and outstanding dielectric properties, exhibits distinct advantages in the field of high-performance dielectric energy storage devices. This review focuses on key strategies for enhancing the dielectric energy storage performance of PEN-based composites, emphasizing molecular engineering approaches, microstructural design, the multiscale interface regulation mechanisms within composite systems, and the optimization of the dielectric constant (εr) and breakdown strength (Eb) through thermal stretching. Furthermore, the potential of PEN-based polymer composites in energy storage devices is highlighted, and future research directions are proposed, including the establishment of a dynamic balance mechanism between dielectric/insulating properties and the development of novel composite systems that offer both high energy storage density and stability. These advancements will provide the material foundation for the miniaturization and intellectualization of advanced pulse power equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Colloid Chemistry and Applications of Nanomaterials)
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19 pages, 3868 KiB  
Article
Tailoring Metal Phthalocyanine/Graphene Interfaces for Highly Sensitive Gas Sensors
by Daniele Perilli, Alberto Maria Rizzi and Cristiana Di Valentin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090691 - 3 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 597
Abstract
Developing novel gas-sensing materials is critical for overcoming the limitations of current metal oxide semiconductor technologies, which, despite their widely commercial use, require high operating temperatures to achieve optimal performance. In this context, integrating graphene with molecular organic layers provides a promising platform [...] Read more.
Developing novel gas-sensing materials is critical for overcoming the limitations of current metal oxide semiconductor technologies, which, despite their widely commercial use, require high operating temperatures to achieve optimal performance. In this context, integrating graphene with molecular organic layers provides a promising platform for next-generation gas-sensing materials. In this work, we systematically explore the gas-sensing properties of metal phthalocyanine/graphene (MPc/Gr) interfaces using density functional theory calculations. Specifically, we examine the role of different MPcs (FePc, CoPc, NiPc, and CuPc) and Gr doping levels (p-doped, neutral, and n-doped) in the detection of NH3 and NO2 molecules, used as representative electron-donor and -acceptor testing gases, respectively. Our results reveal that a p-doped Gr is necessary for NH3 detection, while the choice of metal cation plays a crucial role in determining sensitivity, following the trend FePc/Gr > CoPc/Gr > NiPc/Gr, with CuPc/Gr exhibiting no response. Remarkably, FePc/Gr demonstrates sensitivity down to the limit of a single NH3 molecule per FePc. Conversely, NO2 detection is possible under both neutral and n-doped Gr, with the strongest response observed for n-doped FePc/Gr and CoPc/Gr. Crucially, we identify the dz2 orbital of the MPc as a key factor in mediating charge transfer between the gas molecule and Gr, governing the electronic interactions that drive the sensing response. These insights provide valuable guidelines for the rational design of high-sensitivity graphene-based gas sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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12 pages, 3451 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Silicon Anode Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries Through Hybrid Artificial SEI Layer and Prelithiation
by Bo Peng, Weizhai Bao, Kaiwen Sun and Jin Xiao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090690 - 2 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1919
Abstract
Prelithiation has been widely accepted as one of the most promising strategies to compensate for the loss of active substance and to improve the initial Coulombic efficiency in silicon-based anodes for advanced high-energy-density batteries. But because of their unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) [...] Read more.
