Nanomaterials

17 pages, 4074 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Synergistically Enhancing Capacitive Performance of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene via Building Hierarchical Structure of TiO₂ Nanowire/MXene Composites and Utilizing Iron-Ion-Based Redox-Active Electrolytes

by Xiaohan Wang and Xusheng Du

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110671 - 27 May 2026

Viewed by 558

Abstract

In this work, a strategy for synergistic regulation of the Ti₃C₂T_x surface structure and redox activity of the electrolyte has been proposed. The surface modification of MXene was achieved via KOH treatment. Meanwhile, to cooperate with the surface-modified [...] Read more.

In this work, a strategy for synergistic regulation of the Ti₃C₂T_x surface structure and redox activity of the electrolyte has been proposed. The surface modification of MXene was achieved via KOH treatment. Meanwhile, to cooperate with the surface-modified MXene electrode materials, Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ was introduced into its common H₂SO₄ electrolyte to operate as a redox-active electrolyte for the first time. The results indicate that alkali treatment not only effectively reduces the amount of fluorine-terminal groups on the MXene surface but also forms in situ TiO₂ nanowires on its surface, thereby forming a unique hierarchical structure for facilitating the electrochemical reaction. Further utilization of the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ redox-active electrolyte introduced additional pseudocapacitive reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface, significantly enhancing the capacitive performance of the system. This synergistic effect of both the hierarchical 1D TiO₂/MXene composite electrode materials and the redox-active electrolyte resulted in a substantial increase in specific capacitance from 78.17 F g⁻¹ to 655.54 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 10 Ag⁻¹. The reaction kinetics of the electrochemical systems were studied, along with their energy storage mechanism. It is revealed that there is a transition of the energy storage mechanism from being dominated almost solely by diffusion control to collaborative diffusion and surface reactions in the synergistic electrode/electrolyte system, and the corresponding equivalent circuit has evolved from the single-interface model to a dual-interface model. This work has demonstrated that the proposed synergistic strategy can effectively enhance the capacitive performance of the MXene energy storage system and can be applied to other electrochemical systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hierarchical Nanostructured Materials for Multifunctional Applications (Second Edition))

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27 pages, 8241 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hierarchical Functionalisation of UiO-66(Zr)-NH₂ with Cysteine, PEG, and SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD to Facilitate ACE2 Receptor Targeting in Model Cells

by Veronika Huntošová, Saraa Baddour, Alexandra Migasová, Noémi Bilakovics, Anass Benziane, Michaela Salaková, Zuzana Jurašeková, Tomáš Zelenka, Gabriela Zelenková, Tim Schubert, Florina Zakany, Tamas Kovacs, Arpan Chowdhury, Ľuboš Ambro, Andrea Bodnár, Péter Szűcs, Judit Váradi, Andreas Walter, Erik Sedlák, Miroslav Almáši and György Vámosi Show full author list Hide full author list

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110670 - 26 May 2026

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Abstract

Hierarchical functionalisation of the UiO-66(Zr)-NH₂ metal–organic framework with cysteine, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) was developed to enable receptor-specific interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) in model cells. Post-synthetic modification using cysteine and heterobifunctional PEG [...] Read more.

Hierarchical functionalisation of the UiO-66(Zr)-NH₂ metal–organic framework with cysteine, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) was developed to enable receptor-specific interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) in model cells. Post-synthetic modification using cysteine and heterobifunctional PEG linkers allowed controlled bioconjugation of SpyTag-labelled RBD via SpyTag/SpyCatcher chemistry, while preserving the crystallinity, microporosity, and intrinsic optical properties of the UiO-66(Zr)-NH₂ framework. Comprehensive physicochemical characterisation confirmed successful surface functionalisation, tunable aggregation behaviour, and retention of multimodal optical characteristics. Cellular studies in HEK293T and HeLa cells overexpressing EGFP-tagged ACE2 demonstrated enhanced and selective association and uptake of RBD-functionalised nanoparticles compared with non-targeted analogues. Multimodal fluorescence imaging, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, flow-cytometry, and electron microscopy indicated ACE2-dependent endocytic internalisation, with predominant localisation in endosomal and autophagosomal compartments, while both amine- and cysteine-modified formulations exhibited good biocompatibility. Overall, this study establishes a virus-mimetic, ACE2-targeted UiO-66(Zr)-based nanosystem as a proof-of-concept biointerface platform for receptor-specific cellular delivery and imaging, providing a foundation for future MOF-based nanocarriers exploiting ligand–receptor interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications (Third Edition))

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32 pages, 23060 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characterising the Antimicrobial Performance of Engineered Layered Double Hydroxide Surfaces for Biofilm Control

by Federico Delle Fave, Michela Froio, Diego Cisternino, Suguna Jayaraman, Chris Ashley, Pier Gianni Medaglia and Francesco Giorgi

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110666 - 25 May 2026

Viewed by 1107

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health concern driven by bacterial biofilm formation, which increases tolerance to treatments. Developing surface-based strategies to limit biofilm formation is therefore critical. Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) are 2D brucite-like nanomaterials with tuneable physicochemical properties that may [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health concern driven by bacterial biofilm formation, which increases tolerance to treatments. Developing surface-based strategies to limit biofilm formation is therefore critical. Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) are 2D brucite-like nanomaterials with tuneable physicochemical properties that may reduce bacterial colonisation. Their ease of synthesis, with scalability potential for industrial production, alongside their characteristic and tunable physicochemical properties, makes them a promising nanostructured coating for antimicrobial applications. This study evaluates LDH thin-film coatings as intrinsic antimicrobial surfaces, focusing on the combined effects of chemical composition, nanotopography, and wettability on biofilm formation in Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Four aluminium-based LDHs (ZnAl-NO₃, ZnAl-Cl₂, MgAl-NO₃, MgAl-Cl₂) were synthesised via coprecipitation or in situ growth on aluminium substrates. Materials were characterised by XRD, SEM, EDS, and contact angle measurements. Antimicrobial performance was assessed by quantifying colony-forming units (CFU mL⁻¹) after bacterial exposure. ZnAl-LDH surfaces showed significant antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, while MgAl-LDHs showed no effect and occasionally increased bacterial growth. None of the LDH surfaces tested exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa strain. The antimicrobial performance of ZnAl-LDH can be attributed to the concurrent effect of the surface chemistry, wettability, and sharp platelet-like nanotopography. The results obtained demonstrate that ZnAl-LDH-based coatings are promising antimicrobial materials with potential relevance for translational research in clinical antimicrobial surface development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bioactive Materials for Nanomedicine)

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48 pages, 4912 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Polymer–Based Linear and Symmetric Artificial Synaptic Memristors for Accurate and Reliable Neuromorphic Computing Applications

by Anshu Kumar and Tseung-Yuen Tseng

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110657 - 23 May 2026

Viewed by 798

Abstract

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has intensified the demand for hardware systems capable of emulating brain-like information processing with high accuracy, energy efficiency, and reliability. Neuromorphic computing based on memristive artificial synapses has emerged as a promising approach to overcome the limitations [...] Read more.

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has intensified the demand for hardware systems capable of emulating brain-like information processing with high accuracy, energy efficiency, and reliability. Neuromorphic computing based on memristive artificial synapses has emerged as a promising approach to overcome the limitations of conventional von Neumann architectures. Although inorganic and oxide-based synaptic memristors have been widely explored for neuromorphic systems, they often suffer from poor linearity, asymmetric potentiation/depression behavior, limited conductance states, and device variability, which restrict learning accuracy and scalability. In contrast, polymer-based memristors have gained significant attention owing to their intrinsic advantages, including mechanical flexibility, molecular tunability, controllable electronic/ionic transport, low-temperature processability, and compatibility with large-area fabrication. This review critically examines recent advances in polymer—based memristive materials and devices for achieving linear and symmetric artificial synaptic behavior. Polymer synapses are classified into pure polymer, polymer composite, and polymer-hybrid systems through a mechanism to function framework. Rather than providing a general compilation of organic memristor studies, this review analyzes how polymer chemistry, ion-migration control, trap state distribution, redox activity, electrode selection, active layer thickness, and interface engineering govern conductance update linearity, symmetry, and uniformity. Fundamental switching mechanisms, material classifications, device architectures, key synaptic characteristics, and system-level neuromorphic performance, including pattern-recognition applications, are critically discussed. By explicitly linking material and device design to conductance update fidelity, learning accuracy, training convergence, and pattern-recognition reliability, this review provides practical design guidelines and future perspectives for next-generation polymer-based neuromorphic hardware with improved linearity, symmetry, reliability, and scalability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure Semiconductor Materials and Optoelectronic Applications: 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 8754 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Highly Transparent Phase Change Smart Windows Enabled by Refractive-Index-Matched n-Octadecane@SiO₂ Microcapsule Composites

by Fusen Yang, Zhixing Zhang, Yiyu Feng, Mengmeng Qin and Wei Feng

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110648 - 22 May 2026

Viewed by 442

Abstract

The development of phase change materials (PCMs) for window applications with both high optical transparency and effective temperature regulation is crucial for passive energy saving. However, liquid leakage during phase transition and enhanced interfacial light scattering often cause fluctuations in optical transmittance and [...] Read more.

The development of phase change materials (PCMs) for window applications with both high optical transparency and effective temperature regulation is crucial for passive energy saving. However, liquid leakage during phase transition and enhanced interfacial light scattering often cause fluctuations in optical transmittance and deterioration of image clarity. To address these challenges, a highly transparent phase change composite was constructed via a microencapsulation strategy. Submicron core–shell microcapsules were fabricated using n-octadecane as the core and silica as the shell, enabling effective encapsulation of the liquid PCM component. The resulting microcapsules exhibited a high melting enthalpy of 155.3 J g⁻¹. They were subsequently homogeneously dispersed within a refractive-index-matched polymer matrix, mitigating light scattering during phase transition by reducing interfacial refractive index mismatch. The composite exhibited favorable thermal energy storage capability and transmittance performance, with a visible light transmittance of 83.75% and a transmittance fluctuation of only ~5% before and after phase transition. After 100 thermal cycles, the optical attenuation remained as low as 0.35%, demonstrating excellent cycling stability. This work provides a new strategy for balancing optical transparency and phase change function, with potential applications in smart windows and flexible electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Nanocomposites for Thermal Management and Energy Storage)

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13 pages, 4997 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Suppressing Gate-Induced Drain Leakage with an Asymmetric Gate Design in HiPco CNT FETs

by Hui Ma, Senbiao Gu, Minglong Zhai and Honggang Liu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110653 - 22 May 2026

Viewed by 755

Abstract

Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT FETs) hold great promise for extending Moore’s Law, yet their performance is critically limited by excessive off-state leakage, caused by band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) in narrow bandgap CNT channels. In this work, we overcome this long-standing bottleneck by introducing [...] Read more.

Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT FETs) hold great promise for extending Moore’s Law, yet their performance is critically limited by excessive off-state leakage, caused by band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) in narrow bandgap CNT channels. In this work, we overcome this long-standing bottleneck by introducing a co-design strategy that integrates a small-diameter HiPco CNT channel with a novel asymmetric gate architecture. This approach strategically reshapes the channel electrostatics to simultaneously suppress the gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) effect and preserve excellent carrier transport. The efficacy of this strategy is rigorously validated through calibrated technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations for both NMOS and PMOS operation, demonstrating an ultralow off-current of 10 fA/µm, an on-current of 1.08 mA/µm, and a record on–off ratio of 1.1 × 10¹¹ for back-gated CNTFETs at the 90 nm node. The design exhibits outstanding scalability: at the scaled 28 nm node with a supply voltage of 0.7 V, the PMOS device achieves 3 mA/µm on-current and 6 pA/µm off-current, maintaining an on–off ratio of 5 × 10⁸. This work establishes a scalable pathway toward femtoampere-level CNT CMOS, addressing the static power challenge in future nano-electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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13 pages, 11161 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improved Performance Fiber Bragg Grating Hydrogen Sensor Based on Pt/WO₃ Nanosheets and Nafion Hybrid Coatings

by Wenhui Zhou, Hongxiao Li, Jinyu Zhang, Jixiang Dai, Wenbin Hu, Cheng Cheng and Minghong Yang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(10), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16100637 - 21 May 2026

Viewed by 413

Abstract

Reliable detection of hydrogen leakage is essential for the safe operation of hydrogen-related facilities. In this work, we propose a compact fiber Bragg grating (FBG) hydrogen sensor that exhibits high sensitivity. The sensor is based on an FBG encapsulated in a capillary, deposited [...] Read more.

