Nutrients

16 pages, 1975 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Vitamin D Trends Through Big Data Analysis

by Szilvia Racz, Miklos Emri, Ervin Berenyi, Laszlo Horvath, Bela E. Toth, Sandor Barat, Edit Kalina, Luca Jozsa, Amrit Pal Bhattoa-Buzas, William B. Grant and Harjit Pal Bhattoa

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3808; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233808 - 4 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 694

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Big data analysis has revolutionized medical research, making it possible to analyze vast amounts of data and gain valuable insights that were previously impossible to obtain. Our knowledge of the characteristics of vitamin D sufficiency is primarily based on data from a [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Big data analysis has revolutionized medical research, making it possible to analyze vast amounts of data and gain valuable insights that were previously impossible to obtain. Our knowledge of the characteristics of vitamin D sufficiency is primarily based on data from a limited number of observations, generally spanning a few years at most. Methods: Here at the Medical Faculty of the University of Debrecen, the big data approach has allowed us to analyze trends in vitamin D status using nearly 60,000 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration results from 2000 onwards. Results: Apart from analyzing the well-known phenomenon of seasonality in 25(OH)D concentration, we observed a trend in test requests, which increased from a few hundred in 2000 to almost 10,000 in 2020. Of particular interest is the change in the gender gap in test requests. In previous years, test requests were primarily from women, but by the end of the analysis period, a significant number of requests were from men as well. Since the data set includes all age groups, we analyzed 25(OH)D concentration for incremental age sets of five years, from a few months to 100 years old. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (<75 nmol/L) was clearly demarcated among various years of observation, age groups, sexes, and seasons. Our data was particularly valuable for analyzing the effect of the methodology used for 25(OH)D determination. Three different methodologies were used during the study period, and clear, statistically significant bias was observed. Conclusions: Our results clearly demonstrate the effect of the methodology used to determine 25(OH)D concentrations on vitamin D status, explicitly highlighting the urgent need to standardize the various platforms used to measure this important analyte and its consequences for public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proceedings of the 7th International Conference “Vitamin D—Minimum, Maximum, Optimum”)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 325 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New Resistant Starch Material Obtained from Faba Beans (Vicia faba L. Creole): Potential Modulation of the Diabetic Condition in Diabetic Wistar Rat Model

by Teodoro Suárez-Diéguez, Mariza Olvera Nájera, Mariana Silva, Guadalupe López-Rodríguez, José Alberto Ariza-Ortega, Aurora García-Tejedor and Juan Antonio Nieto

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3807; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233807 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 597

Abstract

Background: Resistant starch, and specially retrograded starches (RS), have been suggested as useful biological molecules to improve the glucose management in diabetic conditions. However, the influence of the botanical origin in the RS biological capacities make necessary its evaluation, where RS from legumes [...] Read more.

Background: Resistant starch, and specially retrograded starches (RS), have been suggested as useful biological molecules to improve the glucose management in diabetic conditions. However, the influence of the botanical origin in the RS biological capacities make necessary its evaluation, where RS from legumes have been paid less attention compared to other sources as cereals. Objectives: A RS product obtained from creole Faba beans (Vicia faba L. creole), was evaluated for the first time as a material capable of improving glucose homeostasis in diabetic conditions. Methods: The RS ingredient investigated (with a reduced digestibility of 50%) was tested in a Wistar rat model with induced diabetes, fed with a 15 or 30% replacement of RS ingredient in the diet. Diverse nutritional and biomarkers were analysed. Results: As a result of the reduced digestibility of the RS ingredient, diabetic animals fed with RS replacement (15% or 30%) showed attenuated postprandial hyperglycemia responses, reducing the hyperglycemic condition close to 29% compared to non-treated diabetic animals (24.56 ± 7.50 and 25.02 ± 3.54 vs. 34.65 ± 1.89 mmol/L, respectively). In addition, fasting serum glucose levels were significantly reduced (22%). Other biochemical parameters associated with glucose metabolism, such as glycosylated hemoglobin and AGEs levels, also improved. Furthermore, significant improvements in nutritional parameters (such as weight gain) and a lower insulin resistance index were determined. In contrast, no clear effects were observed in lipid metabolism and oxidative stress biomarkers in the treated group. Conclusions: The results of this research suggest that the retrograded starch from creole beans evaluated could be a potential functional food ingredient capable of enhancing glucose homeostasis in diabetic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Benefit Assessment of Novel Ingredients and Diets)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1076 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Low-Cost, High-Fat Diet Effectively Induces Obesity and Metabolic Alterations and Diet Normalization Modulates Microbiota in C57BL/6 Mice

by Iasmim Xisto Campos, Marcella Duarte Villas Mishima, Fermín I. Milagro and Maria do Carmo Gouveia Peluzio

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3806; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233806 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 724

Abstract

Background/Objectives: High-fat diets (HFDs) are widely used to induce obesity, but cost-effective and reproducible formulations remain challenging. Moreover, the reversibility of metabolic and gut microbiota alterations following HFD withdrawal is not fully understood. This study evaluated a low-cost HFD model in mice [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: High-fat diets (HFDs) are widely used to induce obesity, but cost-effective and reproducible formulations remain challenging. Moreover, the reversibility of metabolic and gut microbiota alterations following HFD withdrawal is not fully understood. This study evaluated a low-cost HFD model in mice and investigated metabolic, oxidative, and gut microbiota changes during a subsequent 12-week dietary normalization phase. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard diet (CTN) or a lard-supplemented HFD for 12 weeks (Phase 1), followed by 12 weeks dietary normalization to a standard diet (Phase 2). Body weight, adiposity, blood glucose, biochemical parameters, and oxidative markers were assessed. Fecal samples were analyzed for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), microbiota composition (16S rRNA sequencing), and predicted functions using FAPROTAX and PICRUSt2. Results: The HFD significantly increased body weight, abdominal circumference, the Lee index, and adipose tissue mass compared to CTN. Following diet normalization, both groups exhibited weight loss, but the previously obese mice maintained a higher Lee index and distinct lipid and uric acid profiles. No hepatic oxidative stress was detected after normalization. SCFA profiles underwent a temporal shift: CTN showed higher fecal acetate, while HFD mice exhibited elevated butyrate. Functional prediction revealed one pathway associated with an unclassified Rickettsiales bacterium that was exclusively found in HFD mice. The CTN group exhibited a higher abundance of the thiamine diphosphate formation pathway (PWY-7357), suggesting enhanced oxidative metabolism. Conclusions: This low-cost HFD successfully induced obesity and dysbiosis. Dietary normalization resulted in a partial modulation of metabolic and microbial balance, thereby highlighting host–microbe metabolic plasticity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 461 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sea Vegetables and Fruits as Novel Dietary Protective Factors for Sarcopenia and Muscle Function in Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Chi-Hsien Huang, Pei-Fang Li, Tzyh-Chyuan Hour, Huei-Mei Chen, Hsin-Yi Chang and Yu-Kuei Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3805; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233805 - 4 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 462