Prelithiation has been widely accepted as one of the most promising strategies to compensate for the loss of active substance and to improve the initial Coulombic efficiency in silicon-based anodes for advanced high-energy-density batteries. But because of their unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer and low initial Coulombic efficiency, they expand in volume during prelithiation and react with moisture, which makes commercialization a difficult process. Herein, we have developed a strategy using lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) treatment to eliminate redundant lithium and generate LiF-based inorganic compounds on the surface of the prelithiated electrode. Such method not only reduces the reactiveness of the prelithiated anode but also enhances the ionic conductivity of the SEI. The rich LiF surface works as an artificial SEI, and according to electrochemical evaluation, the initial Coulombic efficiency of the prelithiated silicon anode treated with LiFSI can reach 92.9%. This technique not only increases the battery’s energy density but also its cycle stability, resulting in superior capacity retention and a longer cycling life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials and Energetic Application: Experiment and Simulation)
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32 pages, 6341 KiB  
Review
Catalytic Oxidative Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by Perovskite Catalysts: A Review
by Tong Xu, Chenlong Wang, Yanfei Lv, Bin Zhu and Xiaomin Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090685 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 780
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions have become a critical environmental concern due to their contributions to photochemical smog formation, secondary organic aerosol generation, and adverse human health impacts in the context of accelerated industrialization and urbanization. Catalytic oxidation over perovskite-type catalysts is an [...] Read more.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions have become a critical environmental concern due to their contributions to photochemical smog formation, secondary organic aerosol generation, and adverse human health impacts in the context of accelerated industrialization and urbanization. Catalytic oxidation over perovskite-type catalysts is an attractive technological approach for efficient VOC abatement. This review systematically evaluates the advancements in perovskite-based catalysts for VOC oxidation, focusing on their crystal structure–activity relationships, electronic properties, synthetic methodologies, and nanostructure engineering. Emphasis is placed on metal ion doping strategies and supported catalyst configurations, which have been demonstrated to optimize catalytic performance through synergistic effects. The applications of perovskite catalysts in diverse oxidation systems, including photocatalysis, thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and plasma-assisted catalysis, are comprehensively discussed with critical analysis of their respective advantages and limitations. It summarizes the existing challenges, such as catalyst deactivation caused by carbon deposition, sulfur/chlorine poisoning, and thermal sintering, as well as issues like low energy utilization efficiency and the generation of secondary pollutants. By consolidating current knowledge and highlighting future research directions, this review provides a solid foundation for the rational design of next-generation perovskite catalysts for sustainable VOC management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured and Multifunctional Solid Catalysts for Sustainable Chemical Processes)
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32 pages, 5956 KiB  
Review
Nanomaterial ZnO Synthesis and Its Photocatalytic Applications: A Review
by Chunxiang Zhu and Xihui Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090682 - 30 Apr 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2912
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO), a cheap, abundant, biocompatible, and wide band gap semiconductor material with easy tunable morphologies and properties, makes it one of the mostly studied metal oxides in the area of materials science, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, and solid-state electronics. Its versatility, easy [...] Read more.
Zinc oxide (ZnO), a cheap, abundant, biocompatible, and wide band gap semiconductor material with easy tunable morphologies and properties, makes it one of the mostly studied metal oxides in the area of materials science, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, and solid-state electronics. Its versatility, easy bandgap engineering with transitional and rare earth metals, as well as the diverse nanomorphology empower ZnO as a promising photocatalyst. The use of ZnO as a functional material is attracting increased attention both for academia and industry, especially under the current energy paradigm shift toward clean and renewable sources. Extensive work has been performed in recent years using ZnO as an active component for different photocatalytic applications. Therefore, a thorough and timely review of the process is necessary. The aim of this review is to provide a general summary of the current state of ZnO nanostructures, synthesis strategies, and modification approaches, with the main application focus on varied photocatalysis applications, serving as an introduction, a reference, and an inspiration for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Nanochemistry for Heterogeneous Catalysis Advancements (2nd Edition))
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15 pages, 4032 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Microstructural Changes Produced by Heat Treatment on the Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties of Ti-Based MXenes
by Xue Han, Jae Jeong Lee, Ji Soo Kyoung and Yun Sung Woo
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090676 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 491
Abstract
Ti-based MXenes such as Ti3C2TX and Ti2CTX have attracted considerable attention because of their superior electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness compared to other EMI shielding materials, especially for high electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption. In this [...] Read more.