Reliable detection of hydrogen leakage is essential for the safe operation of hydrogen-related facilities. In this work, we propose a compact fiber Bragg grating (FBG) hydrogen sensor that exhibits high sensitivity. The sensor is based on an FBG encapsulated in a capillary, deposited with a hybrid coating of Pt/WO₃ nanosheets and Nafion, which can effectively prevent the detachment of sensitive materials and facilitate mass production. The optimized sensor exhibits a wavelength shift of 1383 pm and a response time of 16 s towards 1% H₂ in air at room temperature, outperforming other FBG hydrogen sensors. In addition, the sensor displays nearly linear response and good repeatability during the hydrogen exposure process. Furthermore, the response of the sensor to hydrogen is much higher than that of other reducing gases. Nevertheless, more than 80% of the sensitivity of this sensor can be maintained even in 85% humidity atmosphere. This work presents an effective strategy to improve the performance of FBG hydrogen sensors, which can promote their potential application for hydrogen detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanofiber and Nanomaterial Composites: Energy, Healthcare and Beyond)

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19 pages, 604 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Exposure to Microplastics in Biological Matrices and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children: A Systematic Review

by Francesco Fabrizio Comisi, Andrea Maria Comisi, Elena Esposito and Vassilios Fanos

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(10), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16100618 - 18 May 2026

Viewed by 509

Abstract

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants detected in numerous human tissues, yet epidemiological evidence on MNPs exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children has not been systematically evaluated. We aimed to systematically identify, appraise, and synthesize observational evidence on this association in [...] Read more.

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants detected in numerous human tissues, yet epidemiological evidence on MNPs exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children has not been systematically evaluated. We aimed to systematically identify, appraise, and synthesize observational evidence on this association in children aged 0–18 years. Six databases were searched on 19 February 2026 following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420261328979). Risk of bias and certainty of evidence were assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklists and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) framework. Three studies met the inclusion criteria (all published in 2025, China; n = 30–5670; two studies with probable population overlap), addressing behavioral, cognitive, and neurological outcome domains, encompassing 56 associations across 14 outcomes. Each study showed a uniform direction of association (higher MP exposure was associated with poorer outcomes); however, probable population overlap between Dong and Zheng precludes interpretation of this pattern as independent cross-study replication. All outcomes were rated Very Low certainty under GRADE; meta-analysis was not performed. Although experimental evidence supports biological plausibility, no causal inferences can be drawn in the absence of independent replication, and the field remains at the stage of hypothesis generation. Future studies should prioritize prospective longitudinal designs, spectroscopic exposure confirmation, and standardized neurodevelopmental outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Nanotechnologies for Climate Change and Pollution)

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16 pages, 2175 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploration of the Electronic and Catalytic Properties of [Co₅MS₈(PEt₃)₅]¹⁺ Nanoclusters: A Computational Study

by Shana Havenridge, Audrey Grace Miller and Cong Liu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(10), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16100587 - 12 May 2026

Viewed by 557

Abstract

Recent studies have demonstrated the relative stability of undercoordinated hexanuclear cobalt sulfide nanoclusters (NCs) with different charge states. Considering that these small metal NCs have atomically precise structures and high reactivity due to the open shell of the transition metals, and provide selectivity [...] Read more.

Recent studies have demonstrated the relative stability of undercoordinated hexanuclear cobalt sulfide nanoclusters (NCs) with different charge states. Considering that these small metal NCs have atomically precise structures and high reactivity due to the open shell of the transition metals, and provide selectivity toward ligand loss, they are a vital model for catalysis. In this paper, the electronic structures of these NCs are investigated. These NCs are then used as the reference state to analyze the catalytic properties with respect to hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and CO₂ reduction (CO₂R). Further, to understand the effect of heteroatom incorporation, the geometry and reactivity of ten different metal dopants are analyzed. This work shows that the type of metal incorporation greatly affects the electronic structure and formation energies for ligand binding and catalysis. Particularly, the d-orbital occupancy in the cobalt atoms remains largely unchanged, while the heteroatom greatly influences the reactivity of the undercoordinated NCs. Most notably, this work highlights that transition metals in [Co₅MS₈(PEt₃)₅]¹⁺ NCs would competitively prefer electrochemical adsorption of H over COOH, while the main group metals prefer COOH adsorption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Chemistry and Theoretical Catalysis for Nanomaterial-Catalyzed Chemical Conversion and Energy Storage)

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19 pages, 5603 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

SRGAN-Based Joint Super-Resolution and Denoising for Mitigating Geometric and Topological Biases in Fine-Grained Electron Backscatter Diffraction Images

by Dong Li, Xiaohua Chen and Yongwei Wang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(10), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16100583 - 10 May 2026

Viewed by 689

Abstract

Accurate microstructural characterization for materials with grain sizes ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers is often constrained by insufficient resolution and noise, leading to distorted statistics. In this study, we constructed a simulated dataset incorporating noise induced by effective resolution based on [...] Read more.

Accurate microstructural characterization for materials with grain sizes ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers is often constrained by insufficient resolution and noise, leading to distorted statistics. In this study, we constructed a simulated dataset incorporating noise induced by effective resolution based on experimental electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) characteristics and proposed an SRGAN-based method for simultaneous super-resolution and denoising. Compared with conventional interpolation-based denoising methods widely adopted in EBSD experiments, the proposed framework effectively alleviates the underestimation of grain size and grain boundary number distributions, and more faithfully recovers microstructural geometry and topology. Quantitatively, conventional methods cause an average of approximately 16.03% of the grains to shift toward smaller size bins, whereas the SRGAN-based approach reduces this proportion to about 3.35%. In addition, the SRGAN-based method shows a 2.58% improvement in the accuracy of grain boundary counts compared with conventional method, effectively mitigating statistical distribution distortion. Moreover, although trained exclusively on simulated images, the network performs effectively on experimental images, demonstrating practical applicability for microstructural analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)

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14 pages, 5022 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Defect-Engineered VO₂ Films: From Abrupt Phase Transition to Continuous Infrared Modulation via High-Vacuum Annealing

by Lin Liu, Jinxiao Li, Lei Wu, Xiaoling Wu, Guoan Cheng and Ruiting Zheng

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(10), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16100575 - 8 May 2026

Viewed by 947

Abstract

Vanadium dioxide (VO₂) films have attracted extensive attention for their pronounced metal–insulator transition (MIT) and multifunctional responses, holding great promise for smart windows, infrared stealth, memristive devices, and advanced sensors. However, conventional approaches for tuning the transition temperature, such as elemental [...] Read more.

Vanadium dioxide (VO₂) films have attracted extensive attention for their pronounced metal–insulator transition (MIT) and multifunctional responses, holding great promise for smart windows, infrared stealth, memristive devices, and advanced sensors. However, conventional approaches for tuning the transition temperature, such as elemental doping or heterostructure engineering, often suffer from complicated processing, impurity phases, and poor device uniformity. Here, we use a dopant-free, high-vacuum annealing (9 × 10⁻⁴ Pa, ≈9 × 10⁻⁶ mbar) strategy to regulate the intrinsic structural evolution of VO₂ films via oxygen-vacancy engineering and to clarify its influence on electrical switching contrast and infrared emissivity modulation. As the annealing temperature increases under low oxygen partial pressure, oxygen vacancies gradually accumulate, converting V⁴⁺ to V³⁺ and driving the films through three distinct structural stages: low-temperature lattice expansion with preserved M1 framework, critical structural collapse at 550 °C, and high-temperature defect rearrangement with local recrystallization. Consequently, the electrical MIT temperature continuously decreases, but the switching ratio collapses at the critical point and only partially recovers after high-temperature reorganization, while the infrared emissivity response transitions from abrupt, phase-transition-dominated switching to a continuous, tunable modulation at elevated temperatures. Notably, the infrared response begins continuous tuning earlier (≈450 °C) than the collapse of electrical MIT, reflecting the different sensitivities of optical and electronic responses to local lattice defects. These results reveal the coupling among oxygen-vacancy evolution, structural stability, electrical contrast, and infrared modulation in compositionally simple VO₂ films. Compared with conventional doping, this high-vacuum annealing strategy avoids impurity phases, preserves compositional simplicity, and provides a scalable defect-engineering route to design VO₂-based devices with reconfigurable electrical and infrared response modes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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18 pages, 19996 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optical and Structural Properties of Co²⁺-Doped CsPbI₃ Nanocrystals Embedded in Borosilicate Glass

by Wilson A. Silva, Éder V. Guimarães, Klever A. S. Costa, Nataly S. Moura, José F. Condeles, Raquel A. Domingues and Ricardo S. Silva

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(10), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16100580 - 8 May 2026

Viewed by 1252

Abstract

Co²⁺-doped CsPbI₃ nanocrystals (NCs) (CsPbI₃:xCo, x = 0, 5, and 10 mol%) were synthesized in situ within a borosilicate glass matrix by the fusion method followed by controlled thermal treatment at 500 °C for 6–24 h. Transmission electron [...] Read more.

Co²⁺-doped CsPbI₃ nanocrystals (NCs) (CsPbI₃:xCo, x = 0, 5, and 10 mol%) were synthesized in situ within a borosilicate glass matrix by the fusion method followed by controlled thermal treatment at 500 °C for 6–24 h. Transmission electron microscopy images showed quasi-spherical NCs with mean diameters of 4.9–7.1 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy suggested cobalt incorporation within the nanocrystalline regions. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the exclusive stabilization of the cubic α-phase across all compositions, with systematic lattice contraction from a = 6.321 Å to a = 6.301 Å with increasing Co content, consistent with preferential B-site substitution of Pb²⁺ by Co²⁺. Transmittance measurements confirmed macroscopic optical transparency of all glass-NC composites after thermal treatment. The crystal field theory and Tanabe–Sugano analysis for d⁷ ions in tetrahedral (Td) symmetry yielded Δ = 5032 cm⁻¹ and B = 725 cm⁻¹ in the as-prepared state, evolving to Δ = 4428 cm⁻¹ and B = 805 cm⁻¹ after thermal treatment, confirming Td Co²⁺ coordination and significant metal–iodide covalency. CIE 1931 chromaticity analysis revealed tunable emission from deep-red coordinates to near-white-light regions, demonstrating potential for LED and single-material WLED phosphor applications. Long-term photoluminescence measurements demonstrated full preservation of α-phase excitonic emission after approximately 365 days under ambient conditions, establishing the robust phase stability of CsPbI₃:xCo NCs embedded in borosilicate glass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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28 pages, 18948 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Precise Probing of Interfaces at the Single-Molecule Scale

by Enyu Zhang, Zhiping Chen, Shuai Wang, Cong Zhao, Hongyu Ju, Yingze Sun and Chuancheng Jia

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(10), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16100573 - 7 May 2026

Viewed by 1495

Abstract

The macroscopic functionality of nanoscale systems is fundamentally governed by microscopic physicochemical processes at material interfaces. However, conventional ensemble-averaged characterization techniques often obscure these subtle interfacial nuances due to their inherent limitations in spatial and temporal resolution. This review examines how single-molecule electrical [...] Read more.

