Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120717

Authors: Abiodun Akinwale Walied A. Elsaigh Akeem Ayinde Raheem

As the demand for sustainable construction materials grows, wood ash and nanosilica have emerged as promising components for eco-friendly mortars, whose optimization requires advanced analytical techniques capable of capturing their complex linear and nonlinear interactions, making frameworks such as response surface methodology and artificial neural networks essential for effective mix design. This study examines the mechanical performance of eco-friendly mortar incorporating wood ash (WA) as a partial cement replacement and nanosilica solution (NSS) as a strength-enhancing additive, with the aim of optimizing compressive and flexural behaviour. Wood ash was substituted at levels of 5–25%, while NS (0.265 moL−1) was substituted at levels of 0–1.7%. Twenty-one mortar samples were produced and tested at multiple curing ages. Two modelling techniques, response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANNs), were employed to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of WA and NSS on strength development at curing ages of 28 and 180 days. While RSM provided insight into factor significance and linear interactions, ANN more effectively captured nonlinear behaviour, achieving superior predictive accuracy (R2 = 1.000 for 28-day strength). Experimental results revealed that nanosilica substantially enhanced strength up to an optimal dosage of approximately 2.5 g, beyond which performance declined due to particle agglomeration or matrix over-refinement. In contrast, higher WA contents produced strength reductions attributable to dilution effects. Optimization showed that mixtures containing low WA (≤30 g) combined with moderate NSS (2.0–2.5 g) exhibited the highest mechanical performance. Collectively, the findings confirm that ANN-based models outperform RSM and multilinear regression, underscoring their effectiveness for mix design optimization and performance forecasting in sustainable cementitious systems.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120716

Authors: Meng Wang Xinlong Guo Ziqiang Huang Meicheng Liao Tao Liu Min Xu David Wei Zhang

In logic device development, gate-all-around nanosheet field-effect transistors (GAA NSFETs) are widely regarded as the future mainstream architecture. Due to an innovative stacked-channel design, a novel process module of channel release has been introduced, posing significant challenges to device manufacturing. The channel release quality plays a decisive role in the device’s turn-on voltage and operating speed. Meanwhile, the complex interferences are undoubtedly brought by diverse structures and manufacturing thermal budgets of GAA NSFETs. Here, the non-plasma gas etching, which is not yet widely used in the current industry, is adopted for channel release. The influences of nanosheet width, spacing, and annealing conditions on the etching process are systematically studied. A SiGe/Si etching selectivity as high as 87 is achieved. With increasing channel width, a downward trend in the single-sided damage in the central region of Si nanosheets is shown. At >100% over-etching, the Si single-sided damage in structures with different channel spacing is controlled below 1 nm. The intensified diffusion of Ge elements in the SiGe layer and a gradual slowdown of the SiGe etching rate are caused by increasing the annealing temperature. The root mean square (RMS) value of the channel surface roughness is reduced from 0.087 to 0.069 nm by adding the *H radical pretreatment into the process. These findings provide valuable guidance for developing a channel release etching process with high selectivity, low damage, a stable process window, and low fabrication difficulty.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120715

Authors: Wendi Xu Jia Zhang Junjie Xie Tianzhu Xu Jia Wu Hong Wang

Physical unclonable function (PUF) based on intrinsic device randomness has emerged as promising hardware security primitives, yet combining secure encryption with neuromorphic recognition within a single device platform remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate a photosensing PUF based on an intrinsically random SnTe memristor capable of both image encryption and memristive neural network recognition. The SnTe memristor, fabricated with an In2O3:SnO2/SnTe/Nb:SrTiO3 structure, exhibits stable resistive switching and stable retention exceeding 4000 s. Synaptic biomimetic behaviors including learning-experience emulation, short-term plasticity and long-term plasticity are also realized. Notably, the device displays pronounced optical sensitivity that produces stochastic photocurrent fluctuations originating from unavoidable device-to-device variations under illumination. By quantizing these random photocurrents, an encryption key stream is generated and utilized for image scrambling and diffusion. A memristive neural network is constructed to classify the encrypted images, achieving a recognition accuracy of 95.1% with a loss of 0.15 after 300 training epochs. This work establishes a viable pathway from intrinsic optical randomness to secure neuromorphic computing, highlighting the multifunctional potential of SnTe memristors in integrated hardware security and brain-inspired computation.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120714

Authors: Baolin Peng Chonggen Pan Yuxin Huang Huiqing Wang Jian Geng Yedong Chen Xiangkun Meng Youpeng Duan

Polyethylene (PE) fibers are promising reinforcements for engineered cementitious composites (ECC); however, their highly hydrophobic nature and inherent chemical inertness limit their reinforcing effectiveness. This study investigated the use of different types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to modify PE fibers under varying immersion times. Microstructural characterizations were conducted to investigate the effects of MWCNTs type and immersion time on the surface properties of PE fibers, while mechanical testing was undertaken to evaluate the mechanical performance of the resulting fiber-reinforced cementitious composites. MWCNTs were found to form a uniform coating on the surface of the reinforced PE fibers, resulting in a reduction in water contact angle from 164.2° to 118.4° and an increase in oxygen contents by 242.27%. With increasing immersion time, the single-fiber pull-out strength improved by up to 40.48%, with an optimal modification duration of 8 h. The MWCNTs modified PE fibers were found to increase the 28-day uniaxial tensile strength and three-point bending strength of the cementitious composites by up to 16.17% and 6.96%, respectively, while exhibiting negligible effects on compressive strength. This study implies that MWCNTs can effectively enhance surface wettability and mitigate surface inertness of PE fibers, thereby enhancing the overall performance of ECC.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120713

Authors: Qingyu Wang Sheng Liu Shikun Liu Yanxiong Xiang Changwei Zou

High-entropy alloys exhibit a broad light-responsive spectrum, spanning the ultraviolet to visible range, and their light absorption coefficient is significantly higher than that of traditional binary oxides. Cr/AlCrNbSiTiN/AlCrNbSiTiO gradient nano-multilayer coatings with excellent solar selective absorption properties are prepared using ion source enhanced magnetron sputtering. The effects of thickness of the absorption layer of AlCrNbSiTiN (3/4/5 min, denoted as S-3/4/5) are systematically investigated. It is worth noting that nano-multilayer coatings of S-3, S-4, and S-5 exhibit nearly perfect absorption rates of 0.9847, 0.9888, and 0.9879, respectively. The TEM images shows clear interfaces between the various coating layers, exhibiting a gradient structure that combines nanocrystalline and amorphous characteristics. From the substrate to the surface, there is an increase in the content of nanocrystalline phases, coarsening of grain sizes, and a decrease in the amount of amorphous phases. The primary absorption layer of AlCrNbSiTiN displays a typical face-centered cubic nitride structure. The XPS analysis reveals that the high-valent oxides (Nb5+, Cr6+) ensure thermal stability, whereas mixed valence states of Cr3+/Cr6+ may enhance visible light absorption through multi-electron transitions. This study analyzes how both the thickness of absorbing layers and high-temperature annealing affect the optical properties and photothermal conversion performance of AlCrNbSiTiN-based high-entropy coatings, which provides valuable insights for developing high-performance selective absorbers.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120712

Authors: Giorgia Costantini Laura Pulze Nicolò Baranzini Elisabetta Campodoni Monica Sandri Annalisa Grimaldi

Skin injuries are common and can result from surgeries, burns, pressure sores, cuts, and diseases. Proper wound healing is crucial for maintaining homeostasis; wounds can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute wounds heal in four sequential phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Chronic wounds arise when this process fails, often due to prolonged inflammation. Existing treatments for chronic wounds are limited, and antibiotic resistance complicates infection control, highlighting the urgent need for new therapies. Biomaterials, particularly gelatin, have gained attention for their biomimetic properties, biocompatibility, and ability to promote healing. Gelatin’s ECM-like structure supports tissue metabolism, and it can be enriched with bioactive compounds to enhance tissue regeneration, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and antimicrobial activity. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a 3D gelatin-based patch in vivo, using Hirudo verbana as a model. The patch, functionalized with chitosan and bioactive apatite nanoparticles, was implanted in injured leeches, with tissue samples collected at 72 h, 1 week, and 2 weeks. Scaffold integration, cell colonization, and healing effects were assessed through morphological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analyses. The findings confirm H. verbana as a robust in vivo model for regenerative medicine and demonstrate the promising potential of gelatin-based patches.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120711

Authors: Fatma Al Shanfari Fatma Al Ma’Mari Warda Al Saidi Rachid Sbiaa

Magnetic skyrmions have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation nanomagnetic devices owing to their stability, nanoscale size, and efficient manipulability. In this work, we demonstrate the deterministic creation of skyrmions using a single ultrafast laser pulse in a thin ferromagnetic film. Through micromagnetic simulations, we model the effect of a focused picosecond laser pulse on a Pt/Co-based multilayer with interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI). We find that above a threshold laser fluence, or equivalently, a critical pulse duration, a stable 25 nm Néel-type skyrmion diameter is created at low temperature under a modest out-of-plane magnetic field. Our results demonstrate that skyrmions can be written deterministically by a single picosecond laser pulse, eliminating the need for multiple exposures or electrical stimuli. This work systematically identifies the ultrafast excitation and material-parameter ranges that enable stable solitary skyrmion nucleation in experimentally realistic magnetic multilayers. This can be a foundation for photonic-spintronic integration, enabling optical data writing and magnetic storage, offering a pathway toward ultrafast, energy-efficient, and contactless control of topological spin states for future memory and logic applications.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120710

Authors: Rabiga M. Kudaibergenova Aitekova R. Anar Seitzhan A. Orynbayev

Microplastics (MPs, plastic particles < 5 mm) and nanoplastics (NPs, plastic particles generally <1 µm), collectively referred to as micro/nanoplastics (MNPs), have emerged as critical contaminants in wastewater systems due to their persistence, small size, and ability to act as vectors for co-contaminants. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies are often insufficient for the effective removal of microplastics, particularly for smaller particles and nanoplastics, necessitating the development of functional materials and innovative treatment strategies. In this review, recent advances in carbon-based materials, cellulose-based materials, and their hybrid carbon–cellulose composites for microplastics removal are critically analyzed and comparatively discussed. Particular attention is given to the structure–function relationships governing adsorption performance, including the roles of hierarchical porosity, surface chemistry, and interfacial interactions. The key mechanisms responsible for microplastics capture—such as hydrophobic interactions, π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, physical entrapment, and pore trapping—are systematically discussed. Carbon–cellulose composite materials are highlighted as a promising class of multifunctional adsorbents due to their synergistic combination of hydrophilic cellulose scaffolds and hydrophobic carbon domains. This dual functionality enables efficient removal of microplastics across a wide range of sizes and morphologies. Recent developments in magnetic and superhydrophobic composite systems further demonstrate enhanced separation efficiency, recyclability, and potential applicability in real wastewater environments. In addition to summarizing recent progress, this review critically examines the methodological inconsistencies, mechanistic uncertainties, and practical limitations associated with current adsorption systems. Despite significant progress, several challenges remain, including the lack of standardized evaluation methods, limited validation under real wastewater conditions, material stability issues, and scalability constraints. Future research directions are proposed, focusing on rational material design, sustainable carbon sources, multifunctional hybrid systems, and integration into existing treatment infrastructures. The development of sustainable hybrid adsorption systems for microplastics remediation also contributes to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) by supporting improved wastewater treatment technologies and reduction in emerging aquatic contaminants.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120708

Authors: Cheng Yin Zhang Luo Chen Wen Tingting Hu Dandan Liu Hao Peng Huilai Liu Xing Chen

Inorganic mercury ions (Hg2+) are highly toxic, posing a threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, iron phthalocyanine (FePc) was anchored onto the surface of MXene via a self-assembly strategy to construct an FePc/MXene-x (F/M-x) heterostructure. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption (BET) confirmed that the high specific surface area and good conductivity of MXene effectively inhibited FePc aggregation and increased the exposure of active sites. The F/M-x composite was then modified onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to fabricate an electrochemical sensor, and the detection performance for Hg2+ was evaluated using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Under optimized conditions (pH = 5.0, accumulation at −1.2 V for 180 s), the F/M-100/GCE exhibited a linear range of 0.1–1.0 μM, a sensitivity of 19.02 μA/μM, and a detection limit of 5.9 nM. The sensor showed good anti-interference ability against coexisting metal ions such as Cd2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+, with a batch-to-batch RSD of 2.03% and a long-term stability RSD of 2.49%. Spike recovery experiments in real water samples (lake water and groundwater) verified the accuracy of the method. This study provides a new electrochemical platform for the rapid detection of trace Hg2+ in water environments.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120709

Authors: Silong Wang Wei Yan Pan Sun Jun Yuan

Power batteries used in electric-powered vessels, new-energy tractors or construction machinery typically require prolonged, continuous operation at high power levels, which can lead to significant heat buildup and pose serious threats to battery safety, cycle life, and operational stability. Traditional air-cooled and liquid-cooled systems struggle to meet the requirements for efficient heat dissipation under heavy loads. Phase change materials (PCMs) are ideal for passive battery thermal management due to their high latent heat but are severely limited by low thermal conductivity and liquid leakage. In this study, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes@SiO2 (PNT@SiO2) were synthesized and further fabricated into oriented porous aerogels by directional freeze-drying using cellulose-based materials as the skeleton. Polyethylene glycol-8000 (PEG-8000) was loaded via vacuum impregnation to obtain the PSAP composite PCM. The optimized composite exhibits a thermal conductivity of 0.93 W/m·K, 3.2 times that of pure PEG, with 96% PEG loading and a phase change enthalpy of 158 J/g. Battery thermal management tests demonstrate its excellent temperature control and heat suppression performance. This study provides a high-performance and feasible thermal management solution for power batteries used in relevant fields.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120707

Authors: Meizhen Jiang Yuanyuan Zhang Rongrong Hu Yumeng Men Lin Cheng Pan Liang Tianqing Jia Zhenrong Sun Donghai Feng

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Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120706

Authors: Simon Ekman Glaydson Simoes dos Reis Ewen Laisné Julie Thivet Alejandro Grimm Eder Claudio Lima Mu. Naushad Guilherme Luiz Dotto

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Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120705

Authors: Sujan Kumar Mondal Elizabeth Kenyon Alexander L. Klibanov Anna Moore

Normal prostate epithelial cells accumulate high intracellular zinc levels that maintain optimum mitochondrial metabolism and proliferation. Prostate cancer cells lose this zinc-accumulating capacity, enabling metabolic reprogramming that supports tumor progression. Restoring intracellular zinc selectively in prostate tumors represents a promising therapeutic strategy; however, systemic zinc administration is limited by the inability of prostate cancer cells to take up free zinc resulting from ZIP1 transporter downregulation. To overcome this challenge, we developed a formulation of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted, zinc-loaded liposomes (Zn-TL) to enable tumor-selective intracellular zinc delivery. Zn-TL was prepared with uniform nanoscale size, low polydispersity, and negative surface charge. The formulation showed minimal zinc leakage during storage and sustained retention in vitro. In prostate cancer cells, Zn-TL demonstrated receptor-mediated uptake, resulting in increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis. In vivo, we performed proof-of-principle studies showing prolonged circulation and tumor accumulation of Zn-TL in mice bearing PSMA-positive tumors. While tumor growth was delayed during early and intermediate stages of tumor development, this effect diminished at later stages. The stage-dependent efficacy suggests that Zn-TL may be most effective when used earlier in disease progression. These results also suggest that Zn-TL represents a promising platform for metabolic intervention and may benefit from combination strategies to enhance efficacy in advanced disease.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120704

Authors: Haibin Zhou Jun Deng Zhicheng Xie Zhicheng Pan Yanjie Cui Dong Yue Yu Feng Mingze Zhang Minghe Chi Xunjun He

To meet the growing demand for materials combing high thermal conductivity and electrical insulation, we developed epoxy (EP) composites filled with zero-dimensional (0D) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and two-dimensional (2D) boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs). This hybrid filler system synergistically enhances both thermal conductivity and dielectric properties, while retaining excellent electrical insulation. With only 1 wt% AgNPs and 15 wt% BNNSs, the composite achieved a dielectric constant of 4.17 at 100 Hz, outperforming pure EP. At 30 wt% BNNSs and the same AgNP loading, the in-plane and out-of-plane thermal conductivities reached 3.02 and 0.41 W·m−1·K−1, respectively, along with improved thermal stability. Moreover, the composite exhibited an electrical conductivity below 10−9 S/cm at 1000 Hz, confirming that the minimal metal filler content negligibly affects insulation. Thus, this work offers a feasible strategy for designing next-generation high-performance composites using 0D/2D hybrid fillers, highlighting their promising potential for advanced electronic packaging.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16120703