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia may be influenced by lifestyle and dietary factors. Emerging evidence suggests that certain foods such as sea vegetables and fruits contain bioactive compounds may help protect against muscle loss. This study investigated the association between sea vegetable and fruit intake and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia may be influenced by lifestyle and dietary factors. Emerging evidence suggests that certain foods such as sea vegetables and fruits contain bioactive compounds may help protect against muscle loss. This study investigated the association between sea vegetable and fruit intake and the risk of sarcopenia and physical performance in older adults in Taiwan. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 588 individuals aged ≥65 years recruited from three hospitals (outpatient and home-care settings) in southern Taiwan (2018–2020). Questionnaire, medical chart, and laboratory data were used to examine the associations between demographic characteristics, dietary intake, and nutritional status and sarcopenia, defined as low muscle mass plus reduced strength or poor physical performance. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. The performance variables we measured were grip strength, gait speed, and chair stand time. Logistic regression was used to identify associated factors, and linear regression was used to assess the contributions of these factors to performance measures. Results: Sarcopenia was identified in 159 (27.0%) of the 588 participants. Those with sarcopenia had lower education levels, poorer nutritional status, weaker grip strength, and slower mobility. Daily intakes of sea vegetables (adjusted OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.20–0.74) and fresh fruits (adjusted OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.16–0.49) were independently associated with reduced risk of sarcopenia. Sea vegetable intake was positively associated with grip strength, while fruit intake was inversely associated with chair stand time. Conclusions: Dietary factors and nutritional status were significantly associated with sarcopenia risk and physical performance. Sarcopenia prevention strategies might want to include promoting the consumption of sea vegetables and fruits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 3108 KB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Supplementation with Prunus domestica L. Extract Restores Recognition Memory Impairment Caused by D-Galactose in Rats

by Anusara Aranarochana, Puncharatsm Pannin, Papatchaya Sintow, Apiwat Sirichoat, Nataya Sritawan, Wanassanan Pannangrong, Rawiwan Charoensup, Wuttichai Jaidee, Piti Ungarreevittaya, Peter Wigmore and Jariya Umka Welbat

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3804; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233804 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 372

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Aging-related cognitive decline, linked to oxidative stress and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis, is a major contributor to neurodegenerative disorders. In rodents, this condition can be modeled by D-galactose (D-gal) administration, which induces oxidative stress and recognition memory deficits. Prunus domestica L. (PD), rich [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Aging-related cognitive decline, linked to oxidative stress and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis, is a major contributor to neurodegenerative disorders. In rodents, this condition can be modeled by D-galactose (D-gal) administration, which induces oxidative stress and recognition memory deficits. Prunus domestica L. (PD), rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds with antioxidant properties, may counteract such impairments. This study evaluated the effects of PD extract on D-gal-induced memory decline by analyzing its phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and neuroprotective potential. Methods: Phytochemicals were quantified by colorimetric and pH differential methods, and antioxidant capacity was determined using DPPH and FRAP assays. Male Sprague Dawley rats (12 weeks; n = 12/group) were assigned to 8 groups: vehicle, D-gal, PD (75, 100, or 150 mg/kg), and D-gal + PD (same respective doses). D-gal (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and/or PD were administered by oral gavage daily for 8 weeks. Recognition memory was assessed by the novel object recognition (NOR) test. Hippocampal tissues were processed for immunofluorescence staining of the proliferation marker Ki-67 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity using the cytochrome C reduction method. Results: PD extract contained abundant phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, and exhibited notable antioxidant activity. D-gal impaired recognition memory, reduced hippocampal cell proliferation, and decreased SOD activity. Co-treatment with PD improved memory performance, enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis, and restored antioxidant enzyme activity. Conclusions: PD extract may protect against D-gal-induced age-related cognitive decline through antioxidant effects and support of hippocampal neurogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Neuro Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1549 KB

Open AccessReview

The Gut Nexus: Unraveling Microbiota-Mediated Links Between Type 2 Diabetes and Colorectal Cancer

by Anns Mahboob, Chehbin Shin, Shahd Almughanni, Lubica Hornakova, Peter Kubatka and Dietrich Büsselberg

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3803; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233803 - 4 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 695

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two of the most rapidly rising chronic diseases globally. Despite appearing distinct, an emerging body of literature identifies shared etiopathogenic mechanisms mediated by gut microbiota. This review synthesizes 38 peer-reviewed studies [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two of the most rapidly rising chronic diseases globally. Despite appearing distinct, an emerging body of literature identifies shared etiopathogenic mechanisms mediated by gut microbiota. This review synthesizes 38 peer-reviewed studies to evaluate the compositional, metabolic, immune, and translational intersections of gut dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of T2DM-associated CRC. Methods: This narrative literature review examined 38 primary research articles (human and animal studies) retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. Studies were selected based on relevance to the microbiota-mediated mechanisms linking T2DM and CRC, with a focus on compositional analysis, metabolomic shifts, immune activation, and therapeutic interventions. Results: The findings highlight a mechanistically rich overlap between T2DM and CRC through shared dysbiosis, characterized by depletion of SCFA-producing taxa (e.g., Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Butyricicoccus), enrichment of pathobionts (e.g., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus), and the disruption of mucosal immunity and epithelial integrity. Metabolic shifts include reduced butyrate and increased toxic bile acids (e.g., deoxycholic acid), TMAO, and oxidative metabolites, while immune dysregulation features elevated LPS, IL-1β, CXCL3, and NF-κB signaling. Therapeutically, microbiota modulation via diet, metformin, and probiotics shows promise. Conclusions: Gut microbiota lies at the nexus of T2DM and CRC, functioning as a modifiable mediator rather than a passive bystander. Future research should prioritize longitudinal, multi-omic, and intervention-driven studies to enable personalized prevention and treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanistic Insights into the Role of Nutrition in Carcinogenesis and Cancer Care)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 971 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Association of Dietary Diabetes Risk Reduction Score and the Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

by Zahra Maghsoudi, Saleh A. Alsanie, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Aliakbar Sayyari, Mehran Nouri, Marzieh Shoja, Beheshteh Olang, Habib Yarizadeh and Behzad Zamani

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3802; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233802 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 709

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Several studies have suggested a contrasting link between a diabetes risk reduction diet (DRRD) pattern and cancer risk; however, their findings have been inconsistent. This study aims to systematically review observational studies and, where possible, quantify the overall effect through a meta-analysis. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Several studies have suggested a contrasting link between a diabetes risk reduction diet (DRRD) pattern and cancer risk; however, their findings have been inconsistent. This study aims to systematically review observational studies and, where possible, quantify the overall effect through a meta-analysis. Methods: Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science through May 2025. Odds ratios (ORs), along with their confidence intervals, were extracted for meta-analysis. The random-effects model was used to combine the ORs. Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Of these, six reports examined the relationship between the DRRD and breast cancer risk, three assessed liver cancer incidence, two analyzed pancreatic cancer risk, and two focused on endometrial cancer. Additionally, seven studies explored the association with other cancers, including ovarian, colorectal, renal, head and neck, bladder, and lung cancers. The meta-analysis revealed that high adherence to the DRRD is associated with a decreased cancer risk (OR = 0.77, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.71–0.84, p < 0.001). Conclusions: After stratifying by geographic region, gender, study design, and cancer site, the inverse relationship remained significant across all subgroups. DRRD can be viewed as a beneficial approach associated with a lower cancer risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Cancer: Risks and Survival Outcomes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1165 KB

Open AccessArticle

Does Distance Matter? Metabolic and Muscular Challenges of a Non-Stop Ultramarathon with Sub-Analysis Depending on Running Distance

by Lucas John, Moritz Munk, Roman Bizjak, Sebastian V. W. Schulz, Jens Witzel, Harald Engler, Christoph Siebers, Michael Siebers, Johannes Kirsten, Marijke Grau and Daniel Alexander Bizjak

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3801; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233801 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1373

Abstract

Background: Ultramarathon running represents an extreme physiological and metabolic challenge. Despite its growing popularity among recreational and competitive runners, evidence-based guidance for nutrition, energy balance, and recovery remains limited. Understanding metabolic response and hormonal regulation during such events is crucial for improving athletes’ [...] Read more.