Ti-based MXenes such as Ti3C2TX and Ti2CTX have attracted considerable attention because of their superior electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness compared to other EMI shielding materials, especially for high electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption. In this study, we investigated the microstructural changes produced by heat treatment and their effect on the EMI shielding properties of Ti-based MXenes. Ti3C2TX and Ti2CTX films were prepared using vacuum filtration and annealed at temperatures up to 300 °C. The microstructures and chemical bonding properties of these heat-treated Ti3C2TX and Ti2CTX films were analyzed, and the EMI shielding effectiveness was measured in the X-band and THz frequency range. The porous Ti3C2TX film showed higher EM absorption than that calculated using the transfer matrix method. On the other hand, the Ti2CTX films had a more densely stacked structure and lower EM absorption. As the heat treatment temperature increased, Ti3C2TX developed a more porous structure without significant changes in its chemical bonding. Its EM absorption per unit of thickness increased up to 6 dB/μm, while the reflectance remained constant at less than 1 dB/μm after heat treatment. This suggested that the heat treatment of Ti-based MXenes can increase the porosity of the film by removing residual organics without changing the chemical bonds, thereby increasing electromagnetic shielding through absorption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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21 pages, 5851 KiB  
Article
A Janus Amyloid-like Nanofilm Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Postoperative Recurrence and Abdominal Adhesion via Synergistic Enzyme Cascade
by Man Zhang, Junhao Kou, Zhenyi Song, Ling Qiu, Chunzhao Yang and Qi Xue
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090670 - 28 Apr 2025
Viewed by 661
Abstract
Postoperative peritoneal adhesion and high recurrence rates are critical challenges in the clinical treatment of colorectal cancer. In this study, based on amyloid-like protein self-assembly technology, a novel Janus protein film was developed. The protein film encapsulates glucose oxidase (GOx) and catalase (CAT), [...] Read more.
Postoperative peritoneal adhesion and high recurrence rates are critical challenges in the clinical treatment of colorectal cancer. In this study, based on amyloid-like protein self-assembly technology, a novel Janus protein film was developed. The protein film encapsulates glucose oxidase (GOx) and catalase (CAT), which is named PTL@GC. Through a one-step method involving cysteine-reduced lysozyme-induced amyloid-like self-assembly, the film was co-loaded with GOx and CAT to achieve synergistic anti-adhesion and anti-tumor recurrence effects. The Janus film features a hydrophobic side that stably adheres to the intestinal surface without exogenous chemical modification and a hydrophilic side that prevents adhesion. The loaded GOx selectively induces disulfidptosis in SLC7A11-overexpressing tumor cells, while CAT degrades H2O2 to alleviate hypoxia and inhibit oxidative stress, significantly reducing adhesion-related fibrosis. The experimental results demonstrate that PTL@GC exhibited excellent mechanical properties, high enzyme activity retention (>90%), and controllable degradability (complete metabolism within 50 days). In animal models, PTL@GC reduced postoperative adhesion area by 22.77%, decreased local tumor burden to 28.42% of the control group, and achieved an inhibition rate of 58.49%, without inducing systemic toxicity. This study presents a biologically safe and functionally synergistic approach to addressing dual complications following colorectal cancer surgery, offering potential insights for future research on multifunctional Janus materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Applications of Protein/Peptide Nanomaterials)
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24 pages, 5526 KiB  
Review
Advancements in Ti3C2 MXene-Integrated Various Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Energy Storage: A Review
by Adem Sreedhar and Jin-Seo Noh
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090673 - 28 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 665
Abstract
The current world is increasingly focusing on renewable energy sources with strong emphasis on the economically viable use of renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions and safeguard human health. Solid-state hydrogen (H2) storage materials offer a higher density compared to traditional [...] Read more.