Authors: Baran Yurdakul Sumeyye Meyvaci Gokce Aykol-Sahin Aslan Gokbuget Funda Yalcin Ulku Baser

Peri-implantitis treatment is challenging because of the complex micro- and nanostructured topography of implant surfaces. No standard debridement protocol exists. In this study, we compared five debridement methods used on heavily contaminated titanium implants that were explanted due to peri-implantitis. Twenty-five explanted implants (five per group) were treated with a carbon fiber ultrasonic insert, a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) ultrasonic insert, a rotating titanium brush, an erbium, chromium-doped yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser, or an erbium-doped yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Er:YAG) laser. Five pristine implants were used as controls. Surface morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Modified-Implant Debridement Visual Index (M-IDVI) was used to assess the debridement effectiveness according to SEM images. Surface elemental composition was assessed for atomic percentage (at. %) of carbon, titanium, oxygen and nitrogen using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Mechanical methods were more effective at removing debris than laser methods. The titanium brush showed the lowest residual debris (2.33 ± 0.33) and the greatest reduction in surface carbon (Δ = −7.77 at. %). Surface titanium increased after debridement for all methods except for Er,Cr:YSGG (Δ = −5.9 at. %). Er:YAG best preserved SLA microtopography but exhibited a lower debridement efficacy (3.27 ± 0.83) than mechanical methods. No method resulted in a pristine surface.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110702

Authors: Giacomo Becatti Francesca Baletto

Nanoporous films assembled by low-kinetic-energy deposition of individual nanoparticles are complex nanomaterials for a variety of applications, from gas sensing to neuromorphic computing. We develop a numerical strategy for assembling metallic nanoparticles into 25–40 nm thick films from an arbitrary distribution of Au nanoparticles in terms of their initial size and shape. We characterize the structural properties of the assembled films as a function of the initial nanoparticle distribution. The morphology of the deposited nanoparticles affects nanofilm thickness, porosity, and its internal structure, including the length, type, and density of dislocations. Film porosity and the average dislocation length mainly correlate with the size of deposited nanoparticles. At the same time, thickness and dislocation density can also be affected by the shape of the larger nanoparticles deposited.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110701

Authors: Volodymyr Akimov Viktor Tulupenko Roman Demediuk Anton Tiutiunnyk Carlos A. Duque Alvaro L. Morales David Laroze Miguel Eduardo Mora-Ramos Igor Fodchuk Tamara González-Vega

The oscillator strengths of absorptive transitions from the ground to the resonant excited impurity states for the impurity positioned in and near the GaAs/AlGaAs rectangular quantum well are studied. Due to the resonant nature of the final states, the absorption peaks are broadened. The shape of the peaks is reproduced numerically as a function of impurity position with respect to the well and the well width. Peak parameters, such as maximum, broadening, and integral absorption, are analyzed numerically; the Fano parameter is considered qualitatively.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110700

Authors: Wenqi Gao Yuan Meng Xinran Zhang Liqiang Liu Yunjie Zhang Jin Zhou Zifei Sun

Iron-based carbon nanofibers (Fe-CNFs) have garnered significant attention due to their promising applications as functional materials or precursors in the field of catalysis, energy storage, and electromagnetic interference shielding. In this work, electrospun Fe3O4-CNFs were reduced under a H2/Ar atmosphere to obtain Fe-CNFs, and the reduction temperature and holding time were systematically optimized. Notably, a pronounced carbon gasification phenomenon was observed at elevated temperatures (>550 °C), leading to a complete consumption of the carbon matrix. The underlying mechanism was explored using temperature-programmed reduction with mass spectrometry (TPR-MS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results suggest that the carbon gasification during the H2 reduction process is primarily driven by the carbon-water reaction, which can be catalyzed by the in situ-formed Fe nanoparticles. As the temperature increases, various reactions—including hydrogen dissociation, H2 spillover, carbon-water reaction, and Boudouard reaction—may progressively consume the carbon framework, ultimately leading to structural collapse and complete material loss. This study elucidates the underlying mechanism of carbon-water reaction and provides practical guidance for the optimization of synthesis parameters, thereby enhancing the yield and structural integrity of free-standing Fe-CNFs for their application in catalysis and energy storage-related fields.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110699

Authors: Nürettin Akçakale Muhammad Ishtiaq Temel Varol Mohsen Saboktakin Rizi

Nanodefect engineering has emerged as an effective strategy to address the inherent strength–ductility trade-off and limited damage tolerance of wrought and cast magnesium alloys through controlled manipulation of their defect structures. Recent advances demonstrate that introducing and tailoring nanoscale defects can significantly enhance mechanical performance and, under appropriate defect architectures and processing conditions, may enable improved strength–ductility balance. This review provides a concise, mechanism-oriented overview of nanodefect-mediated strengthening in Mg alloys, focusing on the roles of nanograins, nanoprecipitates, nanotwins, and nano-stacking faults. Grain refinement via severe plastic deformation and other processing routes enhances strength through Hall–Petch effects while modifying texture and activating non-basal slip. Concurrently, nanoscale precipitates contribute through dislocation shearing and Orowan bypassing, whereas planar defects such as nanotwins and stacking faults introduce high-density interfaces that both impede dislocation motion and facilitate plastic accommodation. Emphasis is placed on the synergistic interactions among these defect populations, which govern strain hardening, deformation stability, and the overall strength–ductility balance. The review underscores that tailored defect architectures, achieved through integrated processing and alloy design, provide a viable pathway for developing next-generation Mg alloys with improved and tunable mechanical performance.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110698

Authors: Haoran Wang Xiaoyu Wang Shuo Liu Chunzhao Liu

Ischemic diseases are characterized by the functional collapse of endothelial cells (ECs) triggered by insufficient tissue perfusion. Given that mitochondria serve as the metabolic hub of ECs, their homeostatic imbalance, which is manifested by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, serves as the initiating factor driving impaired angiogenesis and tissue necrosis. In this study, we engineered an integrated nanosystem (Tan-CDs@AS-IV) by transforming Tanshinone into antioxidant carbon dots to encapsulate Astragaloside IV, achieving multi-level synergistic regulation of mitochondrial function. Our results demonstrate that Tan-CDs@AS-IV possesses superior structural stability and cellular internalization capabilities, significantly enhancing the migration and tubulogenesis of ECs under ischemic stress. Mechanistically, Tan-CDs@AS-IV effectively scavenges mitochondrial ROS and restores membrane potential and ATP production. Crucially, the nanosystem orchestrates mitochondrial biogenesis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) upregulation while simultaneously facilitating intercellular mitochondrial transfer through Connexin 43 (Cx43)-mediated gap junctions. This synergistic “endogenous amplification and intercellular replenishment” model establishes a robust mitochondrial quality control relay. By reconstructing cellular energy homeostasis, this study provides a novel nanoengineering strategy for the targeted therapy of ischemic diseases.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110697

Authors: Yue Zhao Xiaona Wang Ze Zhang Menglan Xu

Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) represents a significant environmental challenge due to its high content of toxic heavy metal (HM) and large-scale generation. This study demonstrates the feasibility pathway for converting hazardous MSWI FA into well-crystallized layered double hydroxide nanosheets (LDH-FA). Sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate (SDD) was incorporated as a chelating stabilizer to enable synergistic HM immobilization during acid leaching and crystallization. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) confirmed the characteristic two-dimensional nanosheet morphology with interlayer spacings consistent with LDH structures, while elemental mapping revealed homogeneous distribution of Pb and Zn within the nanosheet matrix. SDD dosages higher than 1.0 wt% effectively suppressed HM leaching, and Pb concentrations were controlled below 0.1 mg/L and Zn maintained at minimal levels. BCR sequential extraction analysis further demonstrated that SDD treatment effectively transformed HMs from bioavailable acid-soluble fractions to stable forms. This investigation establishes an innovative approach to MSWI FA resource utilization and provides mechanistic insights into HM stabilization within LDH nanostructures, offering a scientific basis for safer applications of waste-derived nanomaterials.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110696

Authors: Zhendong Weng Junxiong Liu Kexin Liu Yingjie Zhou Yaqi Zhang Muzi Yang Jian Chen Weiguang Xie

Two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (2D-OIHP) heterostructures provide a versatile platform for crystal engineering because their composition, dimensionality, excitonic structure and interfacial energy alignment can be tuned at the molecular level. However, the same ionic softness that enables facile chemical transformation also leads to ion migration under thermal, electrical and optical stimuli. In 2D-OIHP heterostructures, ion migration is not only a degradation pathway; it determines whether a heterointerface remains sharp, becomes compositionally graded, evolves into a mixed-halide alloy, or forms a bias-programmed functional junction. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding ion migration in 2D-OIHP-based heterostructures, with emphasis on migration species, driving forces, pathways and interface evolution. We first classify representative fabrication strategies according to the initial interface profiles they generate. We then discuss thermally driven in-plane and out-of-plane halide migration, spacer-cation engineering for suppressing interdiffusion, and electric-field-induced directional migration in functional devices. Finally, we extract design rules and unresolved challenges for achieving stable, sharp or dynamically programmable perovskite heterostructures. The aim is to provide a mechanistic framework for using ion migration as both a stability criterion and a crystal-engineering tool in layered hybrid perovskites.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110695

Authors: Lu-Lu Chen Jun-Hao Guo Yuan-Yuan Liu Haifang Wang

The biological effects of nanoparticles (NPs) form the basis of their safety assessments and biomedical applications. However, most related studies have focused on exposing biological systems such as cells and animals to individual NPs. This is far removed from real-world environmental exposure and biomedical application scenarios involving NPs. In practice, NPs often coexist with other types of NPs or the same type of NPs of different sizes. Interactions between mixed NPs can alter their dispersion states and biological behaviors, thereby influencing their cellular internalization, distribution, and ultimately determining their toxicity outcomes. In this review, we summarize the research progress and current understanding of the biological effects of mixed NPs. We focus on how co-exposure influences the uptake/absorption, fate, and toxicity of NPs in cells and animals. Co-exposure results in an increased, decreased, or unaffected cellular uptake of NPs by altering their dispersion states and protein corona in biological media, and thus their uptake routes. Cytotoxicity of mixed NPs exhibits patterns of synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effects, and is not always positively correlated with the intracellular contents of the NPs, highlighting the complexity of the response of biological systems to NP co-exposure. In vivo evidence further indicates that co-exposure to NPs can result in alterations in the absorption efficiency, tissue distribution, and clearance of the NPs, and thus their overall toxicity. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the current research on the biological response to mixed NPs, and propose key challenges and future directions towards a more standardized, mechanism-based assessment of NP mixtures.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110694

Authors: Naren Bocanegra Marcela Paredes-Laverde Nancy Acelas Ximena Carolina Pulido Luis Rodríguez César Jaramillo-Páez

Mercury contamination in water poses severe environmental and health risks, requiring efficient and sustainable removal strategies. In this study, rice husk (RH), rice husk-derived materials, including rice ash (RHA), and Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM-41) were evaluated as adsorbents for Hg(II) removal in aqueous systems. Among the tested materials, MCM-41 exhibited superior adsorption performance, achieving up to 98% Hg(II) removal under optimal conditions (pH 6.8, 3 g L−1 of adsorbent, and a pollutant concentration of 0.90 mg L−1). Adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and was best described by the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 0.80 mg g−1. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the process was spontaneous and exothermic, primarily governed by coordination interactions and hydrogen bonding with surface silanol groups. The adsorbent’s applicability was further assessed in distilled water, synthetic industrial wastewater, and river water. Although high removal efficiencies were maintained, a decrease was observed in complex matrices due to competition from coexisting ions. Reusability tests demonstrated that MCM-41 retained its performance over four adsorption cycles. Environmental safety was evaluated through ecotoxicological and microbiological assays. Daphnia magna exhibited high sensitivity to Hg(II) (EC50 values of 0.0220 mg L−1 at 24 h and 0.0158 mg L−1 at 48 h), while treated samples showed improved germination indices of Lactuca sativa, particularly in distilled and river water. However, residual toxicity persisted in industrial wastewater matrices. Overall, rice husk-derived MCM-41 is a promising and sustainable adsorbent for Hg(II) removal, though further optimization is needed to mitigate residual toxicity in complex water matrices.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110693

Authors: Nan Qu Wentao Zhou Wei Zhang Yong Liu Lu Zheng Dingbo Cao Mingyi Tan Jingchuan Zhu Xinghong Zhang

Ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs), including transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and diborides, have emerged as a class of promising structural materials for applications in extreme aerospace and energy environments. Their strong covalent–metallic bonding endows them with exceptionally high melting points, elastic moduli, and thermal stability. Nevertheless, intrinsic brittleness, limited oxidation resistance, and poor sinterability remain key challenges for the engineering application of conventional UHTCs. Recently, novel material design strategies such as multiphase composites, microstructural engineering, and compositional complexity have emerged. Among these, high-entropy UHTCs (HE-UHTCs) have attracted significant attention due to their configurational entropy, lattice distortion, and sluggish diffusion effects, which collectively enhance oxidation resistance, thermal stability, sinterability, and mechanical performance. This review summarizes the crystal chemistry, mechanical behavior, oxidation, and ablation properties of conventional UHTCs and HE-UHTCs. The four core effects of HE-UHTCs—configurational entropy, lattice distortion, sluggish diffusion, and cocktail effects—are discussed in relation to their mechanical properties and oxidation resistance. The roles of computational materials science, including density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics (MD), and machine learning, in composition screening and property prediction are critically reviewed. Finally, key challenges and future directions for the rational design and engineering application of UHTCs are discussed.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110692

Authors: Hsin-Hui Huang Haoran Mu Eulalia Puig Vilardell Vijayakumar Anand Darius Gailevičius Saulius Juodkazis

Trends in Micro- and Nano-Lithography required for future development of large area applications ranging from high-packing-density electronics to solar cells are surveyed and outlined. Strategies to use direct laser writing to define etch masks over large areas by: (i) fixed beam moving stage and (ii) moving beam moving stage approaches are presented. The extension of planar 2D and stacked 2D (or 2.5D) fabrication methods into 3D micro- and nano-fabrication is discussed. One of the essential future characteristics of 3D nanolithography is real-time feedback capability. This can be realised via inherent 3D-capable holography, which bridges lithographic exposure control, wavefront sensing, and adaptive feedback, providing a pathway to stitch-free, large-area 3D patterning. The future of micro-fabrication is expected to evolve via highly specialised 3D architecture design and reduction in post-processing steps.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110691

Authors: Yu Ping Lydia Chen Jacob Joel Hoenig Xiaohan Yang Fanny Chapelin

Adoptive cell therapies, and more specifically, regulatory T cell (Treg) therapies, have shown significant therapeutic promise across multiple immune-mediated diseases including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), solid organ transplant (SOT) rejection, and autoimmune diseases. One key challenge is the lack of insight into the biodistribution and fate of adoptively transferred T cells and Tregs in living organisms. These uncertainties delay progress on establishing optimal dosage(s), infusion timing and route, as well as investigations into off-target effects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cell tracking is particularly beneficial in this setting because it enables real-time, deep-tissue coverage without ionizing radiation. In this review, we compare existing MRI T cell tracking strategies using iron oxide particles and fluorinated agents. We describe preclinical and clinical applications of MRI for cell therapy tracking and provide a perspective on the potential impact on the field.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110690

Authors: Haechan Cho Jonghyeok Bang Seungheon Oh Jinyoung Chung Ji Won Lim Heesoo Jung Youngho Jin

Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) pose severe threats to human health and the environment because of their extreme toxicity. Conventional liquid-phase decontamination processes can present limitations, including potential equipment corrosion, generation of secondary liquid waste, and increased operational complexity. To overcome these challenges, we report a solar-assisted process intensification strategy for solvent-free decontamination of toxic organophosphorus compounds using UiO-66-NH2@carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid platforms. Incorporation of CNTs (optimized at 5 wt%) enables efficient solar-to-thermal conversion, resulting in rapid photothermal self-heating to 85 °C under simulated solar irradiation (1000 W m−2). This localized thermal effect contributes to accelerated DMMP removal within the MOF-based hybrid structure, thereby partially alleviating the kinetic limitations typically associated with solvent-free reactions. Consequently, the optimized hybrid achieves 94% removal of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), a representative sarin simulant, within 10 min under humidity-conditioned, solvent-free conditions, representing a 27% improvement compared with pristine UiO-66-NH2. This decontamination platform eliminates the need for chemical solvents and external energy input, thereby mitigating secondary contamination and reducing the environmental footprint. By integrating the catalytic framework of Zr-based MOFs with the photothermal capability of CNTs, this study presents a sustainable engineering strategy for advanced defense and environmental protection.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110689