Background: Ultramarathon running represents an extreme physiological and metabolic challenge. Despite its growing popularity among recreational and competitive runners, evidence-based guidance for nutrition, energy balance, and recovery remains limited. Understanding metabolic response and hormonal regulation during such events is crucial for improving athletes’ health and performance. Methods: This prospective observational study examined participants of the 2024 TorTour de Ruhr^® (100 km, 160.9 km, and 230 km). Pre- and post-race assessments included body composition, energy intake and expenditure, metabolic and hormonal biomarkers (leptin, ghrelin, insulin, glucagon, irisin, creatine kinase muscle type (CKM), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Blood and saliva samples, bioimpedance analysis, and validated symptom questionnaires (General Assessment of Side Effects (GASE)) were used. Results: Of the 43 ultra runners (16 women, 27 men), 39 finished the race: 19 participants of the 100 km group, 8 of the 160.9 km group, and 16 of the 230 km group. Mean energy deficit was 6797 kcal (range: 417–18,364 kcal) with carbohydrate-dominant fueling (79%). Significant reductions in leptin and insulin and increases in ghrelin, glucagon, CKM, and LDH were observed, indicating disrupted energy homeostasis and muscle damage. The 230 km subgroup showed the greatest changes. Gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal symptoms increased post-race, aligning with biomarker patterns. Conclusions: Ultramarathon participation induces profound disturbances in metabolic and structural integrity, regardless of race distance. These findings underline the importance of developing individualized nutritional and recovery strategies and highlight the need for future research to investigate how energy deficit and macronutrient composition interact to influence metabolic strain and post-race recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance in Sports, Physical Activity, Exercise: Nutrition, Fatigue and Recovery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1744 KB

Open AccessArticle

Point-of-Care Testing in PKU: A New ERA of Blood Phenylalanine Monitoring

by Alex Pinto, Adam Gerrard, Suresh Vijay, Sharon Evans, Anne Daly, Catherine Ashmore, Maria Inês Gama, Júlio César Rocha, Rani Singh, Richard Jackson and Anita MacDonald

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3800; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233800 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 796

Abstract

Background: In phenylketonuria (PKU) patients, dried blood spot (DBS) sampling remains the standard method for monitoring phenylalanine (Phe) levels. However, delays in reporting results can hinder timely dietary adjustments. Patients and caregivers have expressed a preference for point-of-care testing (POCT) devices that enable [...] Read more.

Background: In phenylketonuria (PKU) patients, dried blood spot (DBS) sampling remains the standard method for monitoring phenylalanine (Phe) levels. However, delays in reporting results can hinder timely dietary adjustments. Patients and caregivers have expressed a preference for point-of-care testing (POCT) devices that enable home-based monitoring. Objectives: Our aim was to compare blood Phe measurements in PKU patients and caregiver usability of a POCT system with DBS, which is the standard practice monitoring method. Methods: Twenty participants (eighteen children with PKU and two healthy controls) were recruited. Caregivers of children with PKU were asked to perform blood Phe measurements at home under the supervision of a researcher, using both the POCT device (Egoo Phe system) and DBS sampling. Healthy controls collected the same number of samples using both methods in a hospital setting. The POCT system required 40 µL of blood and used an enzymatic, bioluminescent detection system. DBS samples were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry (TMS) and required two blood spots (approximately 100 µL of blood). The Egoo Connect App, linked via Bluetooth to the POCT device, displayed results after 29 min. Caregiver usability of the POCT system was assessed using questionnaires at each visit. Results: A total of 100 paired samples were collected. Median values were 274 μmol/L (range: 30–1039) for POCT and 270 μmol/L (range: 20–1190) for DBS. POCT readings were a mean of 4.6% higher than DBS with a noticeable strong correlation observed (y = 1.017x; R² = 0.8450; p < 0.0001). The usability of the POCT system improved with caregiver practice, and all caregivers expressed a preference for POCT over DBS. Conclusions: The POCT system for blood Phe demonstrated strong concordance with DBS and high caregiver acceptance, highlighting its potential to transform PKU care through faster, patient-driven monitoring and more timely clinical decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 915 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Nutritional Status and Systemic Immune–Inflammation Indices Across BMI Categories

by Hafize Uzun, Aysen Kutan Fenercioglu, Abdulhalim Senyigit and Gunay Can

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3799; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233799 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 824

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional status and systemic inflammation using four validated nutrition indices—Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte, and Platelet (HALP) score, Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score, and Nutritional Risk Index (NRI)—and three immune–inflammation biomarkers—Systemic Immune–Inflammation [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional status and systemic inflammation using four validated nutrition indices—Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte, and Platelet (HALP) score, Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score, and Nutritional Risk Index (NRI)—and three immune–inflammation biomarkers—Systemic Immune–Inflammation Index (SII), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR)—in healthy adults with varying body mass index (BMI) levels. Methods: This retrospective study included 290 clinically healthy adults aged 18–60 years, categorized by BMI. Individuals with chronic diseases, medication use, or morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m²) were excluded. Nutrition scores (HALP, PNI, NRI, CONUT) and systemic immune–inflammation indices (SII, NLR, PLR) were calculated from laboratory data. For the comparisons of SII, PLR, NLR, PNI, HALP, NRI, and CONUT values between groups, age was adjusted for, and an ANCOVA test was performed. Results: Among the systemic immune–inflammation indices, SII and NLR were significantly higher in both the overweight and obesity groups. The CONUT score, a negative indicator of nutritional status, demonstrated positive correlations with SII, NLR, and PLR in the overweight group, and with PLR in the obesity group. Although PNI showed significant inverse correlations with SII, PLR, and NLR in both groups, the mean PNI values remained above 50, indicating overall normal nutritional status in the study population. HALP was inversely correlated with SII, PLR, and NLR in both groups. Conclusions: The HALP score appears to be the most reliable marker, as it reflects the inverse relationship between nutritional status and systemic immune–inflammation indices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Topics in Nutrition and Obesity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 564 KB

Open AccessReview

Associations Between Nutritional Factors, Obesity and Ocular Diseases: A Narrative Literature Review

by Corina Georgiana Bogdănici, Camelia Margareta Bogdănici, Irina Andreea Pavel, Cosmin Victor Ganea, Vlad Constantin Donica and Elena Mihaela Cărăușu

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3798; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233798 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 504

Abstract

Background: Nutritional imbalances significantly affect ocular physiology, contributing to dry eye disease, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and optic neuropathies. This review summarizes recent evidence on how micronutrient deficiencies and obesity influence eye health. Methods: A narrative search was performed in [...] Read more.

Background: Nutritional imbalances significantly affect ocular physiology, contributing to dry eye disease, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and optic neuropathies. This review summarizes recent evidence on how micronutrient deficiencies and obesity influence eye health. Methods: A narrative search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect (last 10 years). Human studies evaluating associations between micronutrients, dietary patterns, obesity, and ocular diseases were included. Out of 843 records, 50 studies met the eligibility criteria. Results: Deficiencies in vitamins A, D, E, C, and B-complex were consistently linked to ocular surface inflammation, retinal oxidative stress, cataracts, AMD, and nutritional optic neuropathies. Altered levels of zinc, copper, selenium, and magnesium were associated with impaired photoreceptor function, glaucoma risk, and retinal degeneration. Obesity emerged as an independent risk factor for AMD, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma through mechanisms involving oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. Evidence from AREDS/AREDS2 supports targeted antioxidant supplementation in intermediate AMD. Conclusions: Adequate nutritional status and metabolic balance play a critical role in preserving ocular health. Early detection and correction of deficiencies may prevent or slow the progression of several eye diseases. Further high-quality trials are needed to define optimal nutritional recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Dietary Intake and Lifestyle on Eye Health and Ophthalmic Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4578 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of Gut Microbes and Hepatic Metabolites by PCP Ameliorates NASH and Fatigue-like Performance in Mice

by Yanyan Hong, Jianmei Yang, Yuanfei Wang, Dongliang Chen, Aiping Wu, Minhui Li, Wanyi Ou, Guiru Lin, Chenli Lin and Yinji Liang

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3797; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233797 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 612