The macroscopic functionality of nanoscale systems is fundamentally governed by microscopic physicochemical processes at material interfaces. However, conventional ensemble-averaged characterization techniques often obscure these subtle interfacial nuances due to their inherent limitations in spatial and temporal resolution. This review examines how single-molecule electrical measurements overcome these constraints by acting as precise analytical probes that directly transduce interfacial events into quantifiable conductance signals. By summarizing recent advances, we demonstrate how this approach resolves key physical interfacial characteristics, including distinct bonding motifs, steric configurations, and electronic coupling. We further summarize the real-time chemical interrogation of solid–liquid boundaries, which enables the capture of covalent bond formation kinetics, the dissection of catalytic reaction mechanisms, and the tracking of dynamic ion adsorption and proton transfer. Collectively, these investigations reveal interfaces as active, dynamically responsive physicochemical environments rather than simple passive structural boundaries. Finally, we propose that when employed primarily as high-resolution diagnostic tools rather than standalone electronic components, single-molecule junctions bridge atomic-scale interfacial mechanisms with macroscopic material performance, thereby providing an essential mechanistic foundations for the rational design of functional nanointerfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)

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29 pages, 3039 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Light-Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Fish Waste-Derived Carbon-TiO₂ Composites for Sustainable Energy Storage Systems

by Ana T. S. C. Brandão, Sabrina State, Laura Bianca Enache, Renata Costa, Geanina Valentina Mihai, José A. Vázquez, Jesus Valcarcel, Liana Anicai, Marius Enachescu and Carlos M. Pereira

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090538 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 731

Abstract

This work reports on the synthesis and electrochemical investigation of sustainable carbon–TiO₂ nanocomposites derived from marine biowaste, designed to elucidate light-assisted charge storage mechanisms in non-aqueous electrolytes. Porous carbons obtained from prawn chitin and blue shark gelatin were decorated in situ with [...] Read more.

This work reports on the synthesis and electrochemical investigation of sustainable carbon–TiO₂ nanocomposites derived from marine biowaste, designed to elucidate light-assisted charge storage mechanisms in non-aqueous electrolytes. Porous carbons obtained from prawn chitin and blue shark gelatin were decorated in situ with TiO₂ nanoparticles using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a green synthesis medium. Structural and morphological characterisation revealed that TiO₂ incorporation induces significant nanoscale reorganisation of the carbon framework, resulting in hierarchical porosity, increased surface area, and intimate semiconductor–carbon interfaces. Electrochemical evaluation in a three-electrode configuration using an ethaline-based DES electrolyte demonstrated that TiO₂ decoration substantially enhances capacitive performance and cycling stability, with the prawn chitin-derived composite achieving a specific capacitance of 54 ± 3 F g⁻¹ and 91% retention after 10,000 cycles. Under illumination, all TiO₂-containing composites exhibited a pronounced increase in anodic current response and discharge time, indicating photo-assisted surface charge accumulation. Although the absolute capacitance values are modest compared to those of aqueous supercapacitor systems, the results provide mechanistic insight into the interplay among nanostructure, semiconductor photoactivity, and ion transport in viscous, hydrogen-bonded DES electrolytes. By combining waste-derived carbons, green synthesis routes, and photo-responsive nanostructures, this study highlights a sustainable strategy for developing multifunctional carbon-based nanomaterials with light-modulated electrochemical behaviour. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorizing Waste-Derived Carbon for Advanced Battery Applications: Innovations and Sustainable Pathways)

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17 pages, 10549 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Parametric Reconstruction and Pore-Scale Transport Analysis of Microporous Layers in PEM Fuel Cells

by Shengbo Sun, Lingquan Li, Hao Wang and Guogang Yang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090529 - 27 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 727

Abstract

The microporous layer (MPL) is a key functional component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), and clarifying the quantitative relationship between its microstructure and mass transport properties is essential for improving cell performance. In this study, a three-dimensional MPL model was developed [...] Read more.

The microporous layer (MPL) is a key functional component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), and clarifying the quantitative relationship between its microstructure and mass transport properties is essential for improving cell performance. In this study, a three-dimensional MPL model was developed using a stochastic reconstruction method, and, together with a random walk algorithm, was employed to systematically investigate the effects of porosity, carbon sphere radius, maximum overlap ratio, seed ratio, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) content on permeability, effective diffusivity, and tortuosity. The results reveal that increasing porosity reduces tortuosity from 1.7 to 1.3, while permeability and effective diffusivity increase by factors of approximately 6.5 and 1.8, respectively. As the carbon sphere radius increases, tortuosity decreases from 1.55 to 1.35, accompanied by an increase in permeability from 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ m² to 20 × 10⁻¹⁶ m². Moreover, increasing the PTFE content raises permeability from 5 × 10⁻¹⁶ m² to 22.5 × 10⁻¹⁶ m², corresponding to an enhancement by a factor of approximately 4.5. The high-accuracy fitting equations obtained from the simulation results provide theoretical guidance for the microstructural design and optimization of MPLs, which can enhance oxygen transport and water management, reduce mass transport losses, and thereby benefit high-power-density operation and the overall efficiency of PEM fuel cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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26 pages, 1768 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

High-Accuracy Characterization of a Single Thin Film on a Substrate from One Transmittance Spectrum by an Advanced Envelope Method Addressing Voids, Tail Electron Transitions, and Deep-Level Electron Transitions in a-Si Films

by Dorian Minkov, George Angelov, Dimitar Nikolov, Rostislav Rusev, Manuel Ballester, Susana Fernandez and Emilio Marquez

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090522 - 26 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 907

Abstract

In most amorphous materials, the concentration of Urbach tail states is larger than the concentration of dangling bond states. However, absorption accounting for the Urbach tail while disregarding the dangling bonds is commonly used or derived by spectroscopic characterizations of amorphous films from [...] Read more.

In most amorphous materials, the concentration of Urbach tail states is larger than the concentration of dangling bond states. However, absorption accounting for the Urbach tail while disregarding the dangling bonds is commonly used or derived by spectroscopic characterizations of amorphous films from a single spectrum, mostly due to the insufficient accuracy of such characterizations. This paper proposes an advanced envelope method (AEM) for transmittance spectrum T(λ), aiming to resolve this problem. The novelties in AEM are: improved preprocessing of T(λ), extending the envelopes deeper into the region of strong absorption (RSA), enhanced determination of the refractive index n(λ) in the region of weak absorption, optimization of both n(λ) and the extinction coefficient k(λ) in RSA, as well as analysis of the types of electron transitions and calculation of their energy gaps. Three single magnetron sputtered a-Si films deposited on glass substrates are characterized by AEM, and three other relevant methods that disregard deep-levels. The best accuracy is achieved when these films are characterized by AEM. It is demonstrated that the absorption coefficient α(λ) of each of these films distinguishes electron transitions via dangling bond states from those via tails states, and the DOS corresponds to the Mott–Davis model of amorphous materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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10 pages, 12369 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Stress Engineering in the Optimization of Next-Generation Hafnium-Based Ferroelectric Memory

by Zhenhai Li, Ruihong Yuan, Xingcan Guo, Yiqun Hu, Yongkai Liu, Jiajie Yu, Kangli Xu, Qingxuan Li, Tianyu Wang, Qingqing Sun, David Wei Zhang and Lin Chen

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090516 - 25 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1094

Abstract

Hafnium oxide thin films have been extensively investigated for high-speed and low-power memory applications. Herein, we investigated the influence of oxygen vacancies and external stress on the ferroelectric characteristics of Al-doped HfO₂ (HfAlO). Compared with HfAlO with 14% oxygen vacancies, films with [...] Read more.

Hafnium oxide thin films have been extensively investigated for high-speed and low-power memory applications. Herein, we investigated the influence of oxygen vacancies and external stress on the ferroelectric characteristics of Al-doped HfO₂ (HfAlO). Compared with HfAlO with 14% oxygen vacancies, films with 21% oxygen vacancies could lower the polarization switching barrier and increase the fraction of the ferroelectric phase. Furthermore, significant external stress promotes ferroelectric phase formation, thereby enhancing ferroelectric characteristics. The remanent polarization achieved with W electrodes (2Pr = 38 µC/cm²) is about 18 times that of Au electrodes, owing to the lower thermal expansion coefficient of W electrodes. Density functional theory calculations and finite element analysis provide theoretical insights corroborating the experimental results, helping to pave the way for developing hafnium-based materials for next-generation in-memory computing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HfO₂-Based Ferroelectric Thin Films and Devices)

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17 pages, 8097 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Engineering Zn²⁺-Based Ternary Heterostructured Photocatalysts via Controlled Reconstruction of Layered Double Hydroxides for Solar-Driven Hydrogen Production

by Denis Cutcovschi, Elena Mihaela Seftel and Gabriela Carja

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090508 - 23 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 811

Abstract

Active and cost-effective catalysts are essential for obtaining high hydrogen evolution activity. In this paper, we report ZnO/ZnLDH/ZnLDO as a novel ternary Zn²⁺-based heterostructure obtained via the partial structural reconstruction of Zn-based layered double hydroxides (LDH) in a Zn²⁺-containing [...] Read more.

Active and cost-effective catalysts are essential for obtaining high hydrogen evolution activity. In this paper, we report ZnO/ZnLDH/ZnLDO as a novel ternary Zn²⁺-based heterostructure obtained via the partial structural reconstruction of Zn-based layered double hydroxides (LDH) in a Zn²⁺-containing solution and evaluate its catalytic performance in hydrogen evolution under solar light. The reconstruction strategy induces the formation of a ZnLDH/ZnLDO platform decorated with small ZnO nanoparticles (~3 nm) that are generated in situ during the reconstruction process. The catalysts were extensively characterized for their structure and morphology by XRD, SEM, and TEM/HRTEM, while XPS analysis reveals electronic modulation across the interfaced units. For photocatalytic H₂ evolution under simulated solar light, the optimized ZnO/ZnLDH/ZnLDO (x = 15%) achieves the highest performance with a hydrogen evolution rate of 1.8 mmol h⁻¹ gcat⁻¹, outperforming the individual (ZnLDH, ZnLDO) and binary (ZnO/ZnLDH, ZnO/ZnLDO) catalysts. The enhanced activity is attributed to cascade-type charge transfer across the ternary Zn²⁺-based structures, which promotes efficient charge separation. However, excessive reconstruction (high x%) or high-temperature calcination alter the LDH/LDO balance, resulting in decreased photocatalytic activity. This work provides a new idea for designing active multiple interfaced heterostructured photocatalysts by using the partial reconstruction of LDH as a facile and cost-effective approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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23 pages, 8086 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Annealing on Electrical and Optical Properties of Tin-Doped Vanadium Oxide Films for Microbolometer Applications

by Lin Cong and Mukti Rana

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090504 - 22 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 673

Abstract

We investigate the effects of post-annealing in oxygen (O₂) and nitrogen (N₂) on tin-doped vanadium oxide (V_xSn_yO_z) films for microbolometer applications. The films were deposited using magnetron sputtering in an Ar:O₂ environment. [...] Read more.