Authors: Meng Song Keqing Li Zhiqiang Yang Siqi Zhang

This study synthesized a novel Fe3O4/biochar composite (Fe3O4@BC) characterized by a porous structure and a high electron-donating capacity. The effect of Fe3O4@BC on ammonia emission and nitrogen loss during electric-field-assisted composting was investigated, and its underlying mechanism in nitrogen transformation was elucidated. Results demonstrated that the addition of an appropriate amount of Fe3O4@BC reduced cumulative NH3 emission and total nitrogen loss by 30.00% and 4.03%, respectively. The favorable changes in gas emissions could be attributed to Fe3O4@BC-mediated modulation of key core microbial taxa. Under the electric-field-coupled condition, Fe3O4@BC addition significantly promoted the proliferation of Actinobacteria, such as Thermobifida and Corynebacterium, during the high-temperature phase, while concurrently suppressing the activity of Firmicutes. The shift in core microbial communities optimized key nitrogen transformation processes, including ammonification and nitrification, ultimately leading to reduced NH3 emission. This study highlights the application potential of Fe3O4@BC in enhancing nitrogen retention and mitigating emissions during composting.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110688

Authors: Ge Xu Wei Yu Minxuan Zhang Fei Cai Qiushun Zou Jianheng Li Jing Hu Zhixin Wan Shihong Zhang

Reported herein is tantalum (Ta)-based film, including TaN, TaOx, composite TaOxNγ, multilayered TaN/TaOx-(5:5) and TaN/TaOx-(10:10), prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology via adjusting the sub-cycle of TaN and TaOx films. The influence of different growth parameters on microstructure, crystal form, chemical bonding state and corrosion resistance of Ta-based films was systematically investigated. Representative results include the following: (1) The surface of the Ta-based films prepared by ALD is continuous, dense and smooth, and the root mean square roughness (Rq) of those are TaN: 0.74 nm, TaOx: 0.69 nm, TaOxNγ: 0.55 nm, TaN/TaOx-5:5: 0.56 nm and TaN/TaOx-10:10: 0.77 nm. (2) The TaN film presents a polycrystalline structure with good crystallinity, while the incorporation of oxygen significantly inhibits the crystallinity of the film. (3) Electrochemical tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution and neutral salt spray experiments show that ALD deposition of Ta-based films can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of carbon steel substrates. The order of corrosion resistance of different films is TaOxNγ film > TaN/TaOx multilayer film > TaN film. Among them, the TaOxNγ film exhibited the most excellent corrosion resistance, with a charge transfer resistance (Rct) as high as 24.75 Ω·cm2 and a corrosion current density (Icorr) as low as 1.20 × 10−6 A/cm2, and no obvious rusting phenomenon was observed on the surface of that film after the 2 h neutral salt spray test.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110687

Authors: Mosima Letsoalo Charlene Andraos Masilu Masekameni Mary Gulumian

Silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in biomedicine, electronics, and catalysis, but their potential toxicity raises occupational health concerns. This study assessed the cytotoxicity and cellular interactions of Ag and Au NPs in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) using a standardized OECD three-tiered approach, alongside characterization of lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) concentrations during NP synthesis, which remained within ranges typically reported in occupational environments. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that AgNPs formed irregular clusters (~8.7 nm primary size, >30 nm aggregates), whereas AuNPs remained spherical (~13.4 nm). Real-time cytotoxicity analysis (xCELLigence) showed acute toxicity of AgNPs at 5 μg/cm2, while AuNPs exhibited no cytotoxic effects. Dark-field and 3D hyperspectral imaging demonstrated that some AgNPs were internalized by BEAS-2B cells, whereas AuNPs remained mostly on the cell surface, indicating that uptake alone does not determine cytotoxicity. The greater dissolution potential of AgNPs and possible release of Ag+ ions may contribute to the enhanced cytotoxic effects observed in comparison to AuNPs, as suggested in previous studies. Although oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and related cellular mechanisms were not directly assessed in the present study, the findings demonstrate differential cellular responses following nanoparticle exposure under realistic occupational exposure conditions. These results contribute to understanding nanoparticle–cell interactions and support the need for further mechanistic investigations to inform safer nanomaterial use.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110685

Authors: Mariana Karimova Giordana Ponziani Diana Vardanyan Andrea Alfieri Maurizio Zuccotti Stefano Tacconi Luciana Dini

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attracting considerable interest due to their important role in cell signaling. However, their nanosized scale, complexity, and heterogeneity make even morphological characterization challenging. Only with the recent advances in cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), together with the increasing availability of cryo-electron microscopes, has it become possible to visualize the native structure of EVs. In this study we performed an in-depth cryo-EM analysis of EVs derived from four glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines (U87MG, U373MG, U251MG, and T98G), highlighting the morphological changes induced by temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapeutic treatment. Size, shape, circularity, concentricity, membrane thickness, and electron density of EVs were analyzed. The key characteristic revealed by cryo-EM was that EVs can be enclosed not only by one membrane bilayer, but also by two or more bilayers (double-layered vesicles, DVs; and multilayered vesicles, MVs). Overall, TMZ treatment substantially modified both the morphology and production of EVs, decreasing the percentage of single-layered vesicles (SVs) while increasing that of DVs and MVs, as well as reducing the electron density of the EV cargo. Morphometric and morphological information can shed light on the contribution of EVs to tumor progression, metabolism, drug resistance, and immune evasion.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110686

Authors: Qingyun Xiong Hafiz M. Ahsen Ilyas Weiyu Cao Jinping Xiong

Carbon dots (CDs) are zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials with sizes below 10 nm, with high fluorescence quantum yields, variable emission colours, and excellent photostability. Due to their different structural origins and complex surface chemicals, CDs display complex photoluminescence behaviors (PL) and different fluorescence suppression responses. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in understanding the PL mechanisms of CDs, including carbon-core emission, surface emission, molecular emission and crosslink emission. In addition, fluorescence quenching processes triggered by various analytical techniques are discussed, including dynamic quenching, static quenching, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), photoinduced electron transfer (PET), and the inner filter effect (IFE). Emphasis is placed on mechanistic understanding and experimental differentiation strategies. A clear understanding of these fundamental mechanisms is essential for optimizing the fluorescence properties of CDs and the design of highly sensitive and selective fluorescence sensors. Finally, potential research directions and applications of CDs based on these mechanical insights are also highlighted.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110684

Authors: Elena Pérez-Mayoral Mounia Al Bahri Ines Matos

The use of metal-free porous carbon catalysts can be considered one of the best alternatives for implementing a more sustainable fine chemical synthesis, as a challenge necessary to protect both our planet and society. It is recognized that the selection of the appropriate functional carbon catalyst, operating under the optimal reaction conditions, undoubtedly improves both the conversion and selectivity of a great variety of distinctive organic transformations, often through cascade reactions or even multicomponent synthesis. Increasing our knowledge of synthetic methodologies for metal-free carbon-based materials (including many of them on a large scale or even at an industrial scale), available characterization techniques, and computational methods represents an excellent opportunity to make these types of materials promising catalysts for a more sustainable future. In this context, this review is addressed to revisit the benefits and limitations of using each type of metal-free porous carbon catalyst in fine chemical synthesis, particularly in multi-bond forming processes for the synthesis of relevant heterocyclic systems.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110683

Authors: Jenna N. Swihart Christina R. Ferreira Akshada Shinde Jonathan H. Shannahan

Biocorona (BC) formation is a critical determinant of nanoparticle (NP) biological identity and downstream interactions, yet lipid association within BCs remains comparatively understudied relative to proteins, despite its potential relevance to NP stability, biodistribution, cellular interactions, and clearance. A more complete understanding of NP–lipid interactions is essential for optimizing NP-based therapies and supporting their safe clinical translation. In this study, we evaluated how serum concentration, biological sex, and NP size influence lipid association with iron oxide (Fe3O4) NP BCs. Lipids associated with 50 or 100 nm Fe3O4 NPs were characterized following incubation in male or female human serum across increasing serum concentrations of 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, or 75% (v/v). Increasing serum concentration promoted greater lipid association and increased BC complexity, with higher serum conditions yielding more compositionally diverse lipid coronas. BCs formed on 50 nm Fe3O4 NPs consistently contained more lipid species than those formed on 100 nm Fe3O4 NPs, indicating pronounced size-dependent differences in lipid recruitment. BCs formed in male serum also contained more lipid species and a greater number of unique lipids than corresponding female BCs, demonstrating that biological sex significantly influenced both lipid composition and abundance within the BC. Rank-based comparisons further indicated that lipid association was governed not only by serum abundance but also by selective binding behaviors. Together, these findings demonstrate that lipid corona formation is strongly shaped by both the biofluid environment and NP design variables, emphasizing the importance of considering lipid coronas in NP design and evaluation, particularly for applications in drug delivery, nanomedicine, and precision diagnostics.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110682

Authors: Ning Xu Yuehua Xu

Domain walls (DWs) are ubiquitous topological defects in two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials, yet their static role in optoelectronic transport remains unclear. Here, we address this issue using first-principles quantum-transport calculations on monolayer ferroelectric In2Se3 p–i–n junctions. Contrary to the conventional view that defects degrade device performance, only specific static DW configurations—not all—can significantly enhance photocurrent. We examine two thermodynamically stable configurations (the Initial and Final states) and one saddle-point configuration (the Transition state) along the polarization-switching pathway. The Initial state yields a photocurrent density of 10.91 μA·mm−2, about 1.80 times that of the single-domain device, while the Final state reaches 8.39 μA·mm−2, corresponding to an increase of ~37%. By comparison, the thermodynamically unstable Transition state gives a lower value of 5.92 μA·mm−2, indicating strong configuration selectivity. Analysis shows that the observed behavior can be qualitatively rationalized by the combined effects of optical absorption, carrier separation induced by DW-driven electrostatic-potential redistribution, and preserved conduction-channel continuity for carrier extraction. These findings provide a microscopic basis for understanding configuration-selective photocurrent enhancement by static domain walls in short-channel 2D ferroelectric devices.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110681

Authors: Junjie Xiao Qingjie Shan Zhoulong Xu Zhouping Yin Bin Xie Hao Wu

The emergence of three-dimensional heterogeneous integration (3D HI) has pushed forward the development of chip-to-wafer (C2W) hybrid bonding technology. To mitigate stress concentration during thermal annealing and wafer thinning processes of C2W bonding, a direct ink writing (DIW)-based 3D printing approach was proposed to fill the channel between two adjacent chips on the bonded wafer (i.e., wafer channels). A composite slurry consisting of polyimide (PI) as base material and aluminum nitride (AlN) nanoparticles as fillers was prepared. Through surface chemical modification and ultrasonic treatment, the slurry featured uniform filler dispersion (with particle size less than 1 μm) and adequate viscosity (3327 mPa·s), which fits the 3D printing process. The cured film demonstrated superior thermal stability and mechanical properties compared with pure PI, with a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 4.97 ppm/K, which matched that of silicon-based materials and exhibited excellent bonding. This approach provides a cost-effective and efficient alternative to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques for filling wafer channels.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110680

Authors: Chengyuan Li Yankai Huang Zheng Zhang Yan Zhou Ruipeng Geng Chengchao Wang Lanxin Ma

Nanofluid-based spectral filtering offers a promising approach to enhance photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system performance by utilizing the full solar spectrum. However, system optimization remains challenging due to complex nonlinear relationships between nanofluid parameters and overall performance. This study develops a prediction-optimization framework integrating deep neural networks (DNN) with genetic algorithms (GA) to accurately analyze multi-parameter interactions and achieve globally optimal designs for nanofluid-based PV/T systems. High-throughput datasets for three nanofluids (Ag, Au, Al) were constructed using theoretical calculations that combined Lorentz–Mie theory, Monte Carlo simulations, and a coupled opto-electro-thermal model. Three machine learning models—DNN, random forest (RF), and decision tree (DT)—were employed to predict key PV/T performance parameters. By synergizing machine learning with GA, a closed-loop prediction-optimization process was established to efficiently identify optimal design parameters. Among the models evaluated, the DNN demonstrated superior performance, achieving prediction accuracies above 99.48% for all three key performance indicators (ηpv, ηth, and MF), significantly outperforming the RF and DT models. Furthermore, SHAP analysis was conducted to quantify the contribution of each input feature and enhance model interpretability. Coupled with the GA, the DNN-GA framework successfully identified globally optimal design parameters for each nanofluid. For instance, for Ag nanofluid, the optimal combination (r = 4.02 nm, h = 9.91 mm, fv = 9.45 × 10−5) yielded a maximum MF value of 1.3603. This work presents an innovative machine learning framework for designing nanofluid filters in PV/T systems, which reduces reliance on iterative experimentation and accelerates the development of high-performance solar energy systems, demonstrating practical value.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110679

Authors: Havva Karahan Ufuk Yildiz Zeynep Şahintaş Hatice Çölgeçen

This study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Salvia tomentosa L. leaf extract, and evaluates their physicochemical characteristics and biointerfacial performance, including DNA interaction, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant capacity. AgNP formation was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy through a surface plasmon resonance band at 472 nm. SEM imaging showed predominantly spherical particles with sizes of 30–80 nm and a zeta potential of −17.3 mV, and EDX verified the elemental presence of silver. FTIR spectra indicated that plant-derived biomolecules, particularly phenolics, contributed to the reduction and capping/stabilization of AgNPs. XRD analysis confirmed a crystalline face-centered cubic structure. The AgNPs exhibited moderate, spontaneous binding to DNA (Kb ≈ 1.07 × 104 M−1), characterized by pronounced hyperchromism without evidence of intercalation. Competitive fluorescence assays supported a predominantly non-intercalative, surface-associated interaction with minor groove perturbation, while agarose gel electrophoresis indicated preserved plasmid integrity and no extensive strand cleavage. Collectively, these results suggest reversible and structurally non-destructive AgNP–DNA complexation, indicating their potential for nucleic acid-related nano-biointerface studies, while further investigations are required to evaluate their suitability for biomedical applications. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Pantoea agglomerans) bacteria compared with the leaf extract, whereas AgNO3 produced the strongest immediate effect, consistent with rapid Ag+ release. Antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH and ABTS assays showed strong radical-scavenging activity for the extract, in line with its high total phenolic content (206.2 mg GAE/g). Although AgNPs displayed lower phenolic content (164.2 mg GAE/g) and reduced antioxidant activity than the extract, they retained moderate scavenging capacity, indicating effective surface functionalization by phytochemicals. Overall, S. tomentosa leaf extract-capped AgNPs combine defined physicochemical features with non-destructive DNA association and antibacterial efficacy, underscoring their promise as phytochemical-functionalized nano-biointerfaces for antimicrobial and related biointerface applications.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110678

Authors: Haowei Lin Mingxuan Li Wenbo Chen Jing Chen Hao Cai Li Li Mengdan Li Yuhang Pan

Large-area MoS2 nanotube arrays were successfully prepared using a combination of simple and reliable electrochemical deposition and chemical etching techniques, with highly ordered ZnO nanorod arrays used as the template. The thickness of MoS2 nanotube walls can be effectively controlled by adjusting the deposition time. The characterization results of SEM and TEM showed the successful preparation of MoS2 nanotube arrays with different wall thicknesses. The composition of the obtained nanotube arrays was verified to be MoS2 by EDS, XRD, and XPS characterizations. It is worth noting that compared to MoS2 nanofilms, the as-prepared MoS2 nanotube arrays exhibit stronger photoelectric response properties; the on/off ratio and photoresponsivity increased by 2.8 times and 3.8 times, respectively, mainly attributed to its significantly increased specific surface area. These research results provide new ideas for the large-area controllable preparation of MoS2 low-dimensional nanostructures, as well as new material candidates for the development of low-cost and high-performance photodetectors.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110677