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive liver condition closely associated with gut microbial dysbiosis and hepatic metabolic abnormalities. Poria cocos polysaccharide (PCP), a bioactive component derived from the medicinal fungus Poria cocos, possesses hepatoprotective properties, yet the therapeutic mechanisms of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive liver condition closely associated with gut microbial dysbiosis and hepatic metabolic abnormalities. Poria cocos polysaccharide (PCP), a bioactive component derived from the medicinal fungus Poria cocos, possesses hepatoprotective properties, yet the therapeutic mechanisms of PCP in NASH, particularly those involving microbial and metabolic regulation, remain incompletely elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PCP on improving NASH and explore its mechanisms related to prebiotic activity. Methods: Mice were induced to develop NASH using a Western diet, followed by PCP intervention for 12 weeks. Hepatic function, including liver enzymes and lipids, glucose metabolism, and liver histopathological changes, was assessed. Fatigue and neurobehavioral alterations were evaluated via rotarod, open field, and tail suspension tests. Hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured using RT-qPCR. Gut microbiota were analyzed through 16S RNA gene sequencing, and metabolites of liver tissue were analyzed through untargeted metabolomics. Results: PCP decreased blood glucose and hepatic lipid levels in NASH mice, alleviating liver inflammation, ballooning degeneration, and fibrosis. It also improved fatigue-like performance on rotarod test and reduced the hepatic expression of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-18. Microbiota analysis revealed that PCP restored gut microbial diversity, promoted the growth of beneficial taxa such as Alistipes and Butyricoccaceae_UCG-009, and inhibited harmful bacteria, including Romboutsia ilealis. Liver metabolomics showed that PCP normalized key metabolites like taurocholate and regulated taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, which were correlated with reduced inflammation, fatigue-like performance, and fibrosis. Conclusions: PCP, as a promising edible agent, alleviates hepatic damage, metabolic disorders, and fatigue-like performance on rotarod test in NASH mice, probably by reshaping gut microbiota and modulating hepatic taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 458 KB

Open AccessArticle

Birth Satisfaction and Breastfeeding Attitudes Among Mothers Aged 35 and Older

by Amelia Julia Sobala and Anna Weronika Szablewska

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3796; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233796 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 874

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Delayed motherhood is becoming increasingly common, yet limited evidence exists on birth satisfaction and breastfeeding attitudes among women aged ≥35. In this study, the hypothesis was tested whether higher birth satisfaction and stronger social support are associated with more positive breastfeeding attitudes [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Delayed motherhood is becoming increasingly common, yet limited evidence exists on birth satisfaction and breastfeeding attitudes among women aged ≥35. In this study, the hypothesis was tested whether higher birth satisfaction and stronger social support are associated with more positive breastfeeding attitudes and if previous childbirth experience moderates these relationships. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 148 Polish women up to 12 months postpartum. Participants were recruited via social media and parenting-related online communities; the survey was disseminated across multiple online channels to enhance representativeness and reduce potential sampling bias. Eligibility included age ≥35 at childbirth and informed consent. The sample size was considered adequate based on recommendations for regression models with the number of included predictors. Validated tools were used (MSPSS, IIFAS-Pol, BSS-R PL). Assumptions for Pearson’s correlation coefficients and linear regression (normality, homoscedasticity, absence of multicollinearity) were checked prior to analyses. The analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 29 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, NY, USA). Results: Women aged ≥35 reported high birth satisfaction and generally positive breastfeeding attitudes. Among multiparous women, birth satisfaction was moderately positively associated with breastfeeding attitudes (BSS-R PL; r = 0.396, p < 0.01), and perceived social support showed a small but significant association (MSPSS; r = 0.249, p < 0.05). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that, in women over 35 with a subsequent child, psychosocial variables significantly predicted breastfeeding attitudes, whereas the control model—including education, socioeconomic status, and delivery mode—was not significant. Adding birth satisfaction and perceived social support improved model fit (R² = 0.194), with birth satisfaction emerging as the only significant predictor (β = 0.31). The corresponding effect size (f² = 0.143) indicated a near-medium effect. In contrast, neither the control nor the extended model was significant among primiparous women, suggesting no meaningful associations in this group. Conclusions: Higher birth satisfaction and perceived social support may promote more favorable breastfeeding attitudes in women becoming mothers at ≥35, with stronger effects among multiparous mothers. These findings highlight the need for individualized prenatal education, enhanced psychosocial support, partner involvement and efforts to improve childbirth experiences. Interventions tailored to women entering motherhood at an advanced maternal age are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nutritional and Supportive Interventions for Breastfeeding Success)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 311 KB

Open AccessArticle

Baduanjin Exercise, With or Without Vitamin D, Outperforms Vitamin D Alone in Reducing Frailty Among Institutionalized Older Adults: A Cluster-Based Randomized Controlled Trial

by Jing Gao, Ke Chen, Hui Xie, Ming Li and Si Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3795; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233795 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 520

Abstract

Background: Frailty is a common condition among older adults residing in long-term care facilities and is associated with adverse health outcomes. Physical exercise and vitamin D supplementation have been proposed as preventive and therapeutic strategies, yet the combined effects of the two interventions [...] Read more.

Background: Frailty is a common condition among older adults residing in long-term care facilities and is associated with adverse health outcomes. Physical exercise and vitamin D supplementation have been proposed as preventive and therapeutic strategies, yet the combined effects of the two interventions remain uncertain. This cluster-based randomized controlled trial evaluated the independent and combined effects of Baduanjin exercise and vitamin D supplementation on frailty among residents of long-term care facilities. Methods: Sixty-four participants from three long-term care facilities in Jinan, China, were cluster-based randomized into a Baduanjin group (n = 23), a vitamin D group (n = 17), or a combined group (n = 24) for a 3-month intervention. The primary outcome was the frailty phenotype score, and the secondary outcome was serum 1,25(OH)₂D₃ concentration. Group comparisons were conducted using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: After the 3-month intervention, frailty phenotype scores were significantly lower in the Baduanjin (1.43 ± 0.90, p < 0.05) and combined (1.08 ± 1.10, p < 0.05) groups compared with the vitamin D group (2.65 ± 0.79), while no significant difference was observed between the Baduanjin and combined groups (p = 0.470). No significant between-group differences were found in the changes in 1,25(OH)₂D₃ levels (p = 0.215), whereas they were significantly increased from baseline in both the vitamin D (from 15.04 ± 2.67 to 18.43 ± 3.70, p < 0.05) and combined groups (from 14.77 ± 2.15 to 16.86 ± 2.50, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Baduanjin exercise, either alone or combined with vitamin D supplementation, effectively mitigated frailty among older adults residing in long-term care facilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity, Frailty, and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Addressing Age-Related Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4359 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lipid-Enriched Gintonin from Korean Red Ginseng Marc Alleviates Obesity via Oral and Central Administration in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

by Tamanna Yasmin, Yuna Lee, Won Seok Kim, Bonggi Lee, Rami Lee, Hongik Hwang, Min-Ho Nam, Seung-Yeol Nah, Min Soo Kim and Hyewhon Rhim

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3794; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233794 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 579

Abstract

Background: Korean red ginseng marc (KRGM), a by-product of Korean red ginseng (KRG) processing, retains numerous bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. Among them, KRGM-derived gintonin (KRGM-gintonin) is particularly rich in lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and phospholipids, which have been linked to favorable metabolic [...] Read more.