We investigate the effects of post-annealing in oxygen (O₂) and nitrogen (N₂) on tin-doped vanadium oxide (V_xSn_yO_z) films for microbolometer applications. The films were deposited using magnetron sputtering in an Ar:O₂ environment. We demonstrate that low Sn doping combined with N₂ post-annealing provides an effective approach to optimize the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), resistivity, and 1/f-noise. Compared to undoped VO_x, V_xSn_yO_z films exhibit an enhanced TCR, moderate resistivity, and reduced 1/f-noise. The 135 nm thick V_0.46Sn_0.03O_0.51 film after post-annealing in N₂ shows a TCR of −4.08%/K and a resistivity of 7.3 × 10⁻² Ω⋅cm at 300 K, an absorptance of 63–68% in the 900–2500 nm wavelength range, and low noise voltage power spectral density (1.77 × 10⁻¹⁶ V²/Hz at 100 Hz under 0.3μA bias current). These results indicate that Sn-doped VO_x films are promising sensing materials for microbolometer applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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20 pages, 3436 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hierarchical Hybrid Electrodes (HHE) for Enhancing the Performance of Water Electrolysis Systems

by Sanskar Shrestha, Sathvik Peddamalla, Wenhu Wang and Sharmila M. Mukhopadhyay

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090500 - 22 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1409

Abstract

Electrolysis of water is a promising emission-free approach of hydrogen production, making water electrolyzers important for many renewable energy systems. Electrochemical electrodes enriched with nanocatalysts can significantly advance such technologies, but the use of nanomaterials, deployed as packed powders or painted films, is [...] Read more.

Electrolysis of water is a promising emission-free approach of hydrogen production, making water electrolyzers important for many renewable energy systems. Electrochemical electrodes enriched with nanocatalysts can significantly advance such technologies, but the use of nanomaterials, deployed as packed powders or painted films, is generally limited by durability and reusability challenges. To overcome these deficiencies, we have fabricated hierarchical hybrid electrode (HHE) monoliths comprising carpet-like arrays of multiwalled carbon nanotubes covalently bonded to porous reticulated carbon foams that are further functionalized with strongly attached nanocatalysts. This paper presents our investigation of HHE materials with CNT carpets and palladium nanoparticle (PdNP) catalysts in two key electrolysis reactions: hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Their performances in different electrolytes have been evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and Tafel analysis. This architecture provided multi-faceted advantages, and the contribution of each nanocomponent in the monolith has been analyzed. The presence of Pd-NP in the HHE also improved the electrode’s tolerance to Cl⁻ ions, which is very promising for saline water electrolysis. These studies indicate that the HHE architecture of electrochemical electrodes can be a versatile and tunable option for future electrochemical systems relevant to renewable energy applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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19 pages, 4707 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Liquid-Phase Synthesis and Regulatory Mechanisms of Nano-Nickel Powders for MLCC Inner Electrodes

by Zhenzong Quan, Jianwei Wang, Huijun He, Xingming Wang, Liqing Ban, Xiaoling Ma and Haijun Zhao

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(8), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16080491 - 21 Apr 2026

Viewed by 859

Abstract

Driven by the demand for miniaturization, high capacitance, and enhanced reliability in high-performance multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), the continuous thinning of inner electrode layers imposes increasingly stringent requirements on the size, distribution, morphology, and dispersion of nano-nickel powders. We systematically investigate how functional [...] Read more.

Driven by the demand for miniaturization, high capacitance, and enhanced reliability in high-performance multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), the continuous thinning of inner electrode layers imposes increasingly stringent requirements on the size, distribution, morphology, and dispersion of nano-nickel powders. We systematically investigate how functional additives regulate the nucleation, growth, and microstructural evolution of nano-nickel synthesized via hydrazine-driven liquid-phase reduction of nickel sulfate. The results demonstrate that the alkanolamine complexing agent (TAC) significantly refines the average particle size and morphology of the nano-nickel through coordination effects. Furthermore, inorganic sulfur salts (ISP), acting via surface adsorption to passivate growth sites and provide catalytic effects, enable a precise and continuous reduction in the average particle diameter from 330 nm down to 60 nm at a mere trace dosage of ~10⁻⁷ mol/L. Regarding dispersion optimization, highly dispersed face-centered cubic (FCC) nano-nickel was successfully prepared by introducing multidentate carboxylate (NNA). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was employed to unveil, for the first time, the crystallographic origin of the anomalous surface protrusions typically observed in conventional reaction systems. We confirmed that the family of

\{10 \bar{1} 0\}

crystal planes within these regions, which exhibits interfacial angles of 58.7° and 58.3°, corresponds to a thermodynamically metastable hexagonal close-packed (HCP) nickel phase originating from atomic stacking faults induced by rapid growth kinetics. To address this microstructural defect, a thioether-based amino acid (TAA) was introduced. TAA effectively suppresses the anisotropic growth of the metastable HCP phase through the strong steric hindrance of its long side chains and its selective adsorption onto high-energy facets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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19 pages, 10325 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Study of PEG/Biochar Cementitious Cold-Bonded Aggregate for Thermal Energy Storage

by Rongji Li, Chong Zhang, Yuechao Zhao, Changliang Wu, Guangbin Duan and Xiuzhi Zhang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(8), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16080492 - 21 Apr 2026

Viewed by 698

Abstract

The incorporation of phase change materials in concrete is a practical strategy that holds great promise for enhancing the energy efficiency of buildings and reducing CO₂ emissions. However, the direct contact between phase change materials and cement interferes with the cement hydration [...] Read more.

The incorporation of phase change materials in concrete is a practical strategy that holds great promise for enhancing the energy efficiency of buildings and reducing CO₂ emissions. However, the direct contact between phase change materials and cement interferes with the cement hydration reaction, leading to a significant reduction in the mechanical strength of cementitious composites. To encapsulate polyethylene glycol and prevent leakage, this study developed a shape-stabilized phase change aggregate via the cold-bonding method and the vacuum impregnation method. The nanoscale pore structure of the aggregate was regulated by adjusting the biochar content to enhance the phase-change material loading capacity. The phase change aggregate was characterized by indicators including crushing strength and water absorption. Meanwhile, its microstructure, the correlations between nano-sized hydration products, chemical compatibility, and phase change properties were analyzed. The fabricated phase change aggregate has a crushing strength of over 5 MPa, latent heat of 42.84 J/g, and phase change temperature of 29.17 °C while also exhibiting good mechanical properties and thermal energy storage performance. The compressive strength of phase change concrete can meet the strength requirements for structural building material. Moreover, phase change aggregate contributed to reduced CO₂ emissions during service, with favorable economic and low-carbon benefits over its service life, demonstrating good performance in both economic efficiency and CO₂ emission reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Modified Cement and Concrete)

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41 pages, 9763 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Emerging Synthesis Strategies of High-Entropy Intermetallic Nanocatalysts

by Jitao Lu, Weiying Yang, Jun Chen, Maiyong Zhu and Quan Zhang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(8), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16080472 - 16 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1133

Abstract

High-entropy intermetallic (HEI) nanomaterials have recently been established as a representative class of high-performance nanocatalysts. However, the synthesis of HEI nanomaterials remains a significant challenge, with only a limited number of types being reported to date. This review aims to provide a systematical [...] Read more.

High-entropy intermetallic (HEI) nanomaterials have recently been established as a representative class of high-performance nanocatalysts. However, the synthesis of HEI nanomaterials remains a significant challenge, with only a limited number of types being reported to date. This review aims to provide a systematical overview of the current state of research on HEI nanomaterials. The synthesis strategies are first discussed, with a special emphasis on the pivotal role that supports play in the formation of HEI nanomaterials. Following this, we provide a summary of key catalytic applications and focus on the structure–performance relationships. Finally, the review concludes by discussing the challenges faced in this area and suggesting potential research directions for the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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41 pages, 7798 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Catalyst Engineering for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Production: State-of-the-Art Progress and Future Perspectives

by Yangyulu Huang, Shurui Cheng, Qixuan Chi and Wenjun Jiang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(8), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16080466 - 15 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1365

Abstract

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) plays a vital role as an eco-friendly oxidizer, extensively used in environmental cleanup, energy transformation, and organic production. Nonetheless, the conventional method of creating anthraquinones is intricate, resulting in significant energy and ecological costs, which calls [...] Read more.

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) plays a vital role as an eco-friendly oxidizer, extensively used in environmental cleanup, energy transformation, and organic production. Nonetheless, the conventional method of creating anthraquinones is intricate, resulting in significant energy and ecological costs, which calls for the development of more eco-friendly and efficient substitute technologies. The article methodically examines the reaction processes and methods for improving efficiency in photocatalytic H₂O₂ generation in the past few years. This review summarizes the design principles and key structural features of various novel catalytic materials, focusing on light absorption, charge separation and migration, surface redox reactions, and enhanced mass transfer. Approaches such as expanding the range of bandgap absorption, building conjugated structures, and incorporating metal nanoclusters can significantly enhance the efficiency of light absorption. In the charge separation process, constructing built-in electric fields at the interfaces of heterojunctions, homojunctions, and Schottky junctions is crucial for improving reaction efficiency. Additionally, defect engineering may encourage targeted carrier movement and minimize recombination. The review highlights the latest advancements in enhancing selectivity and reducing H₂O₂ breakdown in surface redox reactions, achieved by regulating active sites, introducing new functional groups, and developing dual-channel reaction pathways. Furthermore, constructing three-phase interfaces, regulating asymmetric wettability, and designing cyclic/flow reactors provide innovative engineering solutions to address the challenges of insufficient oxygen supply and large-scale continuous production. Ultimately, the potential for producing H₂O₂ in photocatalytic systems is detailed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Photocatalysts for Environmental and Energy Applications)

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28 pages, 5969 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Metal–Organic Frameworks for CO₂ Capture: Improving Adsorption Performance Through Modification Methods

by Hongyu Pan, Li Xu, Tong Xu and Bin Zhu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(8), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16080454 - 10 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1046

Abstract

Industrial emissions of large amounts of CO₂ have seriously affected human health, making it imperative to reduce atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. However, carbon capture technologies such as chemical absorption and membrane separation are still limited by high regenerative energy costs, corrosion, and [...] Read more.

Industrial emissions of large amounts of CO₂ have seriously affected human health, making it imperative to reduce atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. However, carbon capture technologies such as chemical absorption and membrane separation are still limited by high regenerative energy costs, corrosion, and low efficiency in diluting flue gas. Within this technological landscape, physical adsorption separation technology, due to its advantages such as a wide operating temperature range, low equipment corrosivity, and low regeneration energy consumption, has gradually become a research hotspot in carbon capture technology. The core of physical adsorption lies in finding high-quality adsorbents. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), with their ultra-high specific surface area, tunable pore structure, and abundant functionalization sites, are considered highly promising next-generation CO₂ adsorbent materials. This review summarizes strategies for modifying MOFs to improve CO₂ adsorption performance, focusing on aperture adjustment, doped metal ions, functional group doping, and computational screening. Performance enhancements are mechanism-dependent rather than simply additive. Moderate aperture adjustment and defect engineering can improve gas selectivity and CO₂ capture capacity, while excessively narrow pores sacrifice available pore volume and gas diffusion. Doped metal ions, particularly in MOF-74 and related materials, can enhance CO₂ capture capacity while controlling framework integrity and dopant composition. Functional group Doping remains an effective method for capturing low-partial-pressure CO₂. Computational screening is shifting from ranking based on single adsorption capacity to a comprehensive consideration that includes humidity tolerance, stability, and regenerability. Overall, under industrial conditions, modified MOFs should be evaluated by balancing affinity, selectivity, capacity, stability, and energy efficiency. This review provides guidance for the rational design of MOF-based carbon capture adsorbents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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19 pages, 4668 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Control of Microstructure, Trap Levels, and Trap Distribution in HfO₂ Films Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition

by Seyedeh Mahsa Sharafi, Marco Flores, Himasha Appuhami and Farida A. Selim

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(8), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16080451 - 9 Apr 2026

Viewed by 952

Abstract

HfO₂ films have become a critical component for advanced electronics and a wide range of applications. However, their implementation requires control of their microstructure and defects, which often act as charge carrier traps, leading to leakage current in devices and hindering their [...] Read more.