The current world is increasingly focusing on renewable energy sources with strong emphasis on the economically viable use of renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions and safeguard human health. Solid-state hydrogen (H2) storage materials offer a higher density compared to traditional gaseous and liquid storage methods. In this context, this review evaluates recent advancements in binary, ternary, and complex metal hydrides integrated with 2D Ti3C2 MXene for enhancing H2 storage performance. This perspective highlights the progress made in H2 storage through the development of active sites, created by interactions between multilayers, few-layers, and internal edge sites of Ti3C2 MXene with metal hydrides. Specifically, the selective incorporation of Ti3C2 MXene content has significantly contributed to improvements in the H2 storage performance of various metal hydrides. Key benefits include low operating temperatures and enhanced H2 storage capacity observed in Ti3C2 MXene/metal hydride composites. The versatility of titanium multiple valence states (Ti0, Ti2+, Ti3+, and Ti4+) and Ti-C bonding in Ti3C2 plays a crucial role in optimizing the H2 absorption and desorption processes. Based on these promising developments, we emphasize the potential of solid-state Ti3C2 MXene interfaces with various metal hydrides for fuel cell applications. Overall, 2D Ti3C2 MXenes represent a significant advancement in realizing efficient H2 storage. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions for advancing 2D Ti3C2 MXenes toward commercial-scale H2 storage solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Like Nanomaterials: Simulation, Preparation, Characterization and Applications)
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19 pages, 8907 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Polylactide/Halloysite-Nanoclay/Polytetrafluoro-Ethylene Composite Foam and Study of Properties and Morphology
by Silla George Raju, Hanieh Kargarzadeh and Andrzej Galeski
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090667 - 27 Apr 2025
Viewed by 584
Abstract
Halloysite nanoclay (HNC) and as-polymerized polytetrafluoroethylene powder (PTFE) were introduced into biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) via a melt mixing technique to enhance its mechanical, rheological properties and foaming ability. The synergetic effects of these fillers on the morphological, mechanical, thermal, and foaming properties [...] Read more.
Halloysite nanoclay (HNC) and as-polymerized polytetrafluoroethylene powder (PTFE) were introduced into biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) via a melt mixing technique to enhance its mechanical, rheological properties and foaming ability. The synergetic effects of these fillers on the morphological, mechanical, thermal, and foaming properties of PLA were investigated. Results indicated that the tensile properties were improved in comparison to neat PLA. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) revealed a decrease in PLA crystallization time with increasing filler concentration, indicating a strong nucleating effect on PLA crystallization. Extensional flow tests showed that strain hardening in PLA composites is influenced by fillers, with PTFE particularly exhibiting a more pronounced effect, attributed to nanofibrillation and entanglement during melt processing. The addition of a dual-filler system improved the melt strength and viscosity of PLA, resulting in foams with decreased cell size and increased cell density. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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13 pages, 5903 KiB  
Article
Assembled Carbon Nanostructure Prepared by Spray Freeze Drying for Si-Based Anodes
by Wanxiong Zhu, Liewen Guo, Kairan Li, Mengxue Shen, Chang Lu, Zipeng Jiang, Huaihe Song and Ang Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090661 - 26 Apr 2025
Viewed by 522
Abstract
Silicon-based materials provide a new pathway to break through the energy storage limits of battery systems but their industrialization process is still constrained by inherent diffusion hysteresis and unstable electrode structures. In this work, we propose a novel structural design strategy employing a [...] Read more.
Silicon-based materials provide a new pathway to break through the energy storage limits of battery systems but their industrialization process is still constrained by inherent diffusion hysteresis and unstable electrode structures. In this work, we propose a novel structural design strategy employing a modified spray freeze drying technique to construct multidimensional carbon nanostructures. The continuous morphological transition from carbon nanowires to carbon nanosheets was facilitated by the inducement of ultralow-temperature phase separation and the effect of polymer self-assembly. The unique wrinkled carbon nanosheet encapsulation effectively mitigated the stress concentration induced by the aggregation of silicon nanoparticles, while the open two-dimensional structure buffered the volume changes of silicon. As expected, the SSC-5M composite retained a reversible capacity of 1279 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 C (1 C = 1700 mAh g−1) and exhibited a capacity retention of 677.1 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at 1 C, demonstrating excellent cycling stability. This study offers a new strategy for the development of silicon-based energy storage devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Carbon Materials for Advanced Energy-Related Applications)
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15 pages, 10381 KiB  
Article
Photocatalytic Response of Flash-Lamp-Annealed Titanium Oxide Films Produced by Oblique-Angle Deposition
by Raúl Gago, Slawomir Prucnal, Francisco Javier Palomares, Leopoldo Álvarez-Fraga, Ana Castellanos-Aliaga and David G. Calatayud
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090662 - 26 Apr 2025
Viewed by 485
Abstract
We report the photocatalytic (PC) response of titanium oxide (TiOx) films grown by reactive DC magnetron sputtering under oblique-angle-deposition (OAD) and subjected to post-deposition flash-lamp-annealing (FLA). Under ballistic growth conditions, OAD yields TiOx films with either compact or inclined columnar [...] Read more.
We report the photocatalytic (PC) response of titanium oxide (TiOx) films grown by reactive DC magnetron sputtering under oblique-angle-deposition (OAD) and subjected to post-deposition flash-lamp-annealing (FLA). Under ballistic growth conditions, OAD yields TiOx films with either compact or inclined columnar structure as the deposition incidence angle (α) with respect to the substrate normal varies from zero to grazing. On the one hand, films produced for α ≤ 45° display a compact and opaque structure comprising the formation of nanocrystalline cubic titanium monoxide (c-TiO) phase. On the other hand, films grown at larger α (≥60°) display tilted columns with amorphous structure, yielding highly porous films and an increased transparency for α > 75°. For TiOx films grown at large α, FLA induces phase transformation to nanocrystalline anatase from the amorphous state. In contrast to as-grown samples, FLA samples display PC activity as assessed by bleaching of methyl orange dye. The best PC performance is attained for an intermediate situation (α = 60–75°) between compact and columnar structures. The obtained photoactivity is discussed in terms of the different microstructures obtained by OAD and posterior phase formation upon FLA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Innovations in Glancing Angle Deposition and Related Nanostructures)
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24 pages, 7274 KiB  
Article
Segmental Mobility, Interfacial Polymer, Crystallization and Conductivity Study in Polylactides Filled with Hybrid Lignin-CNT Particles
by Panagiotis A. Klonos, Rafail O. Ioannidis, Andreas Pitsavas, Nikolaos D. Bikiaris, Sofia P. Makri, Stefania Koutsourea, Alexios Grigoropoulos, Ioanna Deligkiozi, Alexandros Zoikis-Karathanasis, Apostolos Kyritsis and Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090660 - 26 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 579
Abstract
A newly developed series of polylactide (PLA)-based composites filled with hybrid lignin–carbon nanotube (CNTs) particles were studied using thermal and dielectric techniques. The low CNT content (up to 3 wt%) aimed to create conductive networks while enhancing particle–polymer adhesion. For comparison, PLA composites [...] Read more.
A newly developed series of polylactide (PLA)-based composites filled with hybrid lignin–carbon nanotube (CNTs) particles were studied using thermal and dielectric techniques. The low CNT content (up to 3 wt%) aimed to create conductive networks while enhancing particle–polymer adhesion. For comparison, PLA composites based on lignin and CNTs were also examined. Although infrared spectroscopy showed no significant interactions, calorimetry and dielectric spectroscopy revealed a rigid interfacial PLA layer exhibiting restricted mobility. The interfacial polymer amount was found to increase monotonically with the particle content. The hybrid-filled PLA composites exhibited electrical conductivity, whereas PLA/Lignin and PLA/CNTs remained insulators. The result was indicative of a synergistic effect between lignin and CNTs, leading to lowering of the percolation threshold to 3 wt%, being almost ideal for sustainable conductive printing inks. Despite the addition of lignin and CNTs at different loadings, the glass transition temperature of PLA (60 °C) decreased slightly (softer composites) by 1–2 K in the composites, while the melting temperature remained stable at ~175 °C, favoring efficient processing. Regarding crystallization, which is typically slow in PLA, the hybrid lignin/CNT particles promoted crystal nucleation without increasing the total crystallizable fraction. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of eco-friendly conductive PLA composites for new-generation applications, such as printed electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocatalysis for Environmental Protection, Energy, and Green Chemistry, 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 16663 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Response of FeNiCrCoAl High-Entropy Alloys at the Nanoscale: Predictions from Molecular Dynamics
by Ernesto Amaro, Joaly Delgado-Alvarez, Jairo Andrés Martínez-Uribe and Sergio Mejía-Rosales
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090652 - 25 Apr 2025
Viewed by 664
Abstract
The mechanical response of high-entropy alloys (HEAs), specifically the FeNiCrCoAl HEA, was studied at both bulk and nanoparticle scales using molecular dynamics simulations. These simulations were performed using the LAMMPS software with an Embedded Atom Method (EAM) potential. The results show that Bulk [...] Read more.
The mechanical response of high-entropy alloys (HEAs), specifically the FeNiCrCoAl HEA, was studied at both bulk and nanoparticle scales using molecular dynamics simulations. These simulations were performed using the LAMMPS software with an Embedded Atom Method (EAM) potential. The results show that Bulk HEAs exhibited enhanced hardening and plasticity, while in nanoparticles, distinct deformation patterns were observed, including nanotwin formation, V-shaped stacking fault planes, and intermittent dislocation activity due to free surface effects. The crystallographic orientation with respect to the compression significantly affected the deformation mechanisms, with the [100] direction favoring progressive hardening, while the [110] and [111] directions exhibited different stacking fault and dislocation dynamics. A detailed analysis using von Mises stress and dislocation analysis provided insights into the effects of scale on mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of Nanomaterials)
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15 pages, 4751 KiB  
Article
SnO Nanosheet Transistor with Remarkably High Hole Effective Mobility and More than Six Orders of Magnitude On-Current/Off-Current
by Kuan-Chieh Chen, Jiancheng Wu, Pheiroijam Pooja and Albert Chin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090640 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 810
Abstract
Using novel SiO2 surface passivation and ultraviolet (UV) light anneal, a 12 nm thick SnO p-type FET (pFET) shows hole effective mobilities (µeff) of more than 100 cm2/V·s and 31.1 cm2/V·s at hole densities (Qh [...] Read more.
Using novel SiO2 surface passivation and ultraviolet (UV) light anneal, a 12 nm thick SnO p-type FET (pFET) shows hole effective mobilities (µeff) of more than 100 cm2/V·s and 31.1 cm2/V·s at hole densities (Qh) of 1 × 1011 and 5 × 1012 cm−2, respectively. To further improve the on-current/off-current (ION/IOFF), an ultra-thin 7 nm thick SnO nanosheet pFET shows a record-breaking ION/IOFF of 6.9 × 106 and remarkable µeff values of ~70 cm2/V·s and 20.7 cm2/V·s at Qh of 1 × 1011 cm−2 and 5 × 1012 cm−2, respectively. This is the first report of an oxide semiconductor transistor achieving a hole effective mobility µeff that reaches 20% of that in single-crystal Si pFETs at an ultra-thin body thickness of 7 nm. In sharp contrast, the control SnO nanosheet pFET without surface passivation or UV anneal exhibits a small ION/IOFF of 1.8 × 104 and a µeff of only 6.1 cm2/V·s at 5 × 1012 cm−2 Qh. The enhanced SnO pFET performance is attributed to reduced defects and improved quality in the SnO channel, as confirmed by decreased charges related to sub-threshold swing (SS) and threshold voltage (Vth) shift. Such a large improvement is further supported by the increased Sn2+ after passivation and UV anneal, as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The ION/IOFF ratio exceeding six orders of magnitude, remarkably high hole µeff, and excellent two-month stability demonstrate that this pFET is a strong candidate for integration with SnON nFETs in next-generation ultra-high-definition displays and monolithic three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Circuit Research for Nanoscale Field-Effect Transistors)
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55 pages, 12018 KiB  
Review
Antimicrobial Nanotubes: From Synthesis and Promising Antimicrobial Upshots to Unanticipated Toxicities, Strategies to Limit Them, and Regulatory Issues
by Silvana Alfei and Gian Carlo Schito
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080633 - 21 Apr 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 707
Abstract
Nanotubes (NTs) are nanosized tube-like structured materials made from various substances such as carbon, boron, or silicon. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene/graphene oxide (G/GO), and fullerenes, have good interatomic interactions and possess special characteristics, exploitable in several applications because of [...] Read more.
Nanotubes (NTs) are nanosized tube-like structured materials made from various substances such as carbon, boron, or silicon. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene/graphene oxide (G/GO), and fullerenes, have good interatomic interactions and possess special characteristics, exploitable in several applications because of the presence of sp2 and sp3 bonds. Among NTs, CNTs are the most studied compounds due to their nonpareil electrical, mechanical, optical, and biomedical properties. Moreover, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have, in particular, demonstrated high ability as drug delivery systems and in transporting a wide range of chemicals across membranes and into living cells. Therefore, SWNTs, more than other NT structures, have generated interest in medicinal applications, such as target delivery, improved imaging, tissue regeneration, medication, and gene delivery, which provide nanosized devices with higher efficacy and fewer side effects. SWNTs and multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) have recently gained a great deal of attention for their antibacterial effects. Unfortunately, numerous recent studies have revealed unanticipated toxicities caused by CNTs. However, contradictory opinions exist regarding these findings. Moreover, the problem of controlling CNT-based products has become particularly evident, especially in relation to their large-scale production and the nanosized forms of the carbon that constitute them. Important directive rules have been approved over the years, but further research and regulatory measures should be introduced for a safer production and utilization of CNTs. Against this background, and after an overview of CNMs and CNTs, the antimicrobial properties of pristine and modified SWNTs and MWCNTs as well as the most relevant in vitro and in vivo studies on their possible toxicity, have been reported. Strategies and preventive behaviour to limit CNT risks have been provided. Finally, a debate on regulatory issues has also been included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties, and Cutting-Edge Applications)
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17 pages, 4524 KiB  
Article
Resultant Incidence Angle: A Unique Criterion for Controlling the Inclined Columnar Nanostructure of Metallic Films
by Aurélien Besnard, Hamidreza Gerami, Marina Raschetti and Nicolas Martin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080620 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 657
Abstract
The original Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) technique was developed using the evaporation process, i.e., in high vacuum, with a nearly punctual source, and with the substrate aligned with the source axis. In this specific case, the substrate tilt angle can be assumed to [...] Read more.
The original Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) technique was developed using the evaporation process, i.e., in high vacuum, with a nearly punctual source, and with the substrate aligned with the source axis. In this specific case, the substrate tilt angle can be assumed to be equal to the impinging incidence angle of evaporated atoms. With the sputtering process, the deposition pressure is higher, sources are larger, and substrates are not intrinsically aligned with the source. As a result, deviations from the growth models applied for evaporation are reported, and the substrate tilt angle is no longer relevant for describing the impinging atomic flux. To control the inclined nanostructure of metallic films, a relevant description of the atomic flux is required, applicable across all deposition configurations. In this work, transport simulation is used to determine the resultant incidence angle, a unique criterion relevant to each specific deposition condition. The different representations of the flux are described and discussed, and some typical examples of the resultant angles are presented. Ten elements are investigated: three hcp transition metals (Ti, Zr, and Hf), six bcc transition metals (V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W), and one fcc post-transition metal (Al). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Innovations in Glancing Angle Deposition and Related Nanostructures)
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