Background: Korean red ginseng marc (KRGM), a by-product of Korean red ginseng (KRG) processing, retains numerous bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. Among them, KRGM-derived gintonin (KRGM-gintonin) is particularly rich in lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and phospholipids, which have been linked to favorable metabolic effects. This study investigated the anti-obesity potential of KRGM-gintonin in high-fat diet (HFD)–induced obese mice, focusing on its impact on weight regulation, liver health, and energy metabolism. Methods: Obese mice (C57BL/6N, 4 weeks, male) were administered KRGM-gintonin either orally for 25 weeks or through intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection for 14 weeks. Throughout the study, body weight, food intake, metabolic parameters, liver tissue morphology, behavioral performance, and thermogenic gene expression were carefully monitored to evaluate treatment effects. Results: Both oral and ICV administration of KRGM-gintonin significantly reduced body weight gain in HFD-fed obese mice without altering food intake, suggesting enhanced energy expenditure. Treatment through both routes improved physical performance and increased metabolic rate. Oral KRGM-gintonin also alleviated fatty liver, reduced plasma triacylglycerol and cholesterol levels, and promoted the expression of thermogenesis-related genes, including uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), specifically in brown adipose tissue. Additionally, oral administration lowered tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression, indicating anti-inflammatory activity and further supporting metabolic health. Conclusions: KRGM-gintonin exerts strong anti-obesity effects, primarily through oral administration, with supportive evidence from central ICV action. These findings highlight its potential as a functional therapeutic agent for obesity prevention and management, offering dual benefits in metabolic regulation and inflammation control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 700 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Randomized Study to Examine the Ability of a Caffeine-Based Energy Drink to Impact Energy Expenditure, Fat Oxidation, and Cognitive Performance

by Joesi Krieger, Alex Schrautemeier, Anthony Hagele, Connor Gaige, Olivia Mennemeyer, Sydney Tolbert, Joshua Iannotti, Chad Kerksick, Chris Noonan and Petey Mumford

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3793; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233793 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 2237

Abstract

Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of acute and 28-day supplementation with a caffeine-based energy drink on energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and cognitive performance. Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 33 males and 27 females (27 ± 8 years, 26.7 ± [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of acute and 28-day supplementation with a caffeine-based energy drink on energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and cognitive performance. Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 33 males and 27 females (27 ± 8 years, 26.7 ± 2.2 m/kg²) consumed a caffeinated energy drink (200 mg; CAF) or placebo (PLA) for 28 days. Indirect calorimetry assessed energy expenditure and fat oxidation at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after ingestion on day 1 and 28. Cognition assessments (Dynavision reaction, Serial Sevens, Trail Making Test A (TMT-A) and B (TMT-B)) were performed at 0, 60, and 120 min. Results: On day 1, CAF demonstrated higher energy expenditure vs. PLA at 30 (p = 0.011), 60 (p = 0.001), 90 (p = 0.002), and 120 min (p < 0.001). On day 28, expenditure remained higher at 30 (p < 0.001), 60 (p = 0.019), and 90 min (p = 0.003). Comparing day 28 to day 1, CAF maintained greater energy expenditure at baseline (p = 0.031) with trends at 30 (p = 0.057) and 90 min (p = 0.051). Fat oxidation was greater with CAF only on day 1 at 60 (p = 0.019), 90 (p = 0.006), and 120 min (p = 0.012). On day 28, CAF showed more correct Dynavision hits (60, p = 0.002; 120, p = 0.003) and fewer misses (60, p = 0.003; 120, p = 0.005) vs. PLA. Faster reaction time occurred in CAF at 120 min on day 1 (p = 0.028), while serial subtraction showed trends toward higher counts in CAF (day 1: p = 0.079; day 28: p = 0.059). On day 28, CAF increased perceived focus and energy at 60 and 120 min (focus: p = 0.012, p = 0.026; energy: p = 0.005, p = 0.029). Alternatively, a trend for slower TMT-A performance emerged in CAF at 60 min on day 28 (p = 0.075), resulting in PLA having faster times across day 28 vs. day 1 comparisons (p = 0.033). Conclusions: Acute energy drink consumption enhances energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and some cognitive measures, while 28-day use sustains energy expenditure and select cognitive benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1740 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of Caffeine Dose and Administration Method on Time-Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

by Ruiguo Xue, Jin Huang, Bin Chen, Li Ding, Li Guo, Yinhang Cao and Olivier Girard

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3792; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233792 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 2652

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid for endurance performance. However, the optimal intake strategy, specifically the administration method and dosage, remains uncertain. This systematic review and network meta-analysis compared the effectiveness of different caffeine administration methods and dosages on time-trial performance. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid for endurance performance. However, the optimal intake strategy, specifically the administration method and dosage, remains uncertain. This systematic review and network meta-analysis compared the effectiveness of different caffeine administration methods and dosages on time-trial performance. Methods: A systematic review and network meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus was conducted up to July 2025. Eligible studies were independently screened and quality-assessed by two reviewers. Pairwise and network meta-analyses were conducted to examine the effects of caffeine administration methods (e.g., capsules/tablets, gum, mouth rinse) and dosages (low: ≤3 mg/kg; moderate: 4–6 mg/kg) on time-trial performance. Results: Forty-eight studies with 612 participants were included. Low-dose capsules most effectively reduced completion time (standardized mean differences [SMD] = −0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.62, −0.06), followed by moderate-dose capsules (SMD = −0.31; 95% CI: −0.45, −0.17) and moderate-dose gum (SMD = −0.30; 95% CI: −0.57, −0.02). Low-dose capsules also had the highest probability of improving mean power output (SMD = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.67), with moderate-dose capsules ranking second (SMD = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.48). Conclusions: This systematic review and network meta-analysis identified low-dose caffeine capsules (≈3 mg/kg) as the most effective strategy for improving time-trial performance, with moderate-dose capsules and gum serving as viable alternatives. While these findings provide robust, actionable evidence for practitioners, meaningful inter-individual variability persists. Accordingly, future studies should integrate deeper mechanistic profiling (e.g., genetics and body composition) to advance personalized, evidence-based caffeine supplementation for athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine Intake in Sport)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 2101 KB

Open AccessArticle

Linking Personality Traits to Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Exploring Gene–Diet Interactions in Neuroticism

by José V. Sorlí, Carolina Ortega-Azorín, Oscar Coltell, Rebeca Fernández-Carrión, Eva M. Asensio, Olga Portolés, Alejandro Perez-Fidalgo, Judith B. Ramirez-Sabio, Javier Guillem-Saiz, José A. Costa, Ignacio M. Gimenez-Alba, Rocío Barragán, Jose M. Ordovas and Dolores Corella

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3791; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233791 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 618

Abstract

Background and Objectives: There is adherence to a healthy Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), but adherence varies widely. Precision nutrition is increasingly interested in individual characteristics influencing diet adherence, but few studies have examined personality traits. Our main aim was to investigate the association between [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: There is adherence to a healthy Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), but adherence varies widely. Precision nutrition is increasingly interested in individual characteristics influencing diet adherence, but few studies have examined personality traits. Our main aim was to investigate the association between personality traits and MedDiet adherence. Our secondary aims were to explore genome-wide genetic variants associated with neuroticism, including replication of previous findings, as well as to explore gene–MedDiet interactions. Methods: We analyzed participants (aged 55–75) in the PREDIMED-Plus-Valencia study and measured clinical, lifestyle, and genetic factors. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) was used to measure neuroticism, psychoticism, and extraversion. Genotyping was undertaken, and associations with candidate SNPs, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genetic risk scores (GRS), and gene–MedDiet interactions were explored. Results: Neuroticism was inversely (beta = −0.09; p = 0.001) associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MEDAS-17). Likewise, the probability of low MedDiet adherence increased neuroticism (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.02–1.60; p = 0.031 per SD). In the GWAS for this trait, several SNPs surpassed the suggestive level of statistical significance. The most strongly associated was rs10181407-NDUFA10 (NADH dehydrogenase 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10) (beta = −2.39; p = 2.70 × 10⁻⁶). The GRS for neuroticism was significantly associated with MedDiet adherence (beta = −0.18; p = 0.020), increasing the causality level. We replicated some candidate SNPs, and among them, the rs2243873-EHMT2 (euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2) gene. The analysis of gene–MedDiet interactions revealed the role of these dietary modulations. Conclusions: Neuroticism was the personality trait most inversely associated with MedDiet adherence, suggesting its integration in precision nutrition analysis. Moreover, neuroticism-related genetics and MedDiet modulations will also be important. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Disorders)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 902 KB