Authors: Poonam Bhupendra K. Sharma Rishu Gandhi David Laroze

This study examines non-Newtonian electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) blood flow via a diseased curved artery with minor stenosis and an aneurysm, adding a no-slip boundary condition, using targeted medication delivery of nanoparticles. The non-Newtonian behavior of blood flow is accounted for by the Casson fluid model. Using Corcione’s model, we have calculated the effective viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanofluids. The interaction of the nanofluid with physical phenomena such as viscous dissipation, electro-osmosis, radially applied uniform magnetic field and Joule heating can change the hemodynamic parameters of the fluid. The Crank–Nicolson approach has been used to calculate the velocity, temperature, and concentration patterns within the Debye–Huckel linearization approximation. Streamlines are delineated to analyze flow patterns across distinct physical factors. This study supports the design of magnetically guided Fe3O4 nanoparticle–based targeted drug delivery systems for treating vascular diseases such as stenosis and aneurysm, improving site-specific therapeutic efficiency. The numerical insights into thermal effects and arterial geometry help to optimize nanoparticle transport, enhancing treatment precision while minimizing systemic side effects.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110676

Authors: Rajinder Pal Joshua Richards Anuva Pal

Nanomaterials such as cellulose nanocrystals and fumed silica are emerging as excellent thickeners for liquids in a variety of practical applications. Surfactants are often incorporated into the thickening fluids to provide stabilizing components and to control the surface activity of fluids. To develop new thickening materials with desired surface-active properties, it is important to understand the interactions between surfactants and nanoparticles in suspensions. In this work, the interactions between surfactants and nanocrystals/nanoparticles were investigated. Two surfactants, anionic sodium lauryl sulfate-based surfactant (referred to as Stepanol) and cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (referred to as HTAB), were studied. Cellulose nanocrystals (referred to as NCC) and fumed-silica nanoparticles (referred to as N20) were used as nanomaterials. The unique feature of this study is that it simultaneously measures rheology, surface activity, and electrical conductivity to determine the influence of ionic surfactants on the behavior and properties of cellulose nanocrystal and fumed silica nanoparticle suspensions. Furthermore, the interactions are observed in the low surfactant concentration range of 0 to 500 ppm. The NCC concentration of NCC–surfactant mixtures was fixed at 1 wt%. Two concentrations of N20 (2 and 5 wt%) were used for N20–surfactant mixtures. The influence of Stepanol was found to be weak whereas HTAB had a strong influence on the rheology of NCC and N20 suspensions. The NCC suspension and surfactant–NCC suspensions were highly non-Newtonian shear-thinning. The N20 suspensions and N20-Stepanol mixtures were nearly Newtonian. The N20-HTAB mixtures were shear-thinning at high HTAB concentrations. The power law model described the rheological behavior of non-Newtonian systems adequately. The consistency and flow behavior indices varied only marginally with the addition of the anionic surfactant Stepanol to NCC and N20 suspensions. With the addition of cationic surfactant HTAB to NCC and N20 suspensions, however, a large increase (20- to 70-fold) in consistency index was observed at high surfactant concentrations. The critical surfactant concentrations where sharp transitions in the rheological properties took place were identified using break points in surface tension and electrical conductivity plots. This study offers valuable insights into tailoring surfactant–nanoparticle systems for practical applications, where precise control of rheological and interfacial properties may be required.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110675

Authors: Xu Ling Peng Fu Yan Li Zhiqiang Zhou Zhuo Li

High-entropy alloys, due to their excellent mechanical properties and service stability, hold broad application prospects under extreme working conditions. However, their high strength and complex multi-component characteristics also pose significant processing challenges. This study investigates the nanoscale material removal mechanisms of single-crystal and polycrystalline FeCrNiCoCu high-entropy alloys (HEAs) under abrasive scratching using molecular dynamics simulations. In single-crystal HEAs, dislocations preferentially nucleate along <110> directions, with significant lattice self-healing and elastic recovery. Crystallographic orientation strongly affects dislocation density, phase transformation, and residual plastic deformation, with the (100) plane exhibiting the most favorable machining performance. For polycrystalline HEAs, subsurface deformation is dominated by dislocation migration, grain boundary rupture, and dislocation entanglement, leading to higher dislocation density, larger residual plastic deformation, and increased phase transformation compared with single crystals. Elemental composition significantly modulates these behaviors: higher Cu and Cr contents suppress dislocation motion and reduce subsurface defects, improving surface quality, whereas higher Fe content slightly increases plastic deformation but mitigates phase transformation and amorphization. Grain size effects are also pronounced, with smaller grains showing higher dislocation density and residual deformation. These findings provide atomic-scale insights into the combined effects of crystallography, grain size, and elemental composition on the machining response of FeCrNiCoCu HEAs, offering guidance for precision machining and alloy design.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110674

Authors: Zhihao Jin Guohua Li Jiantao Wang Zhuo Huang

Cobalt-free Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides are promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries because of their high capacity and reduced reliance on cobalt resources. However, their practical application is still limited by low initial Coulombic efficiency, sluggish reaction kinetics, severe voltage decay, and progressive structural degradation during cycling. In this work, a Na-assisted sol–gel strategy was developed to construct a cobalt-free Li-rich Mn-based cathode with multiple twin boundaries, and the optimized sample with the composition of Li1.13Na0.06Mn0.594Ni0.219O2 was denoted as SG-TB. Unlike conventional surface coating or elemental doping, this strategy focuses on regulating the bulk crystal framework through crystallographic defect engineering. Structural characterizations indicate that SG-TB contains repeatedly distributed twin-boundary-related interfaces, supporting the presence of multiple twin boundaries within the layered cathode. Benefiting from this structural feature, SG-TB delivers an initial Coulombic efficiency of 96%, an initial discharge capacity of 256 mAh/g, a discharge capacity of 167 mAh/g at 5 C, and a capacity retention of 77% after 200 cycles at 1 C. Further analyses suggest that the multiple twin boundaries help reduce electrochemical polarization, enhance Li+ diffusion kinetics, and improve structural retention during cycling. This work demonstrates that Na-assisted multiple twin-boundary engineering is an effective strategy for improving the reaction reversibility and structural stability of cobalt-free Li-rich Mn-based cathodes.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110673

Authors: Nida Kati Ferhat Ucar

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, known collectively as MXenes, are attractive photocatalyst candidates because their surface chemistry and atomic composition can be tuned over a wide compositional window. A crucial design quantity is the electronic bandgap, which selects whether a given MXene couples with solar radiation and aligns with the redox levels of water splitting. High-fidelity bandgap calculations using the PBE0 hybrid functional are computationally expensive, which has motivated several machine learning surrogates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to integrate a continuous-depth Neural Ordinary Differential Equation backbone with multi-fidelity Δ learning, distribution-free split-conformal calibration, and uncertainty-aware Pareto screening into a single mathematically grounded pipeline for MXene bandgap prediction. In this work, we develop a physics-constrained neural ordinary differential equation (PC-NODE) that predicts MXene bandgaps from a compact 34-dimensional descriptor set, without relying on the density of states. The model couples a classifier head for the metal/semiconductor decision with a regression head for the gap magnitude, and enforces three physically motivated properties: non-negativity of the predicted gap and monotonicity between the low-fidelity Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) and the high-fidelity PBE0 estimates are obtained exactly through a softplus-parameterised Δ learning construction, while a hurdle coupling that drives metal predictions towards zero is enforced via a quadratic penalty and verified empirically. In short, two of the three physical constraints are guaranteed by construction, and the third is approximately enforced and verified empirically; the same distinction is maintained consistently in the methodology, the constraint audit and the conclusion. Trained on the 4356-structure MXgap database, a ten-seed ensemble reaches a mean absolute error of 0.186 eV (per-seed 0.206±0.006 eV) and a coefficient of determination R2=0.880 on the semiconductor test subset, with a classifier accuracy of 0.856 and a Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC-AUC) of 0.925. A split-conformal calibration step then delivers prediction intervals whose empirical coverage matches the 90% target within 0.5 percentage points. Finally, an uncertainty-aware Pareto screening step applies the trained surrogate to a held-out subset of 396 lanthanum-based MXenes and identifies 74 candidates inside the photocatalytic water splitting window [1.23, 3.10] eV. The framework offers a mathematically grounded, data-efficient alternative to feature-heavy pipelines and is reproducible from the open MXgap resource.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110672

Authors: Jiaxi Xia Xiaojing Zhang Dayan Ma Chunmei Tang Xia Lou Wei Wang Lan Zhang

Current antibacterial sprays face major limitations, including rapid evaporation, short-lived efficacy, skin irritation, and poor adhesion to surfaces, highlighting an urgent need for a durable and biocompatible alternative. To address these challenges, we developed a ZIF-8-based spray (ZNS-WO20) composed of ZIF-8 nanoparticles dispersed in 50% ethanol and 20% OTES. OTES acts as a dispersant and binder, enabling wash-resistant coatings on gauze and glass. ZIF-8 exhibits pH-responsive Zn2+ release, achieving nearly 100% killing of S. aureus, E. coli, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) at 160 μg/mL through intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The spray maintains >95% antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus after five washing cycles and seven days of outdoor exposure, and causes no dermal irritation in rats. This work fills the gap for a long-lasting, skin-friendly antibacterial spray, showing promise for healthcare disinfection and surface protection.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110671

Authors: Xiaohan Wang Xusheng Du

In this work, a strategy for synergistic regulation of the Ti3C2Tx surface structure and redox activity of the electrolyte has been proposed. The surface modification of MXene was achieved via KOH treatment. Meanwhile, to cooperate with the surface-modified MXene electrode materials, Fe3+/Fe2+ was introduced into its common H2SO4 electrolyte to operate as a redox-active electrolyte for the first time. The results indicate that alkali treatment not only effectively reduces the amount of fluorine-terminal groups on the MXene surface but also forms in situ TiO2 nanowires on its surface, thereby forming a unique hierarchical structure for facilitating the electrochemical reaction. Further utilization of the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox-active electrolyte introduced additional pseudocapacitive reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface, significantly enhancing the capacitive performance of the system. This synergistic effect of both the hierarchical 1D TiO2/MXene composite electrode materials and the redox-active electrolyte resulted in a substantial increase in specific capacitance from 78.17 F g−1 to 655.54 F g−1 at a current density of 10 Ag−1. The reaction kinetics of the electrochemical systems were studied, along with their energy storage mechanism. It is revealed that there is a transition of the energy storage mechanism from being dominated almost solely by diffusion control to collaborative diffusion and surface reactions in the synergistic electrode/electrolyte system, and the corresponding equivalent circuit has evolved from the single-interface model to a dual-interface model. This work has demonstrated that the proposed synergistic strategy can effectively enhance the capacitive performance of the MXene energy storage system and can be applied to other electrochemical systems.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110670

Authors: Veronika Huntošová Saraa Baddour Alexandra Migasová Noémi Bilakovics Anass Benziane Michaela Salaková Zuzana Jurašeková Tomáš Zelenka Gabriela Zelenková Tim Schubert Florina Zakany Tamas Kovacs Arpan Chowdhury Ľuboš Ambro Andrea Bodnár Péter Szűcs Judit Váradi Andreas Walter Erik Sedlák Miroslav Almáši György Vámosi

Hierarchical functionalisation of the UiO-66(Zr)-NH2 metal–organic framework with cysteine, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) was developed to enable receptor-specific interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) in model cells. Post-synthetic modification using cysteine and heterobifunctional PEG linkers allowed controlled bioconjugation of SpyTag-labelled RBD via SpyTag/SpyCatcher chemistry, while preserving the crystallinity, microporosity, and intrinsic optical properties of the UiO-66(Zr)-NH2 framework. Comprehensive physicochemical characterisation confirmed successful surface functionalisation, tunable aggregation behaviour, and retention of multimodal optical characteristics. Cellular studies in HEK293T and HeLa cells overexpressing EGFP-tagged ACE2 demonstrated enhanced and selective association and uptake of RBD-functionalised nanoparticles compared with non-targeted analogues. Multimodal fluorescence imaging, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, flow-cytometry, and electron microscopy indicated ACE2-dependent endocytic internalisation, with predominant localisation in endosomal and autophagosomal compartments, while both amine- and cysteine-modified formulations exhibited good biocompatibility. Overall, this study establishes a virus-mimetic, ACE2-targeted UiO-66(Zr)-based nanosystem as a proof-of-concept biointerface platform for receptor-specific cellular delivery and imaging, providing a foundation for future MOF-based nanocarriers exploiting ligand–receptor interactions.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110669

Authors: Rui Gao Man Zhang Xiaoyu Sun Dongyang Zhu Xin Huang Ting Wang Chuang Xie Na Wang Hongxun Hao

Carbon materials are regarded as cost-effective adsorbents due to their ability to remove heavy metals and organic pollutants from contaminated water. In this study, a novel phenol–formaldehyde resin-derived carbon microsphere (HCM2.5) was designed and synthesized via a hard-template method combined with KOH activation. The prepared HCM2.5 exhibits high selectivity and removal efficiency toward heavy metal ions and delivers an ultrahigh specific surface area of 2165 m2/g. A Cr(VI) removal efficiency exceeding 99.6% could be achieved in 50 ppm acidic solution, with excellent performance at pH 2–5. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to confirm its porous structure with a high specific surface area. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) reveal that the efficient heavy metal removal performance of HCM2.5 is mainly attributed to its high specific surface area, as well as coordination and redox reactions between oxygen-containing functional groups and heavy metal ions. Furthermore, benefiting from its outstanding specific surface area and well-developed pore structure, a physical–chemical synergistic adsorption mechanism was proposed and systematically elucidated.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110668

Authors: Chiara Ritarossi Simonetta Palleschi Maria Condello Barbara Rossi Luca Pannone Chiara Laura Battistelli Cecilia Bossa Giovanni Libralato Simone Martinelli Cristina Andreoli

The widespread presence of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the environment represents an emerging risk for human and environment health. New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) offer valuable tools to improve the mechanistic understanding of nanoscale processes and support hazard identification without animal testing. This study investigated the biological effects of exposure to 0–100 µg/mL 100 and 20 nm polystyrene (PS-NPs) and 100 nm polycaprolactone nanoplastics (PCL-NPs) using advanced in vitro intestinal models and the 3R-compliant in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans model. In vitro endpoints included cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, DNA damage, cellular internalization, and barrier integrity, while in vivo analyses focused on oxidative stress and locomotor behavior across multiple exposed generations. PS-NPs induced significant DNA damage in vitro, particularly at ≥50 µg/mL after 24–48 h exposure, and were rapidly internalized by cells, with 20 nm particles also detected in the nucleus. In contrast, 100 nm PCL-NPs elicited weaker biological responses. In vivo, PS-NPs caused an increase in oxidative stress response and locomotor behavior across exposed generations, whereas PCL-NPs produced milder effects, consistent with in vitro findings. These results support the potential of integrated NAMs for assessing human health risks associated with MNP exposure within a One Health framework.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110667

Authors: Svetlana Zamorina Darya Usanina Kseniya Devyatova Maria Bochkova Maria Nikitina Mikhail Rayev Valeria Timganova

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in immune tolerance and are promising targets for treating immune-mediated diseases. This study investigated the direct effects of PEGylated graphene oxide nanoparticles (LP-GO, BP-GO at 5–25 μg/mL) and fullerenol C60(OH)24 (25–200 μg/mL) on human Treg viability and differentiation in vitro. Tregs were induced from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells using IL-2, TGF-β, and CD2/CD3/CD28 activation beads for 72 h with nanoparticles. Assessments included viability, apoptosis (Zombie aqua/Annexin V), phenotype (CD45+CD4+CD25+CD127dim/−FOXP3+), nanoparticle sorption (intrinsic fluorescence), and IL-10 production. Neither PEGylated graphene oxide nor fullerenol C60(OH)24 affected T-helper (CD4+) viability (95.35–96.15%) nor early/late apoptosis levels. Despite this, we found a decrease in the percentage of CD4+ cells in cultures exposed to 50–200 μg/mL of fullerenol C60(OH)24. The percentage and absolute number of Treg cells decreased with 100–200 μg/mL of fullerenol, while IL-10 levels declined following treatment with 200 μg/mL of the same nanoparticles. Graphene oxide nanoparticles showed virtually no localization within or on cells. However, T helper and Treg cells demonstrated concentration-dependent sorption of fullerenol C60(OH)24 at concentrations of 100–200 μg/mL without a reduction in viability. These findings demonstrate good in vitro biocompatibility of the nanoparticles at pharmacological concentrations up to 25 μg/mL, alongside the inhibition of Treg differentiation with 100–200 μg/mL of fullerenol C60(OH)24.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110666

Authors: Federico Delle Fave Michela Froio Diego Cisternino Suguna Jayaraman Chris Ashley Pier Gianni Medaglia Francesco Giorgi

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health concern driven by bacterial biofilm formation, which increases tolerance to treatments. Developing surface-based strategies to limit biofilm formation is therefore critical. Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) are 2D brucite-like nanomaterials with tuneable physicochemical properties that may reduce bacterial colonisation. Their ease of synthesis, with scalability potential for industrial production, alongside their characteristic and tunable physicochemical properties, makes them a promising nanostructured coating for antimicrobial applications. This study evaluates LDH thin-film coatings as intrinsic antimicrobial surfaces, focusing on the combined effects of chemical composition, nanotopography, and wettability on biofilm formation in Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Four aluminium-based LDHs (ZnAl-NO3, ZnAl-Cl2, MgAl-NO3, MgAl-Cl2) were synthesised via coprecipitation or in situ growth on aluminium substrates. Materials were characterised by XRD, SEM, EDS, and contact angle measurements. Antimicrobial performance was assessed by quantifying colony-forming units (CFU mL−1) after bacterial exposure. ZnAl-LDH surfaces showed significant antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, while MgAl-LDHs showed no effect and occasionally increased bacterial growth. None of the LDH surfaces tested exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa strain. The antimicrobial performance of ZnAl-LDH can be attributed to the concurrent effect of the surface chemistry, wettability, and sharp platelet-like nanotopography. The results obtained demonstrate that ZnAl-LDH-based coatings are promising antimicrobial materials with potential relevance for translational research in clinical antimicrobial surface development.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110665

Authors: Yanyan Huang Jing Chen Ai Nasi Yiming Zhao Xin Ding Dan Xu Fengzhi Lyu Donghui Xu Meng Zhang Ge Chen Guangyang Liu

In this work, two-dimensional copper-based metal–organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) nanozymes, including cuprous oxide-tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (Cu2O-TCPP) and copper-cuprous oxide-tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (Cu-Cu2O-TCPP), were synthesized, which exhibit dual ascorbate oxidase (AO) and peroxidase (POD)-like activities. The reductants, such as ascorbic acid (AA), can be oxidized by the cascade AO and POD catalysis on Cu-MOFs to oxidize p-phthalic acid (PTA) and generate fluorescence. Consequently, a fluorescence sensing platform for AA and other reducing substances was established. This platform offers potential for efficient and selective monitoring of reductive species and related antioxidant levels in food systems. The results showed that the two Cu-MOFs displayed favorable linear relationships (R2 ≥ 0.99) for the detection of AA, glutathione (GSH) and L-cysteine (L-Cys). Their limits of detection (LOD) were 5.3 μM for Cu2O-TCPP and 92.5 μM for Cu-Cu2O-TCPP. Finally, by detecting real samples of vitamin C tablets and fruits, the accuracy of the two Cu-MOFs nanos enzymes was validated, with Cu2O-TCPP showing higher accuracy.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110664

Authors: Marouene Ben Ouali Anik Das Chayma Ben Harrath Xu Lei Rony Mia

Flexible piezoelectric fibers are promising materials for next-generation wearable and flexible electronic devices due to their lightweight structure, mechanical flexibility, and electromechanical response. In this study, BaTiO3/PVDF composite fibers were prepared by melt spinning under an electrostatic field, followed by thermal drawing to enhance the electroactive phase content. The effects of BaTiO3 loading, draw ratio, thermal stretching ratio, stretching rate, and electric field strength on the crystalline structure of the fibers were systematically investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and electron microscopy were used to evaluate phase evolution, crystallinity, and filler distribution. The results showed that the processing conditions significantly influenced the transformation of PVDF from the α-phase to the electroactive β-phase. The optimized fibers were obtained at 1 wt.% BaTiO3, a thermal stretching ratio of 5, a stretching rate of 40 mm/min, and an electric field strength of 18 kV, resulting in a crystallinity of 61.3% and a β-phase content of 95.5%. The enhanced structural characteristics indicate the strong potential of the developed composite fibers for flexible electroactive applications, though direct electromechanical characterization is required for device integration.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110663

Authors: Nan Shen Wenwen Wang Jipan Zhang Huawei Rong Xinghao Qu Muhammad Javid Muhammad Farooq Saleem Xiang Li Muhammad Irfan Sateesh Bandaru Xuefeng Zhang Gulmira Mustafayeva

The development of cost-effective and resource-rich materials is crucial for the practical application of microwave absorbers. This study demonstrates the successful fabrication of core-shell Fe and TiC nanoparticles encapsulated within carbon shells using the arc discharge method. The samples are designated as Fe3Ti1 and Fe1Ti3, where the numbers indicate the Fe-to-Ti mass ratio in the precursor (e.g., Fe1Ti3 = 1:3 by mass). In the arc discharge synthesis mechanism, the mass ratio of Fe to Ti in the raw material was adjusted from 3:1 to 1:3 to optimize the Fe/TiC/C interfaces under a CH4 forming gas atmosphere. TEM analysis reveals spherical and polyhedral nanoparticles with diameters of 30–50 nm and a uniform carbon shell thickness of 3–4 nm. Raman spectroscopy shows that the Fe1Ti3 sample has a higher defect density (ID/IG = 1.13) compared to Fe3Ti1 (0.87), indicating a more disordered carbon structure. Magnetic measurements yield saturation magnetization values of 87 emu/g for Fe3Ti1 and 50 emu/g for Fe1Ti3, with coercivities of 190.72 Oe and 203.65 Oe, respectively. When composited with paraffin at 50 wt% loading, the Fe1Ti3 sample exhibits superior microwave absorption performance, achieving a minimum reflection loss (RL) of −25.22 dB at 8.23 GHz and an effective absorption bandwidth (RL ≤ −10 dB) of 4 GHz (6.5–10.5 GHz) at a thickness of 2.5 mm. This enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of multiple loss mechanisms, including conduction loss within the three-dimensional core-shell architecture, interfacial polarization at the heterojunctions between the core and the carbon shell, and magnetic loss induced by ferromagnetic behavior associated with defects in both the shell and carbon atomic layers. The magnetic loss in the (Fe/TiC)@C nanocomposites primarily arises from the natural resonance (at ~6.5 GHz) and exchange resonance (at ~12 GHz) of the Fe cores. The dielectric loss is primarily attributed to dipole, interfacial, and space charge polarization from TiC and the carbon shell, as well as multiple scattering effects between nanoparticles. Furthermore, far-field radar cross-section simulations substantiate that the Fe/TiC@C nanocomposite demonstrates excellent radar wave attenuation capability. Further, first principles simulations reveal that introducing Fe at the C/TiC interface induces strong charge redistribution and orbital hybridization, transforming a localized dielectric interface into a highly conductive and electronically coupled C/Fe/TiC system. This interfacial modulation enhances both dielectric loss (via charge transport and polarization) and magnetic loss (via Fe-induced magnetic interactions), thereby enabling optimized dielectric-magnetic synergy for broadband microwave absorption in (Fe/TiC)@C nanocomposites.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110662

Authors: Miaomiao Wang Yuwei Jiang Junjun Tan

Although amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) has been extensively employed as a biomaterial in dental and orthopedic fields, its exploration for environmental applications—particularly in potentially toxic element remediation—remains notably limited in the scientific literature. This study reports the rational design of a multifunctional adsorbent by integrating sodium citrate-stabilized ACP (Cit-ACP) nanoparticles into calcium-crosslinked sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel beads for selective Cu2+ sequestration from aqueous systems. Comprehensive sorption assessments revealed that equilibrium uptake aligned with the Freundlich isotherm (indicating heterogeneous surface interactions), while kinetic profiles adhered to pseudo-second-order behavior, characteristic of chemisorption-driven processes. Under optimized operational parameters (pH 5.0, 45 °C), the Cit-ACP/SA composite attained an exceptional maximum adsorption amount of 307.76 mg/g. Thermodynamic analysis further confirmed the spontaneity (ΔG° < 0) and endothermic nature (ΔH° > 0) of the process. Multi-technique characterization (XPS, FTIR, XRD, pH trajectory) elucidated a dual-mode adsorption mechanism: (i) ion exchange between aqueous Cu2+ and structural Ca2+ within both the alginate matrix and ACP framework; and (ii) in situ surface precipitation yielding copper-substituted hydroxyapatite. Owing to its facile aqueous-phase synthesis, superior adsorption performance, biodegradability, macroscopic bead morphology enabling rapid separation, and robust selectivity in complex matrices, the Cit-ACP/SA composite presents a sustainable, scalable, and eco-compatible platform for practical remediation of copper-contaminated wastewater.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110661

Authors: Orion Ciftja Cleo L. Bentley

We study the planar dynamics of a charged particle subjected to a radially repulsive inverted harmonic potential and a perpendicular uniform magnetic field, a configuration that is relevant to nanoscale-charged transport and confinement in low-dimensional systems. The competition between the destabilizing central repulsion and magnetic field-induced rotational motion gives rise to rich trajectory behavior, including spiraling, unbounded escape, and parameter-dependent quasi-confined motion. The governing coupled differential equations of motion are solved analytically. The resulting trajectories are classified as functions of system parameters. The proposed framework provides insight into charge carrier dynamics in nanostructured environments such as quantum wells, 2D materials, and plasma-like nanosystems, where effective repulsive potentials may arise from external gating or collective interactions. In addition, the model offers a classical analogue for interpreting features associated with magnetic confinement in non-equilibrium or unstable regimes. These results contribute to the theoretical foundation for designing and controlling charged particle motion in emerging nanomaterials and devices.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110660

Authors: Junfeng Sun Hyejin Park Jinhwa Park Sagar Shrestha Sajjan Parajuli Younsu Jung

Rapid, accurate, and scalable ion sensing technologies are highly desirable for future flexible healthcare and lab-on-a-chip applications. Here, we present a fully roll-to-roll (R2R) gravure-printed single-walled carbon nanotube complementary ring oscillator (SWCNT-cRO)-based microfluidic ion sensing platform fabricated on a flexible substrate. The proposed platform combines scalable printed complementary electronics with frequency-based ion sensing via electrostatically induced top-gating in aqueous microfluidic environments. The fabricated SWCNT-cRO devices exhibited stable oscillation characteristics, with a high device yield (>80%) and continuous manufacturing capability at a web speed of 5.4 m/min. Printable ethanolamine/zirconium acetylacetonate-based n-doping technology enabled complementary SWCNT transistor operation, while multilayer CYTOP/FG-3650 encapsulation ensured stable electrical operation under ionic aqueous conditions. After integration into a polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic channel, the oscillation frequency of the SWCNT-cRO was systematically modulated by Na+ concentration and pH. The sensing mechanism was based on electrostatically induced carrier modulation in n-type SWCNT transistors, resulting in variations in propagation delay and corresponding shifts in oscillation frequency. Compared with conventional ion-sensitive transistor platforms, the proposed approach offers scalable manufacturing, non-contact ion sensing, elimination of external reference electrodes, and direct compatibility with digital frequency-signal processing systems. This work establishes a promising strategy for future low-cost, disposable, and flexible microfluidic sensing platforms for wearable healthcare and lab-on-a-chip applications, ion sensing, and thin-film transistors.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110659

Authors: Emanuela Schilirò Salvatore Ethan Panasci Raffaella Lo Nigro Fabrizio Roccaforte Blagoy Blagoev Vladimir Mehandzhiev Borislava Georgieva Ivalina Avramova Rositsa Yakimova Milena Beshkova Filippo Giannazzo

In this work, the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of an ultra-thin AlN film on the surface of monolayer EG grown on-axis 4H-SiC(0001) substrates has been investigated as a function of the number of ALD cycles. The formation of a homogeneous film with a 10 nm thickness and crystalline wurtzite structure was obtained after 320 cycles, as demonstrated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) mapping, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction. Raman mapping revealed a significant reduction in the native compressive strain of as-grown EG (ε ≈ −0.36%) with increasing ALD cycles, down to a value of −0.16% after full coverage. Finally, Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) surface potential mapping allowed the evaluation of energy band alignment of the AlN/EG heterojunction, with a conduction band offset of ~2.6 eV between the crystalline AlN film and the underlying EG. Such a large offset confirms AlN as a promising gate dielectric for EG-based devices.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110658

Authors: Polina M. Tyubaeva Ivetta A. Varyan Roman R. Romanov Nikita G. Yabbarov Maria B. Sokol Maria R. Mollaeva Margarita V. Chirkina Bekzod B. Khaydarov Evgeny A. Kolesnikov Anton E. Egorov Alexey A. Kostyukov Vladimir A. Kuzmin Olga A. Gruznova Dmitry V. Gruznov Ekaterina N. Shuteeva Ekaterina A. Larkina Elena D. Nikolskaya

In the present research, a new type of biomimetic material loaded with chlorophyll derivatives (CpDs) for photodynamic therapy based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was fabricated by the electrospinning method. Such matrices showed great potential for the advanced delivery of photodynamic therapeutic reagents to targeted regions and options for prolonged local application. The key morphological characteristics of fibrous materials were investigated. It was found that incorporation of CpDs leads to a change in the average fiber diameter from 3.5 µm to 2.1 µm, increasing porosity from 80% to 90% and accompanied by an over 3-fold increased proportion of open pores. Moreover, the CpD application facilitated fine hydrophilicity tuning, allowing an increase of this parameter up to 10% under different conditions, neutralizing the hydrophobic nature of the matrix polymer and photosensitizer. Moreover, changes in physical properties, supramolecular structure, photosensitizing effect, and singlet oxygen generation were investigated. The data obtained show that the proposed materials are great examples of convenient and reliable carriers for advanced PDT. The results obtained demonstrate high antimicrobial activity in the presence of irradiation as well as noticeable efficacy against carcinoma, both light and dark.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110655

Authors: Ke Hu Wen-Hao Geng Hong-Zhang Geng

Flexible transparent conductive films (TCFs) and their applications have attracted extensive interest. Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have been explored to replace conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) due to their high optical transmittance and superior electrical conductivity. Nevertheless, AgNWs tend to oxidize under ambient conditions, which weakens the conductive network and limits long-term performance. Spraying reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can stabilize the conductive network and inhibit oxidation, thereby enhancing the overall properties of the films. In this work, rGO/AgNW/PET TCFs were prepared using a spray-coating approach. The transmittance of the rGO/AgNW/PET TCFs was measured at 77% at 550 nm, accompanied by a sheet resistance of 6.8 Ω/sq. The films achieved the surface temperature of 95 °C at 6 V with stable operation while also achieving an electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of 27 dB. This structural design improves both performance and stability, offering great potential for flexible TCFs in advanced optoelectronic applications.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110656

Authors: Shasha Xiao Xiaojia Li Xiaojiang He Lei Yuan Xudong Liu

Currently, dual-functional composites that simultaneously provide structural support and energy storage capabilities have garnered significant attention. However, the challenge of balancing mechanical strength and energy storage performance remains a limiting factor for their application. Herein, a novel N-doped reduced graphene oxide/nano-sulfur@porous SiC (N-rGO/S@porous SiC) composite material was successfully prepared by in situ embedding N-rGO supported with nano-sulfur into a 3D-printed porous SiC scaffold via a hydrothermal synthesis approach. The hierarchical porous structure composed of SiC and N-rGO facilitates mass transport of the liquid electrolyte. Benefiting from the high strength of SiC, the novel material achieves a compressive strength of 93.5 MPa. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of the N-rGO/S composite and the high ionic conductivity of the liquid electrolyte, the electrode material delivers superior electrochemical energy storage performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 800.7 mF/cm2 at a current density of 1 mA/cm2, together with remarkable rate capability and good cycling stability. To our knowledge, this composite exhibits a high level of integrated properties. More importantly, the strategy of integrating porous, high-strength supports with high-performance electrode materials opens new avenues for the synthesis of structure-energy-storage dual-functional composites.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110657

Authors: Anshu Kumar Tseung-Yuen Tseng

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has intensified the demand for hardware systems capable of emulating brain-like information processing with high accuracy, energy efficiency, and reliability. Neuromorphic computing based on memristive artificial synapses has emerged as a promising approach to overcome the limitations of conventional von Neumann architectures. Although inorganic and oxide-based synaptic memristors have been widely explored for neuromorphic systems, they often suffer from poor linearity, asymmetric potentiation/depression behavior, limited conductance states, and device variability, which restrict learning accuracy and scalability. In contrast, polymer-based memristors have gained significant attention owing to their intrinsic advantages, including mechanical flexibility, molecular tunability, controllable electronic/ionic transport, low-temperature processability, and compatibility with large-area fabrication. This review critically examines recent advances in polymer—based memristive materials and devices for achieving linear and symmetric artificial synaptic behavior. Polymer synapses are classified into pure polymer, polymer composite, and polymer-hybrid systems through a mechanism to function framework. Rather than providing a general compilation of organic memristor studies, this review analyzes how polymer chemistry, ion-migration control, trap state distribution, redox activity, electrode selection, active layer thickness, and interface engineering govern conductance update linearity, symmetry, and uniformity. Fundamental switching mechanisms, material classifications, device architectures, key synaptic characteristics, and system-level neuromorphic performance, including pattern-recognition applications, are critically discussed. By explicitly linking material and device design to conductance update fidelity, learning accuracy, training convergence, and pattern-recognition reliability, this review provides practical design guidelines and future perspectives for next-generation polymer-based neuromorphic hardware with improved linearity, symmetry, reliability, and scalability.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110654

Authors: Haichuan Yu Jingyan Chen Jian Hao Caoping Niu Meiling Xu Yinwei Li

Hydrogen is widely considered a promising clean energy carrier because of its high energy density and environmental benignity, yet the development of safe and reversible hydrogen storage materials remains a major challenge. Two-dimensional materials are particularly attractive for this purpose owing to their large specific surface area, fully exposed active sites, and highly tunable electronic structures. Here, using crystal structure prediction combined with first-principles calculations, we predict a stable metallic Li3B2N2 monolayer as a potential hydrogen storage material. This monolayer can adsorb up to six H2 molecules per unit cell with an average adsorption energy of ∼0.23 eV/H2, yielding a high hydrogen storage capacity of ∼7.8 wt.%. Further analysis reveals that hydrogen adsorption is governed by the synergistic effects of electrostatic polarization and orbital hybridization. Moreover, calculations on the temperature- and pressure-dependent hydrogen storage behavior show that all hydrogen-adsorbed structures remain stable at room temperature under a pressure of 3.7 MPa. The van’t Hoff analysis indicates that the maximum desorption temperature at atmospheric pressure is 316 K, suggesting favorable reversibility under near-ambient conditions. These results establish Li3B2N2 as a promising intrinsic two-dimensional material for high-density and reversible hydrogen storage.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110653

Authors: Hui Ma Senbiao Gu Minglong Zhai Honggang Liu

Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT FETs) hold great promise for extending Moore’s Law, yet their performance is critically limited by excessive off-state leakage, caused by band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) in narrow bandgap CNT channels. In this work, we overcome this long-standing bottleneck by introducing a co-design strategy that integrates a small-diameter HiPco CNT channel with a novel asymmetric gate architecture. This approach strategically reshapes the channel electrostatics to simultaneously suppress the gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) effect and preserve excellent carrier transport. The efficacy of this strategy is rigorously validated through calibrated technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations for both NMOS and PMOS operation, demonstrating an ultralow off-current of 10 fA/µm, an on-current of 1.08 mA/µm, and a record on–off ratio of 1.1 × 1011 for back-gated CNTFETs at the 90 nm node. The design exhibits outstanding scalability: at the scaled 28 nm node with a supply voltage of 0.7 V, the PMOS device achieves 3 mA/µm on-current and 6 pA/µm off-current, maintaining an on–off ratio of 5 × 108. This work establishes a scalable pathway toward femtoampere-level CNT CMOS, addressing the static power challenge in future nano-electronics.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110651

Authors: Mihailo Stojković Novak Stanojević Aleksandar Milićević Nikola Vuković Dušan Topalović Milan Ignjatović Aleksandar Demić Dragan Indjin Jelena Radovanović

In this work, we applied Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to predict key performance characteristics of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs), including material gain, current density, and emission frequency. By developing a machine learning-based surrogate modeling framework that replaces computationally expensive simulations of QCLs, we enable orders-of-magnitude-faster evaluation and optimization of a high-dimensional configuration space. The training dataset was generated using a numerical simulator based on the density-matrix transport model. By combining physics simulations with machine learning, we achieved reliable predictions of device characteristics, with standardized RMSE values ranging from 0.21 to 0.55 for RF, 0.16 to 0.51 for XGBoost, and 0.04 to 0.22 for the ANN model, demonstrating the superior predictive performance of the ANN across all investigated performance characteristics. The ANN was subsequently used to analyze the full configuration space defined by possible layer thicknesses and electric fields. Approximately 44 million configurations were evaluated in about five minutes, achieving a speedup of approximately 90,000 times over the numerical simulator for a single configuration. This approach allowed the identification of designs with improved material gain and facilitated the efficient optimization of key parameters while maintaining high prediction reliability.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110646

Authors: Yingwei Li Fangsu Liu Zhiguo Liu

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles is an effective approach to create biocompatible nanomaterials. In this study, gold nanoparticles (BC-AuNPs) were prepared by reducing chloroauric acid with black corncob (BC) extract at relatively low temperatures. The optimal preparation conditions were obtained through a single-factor experiment, which included 5 mL of black corncob extract and 0.12 mL of 3% HAuCl4 solution at a pH of 5.0, and the reaction was carried out at 50 °C in a water bath for 3 h. The prepared BC-AuNPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Zeta-potential measurement, which showed that they were dispersed spherical particles with an average size of approximately 23.0 nm and their surfaces were covered with various black corncob active components. The photothermal performance test indicated a good photothermal effect with a conversion efficiency of 41.3%. Antibacterial experiments revealed that BC-AuNPs had excellent antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for E. coli and Salmonella were 25.00 and 50.00 µg/mL, respectively. Overall, this study proved a potential application for gold nanoparticles in photothermal antibacterial fields.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110652

Authors: Xiaoyan Liu Chuchu Chen Yumei Zhang Xilong Liu Xiurui Zhang Leiying Han

The development of highly efficient and stable photoanodes is essential for advancing photoelectrochemical cathodic protection towards practical applications. Herein, a novel ternary sulfide heterojunction was engineered through the construction of a three-dimensional interlocked architecture of ZnIn2S4 on SnIn4S8 nanosheets via a sequential hydrothermal synthesis. This unique three-dimensional interlocked configuration creates an intimate interface and continuous charge transfer highways, effectively addressing the slow electron movement and poor interfacial contact that plague conventional photoelectrodes. Spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses verified the formation of a Type-II band alignment, which drives the directional migration of photogenerated electrons from ZnIn2S4 to SnIn4S8 under an intrinsic built-in electric field. Upon coupling with 304 stainless steel, the ZnIn2S4/SnIn4S3 heterojunction exhibited outstanding photoelectrochemical cathodic protection performance. It delivered impressive photocurrent densities of 15.22, 19.76, and 72.27 μA·cm−2 in 3.5 wt% NaCl, 0.1 M Na2S2O3, and 0.1 M Na2S/NaOH electrolytes, respectively, along with a prominent 720 mV cathodic potential shift in the Na2S/NaOH system. Most importantly, its good activity and stability in the scavenger-free 3.5 wt% NaCl solution and natural seawater highlight the strong practical potential of this 3D interlocked photoanode for sustainable marine metal corrosion control. Through a strategic multi-electrolyte assessment, the underlying protection mechanisms were decoupled, revealing that the synergy between the heterojunction-induced charge separation enabled by the three-dimensional interlocked structure and electrolyte-specific hole scavenging is key to the enhanced performance.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110650

Authors: Jia Yang Lingli Tang Yunlong Wang Jie Wen Wenyuan Chen

The rapid evolution of next-generation electronics urgently demands high-performance functional materials. Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, characterized by tunable bandgaps, magnetic properties, and excellent optical and electronic properties, hold significant potential for applications in nanoelectronic devices, magnetic storage, and optoelectronics. However, the high computational cost of traditional Density Functional Theory (DFT) severely restricts large-scale high-throughput screening. Meanwhile, problems such as insufficient datasets and non-uniform data quality remain prevalent. Against this background, machine learning (ML), which captures intricate nonlinear correlations and accelerates the discovery of novel materials, has emerged as an efficient technical approach. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in ML-driven property prediction for 2D semiconductors. It first elaborates the fundamental properties and classifications of 2D semiconductors, and then compares traditional computational simulations with ML algorithms, clarifying the distinct advantages of data-driven approaches. Subsequently, this work focuses on the latest progress in predicting critical properties, including bandgap, magnetism, and other physical characteristics. For bandgap prediction, classical algorithms such as random forests are compared with deep learning models represented by graph neural networks. The results demonstrate that deep learning performs much better in low-data regimes and complex material systems. For magnetic property prediction, the impact of feature engineering strategies on model accuracy and efficiency is systematically analyzed. In addition, the research progress of other physical property prediction tasks is briefly summarized. Finally, future research directions for machine learning, including standardized materials databases, physics-informed machine learning, multimodal modeling, and the integration of machine learning with experimental and theoretical methods, are outlined to address challenges in data quality, model interpretability, and cross-system generalization ability. This work aims to provide a systematic theoretical foundation and methodological guidance for research on two-dimensional semiconductor materials assisted by machine learning.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110649

Authors: Runkai Hu Fang Zhou Yue Zhou Shangqi Feng Ziyin Zhang Yujing Zhao Li Liu

Latent fingerprint development on rough non-porous substrates using fingerprint powders remains challenging because surface microstructures reduce particle-adhesion selectivity and weaken the contrast between ridges and the background. In this study, Cs2NaBi0.6Er0.4Cl6 double-perovskite nanoparticles were prepared by a solvothermal method and investigated as fingerprint-development particles for latent fingerprints on frosted plastic substrates. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that Er3+ was incorporated into the host matrix and that the product consisted of spherical nanoparticles with smooth surfaces, relatively uniform particle-size distribution, and good dispersibility. Comparative experiments involving 40 categories of latent fingerprint samples showed that the Cs2NaBi0.6Er0.4Cl6 nanoparticles outperformed conventional powders in developing fingerprints on frosted plastic substrates. Quantitative grayscale analysis using Image J 1.53K and Origin 2024 further showed that the development contrast, expressed as the D value, reached 51.21 for sebum-rich fingerprints and 35.87 for oil-contaminated model fingerprints, both of which were higher than those obtained with the other three powders. Because the fluorescence of Cs2NaBi0.6Er0.4Cl6 under UV excitation was weaker than that of the commercial red fluorescent powder, we attribute the improved development performance mainly to selective adhesion of the particles to fingerprint residues rather than to fluorescence intensity alone. In addition, the material maintained good performance for aged fingerprints within 10 days and for developed fingerprints stored for up to 8 days. These results suggest that selective residue-affinitive adhesion, possibly assisted by the hydrophilic or moisture-affinitive nature of the ionic double-perovskite particles, plays an important role in improving fingerprint development on rough non-porous substrates. This study provides a physical perspective for latent fingerprint development on rough non-porous substrates and broadens the forensic-science application of lead-free double-perovskite nanomaterials.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110645

Authors: Mohammad Jahid Hasan Kishore Chand Esteban E. Ureña-Benavides Erick S. Vasquez-Guardado

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are abundant, renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and cost-effective nanomaterials with exceptional properties, making them highly appealing for nanocomposite material fabrication. Recognized for their sustainability, CNCs are emerging as promising substrates for the fabrication of functional, stimuli-responsive nanomaterials. This review highlights nanocomposites comprising magnetic nanoparticles with various forms of cellulose-based materials, with a primary focus on magnetic cellulose nanocrystal (MCNC) composites, yielding materials capable of controlled, on-demand responses to external magnetic fields. The magnetic properties of these nanocomposites can be precisely tuned by adjusting the magnetic nanoparticle content on CNC surfaces. At the nanoscale, magnetic CNCs exhibit remarkable properties, including facile and rapid magnetic separation, which holds great potential for numerous applications. This review examines the latest synthesis and modification methods for CNCs functionalized with various magnetic nanoparticles, as well as their applications in the biological, packaging, environmental, and biomedical fields.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110648

Authors: Fusen Yang Zhixing Zhang Yiyu Feng Mengmeng Qin Wei Feng

The development of phase change materials (PCMs) for window applications with both high optical transparency and effective temperature regulation is crucial for passive energy saving. However, liquid leakage during phase transition and enhanced interfacial light scattering often cause fluctuations in optical transmittance and deterioration of image clarity. To address these challenges, a highly transparent phase change composite was constructed via a microencapsulation strategy. Submicron core–shell microcapsules were fabricated using n-octadecane as the core and silica as the shell, enabling effective encapsulation of the liquid PCM component. The resulting microcapsules exhibited a high melting enthalpy of 155.3 J g−1. They were subsequently homogeneously dispersed within a refractive-index-matched polymer matrix, mitigating light scattering during phase transition by reducing interfacial refractive index mismatch. The composite exhibited favorable thermal energy storage capability and transmittance performance, with a visible light transmittance of 83.75% and a transmittance fluctuation of only ~5% before and after phase transition. After 100 thermal cycles, the optical attenuation remained as low as 0.35%, demonstrating excellent cycling stability. This work provides a new strategy for balancing optical transparency and phase change function, with potential applications in smart windows and flexible electronics.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110647

Authors: Xiangdong Wang Wentao Li Zhiwen Peng Xiaoyu Yang Mingjie Wang

A systematic first-principles density functional theory (DFT) study was performed using the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functional combined with ultrasoft pseudopotentials (USPPs), as implemented in the CASTEP code. The PBE-GGA functional was chosen because it provides a well-balanced description of both metallic and covalent bonding characteristics at the Fe/Ti3SiC2 interface. To elucidate the interfacial bonding mechanisms and heterogeneous nucleation behavior of Ti3SiC2 particles in iron-based composites. The structural stability, work of adhesion, interfacial energy, and electronic properties of the Fe(111)/Ti3SiC2(0001) interface were comprehensively investigated. A total of eighteen interface models were constructed, encompassing six distinct Ti3SiC2(0001) terminations: C(TiC), C(TiSi), TiC(TiC), TiC(TiSi), TiSi, and Si, and three stacking sequences (OT, MT, and HCP). The results demonstrate that the C(TiC)-terminated interface with HCP stacking exhibits the highest work of adhesion (9.25 J·m−2) and the lowest interfacial energy, thus representing the most thermodynamically stable configuration. Analysis of the partial density of states (PDOS) and charge density difference reveals that this exceptional stability originates from strong covalent bonding between Fe 3d and C 2p orbitals at the interface, accompanied by pronounced charge accumulation in the interfacial region. Furthermore, the work of adhesion of this interface substantially exceeds that of the fcc-Fe/fcc-Fe melt interface, confirming the high potency of Ti3SiC2 particles as heterogeneous nucleation substrates for Fe grains. These findings provide an atomistic framework for understanding the enhanced nucleation and robust interfacial cohesion observed in Fe/Ti3SiC2 composite coatings, and offer theoretical guidance for the design of advanced iron-based MAX phase composites.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110644

Authors: Yijing Fan Junquan Luo Lan Liu Qiao He Jiahui Lu Zhimin Shao Zhensheng Xu Zhe Liu Yun Xia Xuanye Li Lintao Hou

When poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is employed as the hole transport layer in visible/near-infrared photodetectors, the extraction and transport of holes are hindered by the accumulation of the PSS insulating phase at the interface. This accumulation results in an increase in contact resistance and creates a potential barrier for hole injection. This study introduces a self-assembled monolayer, (2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (2PACz), to modify PEDOT:PSS, effectively optimizing the interface of the hole transport layer. Such improvements lead to a reduction in recombination losses during charge transfer, a lower dark current, and improved energy level alignment in the device, thereby boosting the performance of visible/near-infrared photodetectors. The fabricated double hole layer photodetector exhibits a low dark current of (1.4 ± 0.6) × 10−5 A at −1 V bias and a switching ratio of up to 7.62 × 105 at 0 V bias. The device achieves a responsivity of 0.31 A/W and a high specific detection rate of 3.23 × 1012 Jones at a wavelength of 780 nm, which corresponds to the peak responsivity, showcasing enhanced detection capabilities. In comparison to a reference device based on PEDOT:PSS, the response speed, cutoff frequency, and linear dynamic range of the double hole layer device have been enhanced by 400%, 213%, and 81%, respectively, thereby better aligning with practical application requirements. This research presents a novel approach for the development of high-performance organic visible/near-infrared photodetectors.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110643

Authors: Baolong Ma Shixi Chen Shiyin Ji Chuanhang Zhao Tian Chen

The safe immobilization of high-level waste (as actinide) remains a critical bottleneck in the disposal of high-level radioactive waste worldwide. Moreover, the higher specific surface area and surface energy of nano-scale powders enable the production of ceramic materials featuring denser crystal structures and superior strength, hardness, and toughness. Therefore, in this study, Gd3+ was used as a surrogate for actinides, and Nb5+ was introduced as a high-valence charge-compensating cation. Nano-scale powders of CaCO3, ZrO2, Gd2O3, TiO2, and Nb2O5 were employed to prepare a series of defect-fluorite-derived ceramics, CaZr1-xGdxTi2-xNbxO7 (x = 0.1–1.0), via a high-temperature solid-state reaction method, aiming to investigate the atomic substitution mechanisms, phase evolution, and chemical stability under high-valence charge compensation. Laboratory X-ray diffraction (XRD), synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD), and backscattered scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (BSEM-EDX) confirmed a phase evolution sequence from zirconolite-2M to zirconolite-4M and finally to pyrochlore. This behavior is consistent with that reported for other Ln3+-Nb5+ co-doped zirconolite systems. Rietveld refinement of the SXRD data further revealed, for the first time, the site-occupancy mechanism of Gd and Nb in zirconolite-4M. In both zirconolite-2M and zirconolite-4M, Gd preferentially occupies the Ca sites, whereas Nb substitutes at the Ti sites. In the pyrochlore structure, Ca, Zr, and Gd occupy the 16d sites, while Ti and Nb occupy the 16c sites. Static leaching tests following the MCC-1 protocol showed that pyrochlore exhibits the highest leaching resistance, whereas zirconolite-2M shows the lowest. After 28 days, the highest Gd leaching rate was 1.92(1) × 10−5 g m−2 d−1. These results provide new insights into actinide immobilization behavior and compositional design in zirconolite-based waste forms.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110642

Authors: Ondrej Musil Karel Klíma

The term bacterial biofilm refers to a complex community of microorganisms embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. This structural organization creates an environment that, when present in an infectious context within a living organism, limits the effectiveness of conventional antibiotic therapy. Consequently, such conditions substantially promote the development of antibiotic resistance. The decline in the discovery of novel antibiotic agents, coupled with a concurrent increase in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, has intensified the search for alternative strategies to combat such infections. At the same time, advances in nanoscience have stimulated substantial research into the use of micro/nanorobots for the eradication of bacterial biofilms. These devices, engineered at the micro- to nanoscale, are capable of targeted intervention in otherwise inaccessible sites. However, the development of such “microscopic therapeutic agents” is still at an early stage. To date, the vast majority of available data has been derived from in vitro studies, while evidence regarding their feasibility, safety, and therapeutic effects in living organisms remains limited. This review discusses their antimicrobial mechanisms and critically evaluates the current evidence concerning their in vivo applications.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16110641

Authors: Mahmood Barani Mahira Zeeshan Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki Muhammad Asim Farooq Abbas Rahdar Niraj Kumar Jha Saman Sargazi Piyush Kumar Gupta Vijay Kumar Thakur

In the original publication [...]

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100640

Authors: Kueakul Khowamnuaychok Chumphon Luangchaisri Chivarat Muangphat

Bowl-shaped gold nanoparticles (BAuNPs) are of significant interest due to their tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties. This report presents a new synthesis method that uses hemispherical hydrogen nanobubbles on planar, non-conducting surfaces as templates for gold shell deposition. Initial synthesis under stagnant conditions yielded non-uniform sub-micron particles, attributed to localized hydrogen concentration gradients. The cyclonic flow was introduced aiming to reduce these gradients, although simultaneously inducing significant particle aggregation, obscuring the open structure. To overcome these challenges, an electrochemical microfluidic system was implemented to create a laminar flow environment. This configuration optimizes ion distribution and introduces shear forces that promote particle detachment, successfully limiting particle dimensions to below 200 nm, and preventing the accumulation. Systematic optimization identified optimal parameters: an ideal channel length of 7.5 mm, an applied potential of −0.6 V, and a flow rate of 0.028 µL s−1. These parameters that strike a balance between nanobubble growth and gold deposition kinetics can produce highly uniform BAuNPs with a well-defined open structure and thin solid gold shells, with an outer diameter of 105.3 ± 12.1 nm and a core diameter of 80.1 ± 11.9 nm. These structural parameters successfully shift the plasmonic resonance to 760 nm, which responds perfectly with the first biological window for potential in vivo biomedical applications.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100639

Authors: Berkay Gür Haluk Yaman Cevher Kürşat Macit

In advanced oxide materials, additive selection is increasingly constrained by the simultaneous requirements of functional response, phase stability, morphology control, processing tolerance, scalability, and critical raw material security. This study develops a ZnO-centered framework to compare boron-based strategies (direct B doping, B4C/ZnO composite formation, and h-BN/ZnO interface engineering) with rare-earth strategies (Ce/CeO2, La/La2O3, and Y/Y2O3). Structural, morphological, chemical-state, and vibrational evidence from XRD, FE-SEM/EDX, XPS, Raman, and FT-IR studies is interpreted through an evidence hierarchy that separates lattice incorporation, surface/grain-boundary segregation, and deliberate secondary-phase or heterointerface formation. The synthesis shows that boron-containing routes usually provide broader phase retention, lower agglomeration tendency, more gradual defect modulation, and greater processing robustness, whereas rare-earth routes offer stronger oxygen-vacancy regulation, redox activity, luminescence tuning, and heterojunction-assisted function but require tighter process control and more rigorous verification of incorporation mode. Reanalysis of seven primary experimental pathways indicates that B4C/ZnO and h-BN/ZnO are mechanistically non-equivalent: B4C supports rigid composite-interface growth, while h-BN promotes sheet-mediated interface multiplication and Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization. Türkiye is treated as an illustrative boron-rich producer case within a transferable producer/importer decision model. Dopant selection is therefore framed as a multi-criteria decision involving performance thresholds, reproducibility, technology-readiness potential, and supply-security exposure, not peak output alone.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100638

Authors: Tasnim Hasan Al Dabbas Ayat Bozeya Ali Al Dabbas

The current study illustrates the modeling of a biocompatible poly γ-glutamic acid (PGA)–chitosan–rGO nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold, which showed a promising novel scaffold for stimulating central nerve regeneration that addresses the shortcomings of recent therapies and improves tissue engineering, controls inflammation, and restores lost functions after spinal cord injuries (SCIs). In the implementation part of the study, the COMSOL program’s top-notch modeling of a detailed investigation of how a scaffold’s in vivo diffusion affects injured neurons. Michaelis–Menten kinetics is used to characterize the enzyme process of releasing the outer covering shell of the scaffold, PGA, from a biomaterial matrix to the nerve cell. Results suggested that the injectable hydrogel scaffold theoretically reduces extracellular glutamate concentrations, presenting a potential mechanism to mitigate localized excitotoxicity. Future in vivo experimental validation is required to determine if this reduction prevents neural cell death

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100637

Authors: Wenhui Zhou Hongxiao Li Jinyu Zhang Jixiang Dai Wenbin Hu Cheng Cheng Minghong Yang

Reliable detection of hydrogen leakage is essential for the safe operation of hydrogen-related facilities. In this work, we propose a compact fiber Bragg grating (FBG) hydrogen sensor that exhibits high sensitivity. The sensor is based on an FBG encapsulated in a capillary, deposited with a hybrid coating of Pt/WO3 nanosheets and Nafion, which can effectively prevent the detachment of sensitive materials and facilitate mass production. The optimized sensor exhibits a wavelength shift of 1383 pm and a response time of 16 s towards 1% H2 in air at room temperature, outperforming other FBG hydrogen sensors. In addition, the sensor displays nearly linear response and good repeatability during the hydrogen exposure process. Furthermore, the response of the sensor to hydrogen is much higher than that of other reducing gases. Nevertheless, more than 80% of the sensitivity of this sensor can be maintained even in 85% humidity atmosphere. This work presents an effective strategy to improve the performance of FBG hydrogen sensors, which can promote their potential application for hydrogen detection.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100636

Authors: Hui Zhu Mengzhe Zhao Yang Chao Jun Yao Qin Yu Na Sun

Non-stoichiometric copper sulfide (Cu2-xS) nanomaterials are promising antibacterial agents, but the role of morphology in regulating their bactericidal performance remains poorly understood. Herein, we rationally design two types of Cu2-xS nanostructures, namely nanoplates (NPs) and superparticles (SPs). Both materials were prepared via a ligand-directed synthesis method with the comparable sizes, surface ligands, and crystal phase. The antibacterial behaviors of Cu2-xS NPs and Cu2-xS SPs against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were investigated under dark and 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. The results showed that under NIR light irradiation, Cu2-xS SPs exhibit a markedly higher bactericidal efficiency against both E. coli and S. aureus than Cu2-xS NPs, leading to almost complete eradication of bacterial colonies. Notably, S. aureus shows more sensitive than E. coli, and significant growth inhibition is observed even in the absence of laser irradiation. Mechanistic investigations reveal that hierarchical assembly of primary nanoparticles in SPs can promote multiple internal light scatterings, thereby significantly enhancing light harvesting efficiency and further improving the photothermal conversion efficiency. In addition, the SPs exhibited higher peroxidase-like activity, resulting in enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and aggravated oxidative damage, and the accelerated Cu2+ release kinetics strengthens ionic toxicity.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100635

Authors: Nurlybayeva Aisha Sarova Nurbanu Ainur Seitkan Rakhmetullayeva Raikhan Myrzabek Yermakhanov Tazhkenova Gaukhar Matniyazova Gulsim Zhanbulatova Gaukhar Nurlybayev Olzhas Rustem Ergali

Zeolite-based composite nanomaterials represent a versatile and mechanistically rich platform for the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs)—including pharmaceuticals, endocrine-disrupting compounds, pesticides, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)—from contaminated water systems. Although pristine zeolite frameworks provide well-defined microporous architectures, tunable Si/Al ratios, and ion-exchange capacity, their intrinsic hydrophilicity restricts interaction diversity and limits performance toward the structurally heterogeneous OMPs prevalent in real aquatic environments. Composite integration with carbonaceous nanophases, functional polymers and surfactants, and catalytically active metal oxide nanoparticles substantially extends this interaction repertoire, yielding multifunctional materials whose adsorption performance exceeds that of the individual components. Drawing on a systematic survey of peer-reviewed literature published between 2016 and 2026, this review develops a mechanism-oriented, structure–property–performance framework examining five dominant adsorption mechanisms—electrostatic attraction, π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic partitioning, and micropore confinement—in relation to composite nanoarchitecture, surface chemistry, and structural parameters. The modulating influence of realistic water matrix conditions on adsorption efficiency is critically assessed, alongside challenges of regeneration, long-term stability, metal leaching, and the persistent gap between laboratory-scale synthesis and scalable deployment. Priority research directions are identified, including standardized performance evaluation under environmentally representative conditions and rational design of hierarchical multifunctional nanocomposites from earth-abundant and waste-derived precursors.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100634

Authors: Xue Liu Yuanhang Wei Wenjing Wang

Nitrogen-doped carbon dots (CDs) were fabricated via a one-pot hydrothermal route using hydroquinone and o-phenylenediamine as dual precursors. The as-prepared CDs were then anchored onto iron-cobalt oxide nanosheets (FeCo-ONSs) to construct a composite nanozyme, denoted as CDs/FeCo-ONSs. Although FeCo-ONSs possess intrinsic peroxidase-like (POD-like) activity, the integration of CDs with FeCo-ONSs resulted in a remarkable enhancement of catalytic performance. Specifically, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the CDs/FeCo-ONS composite promoted the efficient oxidative transformation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), leading to the formation of a blue-colored oxidized product. Based upon the enhanced POD-like activity of CDs/FeCo-ONSs, a highly sensitive colorimetric sensor was developed for the detection of ascorbic acid (AA). This method exhibited a wide linear detection range of 0.1 to 50 µM with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.018 µM. Furthermore, the developed method was successfully applied to the determination of AA in commercial beverages and fresh fruits, verifying its potential feasibility for practical applications in food quality control.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100633

Authors: Xiaoxing Yang Guogang Yang Hao Wang Han Sun Zhuangzhuang Xu Shengzheng Ji

Ni coarsening is a primary degradation mechanism in Ni-based anodes, significantly contributing to performance decline and diminished lifespan of methane steam reforming solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) during long-term operation. In this study, a novel algorithm is introduced to reconstruct two-dimensional Ni-YSZ anode microstructures, complemented by the development of a multi-physics model that integrates phase-field modeling (PFM) with the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). This coupled PFM-LBM framework is employed to investigate the effects of Ni agglomeration on microstructural evolution and methane-steam mass transport under diverse conditions. The results demonstrate that the initial Ni particle diameter exerts a significant influence on Ni agglomeration dynamics. Furthermore, the mass transport analysis reveals that the necking structures formed during Ni coarsening pose a substantial impediment to mass transfer efficiency. Finally, optimized structural parameters for Ni-YSZ are proposed to enhance anode performance in Ni-based electrodes.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100632

Authors: Sadixa Baral Ramesh Raghavendra Ken Thomas Raja Das

Graphene oxide (GO) has been widely investigated as a nanoreinforcement for cementitious composites; however, its effectiveness depends on stable dispersion within the highly alkaline, calcium-rich environment of fresh cement paste. This study evaluates the dispersion behaviour of GO in deionised (DI) water and saturated calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) under controlled conditions and assesses the effectiveness of anionic and cationic surfactants in both environments. GO was synthesised using the modified Hummers method and verified by comprehensive physicochemical characterisation. Dispersion stability was assessed using UV-Vis spectroscopy at GO concentrations of 0.04–0.08 mg/mL in DI water, and the 0.08 mg/mL system was further studied in saturated Ca(OH)2 with and without sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDBS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at a 1:1 mass ratio. Zeta potential and dynamic light scattering measurements were performed to understand the relation between the surface charge and agglomeration of GO. In DI water, GO retained close to 70% of its initial absorbance after 60 min, and both surfactants improved retention to above 90%. In saturated Ca(OH)2, retention fell to approximately 40%, and neither surfactant restored stability despite producing zeta values that would conventionally support stable dispersion. The findings indicate that GO aggregation in calcium ion (Ca2+)-rich alkaline environments is not governed by net surface charge alone, consistent with the established mechanism of Ca2+ chemical cross-linking with GO carboxyl groups.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100631

Authors: Muhammad Aamir Bashir Ahmad Mukhtar D. Eric Aston Sarah Wu

The scalable production of high-quality nanoparticles is a significant challenge for advancing nanotechnology applications. This research introduces a continuous-flow liquid-plasma discharge reactor for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, utilizing D-xylose as a dual-function reducing and stabilizing agent. The reactor effectively generated uniform xylose-capped silver nanoparticles (X-Ag NPs). Optimal conditions were established utilizing argon gas at a 1:100 molar ratio of Ag precursor to D-xylose, resulting in spherical X-Ag NPs with an average size of 16.89 nm, a zeta potential of −38.87 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.22. The formation and properties of X-Ag NPs were confirmed through characterization techniques including UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The findings demonstrate that uniform particle nucleation and growth occurred due to the homogeneous distribution of high-energy electrons and reactive gas species produced in the plasma phase. This environmentally sustainable, continuous-flow method shows considerable promise for the industrial-scale production of biomass-derived silver nanoparticles.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100630

Authors: Barbara Zawidlak-Węgrzyńska Joanna Rydz

Polymer-based nanoparticle systems have emerged as a versatile platform for advancing precision medicine by enabling controlled, targeted, and multifunctional drug delivery. This narrative review synthesizes recent progress in the design, functionalization, and clinical translation of polymer-based nanoparticles, with a focused scope on drug delivery, diagnostics, theranostics, nanosponges, and regenerative medicine. Specifically, it highlights three key insights: (i) surface engineering strategies, including ligand conjugation and stealth coatings, substantially enhance targeting specificity and reduce off-target toxicity; (ii) stimulus-responsive polymers enable spatiotemporally controlled drug release, improving therapeutic outcomes in complex disease microenvironments; and (iii) integration with artificial intelligence (AI) supports the rational design of personalized nanomedicines based on patient-specific molecular profiles. The innovative nature of this review lies in its comprehensive approach, which combines material design parameters with clinical outcomes and the barriers to implementation. Despite significant progress, serious challenges remain, including scalable and reproducible manufacturing, regulatory harmonization, and comprehensive long-term biosafety assessment. In the future, the priority should be to develop reliable manufacturing processes, a harmonized regulatory framework, and data-driven, clinically validated design methodologies. Overall, polymer-based nanoparticles are poised to redefine targeted therapy, but their clinical impact will depend on bridging the gap between laboratory innovation and scalable, safe, and personalized medical applications.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100629

Authors: Dong-Gyu Jeon Min-Young Han Hana Lee Hanguk Hwang Ji-Min Lee Eun Soo Kim Gang Ho Lee Yongmin Chang Mi-Young Son Mae-Ja Park Sung-Wook Nam

Computational clearing (CC) enhances widefield (WF) fluorescence microscopy by suppressing out-of-focus haze and autofluorescence, yielding semi-confocal quality images suitable for segmentation and image-based phenotyping. Here, we propose an “image tracing” workflow for inflammatory mouse intestinal organoids (mIOs) using paired CC and WF images to generate a differential signal (CC − WF). mIOs were derived from intestinal crypts of Lgr5-EGFP stem cell reporter mice and expanded under epidermal growth factor, Noggin, and R-spondin (ENR) conditions. Inflammation was induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment. CC processing enhanced phalloidin-stained apical F-actin and improved EGFP signals by reducing background noise, enabling robust segmentation and quantitative extraction of image morphometrics including area, circularity, and perimeter. CC-WF vectors derived from three-dimensional area–perimeter–circularity plots sensitively captured DSS-induced epithelial disruption analogous to a leaky-epithelium phenotype. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq of DSS-treated mIOs revealed upregulation of inflammatory pathways including TNF-α signaling via NF-κB and IL-6/JAK/STAT3, aligning with microscopy findings. In a proof-of-concept demonstration using phalloidin-stained fluorescence images, ROC analysis of the CC-WF workflow achieved an AUC = 0.95 with 87.5% sensitivity and 92.9% specificity in distinguishing intact from injured mIOs.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100628

Authors: Unmanaa Dewanjee Shi Bai Yury V. Ryabchikov David Fieser Sharma Pradakshina Jie Jayne Wu Marco Fronzi Anming Hu

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has evolved from a fundamental optical phenomenon to a powerful, molecule-specific analytical technique capable of detecting ultra-trace-level species across biomedicine, catalysis, environmental monitoring, and national security applications. In this review, we summarize recent advances in SERS probe design and fabrication along three major directions: (i) engineering plasmonic hotspots with enhanced field confinement to achieve stronger and more uniform signals; (ii) analyte-directed strategies that precisely position and retain target molecules via tailored surface chemistries, nanoscale confinement, and on-surface reactions for single hotspot SERS; and (iii) hybrid architectures integrating plasmonic metals with functional materials, including high entropy materials, semiconductors, and graphene and other 2D materials, to synergistically couple electromagnetic and chemical enhancement mechanisms. Despite significant progress, key challenges remain for practical applications outside laboratories, including substrate reproducibility and stability, diverse analyte compatibility, unknown molecule identification and standardized quantitative performance in complex environments. We highlight emerging solutions, such as large-area nanomanufacturing for controlled nanoscale gaps, high-resolution Raman mapping for spatial–temporal characterization, density-functional-theory-guided molecular interpretation, and machine-learning-enabled spectral analysis. Advances in foundational AI models and data-driven discovery are positioning SERS to become an increasingly versatile platform, from decoding unknown molecular structures to analyzing complicated multi-component systems for environmental, biomedical, and national security applications with high sensitivity and selectivity.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100627

Authors: Sarah Morais Bezerra Gabor Bortel Sándor Kollarics Adam Gali David Beke

Silicon carbide is a promising material for optically and spin-active point defects relevant to quantum applications. Quantum-relevant color centers are commonly generated by irradiation or implantation, which require specialized infrastructure and may introduce collateral lattice damage. Here, we present a chemical approach in which the influence of synthesis temperature, high-energy ball milling, and aluminum addition on formation, polytype distribution, and defect formation in SiC is investigated. We found that it is possible to create quantum-relevant defects throughout the chemical synthesis, and the temperature and mechanical activation are the dominant parameters governing defect generation. Photoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrate that low synthesis temperatures (1050–1150 °C) in high-energy ball-milled samples yield silicon vacancy and divacancy-related color centers, evidenced by characteristic near-infrared PL emission and high-spin EPR signals with zero-field splitting values D ≈ 1.3 GHz and D ≈ 270 MHz, consistent with neutral divacancies and VSi–CSi complex centers, respectively. An additional EPR signal at D ≈ 650–780 MHz, not matched by any previously reported defect configuration in SiC, is tentatively assigned to a second-nearest-neighbor divacancy-like (VSi–VC) pair.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100625

Authors: Ziheng Li Yu Sun Muyang Li Nan Han Zeyuan Wang Jihui Fan Hui Zhou Xiaoqing Jiang Jie Li Yafei Ning Klaus Leifer Mingyang Wang Ming Gao Hu Li Aimin Song

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) inherit the exceptional carrier mobility of graphene while offering tunable bandgaps, making them promising for high-performance optoelectronics. Here, we report a high-performance near-infrared photodetector based on a p-GNR/Al2O3/n-Si vertical heterojunction, where GNR is directly produced by dissociating double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs). The 10 nm Al2O3 interlayer serves as an effective barrier and passivation layer, suppressing dark current and enhancing interfacial charge separation. Under 1064 nm illumination, the device delivers outstanding performance. At −6 V bias, the responsivity and detectivity reach 159.55 A/W and 2.01 × 1012 Jones, respectively. Notably, under zero-bias self-powered mode, it still achieves a high responsivity of 8.71 A/W, a detectivity of 1.15 × 1013 Jones, and a fast response time of 307.5 μs. These results fully validate the feasibility of GNR-based heterojunctions for high-performance optoelectronic devices and pave the way for their future integration into low-power, high-sensitivity photodetection systems and next-generation optoelectronic integrated circuits.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100626

Authors: Yuan Chang Zhenzi Li Xuepeng Wang Shuhua Liu Bo Wang Lijun Liao Wei Zhou

Photocatalytic H2O2 production coupled with selective organic oxidation provides a promising strategy for simultaneously generating value-added oxidants and chemicals under mild conditions. Herein, Ni-modified defect-engineered NH2-UiO-66 photocatalysts (Ni/UN) are constructed by introducing Ni species into a vacuum-treated NH2-UiO-66 framework (UN). Compared with the original NH2-UiO-66 and the defect-treated UN, Ni/UN exhibits weakened photoluminescence emission, enhanced transient photocurrent response, and reduced electrochemical impedance, indicating that the separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers have been improved. The band structure analysis further reveals that Ni/UN has a narrow band gap of approximately 2.52 electron volts and a slightly more negative conduction band position (−0.50 V), which is conducive to the photoinduced reduction reaction. The importance of O2 in the photocatalytic process was demonstrated by changing the atmospheric conditions. Therefore, in the benzylalcohol system, under the oxygen atmosphere, Ni/UN achieved the highest H2O2 production rate of 3257 μmol g−1 h−1, accompanied by the continuous generation of benzaldehyde, with its content reaching 3420 μmol g−1 after 60 min of irradiation. The scavenger experiment further indicates that photogenerated electrons and the active substances derived from oxygen are closely involved in the formation of H2O2, while the ·OH-related processes only play a limited contribution role. This study demonstrates an effective strategy for enhancing the performance of metal–organic framework (MOF)-based photocatalysts through defect engineering and metal coordination regulation, thereby achieving efficient photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide and the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100624

Authors: Chunxia Li Weichao Jiang Cong Qiu Jingping Xu

Recently, self-powered MoS2/GaAs photodetectors have attracted intensive attention. However, thermal processing following metal–electrode deposition tends to damage the lattice structure of MoS2, leading to degraded device performance and poor consistency. In this work, Au/MoS2/GaAs photodetectors are fabricated using two different methods of transferring Au (Tr-Au) and thermal evaporation Au (TE-Au), and their photoelectric performances are compared. It is found that, compared to TE-Au devices, the Tr-Au devices exhibit higher responsivity (45.29 A/W) and detectivity (3.11 × 1013 Jones). The underlying mechanisms are attributed to a significant reduction in defect traps in MoS2 and a smooth MoS2/GaAs heterojunction interface, which collectively increase photocurrent and suppress dark current. Therefore, the room-temperature Au transfer method shows great promise for the fabrication of high-performance optoelectronic devices.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100622

Authors: Soghra Hosseini Arunakumari Nulu Keun Yong Sohn

Herein, we report the rational design of an A-SnO2/Si@N-CNT nanocomposite, fabricated via facile ball milling followed by high-temperature annealing. In this design, surface-modified SnO2 (A-SnO2) serves as the primary active framework, silicon nanoparticles are introduced to enhance overall capacity, and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) provide a conductive and mechanically resilient network. The incorporation of silicon nanoparticles and N-CNTs into A-SnO2 facilitated the formation of strong Si–C and Si–O–Sn bonds, thereby improving electrical conductivity and structural stability and reinforcing interfacial interactions between the active materials and the conductive CNT matrix, resulting in superior electrochemical performance. Morphological analysis confirmed that the composite maintained structural stability without severe cracking after 100 cycles at 100 mAh g−1. The electrode delivered reversible capacities of 1002 and 622 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 0.5 A g−1, with capacity retentions of 78.7% and 73.17%, respectively. Even at 1.0 A g−1, a stable capacity of 441 mAh g−1 with 80.96% retention was achieved. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of coupling surface-modified SnO2 with Si- and N-doped carbon frameworks for advanced lithium-ion battery anodes.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100623

Authors: Kailin Luo Sijing Chen Hai Li Jian Liang Ming Sheng Qiuyang Tan Yang Wang Dingshun She Li Zhong

Wear in microscale material removal is difficult to predict because material loss can proceed through several distinct pathways, including plastic deformation, adhesion, atom-by-atom attrition, tribochemical reactions, oxidation-assisted removal, and fracture. Since these mechanisms operate under different contact and environmental conditions, no single wear law is reliable across all cases. This review examines the main quantitative wear models used in microscale material removal, from classical Archard-type and Reye-type relations to atomistic Arrhenius-type descriptions and models developed for adhesive, tribochemical, oxidation-related, and fracture-dominated wear. Attention is given to the assumptions behind these models, the regimes in which they remain useful, and the conditions under which their predictions begin to fail. The discussion also considers how material properties, tool characteristics, operating conditions, and environmental factors act alone and in combination to influence wear behavior and the reliability of different models. Across the literature, a consistent conclusion is that model selection is most reliable when it is based on the active wear mechanism and the evolving contact state. On this basis, practical guidelines are outlined for different classes of contacts, and current limitations are discussed, including poor treatment of regime transitions, difficulty in parameter identification, and the gap between atomistic models and engineering use. Future progress will depend on multi-regime modeling, better treatment of coupled effects, and improved in situ characterization under realistic operating conditions.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100621

Authors: Yuhui Zhu Sheng Xu Qiang Wang Yanni Gu Xiaoli Zhang Xiaoshan Wu

Novel highly sensitive two-dimensional gas-sensing materials for detecting hazardous gases are crucial for human health, climate protection, and industrial development. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) was employed to investigate the adsorption and sensing properties of four representative hazardous gas molecules (NO, NO2, F2, and Cl2) on pristine and vacancy-defective (S vacancy and Te vacancy) Janus MoSTe monolayer. The introduction of a vacancy into the MoSTe monolayer significantly reduces the adsorption distances and enhances the adsorption energies and charge transfers. Notably, an S vacancy induces a transition in the adsorption behaviors of NO, NO2, and Cl2 on MoSTe from physisorption to chemisorption, and a Te vacancy leads to strong physisorption of NO and NO2 on the MoSTe monolayer. Electronic structure analysis further reveals that gas molecule adsorption can modulate band gaps. Adsorption of F2 and Cl2 on the Te surface of pristine MoSTe converts the indirect bandgap into a direct bandgap. However, the calculation results for O2 adsorption indicate that the S and Te vacancies in Janus MoSTe may be readily occupied by O2, suggesting that it is not a good sensing material under atmospheric conditions. This study provides valuable theoretical insights and guidance for future experiments on vacancy-defective Janus MoSTe monolayer.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100620

Authors: Hongxu Jin Huifang Pang Renguo Guan Siqi Yin Wang An Changfeng Wang

Effective absorption in the S-band usually requires relatively thick absorbing materials. However, growing application demands necessitate the development of high-performance materials with subwavelength thickness. This study presents a broadband absorbing metamaterial for the S-band, based on a novel structural design featuring a nested hexagonal metal resonant layer integrated with a carbonyl iron powder (CIP)/charcoal (CH)/epoxy resin (ER) composite slab. This structural innovation enables exceptional S-band absorption within a subwavelength thickness, effectively overcoming the inherent physical limitations of traditional materials. By combining the arch measurement method and simulations over the 2–18 GHz, we demonstrate that the metal resonant layer of the metamaterial plays a key role in controlling the electromagnetic field vector distribution. This work investigates the mechanism for enhancing S-band absorption in metamaterials through the redistribution of electromagnetic field vectors. Additionally, magnetic loss from CIP/CH/ER and dielectric loss from the resonators further enhance absorption performance. The designed absorbing metamaterial exhibits effective absorption at a thickness of only 2.25 mm, with a reflection loss (RL) below −10 dB from 2.2 to 3.8 GHz. Simultaneously, it can maintain a radar cross-section (RCS) below −10 dBm2 in a wide-angle range of ±160°. Furthermore, a superhydrophobic coating with a contact angle of 152° was prepared for absorbing metamaterial. This coating allowed the metamaterial to preserve its microwave absorption performance while imparting self-cleaning capability. This study proposes a multifunctional absorbing metamaterial for efficient absorption in the S-band.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100619

Authors: Hai-Chuan Zuo Guang-Yang Lu Hai-Bo Yang Qian Chen Jian-Ping Zeng Yong-Gang Sun Song Chen

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of hydrogen production by water electrolysis under alkaline conditions faces enormous challenges, namely, high catalyst overpotential and reliance on noble metal catalysts. As a transition metal, Ni has the advantages of low cost and excellent HER performance. This study aims to develop high-activity and low-cost HER catalysts to replace noble metal catalysts. In this work, a composite structured HER catalyst based on Ni and hybridized with Ni(OH)2 and NiO was prepared by multi-field coupled electrodeposition. Under the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), low overpotentials of 248 mV and 341 mV were achieved at current densities of 500 mA·cm−2 and 1000 mA·cm−2, respectively, making it more suitable for industrial high-current-density water electrolysis for hydrogen production. Moreover, the catalyst achieves long-term stable operation at a high current density of 1000 mA⋅cm−2 in industrial-grade ALK water electrolysis, with highly stable microstructure and chemical composition before and after the durability test. Theoretical calculations show that compared with the NiM catalyst, Ni@NiM enhances the adsorption capacity for water molecules, further optimizes the ion transport of the catalyst, and the complementarity and synergy in the electronic structure among these multiple components significantly improve the HER activity of the catalyst.

Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano16100618

Authors: Francesco Fabrizio Comisi Andrea Maria Comisi Elena Esposito Vassilios Fanos

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants detected in numerous human tissues, yet epidemiological evidence on MNPs exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children has not been systematically evaluated. We aimed to systematically identify, appraise, and synthesize observational evidence on this association in children aged 0–18 years. Six databases were searched on 19 February 2026 following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420261328979). Risk of bias and certainty of evidence were assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklists and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) framework. Three studies met the inclusion criteria (all published in 2025, China; n = 30–5670; two studies with probable population overlap), addressing behavioral, cognitive, and neurological outcome domains, encompassing 56 associations across 14 outcomes. Each study showed a uniform direction of association (higher MP exposure was associated with poorer outcomes); however, probable population overlap between Dong and Zheng precludes interpretation of this pattern as independent cross-study replication. All outcomes were rated Very Low certainty under GRADE; meta-analysis was not performed. Although experimental evidence supports biological plausibility, no causal inferences can be drawn in the absence of independent replication, and the field remains at the stage of hypothesis generation. Future studies should prioritize prospective longitudinal designs, spectroscopic exposure confirmation, and standardized neurodevelopmental outcomes.