HfO₂ films have become a critical component for advanced electronics and a wide range of applications. However, their implementation requires control of their microstructure and defects, which often act as charge carrier traps, leading to leakage current in devices and hindering their dielectric properties. Here, we deposit HfO₂ thin films by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on sapphire, Ga₂O₃, and InGaO₃ substrates at low temperature and investigate the dependence of their crystal structure on substrate type, annealing, and thickness. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that alloying Ga₂O₃ with a modest amount of Indium transferred HfO₂ films from amorphous to polycrystalline, an important finding that may be applicable to the deposition of other material systems. The study also presents an interesting approach to measuring shallow and deep traps formed in the films and shows how to control their levels and distributions in the band gap. The measurements reveal that the difference in band gap between the substrate and film, as well as the presence of impurities, strongly influences trap densities and depths. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements were performed to probe the electronic structure of specific point defects detectable by EPR and to correlate these results with trap measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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18 pages, 15233 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Study on the Micro-Nano Characteristics of Organic-Rich Shale Reservoirs Under Differential Sedimentation: A Case Study of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation and Upper Permian Dalong Formation Shales in the Sichuan Basin, China

by Jia Wang, Sirui Liu, Tao Wang, Tianzhu Hu, Qi Zhang, Mingkai Zhang, Xinrui Yang and Dunfan Wang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070440 - 3 Apr 2026

Viewed by 549

Abstract

Both the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation and the Upper Permian Dalong Formation shales in southern China are organic-rich with well-developed nanoscale reservoir pores, demonstrating significant shale gas exploration potential. However, the current lack of in-depth research on the differential depositional and reservoir evolution [...] Read more.

Both the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation and the Upper Permian Dalong Formation shales in southern China are organic-rich with well-developed nanoscale reservoir pores, demonstrating significant shale gas exploration potential. However, the current lack of in-depth research on the differential depositional and reservoir evolution characteristics of these two shale sequences has left the main controlling factors of the reservoirs unclear, thereby constraining breakthroughs in shale gas development. Focusing on the Longmaxi and Dalong formation shales in the Sichuan Basin, this study employed various analytical methods, including major and trace element analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI), nitrogen adsorption, CO₂ adsorption, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Investigations into the depositional paleoenvironment, paleoproductivity, organic matter enrichment, and microscopic difference mechanisms of nanoscale reservoirs reveal that the Longmaxi Formation shale represents a passive continental margin shelf facies. It is characterized by strong terrigenous input, a predominance of quartz and clay minerals, and consists mainly of siliceous and argillaceous shale facies with high organic matter abundance. In contrast, the Dalong Formation shale was deposited in an intra-platform basin under the influence of intra-platform rifting. It features weak terrigenous input, highly reducing conditions, and strong paleoproductivity. Dominated by quartz and carbonate minerals, its lithofacies are primarily siliceous and calcareous shales. Within the Dalong Formation, the diagenetic dissolution of carbonate minerals promotes the development of micrometer-scale pores larger than 100 μm, while the extensive thermal evolution of organic matter fosters the formation of honeycomb- and embayment-like nanoscale micropores and mesopores, rendering it a relatively superior shale reservoir. Ultimately, the high-TOC shales in the lower part of the Longmaxi Formation and the upper part of the Dalong Formation are identified as the primary sweet spot intervals for future shale gas development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanopores and Nanostructures in Tight Reservoir Rocks)

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17 pages, 3974 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Synergistic Effect of N Doping and Ag Loading on Photocatalytic Degradation Performance of Rhodamine B by ZnO Nanoarrays

by Congwen Liu, Wei Deng, Hai Zhang, Xiaochen Han, Qiang Ran, Wenxuan Yu, Xiaoling Xu and Zuowan Zhou

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070438 - 2 Apr 2026

Viewed by 726

Abstract

Photocatalytic degradation is a highly efficient, stable and promising technology for water treatment. Developing high-performance photocatalysts is crucial for removing aquatic contaminants. However, traditional zinc oxide (ZnO) photocatalysts are severely restricted by intrinsic drawbacks, such as a wide band gap, fast recombination of [...] Read more.

Photocatalytic degradation is a highly efficient, stable and promising technology for water treatment. Developing high-performance photocatalysts is crucial for removing aquatic contaminants. However, traditional zinc oxide (ZnO) photocatalysts are severely restricted by intrinsic drawbacks, such as a wide band gap, fast recombination of photogenerated carriers, and high photocorrosion tendency. Conventional powder catalysts also suffer from difficult recovery and serious secondary pollution. Therefore, developing simple strategies to fabricate high-performance, reusable, and stable ZnO-based photocatalysts is of great scientific and practical importance. In this work, silver-loaded nitrogen-doped ZnO nanoarrays (Ag_Y@N_X-ZnO NAs, where X and Y represent the urea and AgNO₃ concentrations, respectively) were synthesized on 304 stainless steel sheets (SSS) using a two-step hydrothermal method combined with photoreduction at room temperature. The samples were characterized by XRD, FESEM, XPS, and UV-Vis DRS, and the catalytic mechanism was studied through active species trapping and EPR. Nitrogen doping and Ag loading exhibited a strong synergistic effect, narrowing the band gap, enhancing visible-light absorption, and promoting the separation of photogenerated carriers. The optimal sample (Ag_1.5@N₄-ZnO NAs) degraded 93.2% of Rhodamine B (RhB) within 180 min, with a reaction rate constant 2.65 times higher than pure ZnO. The main active species were ·O₂⁻ and ·OH. This work provides a feasible route to fabricate recyclable and stable stainless steel-based ZnO nanoarray photocatalysts for efficient water purification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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33 pages, 4489 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mechanistic and Life-Cycle Framework for Green Nanomaterials in Atmospheric Water Harvesting

by Noor Al-Sadeq, Johar Amin Ahmed Abdullah, Alberto Romero and Víctor M. Perez-Puyana

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070433 - 31 Mar 2026

Viewed by 925

Abstract

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) has been recognized as a promising technology to address global freshwater scarcity in a decentralized manner. Nevertheless, conventional AWH sorbents are often associated with high energy consumption, toxic synthesis procedures, and short operational lifetimes. To address such limitations, a [...] Read more.

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) has been recognized as a promising technology to address global freshwater scarcity in a decentralized manner. Nevertheless, conventional AWH sorbents are often associated with high energy consumption, toxic synthesis procedures, and short operational lifetimes. To address such limitations, a comprehensive review paper develops a unified framework to bridge the gap between nanoscale material properties, such as synthesis routes, structural architecture, and adsorption thermodynamics, and macro-scale environmental and economic performance. This review paper rigorously examines emerging nanomaterials such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), mesoporous metal oxides, and graphene oxide derivatives. By highlighting benchmark materials such as MOF-303 and passive solar-regenerated COF-ok, the review paper emphasizes the advantages of bio-assisted “green” synthesis routes. Crucially, this review extends beyond traditional water uptake figures and incorporates comprehensive Techno-Economic Assessments (TEA) and Life-Cycle Assessments (LCA). It examines various real-world influences, such as cumulative energy demand, levelized costs of water, and ton-scale manufacturing viability, to name a few. This report bridges atomic-level mechanics with industrial economics, and by so doing, offers design criteria to guide researchers in crafting a new generation of sustainable AWH infrastructure, with a focus on hierarchical pores, surface chemistry, and photothermal design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Nanomaterials: Innovations in Sustainable Applications)

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15 pages, 6266 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Upconverting Nanoparticles Functionalized with Protein–Gold Nanoclusters and Chlorin e6 for Near-Infrared-Activated Photodynamic Therapy

by Vilius Poderys, Greta Butkiene, Dziugas Jurgutis, Aleja Marija Daugelaite, Egle Ezerskyte, Vaidas Klimkevicius and Vitalijus Karabanovas

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070417 - 30 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 742

Abstract

Current efforts to improve photodynamic therapy focus on nanomaterials that integrate deep tissue imaging with efficient reactive oxygen species generation. Gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) are promising alternatives to conventional photosensitizers due to their effective ROS production and enhanced biocompatibility when stabilized by a [...] Read more.

Current efforts to improve photodynamic therapy focus on nanomaterials that integrate deep tissue imaging with efficient reactive oxygen species generation. Gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) are promising alternatives to conventional photosensitizers due to their effective ROS production and enhanced biocompatibility when stabilized by a protein corona. However, both photosensitizers and Au NCs are typically activated by ultraviolet or visible light, which cannot penetrate deeper into tissues and is limited to superficial applications. Here, we report a near-infrared (NIR)-activated photodynamic nanoplatform based on core–shell upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs; NaGdF₄:Yb³⁺,Er³⁺@NaGdF₄:Yb³⁺,Nd³⁺), functionalized with a protein corona containing bovine serum albumin-stabilized Au NCs (BSA–Au NCs) and photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6). Spectroscopic data confirmed the formation of the UCNP-BSA–Au-Ce6 nanoplatform and demonstrated 32% energy transfer efficiency from UCNPs to Ce6, resulting in efficient reactive oxygen species generation under 808 nm irradiation. Cellular experiments confirmed the effective internalization and optimal biocompatibility of the nanoplatform in human breast cancer and healthy cells. Upon irradiation at 808 nm, the nanoplatform significantly reduced the viability of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. These findings indicate that the UCNP-BSA–Au-Ce6 nanoplatform couples NIR activation with enhanced singlet oxygen production, providing a multifunctional platform for deep tissue imaging and NIR-activated photodynamic therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy)

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27 pages, 3355 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fabrication of Chitosan/Graphene Oxide/PVA-Vanillin@TiO₂ Composites for Anti-Inflammatory Drug Removal from Wastewater

by Anastasia D. Meretoudi, Athanasia K. Tolkou, Stavros G. Poulopoulos, Rigini M. Papi, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and George Z. Kyzas

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070414 - 29 Mar 2026

Viewed by 747

Abstract

In this work, three functionalized hybrid composites, CS/PVA-VAN, CS/PVA-VAN@TiO₂ and CS/GO/PVA-VAN@TiO₂, were synthesized and applied for adsorption evaluation on two common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, i.e., diclofenac (DCF) and ketoprofen (KTP). The structural and morphological characteristics of new composites were identified [...] Read more.

In this work, three functionalized hybrid composites, CS/PVA-VAN, CS/PVA-VAN@TiO₂ and CS/GO/PVA-VAN@TiO₂, were synthesized and applied for adsorption evaluation on two common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, i.e., diclofenac (DCF) and ketoprofen (KTP). The structural and morphological characteristics of new composites were identified via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET techniques. BET analysis demonstrated that the CS/GO/PVA-Van@TiO₂ composite has a surface area 64.86 m²/g, which is twice that of CS/PVA-Van. Moreover, adsorption evaluation was achieved at an optimum pH condition (pH 5.0) for both drugs. In addition, the kinetic data fitted better in a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while the adsorption was heterogeneous and multilayer. The adsorption capacity of CS/GO/PVA-VAN@TiO₂ was found to be 114.53 mg/g and 65.20 mg/g for diclofenac and ketoprofen, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous for all pollutants. Moreover, the kinetic swelling and stability studies demonstrated that graphene oxide contributed to improving the structural compactness and stability of composite. Finally, the adsorption performance of the optimal composite material was investigated in a binary system of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in various ratios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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11 pages, 5663 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Quantum Random Number Generation Using Nanodiamonds and Nanopillar-Isolated Single NV Centers

by Oskars Rudzitis, Reinis Lazda, Valts Krumins, Heinrihs Meilerts, Mona Jani and Marcis Auzinsh

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070404 - 27 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1268

Abstract

Quantum random number generation (QRNG) provides fundamentally unpredictable randomness derived from intrinsic quantum processes. In this work we demonstrate two solid-state, room-temperature QRNG implementations based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, i.e., ensemble fluorescence from nanodiamonds and single-photon emission from single NV centers [...] Read more.

Quantum random number generation (QRNG) provides fundamentally unpredictable randomness derived from intrinsic quantum processes. In this work we demonstrate two solid-state, room-temperature QRNG implementations based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, i.e., ensemble fluorescence from nanodiamonds and single-photon emission from single NV centers located at the tips of fabricated diamond nanopillars for enhanced light collection efficiency, spatial isolation and minimized crosstalk. We compare entropy rates (above 0.98 bits), statistical performance, and robustness of both approaches in our experimental setup, the results contribute to establishing diamond-based QRNG as a scalable solution for quantum-secure randomness generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)

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11 pages, 6820 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chiral Self-Assembly and Chiral Separation of Ext-TEB Molecules on Bi(111)

by Lei Liu, Zheng Wei, Min-Long Tao, Kai Sun, Ming-Xia Shi and Jun-Zhong Wang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070399 - 26 Mar 2026

Viewed by 553

Abstract

The two-dimensional chiral self-assembly and chiral separation of achiral Ext-TEB molecules on a Bi(111) surface were investigated using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (LT-STM). At low coverage, the molecules self-assembled into chiral clusters. As the coverage increased, a monolayer film with a non-edge-sharing honeycomb [...] Read more.

The two-dimensional chiral self-assembly and chiral separation of achiral Ext-TEB molecules on a Bi(111) surface were investigated using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (LT-STM). At low coverage, the molecules self-assembled into chiral clusters. As the coverage increased, a monolayer film with a non-edge-sharing honeycomb structure was formed. This supramolecular structure exhibited organizational chirality, accompanied by chiral separation. Upon annealing, part of the non-edge-sharing honeycomb structure transformed into a close-packed structure, while retaining the organizational chirality, supramolecular chirality, and pronounced chiral separation. Furthermore, applying a higher bias was found to induce a transition in the electronic state of the non-edge-sharing honeycomb structure, converting it into an edge-sharing honeycomb configuration. This study reveals that the chirality of 1,3,5-tris(4-ethynylphenyl) benzene (Ext-TEB) arises from the rotation of the side-chain phenyl rings, which is induced by the rotation of the molecular axis relative to the substrate lattice. This work presents a strategy for the preparation of chiral nanostructures from achiral molecules due to the spontaneous chiral symmetry generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Theory of Nanoscale Architectures)

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19 pages, 7779 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Analytical Modeling Study on the Thermal Behavior of Copper–Carbon Nanotube Composite Through-Silicon Via (TSV)

by Kai Ying and Jie Liang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(6), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16060377 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 819

Abstract

In this study, the Monte Carlo (MC) method is employed to generate the diameter and relative positional distributions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Based on this, we develop a three-layer thermal model for a copper-carbon nanotube (Cu-CNT) through-silicon via (TSV). By integrating Gauss–Hermite quadrature [...] Read more.

In this study, the Monte Carlo (MC) method is employed to generate the diameter and relative positional distributions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Based on this, we develop a three-layer thermal model for a copper-carbon nanotube (Cu-CNT) through-silicon via (TSV). By integrating Gauss–Hermite quadrature with the Law of Large Numbers (LLN), an analytical expression for thermal conductivity is derived, enabling efficient and accurate estimation of the thermal conductivity of Cu-CNT-filled TSV. Contrary to expectations, the thermal conductivity of TSV does not increase significantly with CNT volume fraction, primarily due to the interfacial thermal resistance at Cu-CNT and CNT-CNT junctions. Through calibration against previously reported experimental data, the effective Cu-CNT interfacial thermal resistance is estimated to be on the order of 10⁻⁷ m²K/W. Comparison with previously reported effective thermal conductivity data of Cu-CNT composites shows that the model maintains an error below 2% when the CNT volume fraction is below 10%. The model is therefore most suitable for low CNT volume fractions, where the assumed spatial distribution and structural simplifications remain physically valid. Furthermore, this study investigates the influence of TSV length on thermal performance, predicts the variation in thermal conductivity of Cu-CNT composites under different volume fractions, and the extracted thermal conductivity values are further used as material inputs for device-level electro-thermal COMSOL 6.1 simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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16 pages, 3532 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biocompatible Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles Incorporated Doxorubicin Enables Magnetic Resonance and Photoacoustic Dual Imaging for Cancer Theranostics

by Xingchen Wang, Yuta Imai, Yu Kimura, Risako Miura, Hirohiko Imai and Teruyuki Kondo

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(6), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16060343 - 10 Mar 2026

Viewed by 977

Abstract

The engineering of theranostic nanoparticles, which integrate diagnostics and therapy in a single administration, enables targeted drug delivery and disease visualization. In cancer theranostics, gadolinium-based nanoparticles are valuable tools for noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and provide high-resolution images of the tumor. When [...] Read more.

The engineering of theranostic nanoparticles, which integrate diagnostics and therapy in a single administration, enables targeted drug delivery and disease visualization. In cancer theranostics, gadolinium-based nanoparticles are valuable tools for noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and provide high-resolution images of the tumor. When MRI is combined with other imaging modalities, complementary therapeutic information is obtained for more accurate identification of tumor characteristics and precise guidance of anticancer drug delivery. Among the many possible modalities combined with MRI, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a candidate that enables sensitive in vivo detection of tumors. We have already succeeded in synthesizing biocompatible gelatin-coated gadolinium oxide nanoparticles with a controlled size by adjusting the timing of gelatin addition, which were a highly efficient contrast agent for MR and PA dual imaging. Herein, we conjugated a clinically used anticancer drug (doxorubicin, DOX) to size-defined and biocompatible gadolinium oxide nanoparticles which are novel theranostic probes. Succinylated gelatin enabled the electrostatic conjugation of DOX with gadolinium oxide nanoparticles, and the release of DOX was controlled through the enzymatic degradation of gelatin by matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9), which are highly expressed in cancer cells. The released DOX efficiently inhibited the growth of HeLa cells in vitro and the growth of the inoculated tumor tissues in vivo. The dual-modality MRI and PAI capabilities provide anatomical information that assists in the localization and targeting of theranostic probes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Medicine and Healthcare)

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19 pages, 7760 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

XRD and Molecular Dynamics Insights into Lattice Behavior of Oxide Nanocatalysts: The Case of CeO₂

by Sirisha Subbareddy, Marcelo Augusto Malagutti, Himanshu Nautiyal, Narges Ataollahi and Paolo Scardi

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050333 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1083

Abstract

Nanocrystalline CeO₂ exhibits size-dependent lattice distortions linked to defect chemistry and surface effects. However, the relationships between the oxidation state, surface interactions, and nanoparticle structure remain unclear in the existing literature, particularly when inferred from conventional nanoparticle diffraction techniques, including powder X-ray [...] Read more.

Nanocrystalline CeO₂ exhibits size-dependent lattice distortions linked to defect chemistry and surface effects. However, the relationships between the oxidation state, surface interactions, and nanoparticle structure remain unclear in the existing literature, particularly when inferred from conventional nanoparticle diffraction techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction. As a result, the atomistic origin of lattice expansion or contraction with the crystallite size of ceria nanoparticles is still debated. Here, synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data are analyzed using Rietveld refinement supported by advanced peak profile modeling based on whole powder pattern modeling (WPPM), including thermal diffuse scattering (TDS). The latter provides direct access to information on lattice dynamics. Indeed, we simultaneously determine the size distributions of crystalline domains and their atomic displacements, which are then compared and quantitatively validated with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Reactive MD simulations further reveal that vacancy-rich surfaces induce lattice contraction at small particle sizes under vacuum, whereas water adsorption causes surface hydroxylation and lattice expansion. These results explain lattice parameter variations in nanocrystalline ceria through the interplay of surface chemistry and environment. This insight is critical for the correct interpretation of diffraction-derived structural parameters in oxide nanocatalysts used in redox and oxygen storage applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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18 pages, 7646 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Transition from Strain Softening to Strain Hardening in Metallic Glasses

by Yongwei Wang, Guangping Zheng and Mo Li

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050319 - 3 Mar 2026

Viewed by 581

Abstract

Despite their excellent mechanical properties, metallic glasses (MGs) are significantly hindered by poor plasticity and toughness, which are essential for structural applications. The brittleness arises from the rapid propagation of shear bands (SBs), leading to strain softening and catastrophic failure. Recent advancements in [...] Read more.

Despite their excellent mechanical properties, metallic glasses (MGs) are significantly hindered by poor plasticity and toughness, which are essential for structural applications. The brittleness arises from the rapid propagation of shear bands (SBs), leading to strain softening and catastrophic failure. Recent advancements in microstructural engineering, particularly boundary engineering, such as nano-glass, focus on the utilization of heterogeneous structures to promote the proliferation and delocalization of SBs. Various attempts have been made experimentally to address these issues, but with very limited improvement in tensile strength and toughness. Under tensile loading, micro- or nano-pillar samples exhibit strain softening and continue to undergo plastic deformation after reaching yield or peak stress, especially the nano-glass micro-pillar. Reports on tensile strain-hardening in MG micro-pillars are rare. In this finite element simulation study, we optimize appropriate statistical and spatial distributions of free volume within the microsamples. Both the post-yield strength and the mean tangent modulus increase with progressive gradient structural modifications, thereby inducing a transition from strain-softening to strain-hardening behavior, as well as a concurrent transition from plastic fracture to brittle fracture. We systematically investigate the deformation mechanisms and transition mechanisms of fracture modes, which are closely associated with heterogeneous microstructures and their evolution in MGs. These insights into the transition mechanism could significantly facilitate the design and optimization of MGs to achieve enhanced toughness and strain hardening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Metallic Glass Nanocomposites)

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14 pages, 4160 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sb-Doped SnO₂ Hollow Spheres for Low-Resistance and Highly Selective Xylene Sensors

by Jung-Hoo Seo, Seong-Young Yoon, Sang-Myeong Lee and Seong-Yong Jeong

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050313 - 28 Feb 2026

Viewed by 961

Abstract

It is important to be able to detect xylene with high selectivity and low sensor resistance when monitoring indoor and outdoor air quality. In this study, we report the development of Sb-doped SnO₂ hollow spheres synthesized via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for high-performance [...] Read more.

It is important to be able to detect xylene with high selectivity and low sensor resistance when monitoring indoor and outdoor air quality. In this study, we report the development of Sb-doped SnO₂ hollow spheres synthesized via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for high-performance xylene detection with significantly reduced sensor resistance. The 2 mol% Sb-doped SnO₂ sensor exhibited a remarkably high response (S_X = 24.0) and selectivity (S_X/S_E = 3.4) toward 5 ppm xylene at 300 °C. Notably, the sensor resistance in air (R_a) was reduced by ~200-fold compared to that of pure SnO₂, reaching a practical level of 38.5 kΩ, which enables cost-effective signal measurement. Furthermore, the 2Sb-SnO₂ sensor demonstrated a low detection limit of 50 ppb and rapid response times (4–5 s). These results suggest that Sb doping is a highly effective strategy for engineering low-resistance and highly selective SnO₂ gas sensors. This study could pave the way for a practical approach to designing xylene detection systems for indoor air monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors: Second Edition)

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15 pages, 1584 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Silver Nanoparticle Priming Enhanced Seed Germination in Bupleurum chinense and Reshaped the Fungal Community Structure, Reducing the Robustness of the Fungal Interaction

by Sifei Duan, Yi Chen and Xuehui Dong

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050307 - 27 Feb 2026

Viewed by 817

Abstract

Seed germination represents the initial stage of the plant life cycle and directly affects subsequent plant establishment. Mold infestation is a major cause of reduced germination rate, yet effective and safe control methods are still lacking. Thus, developing effective strategies to ensure healthy [...] Read more.

Seed germination represents the initial stage of the plant life cycle and directly affects subsequent plant establishment. Mold infestation is a major cause of reduced germination rate, yet effective and safe control methods are still lacking. Thus, developing effective strategies to ensure healthy seed germination is of critical importance. This study investigated the effect of priming with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the germination rate of Bupleurum chinense seeds and on mold suppression. Additionally, we aimed to clarify the underlying microbial mechanism through high-throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Seeds primed with 15 mg/L AgNPs exhibited a significantly increased germination rate of 71.67% (vs. 58.90% in control) and reduced mold incidence to 16.46% (vs. 31.01%). The ITS sequencing revealed that AgNPs significantly reduced the Shannon index to 3.60 (vs. 4.04) and decreased the abundance of potential pathogens. Co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that AgNPs simplified the fungal network and reduced the natural connectivity to 22.35 (vs. 39.38). Topological analysis identified five keystone hub genera (e.g., Trichosporon, Podospora), whose suppression indicates their critical roles in network maintenance. This study provides evidence supporting the application of AgNPs in seed germination and offering a foundation for addressing germination challenges in mold-susceptible seeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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33 pages, 8739 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Composition and Structural Design of Magnetic Alloy/Composites for High-Performance Microwave Absorption: A Review

by Mengyu Zhou, Zhuohui Zhou and Hongfei Cheng

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050290 - 25 Feb 2026

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 965

Abstract

Magnetic metals are of considerable importance for stealth technology and electromagnetic pollution control. However, they suffer from inherent limitations, such as the Snoek limit and narrow absorption bandwidth, which restrict their applications in complex scenarios. To address these challenges, this review systematically summarizes [...] Read more.

Magnetic metals are of considerable importance for stealth technology and electromagnetic pollution control. However, they suffer from inherent limitations, such as the Snoek limit and narrow absorption bandwidth, which restrict their applications in complex scenarios. To address these challenges, this review systematically summarizes the recent advances of magnetic metal-based microwave-absorbing materials (MAMs), focusing on four core directions: alloy design, composite engineering, structural regulation, and preparation technology. The intensity and frequency bands of absorption in alloys are dictated by the material’s composition as well as its structural attributes. Moreover, composite systems incorporating carbon materials, MXenes, oxides, ceramics, and conductive polymers are discussed, where the synergistic design of components optimizes impedance matching and loss mechanisms. Key structural design strategies include core-shell structures, interface engineering, self-assembled hierarchical structures, and macroscopic structural design. These structures achieve the synergistic improvement of thin, lightweight, broadband, and strong absorption performance by enhancing interface polarization, multiple scattering, and resonance effects, while endowing materials with excellent environmental stability. Notably, metamaterial-based designs can further achieve an ultrawide bandwidth spanning 0.3–18 GHz. Additionally, preparation processes are crucial for regulating the microstructure and activating loss mechanisms. This review aims to offer theoretical and practical insights for developing high-performance, multifunctional magnetic MAMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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14 pages, 2081 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Room-Temperature Thermal Cycling Driven Pyro-Catalysis over g-C₃N₄/ZnO Composites for Efficient Dye Degradation

by Chen Cheng, Biao Chen, Taosheng Xu, Mingsi Li, Gangqiang Zhu, Changchun Hao, Zheng Wu, Wenwen Liu and Yanmin Jia

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050289 - 25 Feb 2026

Viewed by 598

Abstract

A highly efficient pyro-catalytic system based on a g-C₃N₄/ZnO composite has been developed for dye degradation under near-room-temperature thermal cycling (25–60 °C). This system integrates pyroelectric charge generation with electrochemical redox reactions. The g-C₃N₄/ZnO for [...] Read more.

A highly efficient pyro-catalytic system based on a g-C₃N₄/ZnO composite has been developed for dye degradation under near-room-temperature thermal cycling (25–60 °C). This system integrates pyroelectric charge generation with electrochemical redox reactions. The g-C₃N₄/ZnO for pyro-catalytic Rhodamine B (RhB) dye decomposition with 95.6% efficiency in the dark, whereas pristine g-C₃N₄ reached only approximately 60.1% under identical conditions. The degradation mechanism is primarily driven by the in situ generation of superoxide (•O₂⁻) and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals, as verified by radical quenching experiments. The formation of the composite facilitates the efficient spatial separation of pyroelectric-induced charges, thereby endowing g-C₃N₄/ZnO with a significantly enhanced pyro-catalytic performance compared to g-C₃N₄ alone. This study demonstrates the promising application of g-C₃N₄/ZnO as a high-performance pyro-catalyst under mild thermal conditions, offering a sustainable and light-independent strategy for wastewater treatment by utilizing ambient temperature fluctuations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Environment Energy Harvesting, Conversion and Application)

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23 pages, 4647 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An AOP-Based Integrated In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of the Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenic Potential of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

by Minju Kim, Heesung Hwang, Sulhwa Song, Keun-Soo Kim, JuHee Lee and Seung Min Oh

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040273 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 874

Abstract

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are increasingly incorporated into industrial and consumer products, raising concerns about potential carcinogenicity because their physicochemical properties vary widely among materials. Although Mitsui-7 has been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC, Group 2B), the carcinogenic potential of domestically [...] Read more.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are increasingly incorporated into industrial and consumer products, raising concerns about potential carcinogenicity because their physicochemical properties vary widely among materials. Although Mitsui-7 has been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC, Group 2B), the carcinogenic potential of domestically manufactured MWCNTs and the determinants underlying material-specific differences remain insufficiently characterized. Here, we applied an adverse outcome pathway (AOP)-oriented integrated testing strategy (ITS) to compare four domestically manufactured MWCNTs with Mitsui-7 using human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Acute responses were assessed by measuring cytotoxicity and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Exposure concentrations for long-term studies were selected using range-finding assays, and cells were then exposed for four weeks at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Following chronic exposure, transformation-related phenotypes were evaluated using anchorage-independent growth, anchorage-dependent clonogenicity, wound healing migration, and Transwell–Matrigel invasion assays, and tumorigenic potential was examined in xenograft models using colony-derived cells. Highly aggregated MWCNTs elicited stronger oxidative stress and were associated with increased proliferation/clonal expansion, enhanced anchorage-independent colony formation, and increased tumor formation in vivo, whereas other materials showed more limited or endpoint-specific responses. Overall, the results indicate that MWCNT-associated carcinogenic potential is material-dependent rather than a uniform class effect and support the utility of an AOP-aligned ITS for nanosafety assessment and hazard differentiation of carbon-based nanomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Nanotoxicology)

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22 pages, 3612 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identifying Key Factors Affecting mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticles Drug Product Formulation Stability

by Alireza Nomani, Aishwarya Saraswat, Heather Brown, Jimmy Chun-Tien Kuo, Huu Thuy Trang Duong, Jikang Wu, Yu Zhang, Yue Fu, Youmi Moon, Shafiq Wahidi, Nancy Mejia, Suzanne Hartford, Haibo Qiu, Bindhu Rayaprolu, Amardeep S. Bhalla and Mohammed Shameem

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040268 - 18 Feb 2026

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3273

Abstract

Background: The long-term stability of mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), essential for mRNA vaccines and gene therapies, relies on managing physicochemical properties to preserve their integrity and effectiveness through optimized formulation components. This study systematically evaluated LNP formulations with varied compositions, e.g., Dlin-MC3-DMA and [...] Read more.

Background: The long-term stability of mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), essential for mRNA vaccines and gene therapies, relies on managing physicochemical properties to preserve their integrity and effectiveness through optimized formulation components. This study systematically evaluated LNP formulations with varied compositions, e.g., Dlin-MC3-DMA and ALC-0315 as ionizable lipids, and DMG-PEG2k or ALC-0159 as polyethylene glycol (PEG)-lipids, stored at −80 °C, −20 °C, 5 °C, and 25 °C in Tris buffer (pH 7.4) for 12 months. Methods: Sixteen quality attributes were analyzed, including particle size, mRNA encapsulation, lipid oxidation, and transfection efficiency over different formulations and storage temperatures to mechanistically evaluate the long-term stabilities. Results: Formulations stored at −80 °C and −20 °C retained acceptable stability, while storage at 5 °C caused aggregation, reduced in vivo expression, and mRNA degradation. Storage at 25 °C led to complete loss of transfection within six months. Mechanistic studies identified oxidative and hydrolytic lipid degradation (e.g., DSPC) in ALC-0315 formulations and MC3 N-oxidation with subvisible particulates in MC3-containing LNPs as primary failure modes. Increasing Tris buffer concentration accelerated 5′-cap hydrolysis, emphasizing the importance of a low-ionic-strength buffer for LNP formulations. Conclusions: Findings re-emphasize the necessity of deep-cold storage (≤−20 °C) and optimized formulation components to preserve mRNA–LNP integrity, offering insights for designing next-generation LNPs with improved shelf-life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Modern Immunotherapy: Innovations, Applications, and Future Perspectives)

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15 pages, 4761 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Leveraging Machine Learning for Screening Metal-Organic Frameworks with Selective CO₂ Recognition for Early Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Xian Wei, Xin Li, Xiong Wang, Xiaoyan Liu and Chen Zhu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040245 - 13 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1022

Abstract

The escalation of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries presents severe safety hazards that necessitate advanced monitoring protocols to ensure early warning of potential failures. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is released during preliminary decomposition well before catastrophic failure occurs, thereby providing a strategic [...] Read more.

The escalation of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries presents severe safety hazards that necessitate advanced monitoring protocols to ensure early warning of potential failures. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is released during preliminary decomposition well before catastrophic failure occurs, thereby providing a strategic advantage for early-stage warning. Consequently, identifying materials with high-selective CO₂ recognition is an essential prerequisite for developing reliable sensing platforms. This study integrates Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations with Random Forest (RF) models to systematically screen 1470 MOFs from the CoRE-MOF 2019 database. The screening process evaluates selective CO₂ recognition under multicomponent competitive adsorption conditions involving CO₂, C₂H₄, and O₂. The performance evaluation is based on working capacity, selectivity, and the trade-off between working capacity and selectivity (TSN). The RF model achieves high predictive accuracy, with tested R² exceeding 0.92 on the test samples. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) interpretability analysis identifies Q⁰_st(CO₂), Q⁰_st(C₂H₄), WEPA, K_H(C₂H₄), and ETR as key performance drivers. The results indicate that CO₂ selectivity is constrained by the binding strength of competing C₂H₄. Optimal materials tend to have hard Lewis acid centers and polar inorganic clusters to minimize non-specific π-interactions with interfering species. Top-performing MOFs require balanced structural features, concentrating in moderate surface areas (965–1975 m²/g), narrow pore windows (PLD ≈ 4–7 Å, LCD ≈ 5.5–9.6 Å), high void fractions above 0.6, and low densities below 1.3 g/cm³. AJOTEY emerges as the optimal candidate with a TSN of 6.43 mol/kg, combining substantial working capacity (4.57 mol/kg) with strong selectivity (25.52). These results will accelerate the discovery of sensing materials and provide a practical pathway for MOF-based CO₂ sensor development to enhance lithium-ion battery safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Machine Learning in Nanoscale Materials Science)

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27 pages, 4967 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ozone Synthesis Based on Dielectric Barrier Discharge Coupled Catalyst: Research Status and Future Perspectives

by Meng Li, Li Xu, Lei Wang, Wei Zhang, Yang Yang, Zhen Wang, Dapeng Wu and Kai Jiang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040238 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1024

Abstract

Efficient ozone synthesis has always been the pursuit of ozone workers and the foundation for the industrial application of ozone reactors. Recently, with continuous breakthroughs in materials and catalyst research, as well as the rapid development of advanced characterization technologies, introducing catalysts into [...] Read more.

Efficient ozone synthesis has always been the pursuit of ozone workers and the foundation for the industrial application of ozone reactors. Recently, with continuous breakthroughs in materials and catalyst research, as well as the rapid development of advanced characterization technologies, introducing catalysts into dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) to build a DBD–catalyst coupled system has developed into an advanced means of improving ozone synthesis and attracted widespread attention. This review aims to provide a systematic summary for the research status of the DBD–catalyst coupled system in the field of ozone synthesis. Firstly, the structure of DBD reactors (type and shape of the electrode, etc.), catalyst types and the coupling method of DBD and catalysts (such as catalyst packing, catalyst coating/film) for the DBD–catalyst coupled system are discussed. Subsequently, the relevant mechanisms involving plasma gas-phase reactions and gas–solid interface reactions for elevating discharge ozone synthesis through coupling catalysts with DBD are summarized and analyzed. Afterwards, the research status of the DBD–catalyst coupled system in the field of ozone synthesis is surveyed. At present, the optimal ozone synthesis performance of the reactor with packed catalyst in air plasma (γ-Al₂O₃ sphere) is 0.96 g/Nm³ and 103 g/kWh, and in oxygen plasma (SiO₂ particle) is 130 g/Nm³ and 91 g/kWh, respectively. For the reactor coupled with a catalyst coating, the performance reaches 19.3 g/Nm³ and 320 g/kWh in oxygen plasma (TiO₂). Then, advanced plasma parameter detection techniques (i.e., optical emission spectroscopy and two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence) are expatiated to observe the changes in plasma parameters within the discharge system and then provide strong support for further in-depth research and analysis of the enhancement mechanism of coupling catalysts on ozone synthesis. Finally, a short conclusion, together with the current challenges and future opportunities of the DBD–catalyst coupled system in improving ozone synthesis, are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured and Multifunctional Solid Catalysts for Sustainable Chemical Processes)

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39 pages, 12862 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Towards Ultra-Rapid and High-Toughness Cementing: A Synergistic Acceleration Leveraging Aluminum Sulfate and Sodium Alginate Copolymer Along with Glass Fibers

by Zhiyuan Song, Sidra Chaudhary, Yan Ding, Yujiao Yan, Yong Wu, Qinxiang Jia, Xiaoyong Li and Yang Sun

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040240 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 707

Abstract

This study synthesizes two highly water-soluble copolymers, p(SA-co-SMAS) and p(SA-co-SMAS-co-AMPS) using sodium alginate (SA), sodium 2-methylprop-2-ene-1-sulfonate (SMAS), and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS, with or without addition) as precursors. Under ball milling, these copolymers are blended [...] Read more.

This study synthesizes two highly water-soluble copolymers, p(SA-co-SMAS) and p(SA-co-SMAS-co-AMPS) using sodium alginate (SA), sodium 2-methylprop-2-ene-1-sulfonate (SMAS), and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS, with or without addition) as precursors. Under ball milling, these copolymers are blended with aluminum sulfate and glass fibers to produce two series of cement admixtures. Compared to systems without admixtures or with pure aluminum sulfate as sole admixture, the admixture obtained from p(SA-co-SMAS) and aluminum sulfate significantly shortens the initial setting time (4.47 vs. 33.59 and 29.51 min) and final setting time (8.46 vs. 45.26 and 35.12 min), while markedly improving compressive strength (9.2 vs. 3.5 and 4.3 MPa) and flexural strength (3.5 vs. 1.0 and 1.1 MPa). This enhancement is attributed to the formation of a unique boehmite (AlO(OH)) phase in synthesized admixture, which rapidly reacts with tricalcium silicate, gypsum, and water in cement to form ettringite (Ca₆Al₂(SO₄)₃(OH)₁₂·26H₂O). The ettringite interlocks with the two-dimensional C–S–H gel, creating a stable three-dimensional network. Further blending this admixture with 200-mesh glass fibers yields a new admixture containing Al₄SO₄(OH)₁₀·36H₂O. Compared to boehmite, this phase further reduces setting times and increases average compressive strength (10.2 vs. 9.2 MPa). The admixture derived from p(SA-co-SMAS-co-AMPS) and aluminum sulfate shows even better performance: setting times are further shortened and flexural strength is significantly enhanced, owing to the presence of the more effective Al₄SO₄(OH)₁₀·36H₂O phase. Incorporating 200-mesh glass fibers into this system results in the shortest setting times (initial: 2.24 min, final: 5.73 min) and an excellent 24 h compressive strength (9.4 MPa), likely due to a unique and unexpected pore-filling effect. In contrast to conventional uses of sodium alginate as a retarder, glass fibers as mere reinforcements, and aluminum sulfate as a strength-impairing accelerator, this work demonstrates a synergistic strategy, which enables an ultra-rapid and high-strength cement setting process, offering highly significant scientific and practical value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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21 pages, 5121 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mechanism and Performance Characterization of Dry-Process Asphalt Mixtures Modified with LDPE/EVA/SBS Composite Particles

by Zhengwei Yi, Junhong Jiang, Xiaoxuan Du, Xiangyang Ren, Dongzhao Jin, Tai Sheng, Xiaoxue Li and Hongfu Liu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040233 - 11 Feb 2026

Viewed by 776

Abstract

This study employed a dry-process method to prepare SBS/recycled LDPE/EVA composite-modified particles (CMP) for asphalt mixture modification. Conventional performance tests, including penetration tests, determined the optimal CMP dosage to be 8% by mass of asphalt. The rheological properties and microstructure of base asphalt, [...] Read more.

This study employed a dry-process method to prepare SBS/recycled LDPE/EVA composite-modified particles (CMP) for asphalt mixture modification. Conventional performance tests, including penetration tests, determined the optimal CMP dosage to be 8% by mass of asphalt. The rheological properties and microstructure of base asphalt, SBS-modified asphalt, and composite-modified asphalt were systematically compared, and the road performance of the corresponding mixtures was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the composite modifier forms a uniform elastic network within the asphalt, significantly enhancing both high- and low-temperature performance and fatigue life while also improving thermal stability and deformation resistance. The modification mechanism is predominantly based on physical blending, and the system exhibits good thermal stability. The outstanding performance of the mixture, including a 284.4% increase in dynamic stability and a 60.1% extension in fatigue life, is attributed to the formation of a “skeleton–asphalt–particle” multiphase structure. Comprehensive performance analysis indicated that optimal performance is achieved with an SBS/LDPE/EVA ratio of 1:1:1, highlighting the considerable practical engineering potential of this dry-process composite modification technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials)

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24 pages, 8244 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Diamond-Capped GaN HEMTs for RF Application

by Yuanmeng Xiang, Mei Wu, Haolun Sun, Shiming Li, Hongda Chen, Jiamin Wei, Binyan Yan, Ling Yang, Meng Zhang, Hao Lu, Bin Hou, Xiaohua Ma and Yue Hao

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040224 - 9 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1742

Abstract

Self-heating effects severely limit the performance of gallium nitride high-electron-mobility transistors (GaN HEMTs) in high-power radio frequency (RF) applications. Diamond capping technology leveraging diamond’s exceptional thermal conductivity (>2000 W/m·K) has emerged as a highly promising near-junction cooling solution. However, its integration with GaN [...] Read more.

Self-heating effects severely limit the performance of gallium nitride high-electron-mobility transistors (GaN HEMTs) in high-power radio frequency (RF) applications. Diamond capping technology leveraging diamond’s exceptional thermal conductivity (>2000 W/m·K) has emerged as a highly promising near-junction cooling solution. However, its integration with GaN HEMTs faces challenges including lattice/thermal mismatch, high thermal boundary resistance (TBR), and process compatibility. This review summarizes recent progress in high-thermal-conductivity diamond film growth, TBR optimization, thermal simulations, and the integrated process with GaN devices. These technological breakthroughs enable diamond-capped GaN HEMTs with an excellent comprehensive performance. Continued advances in these fields will be critical for fully releasing the capabilities of diamond capping technology for GaN HEMTs in high-frequency and high-power applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electro-Thermal Transport in Nanometer-Scale Semiconductor Devices)

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16 pages, 4095 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nanostructure and Corrosion Resistance of Plasma-Based Low-Energy Nitrogen Ion Implanted 17-4PH Martensitic Stainless Steel

by Xu Yang, Honglong Che, Shuyuan Li and Mingkai Lei

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030215 - 6 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 591

Abstract

This study aims to enhance the corrosion property of 17-4PH martensitic stainless steel, a material commonly used in industrial applications including nuclear power components, to enhance its performance in borate buffer solutions. The study employed plasma-based low-energy nitrogen ion implantation at temperatures ranging [...] Read more.

This study aims to enhance the corrosion property of 17-4PH martensitic stainless steel, a material commonly used in industrial applications including nuclear power components, to enhance its performance in borate buffer solutions. The study employed plasma-based low-energy nitrogen ion implantation at temperatures ranging from 350 °C to 550 °C for 4 h to modify the steel surface. Microstructural characterization via XRD and TEM revealed the formation of a nanocrystalline nitrided layer, with thickness increasing from 11 to 27 μm and surface nitrogen concentration rising from 29.7 to 33.1% as temperature increased. Correspondingly, the nanocrystalline grains coarsened from an average size of 2 nm to 15 nm. The main findings showed that all nitrided layers significantly improved general corrosion resistance in pH 8.4 borate solution compared to the unmodified steel. An optimal performance with a corrosion potential of −169.4 mV(SCE) and a passive current density of 0.5 μA/cm² was achieved at 450 °C, accompanying the development of a denser passive film with high polarization resistance and lower defect density. It is concluded that the high interstitial nitrogen concentration within the nanocrystalline γ′_N accelerates passivation kinetics and enhances corrosion resistance, with the applied point defect model clarifying the underlying improvement mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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13 pages, 2246 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Concentrated Colloidal Dispersion of Nickelladithiolene Coordination Nanosheet Realized by an Alkylated Modulator

by Naoya Fukui, Yu Endo, Miyu Ito, Kenji Takada, Hiroaki Maeda and Hiroshi Nishihara

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030191 - 30 Jan 2026

Viewed by 978

Abstract

Nickelladithiolene nanosheet, Ni₃BHT, is a two-dimensional material composed of nickel ions and benzenehexathiol (BHT). Ni₃BHT has attracted considerable attention owing to its electrical conductivity. Although conventional Ni₃BHT is obtained as a solid film or powder, recent studies [...] Read more.

Nickelladithiolene nanosheet, Ni₃BHT, is a two-dimensional material composed of nickel ions and benzenehexathiol (BHT). Ni₃BHT has attracted considerable attention owing to its electrical conductivity. Although conventional Ni₃BHT is obtained as a solid film or powder, recent studies have explored methods for handling Ni₃BHT as a liquid ink, which facilitates industrial applications. One such method involves adding a modulator ligand to control the morphology of Ni₃BHT. In this study, we developed a novel modulator ligand, 4,5-dihexylbenzene-1,2-dithiol (CL1), which afforded a more stable and concentrated Ni₃BHT dispersion than those previously reported. Further investigations suggest that CL1 is incorporated not only at the termini but also within the interior of the Ni₃BHT nanoflakes, based on the consistent interpretation of spectroscopic and morphological data, in the dispersion via the addition of an adequate amount of a modulator. The application of the Ni₃BHT dispersion as a conductive ink was demonstrated. The Ni₃BHT ink exhibited the highest electrical conductivity and colloidal stability at a CL1/BHT ratio of 0.3. These findings pave the way for potential applications of Ni₃BHT in various industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photo and Electro Functions and Applications of Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials)

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