Open AccessReview

Can Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) Support Brain Health? A Perspective Review on Alzheimer’s Disease

by Rachel Kimble and Oliver M. Shannon

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3790; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233790 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1718

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, has limited treatment options despite extensive pharmacological research. This has increased interest in dietary strategies that act across multiple pathological mechanisms. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris), known for its cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, contains a [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, has limited treatment options despite extensive pharmacological research. This has increased interest in dietary strategies that act across multiple pathological mechanisms. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris), known for its cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, contains a distinctive combination of bioactive compounds including inorganic nitrate, betalains, and polyphenols. Together these constituents influence vascular function, oxidative stress, mitochondrial efficiency, inflammation, and the microbiota. Previous reviews have typically focused on dietary nitrate in dementia prevention or have examined nitrate and betalains separately. In contrast, this review synthesises evidence on beetroot as a combined neuroprotective food. Preclinical data indicate that beetroot and its key constituents enhance antioxidant defences, support neuronal bioenergetics, and modulate cholinergic and inflammatory pathways. Human studies further suggest that nitrate-rich beetroot can improve cerebral blood flow and vascular responsiveness, and that higher intakes of plant-derived nitrate are associated with reduced cognitive decline. However, findings are inconsistent, most trials are small and short in duration, and research directly involving people with AD is scarce. By integrating vascular, antioxidant, and microbiome perspectives, this review identifies beetroot as a promising yet underexplored dietary candidate for AD management. Further mechanistic studies and multidomain approaches combining metagenomics, biomarkers, neuroimaging, and cognitive outcomes are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 481 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of a Low-Energy and Low-Glycemic Diet on Adipose Tissue Metabolism and Energy Expenditure in Women with Excess Body Weight

by Ewa Lange and Ewelina Pałkowska-Goździk

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3789; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233789 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 731

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Data indicate that a low-glycemic index diet may be an effective nutritional approach to improve cardiometabolic parameters and support weight loss in obese individuals. The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the effects of a free-choice low-GI diet [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Data indicate that a low-glycemic index diet may be an effective nutritional approach to improve cardiometabolic parameters and support weight loss in obese individuals. The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the effects of a free-choice low-GI diet and a low-energy diet in women with excessive body weight on the value of anthropometric parameters, selected indices of lipid, carbohydrate, and fat tissue metabolism, and alterations in resting metabolic rate (RMR). Methods: Forty-six women were randomly assigned to either a low-GI diet (LGI) or a low-energy diet (LED) for 12 weeks. Dietary habits and anthropometric parameters (waist circumference, body weight, fat mass, total body water, and fat-free mass) were monitored and reviewed regularly. Biochemical parameters—including lipid profile, markers of glucose metabolism, adiponectin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and RMR—were assessed at baseline and after three months of dietary intervention. Results: Both diets had a beneficial effect on monitored parameters; however, the LGI diet was shown to be superior in reducing waist circumference, LDL, non-HDL cholesterol, leptin, and HbA1c, and in increasing GLP-1 levels without decline in RMR. Conclusions: A low-GI diet, under dietary supervision, can improve metabolic performance and promote weight reduction in people with obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions for Obesity and Obesity-Related Complications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 660 KB

Open AccessReview

Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastrointestinal Graft-Versus-Host Disease and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Induced Colitis: Similar Diseases to Treat with Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

by Giuseppe Biscaglia, Annamaria Gentile, Paola Parente, Annamaria Calvo, Rosanna Fontana, Antonio Continisio, Anna Laura Pia Di Brina, Davide Ciardiello, Gillian McIlwain, Anna Latiano, Francesco Perri and Orazio Palmieri

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3788; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233788 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 586

Abstract

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a therapeutic strategy designed to modify and enrich the recipient’s gut microbiota by administering processed donor stool, with the goal of treating dysbiosis and related conditions. In 2013, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved FMT [...] Read more.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a therapeutic strategy designed to modify and enrich the recipient’s gut microbiota by administering processed donor stool, with the goal of treating dysbiosis and related conditions. In 2013, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved FMT for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI). Since then, its use has been proposed and investigated in several other disorders characterized by gut microbiota imbalance and altered host–microbiota interactions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis (ICI-iC), and gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (GI-GVHD). This review aims to highlight the commonalities among these conditions, the pathophysiological mechanisms that support the rationale for FMT, and emerging evidence from clinical studies. Although available studies are heterogeneous, FMT is a rapidly evolving field of research with promising potential to treat IBD and improve outcomes following oncological immunotherapy and allogenic stem cell transplantation. With further validation, FMT could become an important approach in managing immune-mediated gastrointestinal diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet–Microbiome Interaction in Gastrointestinal Disorders)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 427 KB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Fatty Acids Modulate Gut Microbiota-Derived Trimethylamine-N-Oxide: Potential Mechanisms and Future Perspective

by Ece Kilic and Pervin Basaran

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3787; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233787 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 973

Abstract

High-fat diets are known to contribute to metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, partly through alterations in gut microbiota composition. However, the impact of dietary fat on gut microbiota depends on fat composition, with both the degree of saturation and [...] Read more.

High-fat diets are known to contribute to metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, partly through alterations in gut microbiota composition. However, the impact of dietary fat on gut microbiota depends on fat composition, with both the degree of saturation and chain length of fatty acids playing essential roles in modulating microbial populations. Saturated long-chain fatty acids have been shown to promote the production of trimethylamine (TMA), a precursor of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), an emerging gut microbiota-derived biomarker associated with cardiovascular disease. These effects occur through multiple mechanisms, including increased colonic oxygen levels and taurine-conjugated bile acids, which promote pathways that favor TMA-producing bacteria. In contrast, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids exert beneficial effects by altering pH and supporting SCFA-producing bacteria, thereby reducing levels of TMA-producing bacteria. Given the influence of gut microbial communities and their metabolites on the onset of metabolic disorders, dietary strategies that modulate the microbiota and its metabolic products through optimized fatty acid composition represent promising therapeutic approaches for preventing conditions such as cardiovascular disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Fat and Metabolic Diseases)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 724 KB

Open AccessReview

The Gut–Muscle–Immune Axis in Motion: Mechanistic Synergies of SCFA Metabolism, Exercise, and Microbial Cross-Feeding

by Fritz Réka, Bere Zsófia, Bóday Ádám and Fritz Péter

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3786; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233786 - 2 Dec 2025

Viewed by 671

Abstract

Background: The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in metabolic and immune homeostasis through the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These metabolites influence mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle energetics, epithelial barrier stability, and inflammatory regulation via G-protein-coupled receptors, AMPK–PGC-1α signaling, and epigenetic remodeling. Objective: [...] Read more.

Background: The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in metabolic and immune homeostasis through the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These metabolites influence mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle energetics, epithelial barrier stability, and inflammatory regulation via G-protein-coupled receptors, AMPK–PGC-1α signaling, and epigenetic remodeling. Objective: This review synthesizes current evidence on the gut–muscle–immune axis, emphasizing how dietary fermentable substrates, microbial cross-feeding interactions, and structured exercise modulate SCFA production and shape host physiological adaptation. Methods: We integrated findings from human and animal studies, multi-omic analyses, metabolomic and microbiome research, and exercise physiology to outline mechanistic links between microbial metabolism and systemic resilience. Results: Key mechanistic pathways connecting dietary fiber fermentation to mitochondrial function, redox regulation, immune homeostasis, and metabolic plasticity are summarized. We further present the Targeted Gut Protocol 2.0, a conceptual 12-week framework combining fiber-diversity targets, lactate-guided exercise periodization, biomarker monitoring, and adaptive feedback mechanisms to enhance endogenous SCFA availability. Conclusions: SCFA-driven metabolic plasticity provides an integrative model through which lifestyle behaviors can modulate host physiology. Future research should prioritize standardized sampling approaches, causal inference methods, multi-omic integration, and AI-supported personalization to refine mechanistic understanding and strengthen translational potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Exercise and Diet on Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 631 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Impact of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index on Chemotherapy-Related Adverse Events in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Multicenter Study

by Kei Fujita, Hikaru Tsukasaki, Shin Lee, Tetsuji Morishita, Eiju Negoro, Kana Oiwa, Takeshi Hara, Hisashi Tsurumi, Takanori Ueda and Takahiro Yamauchi

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3785; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233785 - 2 Dec 2025

Viewed by 423

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Accurate prediction of severe adverse events (SAEs) is crucial for optimizing supportive care while maintaining treatment intensity in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We evaluated the predictive value of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) for SAEs in de novo DLBCL and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Accurate prediction of severe adverse events (SAEs) is crucial for optimizing supportive care while maintaining treatment intensity in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We evaluated the predictive value of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) for SAEs in de novo DLBCL and examined potential interactions with treatment regimen and age. Methods: This multicenter retrospective study included 555 adults treated with standard immunochemotherapies. SAEs, defined as grade ≥ 3 non-hematological adverse events or febrile neutropenia, were independently assessed by board-certified hematologists. Results: Multivariable logistic regression identified GNRI as an independent predictor of SAEs (odds ratio 0.982, 95% confidence interval 0.967–0.997). Restricted cubic spline modeling revealed a significant non-linear association between GNRI and SAE risk (p = 0.045). No significant interaction was observed between GNRI and regimen or age (p = 0.894 and 0.217, respectively), a finding consistent across subgroups in forest plot analyses. Conclusions: This study showed that lower diagnostic GNRI was independently associated with higher SAE risk regardless of treatment regimen or age. These findings highlight the potential utility of GNRI as a simple clinical indicator for identifying patients at higher risk of treatment-related toxicity, although they are derived from a retrospective, tertiary-care cohort and require confirmation in external prospective studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Nutrition and Oncologic Outcomes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

44 pages, 3235 KB

Open AccessReview

Polyphenol-Microbiota Interactions in Atherosclerosis: The Role of Hydroxytyrosol and Tyrosol in Modulating Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

by Mojgan Morvaridzadeh, Mehdi Alami, Hicham Berrougui, Kaoutar Boumezough, Hawa Sidibé, Ikram Salih, Khalid Sadki and Abdelouahed Khalil

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3784; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233784 - 2 Dec 2025

Viewed by 824

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory cardiovascular disease that may result from the interaction between oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and metabolic disorders. Recent studies indicate that the well-known phenolic compounds, hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) and tyrosol (Tyr) present in extra virgin olive oil, confer cardioprotection through [...] Read more.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory cardiovascular disease that may result from the interaction between oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and metabolic disorders. Recent studies indicate that the well-known phenolic compounds, hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) and tyrosol (Tyr) present in extra virgin olive oil, confer cardioprotection through various mechanisms of action that include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory properties. The gut microbiota modulates the structure, bioavailability, and bioactivity of these phenolic compounds, thereby influencing their therapeutic potential. This review explores the intricate interactions between Tyr, HTyr, and gut microbiota within the context of atherosclerosis prevention and management. We explore how gut microbial metabolism can magnify or alter the biological effects of the Tyr and HTyr, and how interindividual differences in microbiota composition may influence their efficacy. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms could support the development of precision nutrition strategies aimed at reducing the risk of atherosclerosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Gut Health, and Clinical Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2096 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reducing Storage-Related Bias in Reproductive Vitamin D Research: Towards a Stable and Reliable Biomarker of Ovarian Vitamin D Status

by Evelin E. Lara-Molina, Jason M. Franasiak, Almudena Devesa-Peiro, Marina López-Nogueroles, Alberto Vázquez, David Amorós, Agustín Ballesteros, Antonio Pellicer, Patricia Sebastian-Leon and Patricia Diaz-Gimeno

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3783; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233783 - 2 Dec 2025

Viewed by 393

Abstract

Background/Objectives: One of the main reasons for discrepancies in the role of vitamin D in ART could be the measurement of the conventional biomarker 25(OH)D₃. It is known that this value is affected by multiple factors, such as tissue origin, assay [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: One of the main reasons for discrepancies in the role of vitamin D in ART could be the measurement of the conventional biomarker 25(OH)D₃. It is known that this value is affected by multiple factors, such as tissue origin, assay variability, classification criteria, and potential storage-related degradation. In this study, we investigate 24,25(OH)₂D₃ as a new biomarker to improve vitamin D assessment in women’s reproductive health, particularly regarding oocyte development. Methods: A prospective cohort study including 35 oocyte donors undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation, who were recruited between October and November 2017, was conducted. Vitamin D metabolites were measured at the baseline and after seven months of storage at −80 °C. Paired serum and pooled follicular fluid (FF) samples were collected at oocyte retrieval. 25(OH)D₃ and 24,25(OH)₂D₃ were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). Statistical analyses included paired tests (serum vs. FF; baseline vs. stored) and Pearson’s correlations (two-sided α = 0.05). Results: At the baseline, the mean serum 25(OH)D₃ concentration was 91.56 ± 39.01 nmol/L and the mean FF concentration was 58.13 ± 19.55 nmol/L (p < 0.0001). Serum 24,25(OH)₂D₃ averaged 15.62 ± 10.99 nmol/L, compared with 11.26 ± 6.09 nmol/L in FF (p = 0.004). In both fluids, 25(OH)D₃ and 24,25(OH)₂D₃ were strongly correlated (serum R² = 0.92; FF R² = 0.91). Across fluids, the serum–FF correlation was stronger for 24,25(OH)₂D₃ (R² = 0.77, p <0.0001) than for 25(OH)D₃ (R² = 0.69, p < 0.0001). After seven months of storage, 25(OH)D₃ concentrations decreased significantly (serum −32%; FF −38%; both p < 0.0001), whereas 24,25(OH)₂D₃ levels remained stable (serum p = 0.24; FF p = 0.36). Conclusions: Serum 24,25(OH)₂D₃ is a more reliable and minimally invasive biomarker for assessing ovarian vitamin D status than the current gold standard, 25(OH)D₃. Incorporating this metabolite into research studies and storage quality control may improve the reliability of retrospective analyses based on cryopreserved material, contributing to a better understanding of the role of vitamin D in human reproduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Vitamin D Status and Intake in Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 517 KB

Open AccessArticle

Healthful and Unhealthful Plant-Based Diets and Their Association with Cardiometabolic Targets in Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Lifestyle Trial

by Sara Vitale, Elvira Palumbo, Angela D'Angelo, Matteo Di Maso, Jerry Polesel, Maria Grimaldi, Giuseppe Porciello, Assunta Luongo, Rosa Pica, Anna Crispo, Ilaria Calabrese, Luca Falzone, Michelino De Laurentiis, Vincenzo Di Lauro, Daniela Cianniello, Ernesta Cavalcanti, Anita Minopoli, Marco Cuomo, Renato de Falco, Guglielmo Thomas, Massimiliano D’Aiuto, Massimo Rinaldo, Samuele Massarut, Agostino Steffan, Francesca Catalano, Francesco Ferraù, Rosalba Rossello, Francesco Messina, Vincenzo Montesarchio, David J. A. Jenkins, Gabriele Riccardi, Carlo La Vecchia, Massimo Libra, Egidio Celentano and Livia S. A. Augustin Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3782; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233782 - 2 Dec 2025

Viewed by 638

Abstract

Background: Plant-based diets are recommended in guidelines for the prevention of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases, which remain major causes of death in breast cancer survivors (BCS). Since not all plant foods are healthy, we calculated the plant-based dietary index (PDI), healthy (hPDI) and [...] Read more.

Background: Plant-based diets are recommended in guidelines for the prevention of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases, which remain major causes of death in breast cancer survivors (BCS). Since not all plant foods are healthy, we calculated the plant-based dietary index (PDI), healthy (hPDI) and unhealthy (uPDI), and their associations with cardiometabolic targets in BCS. Methods: Baseline dietary and cardiometabolic data were derived from 492 (median age 51, IQR 46–59) female BCS participating in a multicentric lifestyle trial conducted in Italy. Dietary data were collected with 7-day food records. PDI, hPDI, and uPDI were calculated by assigning positive scores to all plant foods, healthy plant foods or less healthy plant foods, respectively, as defined by the literature (scores ranged from 18 to 90). Using logistic or multinomial regression models, we estimated the odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) between PDIs and cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: The OR of being obese (BMI ≥ 30 Kg/m²) was 0.47 (95%CI: 0.29–0.77), 0.37 (95%CI: 0.22–0.61) and 1.38 (95%CI: 0.83–2.28) with higher PDI, hPDI and uPDI, respectively. The OR of having a large waist circumference (≥88 cm) was 0.64 (95%CI: 0.42–1.00) with higher hPDI. The OR for hypercholesterolemia (≥200 mg/dL) was 1.80 (95%CI: 1.16–2.78) with higher uPDI. The ORs of hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dL) and metabolic syndrome were 0.38 (95%CI: 0.20–0.71) and 0.59 (95%CI: 0.35–0.97), respectively, with higher PDI. No other significant association was observed. Conclusions: Maintaining cardiometabolic risk factors within normal ranges is clinically relevant in BCS, and this may be more likely when a plant-based diet is consumed, especially if low in unhealthy plant foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Lifestyle Behaviors for the Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1127 KB

Open AccessReview

Ocular Manifestations of Celiac Disease: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications

by Monika Senterkiewicz, Anna Szaflarska-Popławska and Bartłomiej J. Kałużny

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3781; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233781 - 2 Dec 2025

Viewed by 651

Abstract

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten exposure in genetically predisposed individuals. Beyond gastrointestinal symptoms, CD is increasingly recognized to affect extraintestinal organs, including the eye. Methods: A PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus databases search up [...] Read more.

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten exposure in genetically predisposed individuals. Beyond gastrointestinal symptoms, CD is increasingly recognized to affect extraintestinal organs, including the eye. Methods: A PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus databases search up to April 2025 was conducted to identify studies on ocular involvement in CD. Results: Large population-based cohorts have demonstrated an increased risk of cataract and uveitis in individuals with CD. Cross-sectional and case–control studies further report reduced tear break-up time and decreased Schirmer test values, indicating tear film instability and associated ocular surface abnormalities. Additional findings include reduced anterior chamber depth and volume, alterations in subfoveal and peripapillary choroidal thickness, thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer, and microvascular changes such as reduced superficial and deep capillary plexus densities. Furthermore, deficiencies of vitamins A, D, B12, and iron have been consistently associated with structural and functional ocular alterations, underscoring the contribution of impaired nutrient absorption. Conclusions: Ocular involvement in CD likely reflects the interplay of immune dysregulation, nutritional deficiencies, and microvascular alterations. Ophthalmic referrals should be considered in CD patients presenting with ocular symptoms. Early recognition and regular monitoring may facilitate timely diagnosis, improve visual outcomes, and support normal ocular development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2628 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Mango Bagasse and Peel Confectionery Rich in Dietary Fiber on Gut Microbiota, Metabolite Profiles, and Genetic Regulation in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Wistar Rats

by Yuritzi Barbosa, Marcela Gaytán-Martínez, Rocio Alejandra Chavez-Santoscoy, Erika Magallón-Gayón, Silvia Hinojosa-Alvarez, Adriana Chico-Peralta, Marcos de Donato and Aurea K. Ramírez-Jiménez

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3780; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233780 - 2 Dec 2025

Viewed by 561

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Insufficient dietary fiber intake contributes to gut microbiota dysbiosis, systemic inflammation, and the onset of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Agro-industrial by-products have emerged as sustainable sources to restore microbial and metabolic balance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a mango bagasse- [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Insufficient dietary fiber intake contributes to gut microbiota dysbiosis, systemic inflammation, and the onset of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Agro-industrial by-products have emerged as sustainable sources to restore microbial and metabolic balance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a mango bagasse- and peel-based confectionery (MC) on gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and hepatic gene expression in Wistar rats fed either a standard diet (STD) or a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned to four groups (STD, MC-STD, HFD, MC-HFD) and treated for 11 weeks. Eating behavior, body composition, microbiota composition, SCFAs, and hepatic transcriptomics were evaluated. Results: MC supplementation did not significantly alter weight gain or SCFA levels but shifted clustering patterns in principal component analysis, indicating a distinct dietary response. Microbiota analysis revealed a trend toward lower relative abundances of obesogenic species such as Phascolarctobacterium faecium and Ruminococcus torques, while Intestimonas butyriciproducens and Anaerostipes hadrus were modulated according to diet type. Transcriptomic profiling demonstrated consistent downregulation of lipid metabolism–related genes (Cyp4a14, Hmgcs1, Cyp51, Fads1), linked to PPAR signaling pathways. Conclusions: MC supplementation may beneficially modulate the gut–liver axis and highlights the nutritional potential of fruit by-products as functional ingredients to promote metabolic health under high-fat dietary conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gene–Diet Interactions and Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 493 KB

Open AccessReview

Do Physical Activity and Diet Independently Account for Variation in Body Fat in Children and Adolescents? A Systematic Review Unpacking the Roles of Exercise and Diet in Childhood Obesity

by Richard D. Telford, Sisitha Jayasinghe, Nuala M. Byrne, Rohan M. Telford and Andrew P. Hills

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3779; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233779 - 2 Dec 2025

Viewed by 602

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Physical activity (PA) and energy intake (EI) are central targets of community initiatives to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity. The general effects of PA and EI in influencing energy balance and body composition are clear. However, the independent impacts of PA [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Physical activity (PA) and energy intake (EI) are central targets of community initiatives to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity. The general effects of PA and EI in influencing energy balance and body composition are clear. However, the independent impacts of PA and EI on the adiposity of children growing up amidst westernized lifestyles are inconclusive, as few studies have employed sufficiently robust methodology to provide solid independent associative data. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of the research addressing the independent associations of adiposity with each of PA and EI in free-living town or city-dwelling children and adolescents. Acceptable publications included objective measures of fat mass and PA, best standard practice EI assessments, and appropriate statistical modeling. Results: Of approximately 700 publications explored, only four satisfied all the pre-set methodological standards. All four studies involved predominantly White participants from westernized cities and had the same outcomes. Adiposity was strongly independently and negatively related to PA, but there was no evidence of any independent relationship between adiposity and EI. Potential misreporting was considered, especially under-reporting by participants with greater adiposity, butpost-hoc assessments were unable to find any evidence that this influenced the outcomes. Conclusions: In general, children with higher adiposity consumed no more food and beverage energy than their leaner counterparts, but they were less active. However, despite some support for the validity of the commonly used and validated EI assessments, their subjective nature raises the possibility that inaccuracy masked relationships. Additional well-designed research is needed, and notwithstanding the vital role that sound nutrition plays in the healthy development of our youth, the consistency of outcomes of the well-executed studies in this review suggests that campaigns targeting youth obesity would benefit from strategies focusing strongly on increasing PA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion in School-Aged Children: Lifestyle Factors, Interventions, and Health Outcomes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Nutrients, Volume 17, Issue 23 (December-1 2025) – 179 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI