Nutrients

12 pages, 337 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Blood Pressure in Young Adults

by Ching-Way Chen, Shu-Yu Tang, Yin-Yi Han, Sandy Huey-Jen Hsu, Jing-Shiang Hwang and Ta-Chen Su

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050876 - 9 Mar 2026

Viewed by 474

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D has been associated with blood pressure across the life course in observational studies, although effect sizes are generally modest and findings are not fully consistent. We examined the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and multiple blood pressure indices [...] Read more.

Background: Vitamin D has been associated with blood pressure across the life course in observational studies, although effect sizes are generally modest and findings are not fully consistent. We examined the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and multiple blood pressure indices in a community-based cohort of young adults. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis within the Young Taiwanese Adults (YOTA) cohort, restricting the sample to adults aged 18–45 years with complete serum 25(OH)D and blood pressure data. Serum 25(OH)D was modeled as a continuous variable and additionally examined using predefined concentration categories. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were assessed using standardized protocols. Multivariable linear regression models evaluated associations, with sequential adjustment for demographic, anthropometric, cardiometabolic, and lifestyle covariates. Restricted cubic spline models assessed potential nonlinearity. Results: Among 923 participants, higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations were modestly and linearly associated with lower SBP, DBP, and MAP after multivariable adjustment. Each 10 ng/mL increase in serum 25(OH)D was associated with a 1.07 mmHg lower SBP, a 1.19 mmHg lower DBP, and a 1.22 mmHg lower MAP. Associations remained consistent in sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Conclusions: In young adults, higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations were modestly associated with lower blood pressure indices. These findings confirm prior observational evidence of modest inverse associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and blood pressure and extend these observations to a relatively healthy young adult population. Prospective studies are required to clarify temporality and clinical relevance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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18 pages, 1701 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Almond Consumption Improves Inflammatory Profiles Independent of Weight Change: A 6-Week Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Obesity

by Ayodeji Adepoju, Elaheh Rabbani, Philip Brickey, Victoria Vieira-Potter and Jaapna Dhillon

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050875 - 9 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1939

Abstract

Background: Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade systemic inflammation that contributes to metabolic dysfunction. Diet is a modifiable factor that can help reduce this inflammation. Nuts such as almonds are rich in unsaturated fats, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory micronutrients, which may work [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade systemic inflammation that contributes to metabolic dysfunction. Diet is a modifiable factor that can help reduce this inflammation. Nuts such as almonds are rich in unsaturated fats, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory micronutrients, which may work synergistically to attenuate obesity-related inflammation. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate whether daily almond consumption improves systemic inflammatory and immune markers in adults with obesity. Methods: In this randomized controlled parallel-arm trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05530499), 69 adults (age 30–45 years) with obesity (BMI 30–45 kg/m²) were assigned to consume either 57 g/day of almonds (n = 38) or an isocaloric snack (cookie; n = 31) for six weeks. Fasting serum inflammatory cytokines, innate immune cell counts, body weight, serum glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and alpha-tocopherol were measured at baseline and week six. Dietary intake, compliance, palatability, acceptance, and appetite ratings were also assessed. Primary outcomes were analyzed using linear mixed models and baseline-adjusted linear models. Results: Subjective compliance was high in both groups, with greater acceptance of almonds (p < 0.05); however, serum alpha-tocopherol did not change. Almond consumption significantly decreased serum IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ over 6 weeks compared with the cookie group (p < 0.05). No significant group differences were observed for innate immune cell counts, body weight, appetite ratings, blood pressure, or serum fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (C), LDL-C, and triglycerides over six weeks. The almond group also increased intakes of monounsaturated fat, fiber, alpha-tocopherol, magnesium, zinc, and manganese, and improved diet quality indices relative to the cookie group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Daily almond consumption for six weeks improved inflammatory cytokine profiles in adults with obesity, without changes in body weight under free-living conditions. These findings support recommending almonds as part of healthy dietary patterns to help attenuate obesity-related inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity, Inflammation and Diet: The Link Between What We Eat and Chronic Diseases)

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14 pages, 266 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Understanding the Relationship Between Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder and Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms: A Systematic Review

by Michelangelo Di Luzio, Valeria Villani, Giulia D’Amario, Ilaria Bertoncini, Alessandra Minutolo, Valeria Zanna, Stefano Vicari and Maria Pontillo

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050874 - 9 Mar 2026

Viewed by 535

Abstract

Background: It is well documented in the scientific literature that obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and various eating disorders may present overlapping psychopathological traits. Exploring these aspects could help to identify underlying features that connect different diagnostic categories. However, evidence is lacking regarding certain less-studied [...] Read more.

Background: It is well documented in the scientific literature that obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and various eating disorders may present overlapping psychopathological traits. Exploring these aspects could help to identify underlying features that connect different diagnostic categories. However, evidence is lacking regarding certain less-studied eating disorders, such as avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). The aim of this review is to investigate the presence of comorbidity between OCD and ARFID and, consequently, the psychopathological similarities between these disorders. Methods: A systematic review of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and PsycInfo databases was conducted. To ensure methodological rigor, the review process followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) recommendations. Results: After removing duplicates and applying the exclusion criteria, nine studies were included. Results indicated that although ARFID presents with primarily food-related symptomatology, the two disorders demonstrate both overlapping and distinct psychopathological characteristics. A tendency toward comorbidity is evident; however, symptom presentation appears to be influenced by age. Specifically, lower obsessive–compulsive comorbidity is observed during childhood and adolescence. Nevertheless, OCD in younger populations is more frequently associated with a fear-driven ARFID profile compared to older individuals. The co-occurrence of these conditions complicates treatment; OCD-related symptoms often show limited responsiveness to conventional approaches used for eating disorders. Conclusions: ARFID and OCD share partially overlapping psychopathological features, with comorbidity patterns varying by age. Recognizing these shared and disorder-specific traits—and investigating them through longitudinal studies—may guide more targeted, personalized interventions and improve treatment outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Eating Disorders and Emotional Eating on Health)

18 pages, 601 KB

Open AccessArticle

Food Insecurity and Gastrointestinal Symptom Burden in Adults with Celiac Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Katrina S. Rbeiz, Madison A. Hooper, Hana F. Zickgraf, Alyson Basil, Joanna Perl and Dawn W. Adams

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050873 - 9 Mar 2026

Viewed by 580

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Food insecurity (FI) is associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes and poses unique challenges for individuals with celiac disease (CD), who must adhere to a lifelong, strict gluten-free diet (GFD) as their sole treatment. Gluten-free foods are often more expensive [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Food insecurity (FI) is associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes and poses unique challenges for individuals with celiac disease (CD), who must adhere to a lifelong, strict gluten-free diet (GFD) as their sole treatment. Gluten-free foods are often more expensive and less accessible, potentially exacerbating dietary burden and symptom severity. This study aimed to examine associations between food insecurity and gastrointestinal symptoms, dietary burden, disordered eating symptoms, and mental health outcomes in adults with CD. Methods: Participants were 397 adults with CD who completed a routine pre-visit screener at a tertiary celiac disease clinic in the southeastern United States. Food insecurity was assessed using the Hunger Vital Signs. Measures included gastrointestinal symptoms (GSRS), impact of following a gluten-free diet (IGFDQ), avoidant/restrictive eating (NIAS), eating disorder psychopathology (EDE-Q7), anxiety (GAD-2), and depression (PHQ-2). Group comparisons between food-secure and participants screening positive for food insecurity (high-risk of FI) were conducted using independent t-tests or Mann–Whitney U tests as appropriate. Missing data were handled using multiple imputations. Results: A total of 15.6% of participants were at high risk of FI. Compared to food-secure individuals, participants at high-risk of FI reported significantly greater gastrointestinal symptom severity, including bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and overall symptom burden. Participants at high risk of FI also reported significantly greater perceived burden of adhering to a gluten-free diet. Additionally, higher levels of avoidant/restrictive eating symptoms and shape/weight overvaluation were observed among high-risk FI individuals, though group differences in anxiety and depression symptoms were not statistically significant. Conclusions: FI is associated with greater gastrointestinal symptom burden and increased difficulty adhering to a gluten-free diet among adults with celiac disease. These findings highlight risk of FI as a clinically relevant barrier to effective disease management and underscore the importance of routine screening and targeted support for high-risk FI individuals with CD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Implications of Celiac Disease and the GFD on Health Outcomes)

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23 pages, 6463 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics Reveal the Direct Hepatic Protection of Propionate Against Alcoholic Liver Disease via the RGN-PPARα Pathway

by Haidi Wang, Haitao Liu, Miaoxin Wang, Tengjiao Chi, Fengting Liu, Xinyan Qu, Yan Mu, Qi Xu and Quanbo Wang

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050872 - 9 Mar 2026

Viewed by 557

Abstract

Background: Propionate, a gut microbiota-derived metabolite, has previously been shown to alleviate chronic alcoholic liver disease (ALD) by preserving intestinal barrier integrity. However, its direct hepatoprotective mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: In this study, employing an acute ALD model to minimize the interference from [...] Read more.

Background: Propionate, a gut microbiota-derived metabolite, has previously been shown to alleviate chronic alcoholic liver disease (ALD) by preserving intestinal barrier integrity. However, its direct hepatoprotective mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: In this study, employing an acute ALD model to minimize the interference from gut–liver axis effects, we investigated the direct hepatic protection of propionate. Results: Our results demonstrated that propionate administration significantly attenuated hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress. Consistently, in EtOH/OA (oleic acid)-exposed AML-12 hepatocytes, propionate enhanced cell viability and reduced lipid accumulation. Integrated proteomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that propionate altered hepatic proteins and metabolites profiles to stimulate lipolysis, promote fatty acid oxidation, and strengthen antioxidant defenses, consequently restoring lipid homeostasis in ALD mice. Mechanistically, we identified that these beneficial effects may be driven by the upregulation of regucalcin (RGN) following propionate treatments, which, in turn, may activate downstream PPARα signaling via increased levels of p-AMPK, PPARα, ACOX1 and CPT1A. Conclusions: These findings provide novel insight into the liver-centric mechanism through which propionate ameliorates ALD and further support its therapeutic potential in ALD treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Metabolites, and Human Health—3rd Edition)

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Graphical abstract

24 pages, 592 KB

Open AccessReview

The Clinical Implications of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) with a Special Reference to Side Effects—A Review

by Kaj Winther

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050871 - 9 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1120

Abstract

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) root powder and extracts have long been used in Ayurvedic medicine to improve sleep and anxiety. Recent scientific investigations into its efficacy have shown promise for relief from anxiety, insomnia and stress and for improving the immune system. [...] Read more.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) root powder and extracts have long been used in Ayurvedic medicine to improve sleep and anxiety. Recent scientific investigations into its efficacy have shown promise for relief from anxiety, insomnia and stress and for improving the immune system. It has also been suggested that oxygen uptake in the cardiovascular system, muscle strength, cognitive function, the reproductive system and the aging process significantly benefit from ashwagandha treatment. Since the herbal remedy is taken daily by millions of people in India, China and parts of the West, it is interesting that there are very few case reports of side effects directly attributed to the treatment, suggesting that the administration of ashwagandha preparations may be safe. Currently, neither the European Medicines Agency nor the FDA considers ashwagandha as a drug or general health supplement. Therefore, ashwagandha products are marketed in the West as dietary supplements so that users may be exposed to unscrupulous vendors. In this narrative/literature review, scientific findings from basic research and human clinical trials on herbal remedies, spanning the period from 1994 to date, were critically evaluated for the purpose of highlighting knowledge gaps to provide context for new research. Such investigations will provide evidence for the efficacy and safety of ashwagandha treatment, thus making the herbal preparations more accessible to a wider audience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Foods and Dietary Supplements in Supporting Health and Reducing Consumption and Reliance on Medications)

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19 pages, 1288 KB

Open AccessReview

The Ergogenic Potential of Succinic Acid in Exercise Performance and Post-Exercise Recovery: A Systematic Review

by Karol Jędrejko, Oliver Catlin, Maciej Jędrejko, Bożena Muszyńska, Izabela Bat, Susan M. Kleiner, Dominika Granda, Andrzej Pokrywka and Ralf Jäger

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050870 - 9 Mar 2026

Viewed by 757

Abstract

Background: Succinic acid plays a central role in human energy metabolism as a key intermediate of the Krebs cycle that releases energy accumulated as guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Through its conversion via succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), succinate directly links the Krebs cycle to oxidative [...] Read more.

Background: Succinic acid plays a central role in human energy metabolism as a key intermediate of the Krebs cycle that releases energy accumulated as guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Through its conversion via succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), succinate directly links the Krebs cycle to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), contributing to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Exercise induces pronounced changes in succinate concentrations in skeletal muscle, blood, and saliva, with responses influenced by training status, exercise modality, and intensity. Objective: This systematic review evaluated the effects of succinate-containing supplements or sole-ingredient succinic acid supplementation on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery in healthy trained individuals. Methods: The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched without date restrictions. Interventional studies assessing succinate-containing supplementation with outcomes related to exercise performance or recovery were included. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. This study was registered in advance with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD420251237042). Results: Six studies involving 153 participants (mean age: 23 years) met the inclusion criteria. Five of the six included studies were rated as having a high risk of bias, while the only study judged to be at low risk of bias reported no beneficial effects on exercise performance outcomes. Supplementation protocols included daily doses of 300–2040 mg for up to 21 days and a single acute dose of 30 mg/kg, with most interventions administering succinate as part of multi-ingredient formulations rather than as an isolated compound. Three studies reported ergogenic effects in direct performance metrics, including improvements in maximal oxygen uptake, oxygen consumption, anaerobic threshold power, and total work performed. Two additional studies demonstrated favorable physiological adaptations indirectly relevant to exercise performance, including improved acid-base regulation, hematological markers related to oxygen transport, and antioxidant status, although validated performance outcomes were not assessed. Substantial heterogeneity and overall methodological limitations precluded meta-analysis. Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that succinate-containing supplements or sole-ingredient succinic acid supplementation may enhance direct performance outcomes such as aerobic performance, total workload, and indirect physiological markers, e.g., acid-base balance, hematological indicators and antioxidant capacity in healthy trained individuals. However, given that the majority of included studies were at high risk of bias and the only low-risk study reported no ergogenic effects, current evidence does not provide reliable support for performance-enhancing benefits of succinate supplementation. Interpretation is further limited by the predominant use of multi-ingredient formulations, making it difficult to isolate the effects of succinic acid. While biologically plausible mechanisms exist, well-controlled trials using isolated succinic acid are required before conclusions regarding efficacy can be drawn. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Supplements for Endurance Exercise)

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13 pages, 2062 KB

Open AccessReview

Vitamin D Status and Sepsis Outcomes: A PRISMA-Compliant Umbrella Review and Meta-Analysis

by Gracia Castro-Luna, Henar Gómez Galera, Meritxell Sánchez Martínez and Cristina Gongora-Beltran

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050869 - 9 Mar 2026

Viewed by 806

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D plays an important role in immune regulation, and vitamin D deficiency has been increasingly associated with susceptibility to infection and adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. Numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have examined the relationship between vitamin D status, [...] Read more.

Background: Vitamin D plays an important role in immune regulation, and vitamin D deficiency has been increasingly associated with susceptibility to infection and adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. Numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have examined the relationship between vitamin D status, vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms, and sepsis; however, the evidence remains fragmented. Objective: The aim of this work was to synthesize high-level evidence on the association between vitamin D deficiency, VDR gene polymorphisms, vitamin D supplementation, and sepsis-related outcomes through a PRISMA 2020-compliant umbrella review. Methods: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between 2014 and 2025 was conducted using PubMed, PubMed Central, and journal archives. Eligible studies included adult, pediatric, and neonatal populations and evaluated sepsis incidence, mortality, disease severity, secondary outcomes, and genetic associations. Data were synthesized qualitatively due to overlap of primary studies and heterogeneity. Conceptual forest plots and funnel plots were used to summarize evidence direction and potential publication bias. Results: Nineteen systematic reviews and meta-analyses encompassing over 300 primary studies were included. Vitamin D deficiency was consistently associated with an increased risk of sepsis, higher mortality, and greater disease severity across adult and pediatric populations. Stronger associations were observed in children and neonates, including higher PRISM III scores, increased need for mechanical ventilation, and longer hospital stays. VDR gene polymorphisms were modestly but consistently associated with increased sepsis susceptibility. In contrast, vitamin D supplementation did not demonstrate a consistent reduction in sepsis risk or mortality. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is a robust marker of sepsis risk, severity, and poor prognosis, whereas current evidence does not support vitamin D supplementation as an effective treatment for established sepsis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Biomarkers, and Health Outcomes)

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19 pages, 1233 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Dysglycemia and Cardiometabolic Risk: Pathophysiological Rationale and the Emerging Role of Nutraceuticals in Integrated Prevention

by Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe Cicero, Giovanni Scapagnini, Davide Grassi, Giuseppe Marazzi, Andrea Zanchè, Alessandro D. Genazzani, Roberta Scairati and Annamaria Colao

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050868 - 8 Mar 2026

Viewed by 723

Abstract

Dysglycemia represents an early and progressive stage of cardiometabolic disease, characterized by IR, metabolic inflammation, and increased cardiovascular risk. Its high prevalence and largely asymptomatic course often lead to diagnostic and therapeutic inertia, resulting in missed opportunities for early intervention. Recognizing dysglycemia as [...] Read more.

Dysglycemia represents an early and progressive stage of cardiometabolic disease, characterized by IR, metabolic inflammation, and increased cardiovascular risk. Its high prevalence and largely asymptomatic course often lead to diagnostic and therapeutic inertia, resulting in missed opportunities for early intervention. Recognizing dysglycemia as a disease continuum rather than a transitional condition supports the need for anticipatory and integrated preventive strategies. Within this framework, nutraceuticals are emerging as valuable supportive tools in the management of dysglycemia, particularly in individuals with increased metabolic risk who are not yet candidates for pharmacological therapy. Nutraceutical compounds can target key pathophysiological mechanisms underlying dysglycemia, including impaired insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, chronic low-grade inflammation, and altered postprandial glucose metabolism. Clinical evidence supports the use of selected micronutrients, polyphenols, and standardized plant extracts in improving fasting and postprandial glycemic control. Phytocomplexes derived from plants such as Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, and Malus domestica exert complementary and multitarget actions, including modulation of carbohydrate absorption, activation of AMPK-related pathways, enhancement of peripheral glucose uptake, stimulation of incretin secretion, and improvement of endothelial function. When integrated with lifestyle and dietary interventions, nutraceuticals may reduce glycemic variability, improve metabolic resilience, and delay progression toward type 2 diabetes. Overall, nutraceuticals represent a rational bridge between lifestyle measures and pharmacological treatment in the personalized management of dysglycemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Cardiovascular Development, from Fetal Origins to Adulthood)

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19 pages, 2888 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Laurocerasus Officinalis Roem (Cherry Laurel) on Cognitive Function and Neurobiochemical Pathways in a Streptozotocin-Induced Nontransgenic Alzheimer’s Disease Model

by Fulya Ozsoy, Karolin Yanar, Ugurcan Sayili, Pinar Atukeren and Hafize Uzun

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050867 - 8 Mar 2026

Viewed by 453

Abstract

Background: This study investigated the effects of Laurocerasus officinalis Roem (cherry laurel; CL), a traditionally consumed fruit, on cognitive performance and selected neurobiochemical and metabolic pathways in a nontransgenic streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Alzheimer’s disease (i.c.v. STZ) model and an STZ-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus [...] Read more.

Background: This study investigated the effects of Laurocerasus officinalis Roem (cherry laurel; CL), a traditionally consumed fruit, on cognitive performance and selected neurobiochemical and metabolic pathways in a nontransgenic streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Alzheimer’s disease (i.c.v. STZ) model and an STZ-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; i.p. STZ) model. Method: Fifty-seven adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were allocated to control, T2DM, and Alzheimer (ALZ) model groups, with subgroup interventions including CL supplementation and, in the T2DM model, metformin as a comparator. Spatial learning and memory were assessed using the Morris Water Maze. Serum and brain tissue levels of GSK3-β, glutathione (GSH), interleukin-1 (IL-1), GLUT4, GLP-1, β-amyloid (Aβ), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were quantified. Results: Serum GSK3-β levels did not differ significantly between groups, whereas brain tissue GSK3-β showed significant between-group differences. CL increased GSH levels in both models, with significant elevations in serum and brain tissue GSH in the ALZ model following CL administration; in the T2DM model, GSH increased after both CL and metformin. In the ALZ model, CL was associated with decreased serum Aβ and AChE levels and improved Morris Water Maze performance, reflected by reduced escape latencies. Conclusions: CL supplementation was associated with antioxidant enhancement and modulation of amyloid- and cholinergic-related measures, alongside improved spatial learning performance in the STZ-induced nontransgenic ALZ model. In addition, CL reduced blood glucose in the T2DM model. Given the likely contribution of fruit phytochemicals (including total phenolics), further studies are warranted to better define the bioactive composition and mechanisms underlying these effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Neuro Sciences)

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14 pages, 258 KB

Open AccessArticle

Weight Bias Internalization Is Inversely Associated with Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet: The Greek Lifestyle and Obesity-Related Bias Survey

by Maria Dimitriou, Natalia Chatzaki, Dimitra Kostara, Maria-Eleni Tsialta, Alexandra Miliou, Sofia Mpanti, Lydia Stalidi, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou and Dimitrios Poulimeneas

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050866 - 7 Mar 2026

Viewed by 455

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Internalized weight bias has been linked to adverse mental health outcomes and maladaptive eating-related behaviors. However, its relationship with habitual dietary intake and overall diet quality remains insufficiently explored. The objective of this study was to examine associations between internalized weight [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Internalized weight bias has been linked to adverse mental health outcomes and maladaptive eating-related behaviors. However, its relationship with habitual dietary intake and overall diet quality remains insufficiently explored. The objective of this study was to examine associations between internalized weight bias and habitual energy intake, macronutrient composition, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet among adults with a history of overweight or obesity. Methods: In this web-based cross-sectional study, 484 adults with a history of excess body mass index completed validated assessments of internalized weight bias (Weight Bias Internalization Scale–Modified; WBIS-M) and usual dietary intake (69-item Food Frequency Questionnaire). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) was assessed via the MedDietScore. Multivariable analyses adjusted for several covariates were performed. Results: Higher levels of internalized weight bias were associated with lower adherence to the MeDi (B_adj = −0.670, p = 0.025). Higher adherence to the MeDi was associated with reduced odds of being classified in the medium or the highest WBIS-M tertile, corresponding to an approximately 5% reduction per 1-unit increment in the MedDietScore. No associations were observed between internalized weight bias and total energy intake. At the macronutrient level, higher internalized weight bias was associated with higher saturated fat intake, independent of total energy intake. Conclusions: Internalized weight bias was associated with poorer habitual diet quality and unfavorable macronutrient profiles, independent of total energy intake. These findings suggest that internalized weight bias relates to qualitative differences in habitual food choices, highlighting the potential importance of addressing weight bias in efforts to improve diet quality among adults with overweight or obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Food Choices, and Health Risk)

12 pages, 525 KB

Open AccessArticle

Body Composition Attenuates the Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Bone Mineral Density in Early Postmenopausal Women

by Raquel Domingo-Molina, Borja Sañudo, Sergio Tejero, Gonzalo Reverte-Pagola and Mª Ángeles Martínez-Maestre

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050865 - 7 Mar 2026

Viewed by 453

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D plays a central role in calcium and bone homeostasis; however, evidence linking serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) to bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women remains inconsistent. Because body weight and lean mass strongly influence skeletal loading and may also [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D plays a central role in calcium and bone homeostasis; however, evidence linking serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) to bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women remains inconsistent. Because body weight and lean mass strongly influence skeletal loading and may also affect circulating 25(OH)D, we aimed to evaluate the association between serum 25(OH)D and bone outcomes in early postmenopausal women and to determine whether body composition attenuates this relationship. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 120 women within 10 years after natural menopause (59.5 ± 6.3 years) were assessed. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Total body areal bone mineral density (total body aBMD, g/cm²) was assessed by DXA, and trabecular volumetric BMD and cortical thickness were obtained using 3D modeling. Associations were examined using Spearman correlations and multivariable linear and logistic regression models adjusted for age, body weight, lean mass, and years since menopause. Results: Median serum 25(OH)D was 23.7 ng/mL [16.7–30.4]. A modest correlation was observed between 25(OH)D and total body aBMD (ρ = 0.22, p = 0.016), but not with trabecular volumetric BMD or cortical thickness. After adjustment, 25(OH)D was not independently associated with total body aBMD (p = 0.144), whereas body weight remained significantly associated (β = 0.27, p = 0.002). In logistic models, body weight (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.90–0.96) and lean mass (OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.95–0.99) were protective against low BMD, while the association with 25(OH)D was modest. Conclusions: In early postmenopause, the association between serum 25(OH)D and BMD is modest and largely attenuated after accounting for body composition. Body weight and lean mass appear to be stronger determinants of bone outcomes than vitamin D status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Vitamin D in Endocrine Diseases: Pathophysiology and Treatment)

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14 pages, 1601 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Dietary Acid Load with Metabolic Syndrome-Related Parameters Following Eating Habit Modification in Korean Adults

by Ye Jin Kim, Chaerin Kim, Jihyun Park, Miok Choi, Won Suk An and Oh Yoen Kim

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050864 - 7 Mar 2026

Viewed by 319

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study examined the association between dietary acid load (DAL) and metabolic syndrome (MetS)-related parameters in Korean adults undergoing eating habit modification. Methods: Forty-eight Korean adults (≥19 years) with at least one MetS risk factor were recruited via public advertisement. Anthropometric and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study examined the association between dietary acid load (DAL) and metabolic syndrome (MetS)-related parameters in Korean adults undergoing eating habit modification. Methods: Forty-eight Korean adults (≥19 years) with at least one MetS risk factor were recruited via public advertisement. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, Nutrition Quotient (NQ) scores, and nutrient intake were assessed. The DAL was calculated and expressed as the potential renal acid load (PRAL) and the net endogenous acid production (NEAP). Results: Forty participants completed the 8-week intervention. Overall improvements were observed in total and domain-specific NQ scores, along with improvements in body composition, blood pressure, and glycemic parameters. Among all participants, the mean DAL scores did not change significantly after FDR correction, although the NEAP showed a modest non-significant decrease. Baseline PRAL and NEAP values did not differ between participants with and without MetS risk improvement. At weeks 4 and 8, DAL indices tended to decrease in the improved group and increase in the non-improved group, with a significant between-group difference observed only for the 8-week change in NEAP after FDR correction. While no significant associations were detected at baseline after FDR adjustment, cross-sectional associations between DAL indices and adiposity-related parameters were observed at week 8, particularly when DAL was expressed as NEAP. However, change-to-change analyses did not remain significant after FDR correction. Conclusions: In this exploratory study, DAL levels, especially NEAP, were associated with anthropometric and metabolic status at week 8; however, the absence of significant change-to-change correlations limits causal interpretation. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether modification of DAL independently contributes to metabolic improvement (Trial registration number: KCT0011528). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Associations of Diet and Body Composition with the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease)

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28 pages, 2718 KB

Open AccessReview

Mechanistic Modulation of Autophagy by Bioactive Natural Products: Implications for Human Aging and Longevity

by Maroua Jalouli, Abdel Halim Harrath, Mohammed Al-Zharani and Md Ataur Rahman

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 863; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050863 - 7 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 993

Abstract

Autophagy is an evolutionarily preserved intracellular degradation process pivotal in maintaining proteostasis, mitochondrial homeostasis, and metabolic equilibrium, all of which are dysregulated with aging. Aberrant autophagy has been recognized as a hallmark of human aging and age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration, metabolic dysfunction, cardiovascular [...] Read more.

Autophagy is an evolutionarily preserved intracellular degradation process pivotal in maintaining proteostasis, mitochondrial homeostasis, and metabolic equilibrium, all of which are dysregulated with aging. Aberrant autophagy has been recognized as a hallmark of human aging and age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration, metabolic dysfunction, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Bioactive natural compounds derived from plants, foods, and marine organisms have emerged as potent modulators of autophagy, offering a promising strategy to counteract aging and promote healthy lifespan. Mechanistically, these compounds regulate autophagy by modulating key signaling pathways, such as AMPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, SIRT1, and FOXO, while also alleviating oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Natural compounds like polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and carotenoids exhibit dual roles by restoring age-related suppressed autophagic flux and inhibiting excessive autophagy-induced cell death. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms through which bioactive natural compounds modulate autophagy and impact human aging and longevity. We discuss both experimental and clinical evidence supporting their geroprotective effects, limitations regarding bioavailability and dose-dependent effects, and prospects for the utilization of autophagy-targeting natural products in aging intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Bioactives in the Arsenal Against Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders Towards Healthy Ageing)

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20 pages, 1183 KB

Open AccessArticle

by Antonella Rosa, Alessandra Piras, Silva Porcedda, Paolo Solari, Ilenia Pinna and Carla Masala

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 862; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050862 - 7 Mar 2026

Viewed by 553

Abstract

Background: Aging is characterized by a decrease in olfactory, attentional, memory, language, and visuospatial/executive abilities. In this context, our study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and Carum carvi L. (caraway) essential oils (EOs) on aging. First, we [...] Read more.

Background: Aging is characterized by a decrease in olfactory, attentional, memory, language, and visuospatial/executive abilities. In this context, our study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and Carum carvi L. (caraway) essential oils (EOs) on aging. First, we assessed, in 402 participants, the age-related changes in olfactory functions (odor threshold, discrimination, and identification), gustatory perceptions (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter taste), cognitive functions (focusing on attention, memory, language, and visuospatial/executive functions), and their possible correlations with aging. To achieve this, olfactory function, gustatory perception, and cognitive abilities were evaluated in healthy participants across different age groups. Then, to evaluate the age-related decrease in trigeminal function (59 participants), we used rosemary and caraway EOs that contain carvone, limonene, and 1,8-cineole, all of which are considered typical trigeminal stimuli. Methods: Olfactory function was assessed with the Sniffin’ Sticks test, gustatory function by the Taste Strips test, and rosemary and caraway EOs by the ratings of odor pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity using a labeled hedonic Likert-type scale. Results: Olfactory function could be a potential early indicator of attentional, memory, language, and visuospatial/executive dysfunctions. Our data indicated that rosemary and caraway EOs were perceived without any significant decrease in odor pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity ratings in relation to aging. Conclusion: Our results suggest the potential bioactive effects of rosemary and caraway natural EOs as a new strategy to promote healthy aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Natural Extracts on Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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17 pages, 408 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploratory Analysis of Association of Nightly Fasting and Sleep Durations with Colorectal Cancer Risk in Chinese Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Peiqi Huang, Boyan Zeng, Sicheng Li, Ke Zhang, Chunhao Li, Yingru Liang, Bingyu Liuzhang, Xiaoli Wu, Shaohua Xie, Yan Li and Bo Zhang

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050861 - 7 Mar 2026

Viewed by 539

Abstract

Objectives: Disruptions in circadian-related behaviors are emerging as potential risk factors for gastrointestinal cancers. This study investigated the independent and joint associations of nightly fasting duration and sleep duration with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) among community-dwelling Chinese older adults. Methods: Participants [...] Read more.

Objectives: Disruptions in circadian-related behaviors are emerging as potential risk factors for gastrointestinal cancers. This study investigated the independent and joint associations of nightly fasting duration and sleep duration with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) among community-dwelling Chinese older adults. Methods: Participants were drawn from the Guangzhou CRC Screening Program, which used a questionnaire-based investigation, two separate fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs) for risk evaluation, and colonoscopy for high-risk individuals. Of the 347,297 people initially screened, 197,507 individuals were finally included after excluding 100,930 cases with missing eating/sleeping data or unknown/benign lesions via colonoscopy. Among the final sample, 351 CRC cases and 1384 precancerous lesions were diagnosed, while 195,772 individuals had negative results. Habitual times for dinner, breakfast, bedtime, and wake-up were used to define nightly fasting duration (dinner-to-breakfast) and nightly sleep duration (bedtime-to-wake). Multivariable logistic regression, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the associations. Results: In the fully adjusted models, each 1-h increment in nightly fasting duration was associated with a 9.5% (95% CI 1.039–1.153) higher risk of CRC, and the direct association was limited to individuals over 60 years (OR = 1.147, 95% CI 1.073–1.226), while each 1-h increment in nightly sleep duration was associated with a 15.2% (95% CI 0.806–0.893) lower risk of CRC. Consistently, earlier dinner, later breakfast and later bedtime were also associated with a higher CRC risk. Conclusions: In Guangzhou older residents, long nightly fasting duration was a risk factor for CRC, especially among individuals over 60 years old; while long nightly sleep duration was protective. These findings suggest that maintaining adequate sleep and optimizing the nightly fasting window may be viable lifestyle strategies for CRC prevention, emphasizing the need for tailored preventive measures for different age groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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13 pages, 4072 KB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Beetroot Extract Supplementation Improves Morphological Muscle Quality and Rate of Force Development in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Olavo João Frederico Ramos Junior, Carlos Alberto de Souza Filho, Shaheen Majeed and Thiago Silveira Alvares

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050860 - 7 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1045

Abstract

Background: Low estrogen levels during menopause reduce nitric oxide (NO) production, contributing to decline in skeletal muscle quality and function. Although acute and short-term dietary nitrate supplementation has demonstrated promising effects, long-term benefits, particularly on muscle quality in postmenopausal women, are not well [...] Read more.

Background: Low estrogen levels during menopause reduce nitric oxide (NO) production, contributing to decline in skeletal muscle quality and function. Although acute and short-term dietary nitrate supplementation has demonstrated promising effects, long-term benefits, particularly on muscle quality in postmenopausal women, are not well established. Objectives: The objective was to investigate the effects of long-term (12-week) nitrate-rich beetroot extract supplementation on morphological and functional muscle quality, rate of force development (RFD), maximal strength, and circulating nitrate/nitrite concentrations in postmenopausal women. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 20 postmenopausal women (21 years ± 7 since menopause) consumed 20 g/day of a nitrate-rich beetroot extract (BET; 548 mg nitrate/day) or a nitrate-depleted beetroot extract (PLA; 43 mg nitrate/day) for 12 weeks. Outcome measures, including muscle quality (functional via muscle strength/thickness ratio; morphological via ultrasound echo intensity), RFD, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and serum nitrate/nitrite levels, were evaluated at baseline, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. Results: BET significantly increased serum nitrate (0.005) and nitrite (0.022) levels compared to PLA at both week 8 and week 12. Morphological muscle quality also improved significantly in the BET group (interaction effect, p = 0.014). Early-phase rate of force development (RFD) increased between 30 and 100 ms, whereas late-phase RFD increased between 100 and 200 ms. RFD_peak also improved by week 8, and these gains were maintained through week 12 (interaction effect, p < 0.05). Although there was no significant difference between groups for functional muscle quality, MVIC increased at week 12 in the BET group, but no significant Time × Group interaction was observed. Conclusions: Twelve weeks of nitrate-rich beetroot extract supplementation improved morphological muscle quality and RFD, suggesting potential clinical relevance for preventing structural and neuromuscular function decline in postmenopausal women. This study was registered with ReBEC (RBR-87qh649) and approved on 8 October 2024. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategy for Women’s Muscular and Skeletal Health)

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15 pages, 576 KB

Open AccessArticle

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Systemic Laboratory Parameters: A Multivariable Cross-Sectional Analysis

by Monika Waśkow, Krzysztof S. Malinowski, Magdalena Tańska, Sebastian Glowinski and Magdalena Wszędybył-Winklewska

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050859 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 405

Abstract

Background: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has been linked to systemic inflammation and vitamin D deficiency, but its independent clinical relevance remains uncertain. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 162 adults undergoing hydrogen breath testing were evaluated. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], leukocyte [...] Read more.

Background: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has been linked to systemic inflammation and vitamin D deficiency, but its independent clinical relevance remains uncertain. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 162 adults undergoing hydrogen breath testing were evaluated. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], leukocyte count, red blood cell distribution width—standard deviation (RDW-SD), and C-reactive protein were analyzed. Associations were assessed using unadjusted comparisons and multivariable regression models adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. Hydrogen increment was additionally examined as a continuous variable. Results: In unadjusted analyses, SIBO-positive individuals had lower 25(OH)D levels and higher leukocyte counts. However, after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI, SIBO status was not independently associated with 25(OH)D, leukocyte count, or RDW-SD. BMI was independently associated with leukocyte count, and age with RDW-SD. Hydrogen increment was not correlated with laboratory parameters. Conclusions: SIBO was not independently associated with vitamin D status or systemic hematological markers. Host-related factors, particularly BMI and age, appeared to have a greater influence on laboratory variability than SIBO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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20 pages, 747 KB

Open AccessArticle

Culinary Nutrition Programming for Members of a Community-Based Cancer Program

by Billie Jane C. Hermosura, Meaghan E. Kavanagh, Jaime Slavin, David J. A. Jenkins and Amy Symington

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050858 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 720

Abstract

(1) Background: Nutrition research in cancer care has largely focused on disease prevention and management, overlooking the importance of food literacy. Culinary cancer care programs may address this gap by facilitating the practical application of nutrition through culinary skills, fostering social connections over [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Nutrition research in cancer care has largely focused on disease prevention and management, overlooking the importance of food literacy. Culinary cancer care programs may address this gap by facilitating the practical application of nutrition through culinary skills, fostering social connections over nutrient-dense meals, and supporting individuals during periods of physical and social vulnerability. The Not-Just-Supper Club (NJSC) at Gilda’s Club Toronto (GT) is a community-based culinary cancer care program delivering evidence-based, plant-forward meals. The objectives of this study were to examine how NJSC supports its members and to provide recommendations to inform future models of culinary cancer care programs. (2) Methods: An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was used. Participants completed a modified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) assessing major protein food groups since joining NJSC. Semi-structured interviews explored perceived dietary changes, food literacy, and social engagement. Associations between duration of participation and protein food intake were examined using multivariable-adjusted linear regression models. Interview field notes and transcripts were coded in NVivo 12 and thematically analyzed. (3) Results: Among 41 participants, 36 (88%) were female and 17 (41%) were of White ethnicity. A total of 38 (93%) participants reported that NJSC had a positive impact on their lives, and 27 (66%) reported positive changes in eating habits. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, longer participation in NJSC was associated with higher nut consumption (β = 0.49 servings/day per year; 95% CI, 0.02–0.96). Interviews were completed by 40 participants. Seven themes described program support across psychosocial domains (social network; social support; emotional support and mental health; impact on health) and practical nutritional domains (improved food literacy and skills; food decisions; inclusion of plant-based foods). Participants described applying program knowledge at home and perceived improvements in well-being and cancer-related symptoms. (4) Conclusions: NJSC was perceived by members as beneficial across psychosocial and nutritional domains and supported food literacy and plant-forward dietary choices. These findings contribute to our understanding of how culinary cancer care programs can complement existing cancer support services and provide insights for designing future programs for cancer survivors and their support networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Challenges in Cancer Survivorship: Personalized Dietary Strategies, Exercise and Behavioral Intervention)

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14 pages, 282 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Predictive Potential of Pediatric Relative Fat Mass Compared to Alternative Measures of Obesity for Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children: Longitudinal Associations During Two-Year Follow-Up

by Maria Zadarko-Domaradzka, Marek Sobolewski and Emilian Zadarko

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050857 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 432

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Relative Fat Mass (RFM) is an anthropometric index estimating whole-body fat percentage. Though RFM is analyzed in scientific articles in various contexts, the research on the association between RFM and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level is extremely limited. The aim of this study [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Relative Fat Mass (RFM) is an anthropometric index estimating whole-body fat percentage. Though RFM is analyzed in scientific articles in various contexts, the research on the association between RFM and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level is extremely limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of the relative fat mass pediatric index (RFMp) in predicting CRF results over a two-year period among school-age children, in comparison with alternative indices. Methods: Based on data comprising student measurements collected previously, in the years 2017–2019, a multiple regression analysis was conducted. Predictive models for CRF were constructed over a two-year period, separately for each of the eight indicators associated with obesity assessment. The models were prepared for boys and for girls separately. Results: over 40% of girls and boys have a BMI above the norm. In the case of both girls and boys, RFMp turned out to be the best CRF predictor over a two-year period. It proved to be better in terms of its predictive power than body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (%BF), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) and waist-BMI ratio. Conclusions: RFMp demonstrated a certain advantage in terms of predictive ability compared to alternative indicators. This indicates its potential for implementation in the general pediatric population and clinical practice for the prediction of CRF. However, this needs to be confirmed in further studies involving a larger and more diverse population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion in School-Aged Children: Lifestyle Factors, Interventions, and Health Outcomes)

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14 pages, 749 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association of a Comprehensive Healthy Lifestyle Score with Risk of All-Cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Mortality: Evidence from an 18-Year Cohort Study

by Dongmin Kim, Daeyun Kim, Hyunju Kim and Jihye Kim

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050856 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 536

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Comprehensive management of lifestyle factors is important for long-term survival. This study aims to examine whether a comprehensive healthy lifestyle score (HLS) incorporating overall diet assessment predicts all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality in Korean population. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Comprehensive management of lifestyle factors is important for long-term survival. This study aims to examine whether a comprehensive healthy lifestyle score (HLS) incorporating overall diet assessment predicts all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality in Korean population. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted among men and women (n = 111,633, 64.6% women) aged 40 to 85 years who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study_Health Examinees (Mean age = 55.2, SD = 8.8). Participants completed a baseline questionnaire between 2004 and 2013 and were followed until December 2023. The HLS consisted of five components classified as healthy behaviors: never or former smoking; engaging in ≥30 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity on ≥5 days/week; alcohol intake ≤40 g/day for men and ≤20 g/day for women; a BMI of 18.5–24.9 kg/m²; and an unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI) in the bottom 40th percentile, which reflects overall diet quality and aligns with the traditional plant-rich dietary pattern of Koreans. Diet was assessed using data from baseline and the first follow-up, while the remaining components were measured at baseline only. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to evaluate multivariable-adjusted associations between the HLS and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality. Results: During 1,538,490 person-years of follow-up, 5246 all-cause deaths, 2362 cancer deaths, and 815 cardiovascular deaths were documented. Compared with the lowest HLS category, men with the highest HLS had lower risks of all-cause (HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.53–0.80), cancer (HR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.46–0.85), and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.17–0.66). Among women, the corresponding HRs were 0.38 (95% CI: 0.26–0.55), 0.52 (95% CI: 0.29–0.90), and 0.30 (95% CI: 0.11–0.84), respectively. The inverse association was stronger in older adults (≥55 years) than in younger adults. All five individual lifestyle components, including diet (quintile 5 vs. quintile 1 of uPDI: HR 0.74, 95% CI: 0.66–0.83 in men; HR 0.67, 95% CI: 0.58–0.76 in women), were significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality. However, when smoking was excluded from the HLS, the inverse association was attenuated, particularly among men. Conclusions: Greater adherence to a healthy lifestyle score was strongly associated with reduced risks of all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality. These findings underscore the importance of promoting integrated, multi-behavior lifestyle interventions, especially smoking cessation, to reduce premature mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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23 pages, 2242 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Effects of Curcumin and Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Supplementation on Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Mood Disturbance in Adults

by Aidan M. Cavanah, Laura A. Robinson, Madison M. Aguilar, Elaine F. Molaison, Michael W. Greene, Michael D. Roberts and Andrew D. Fruge

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050855 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 759

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mood disorders like depression, anxiety, and stress have increased steadily among adults, with growing interest in non-pharmaceutical treatments to improve symptomology. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and curcumin are polyphenols with evidence to support their positive impacts on mood disorder symptomology and potential mood-associated [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Mood disorders like depression, anxiety, and stress have increased steadily among adults, with growing interest in non-pharmaceutical treatments to improve symptomology. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and curcumin are polyphenols with evidence to support their positive impacts on mood disorder symptomology and potential mood-associated biomarkers like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This study examined the effects of combined EGCG and curcumin supplementation on mood disturbance symptomology and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adults. Methods: An 8-week randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial was conducted in adults (n = 64, 18–50 years old). Participants were randomized to a supplement group (n = 32; 350 mg EGCG and 1330 mg curcumin daily) or a matched placebo group (n = 32). Mood disturbance (DASS-21, GAD-7), sleep disturbance (GSAQ), and physical activity (IPAQ) were assessed at baseline, Week 4, and Week 8. Anthropometric measures, 24 h diet recalls, and fasted blood samples for serum BDNF were collected at baseline and Week 8. A multivariate ANOVA evaluated primary outcomes (DASS-21 composite score and BDNF), followed by repeated measures ANOVA for secondary outcomes (p < 0.05). Results: Significant improvements were observed across all participants for mood (DASS-21 composite and subscales, GAD-7, p < 0.001 for all), sleep (p < 0.001), and physical activity (p < 0.01), with no significant difference between supplement and placebo groups. Mean serum BDNF increased in both groups, but neither were statistically significant with no group-by-time interactions. Sugar intake (g/kg body weight) was positively correlated with mood symptoms at Week 8 in the supplement group. Baseline fruit and vegetable intake was associated with mood symptom severity at select time points; however, dietary changes during the intervention were not significantly related to changes in mood outcomes. Conclusions: Combined EGCG and curcumin supplementation did not show additional benefits beyond placebo for mood disturbance or serum BDNF over eight weeks. Observed improvements across both groups suggest that behavioral or lifestyle factors may play a larger role in short-term mood improvements than supplementation alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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13 pages, 2949 KB

Open AccessArticle

Awareness, Understanding, and Use of Nutrition Labels on Pre-Packaged Foods and Their Associations with Noncommunicable Diseases Among Adults in Shanghai, China

by Wei Zhou, Jingyi Si, Yifan Gao, Weiwei Zheng, Ruifen Li, Changfeng Zhu, Xue Han, Jiajie Zang and Zhengyuan Wang

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050854 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 480

Abstract

Background: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a major global public health challenge and can be prevented and managed through a balanced, nutrient-rich diet. Food nutrition labels play an important role in guiding healthier choices, particularly for individuals at risk of chronic health conditions. [...] Read more.

Background: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a major global public health challenge and can be prevented and managed through a balanced, nutrient-rich diet. Food nutrition labels play an important role in guiding healthier choices, particularly for individuals at risk of chronic health conditions. This study assessed awareness, understanding and use of nutrition labels among adults in Shanghai, China, and explored their associations with NCDs. Methods: A face-to-face structured questionnaire survey was conducted among 1503 adults in 2024. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported chronic conditions (obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs), and fatty liver disease), and awareness, understanding, and use of nutrition labels. Generalized linear regression models were applied to assess associations between label-related behaviors and chronic conditions. Results: Overall, 81.6% of participants were aware of labels, 15.0% reported understanding them, and 35.5% reported using them. Participants who were underweight or obese were less likely to be aware of labels compared to those with normal weight (73.8% and 72.9% vs. 83.5%). Individuals with fatty liver disease were less likely to understand labels compared to those without the condition (7.2% vs. 16.1%). Conversely, participants with three or more chronic conditions were more likely to use labels than those without any chronic conditions (46.1% vs. 34.4%). Conclusions: Among adults in Shanghai, nutrition label awareness was relatively high, while understanding and use of labels remained insufficient. Targeted nutrition education and the integration of nutrition labeling into chronic disease management strategies are needed to improve public health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Packaging and Nutrition Labelling for Human Health)

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17 pages, 433 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Emotional Eating and Its Relationship with Anthropometric and Biochemical Indicators in University Students

by Adriana Aguilar-Galarza, Miriam Hernández-Meza, Karla Carmina Rojas-Saavedra, Karina de la Torre-Carbot, Cristina Elizabeth Fuente-González and Jorge Luis Chávez-Servín

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050853 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 517

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Emotional eating is a behavioral pattern in which individuals increase food intake in response to emotional states rather than physiological hunger. University students are particularly vulnerable due to academic stress, lifestyle changes, and a food environment dominated by highly palatable options. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Emotional eating is a behavioral pattern in which individuals increase food intake in response to emotional states rather than physiological hunger. University students are particularly vulnerable due to academic stress, lifestyle changes, and a food environment dominated by highly palatable options. Although emotional eating has been associated with adiposity and metabolic alterations, evidence in Mexican university populations remains limited. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of emotional eating and to examine its association with anthropometric and biochemical indicators in students from the Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro (UAQ). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 670 first-year university students participating in the SU SALUD-UAQ clinical evaluation. Emotional eating was assessed using the 10-item Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ). Anthropometric measures (body mass index BMI, body fat percentage, and waist circumference) and biochemical markers (triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and glucose) were obtained through standardized clinical procedures. Associations were evaluated using multivariable linear and logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age, physical activity level, sleep duration, stress, and socioeconomic status. Results: The prevalence of emotional eating categories was as follows: non-emotional (33.5%), low emotional (31.1%), emotional (27.6%), and highly emotional (7.8%). Higher EEQ scores were independently associated with greater BMI, body fat percentage, and waist circumference in both sexes. In women, emotional eating was also independently associated with less favorable lipid profiles. In addition, students classified as emotional or highly emotional eaters showed higher odds of general and abdominal obesity, particularly among women. Conclusions: Emotional eating is highly prevalent among Mexican university students and is independently associated with increased adiposity in both sexes and with altered lipid profiles in women. These findings highlight the relevance of integrating emotional regulation strategies into university health programs as a component of comprehensive health promotion approaches aimed at addressing emotional eating and its associated anthropometric and metabolic correlates in young adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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25 pages, 971 KB

Open AccessArticle

Food Insecurity in Individuals with Eating Disorders: A UK-Wide Survey of Impact, Help-Seeking, and Suggestions for Guidance

by Callum Bryson, Jessica Wilkins, Başak İnce, Amelia Hemmings, Carina Kuehne, Daire Douglas, Matthew Phillips, Helen Sharpe and Ulrike Schmidt

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050852 - 6 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 629

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Food insecurity (FI) is significant and increasing in the UK’s general population. Previous research has linked FI to disordered eating and obesity, yet most of this research is conducted in non-clinical populations in the USA. As such, little is known about [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Food insecurity (FI) is significant and increasing in the UK’s general population. Previous research has linked FI to disordered eating and obesity, yet most of this research is conducted in non-clinical populations in the USA. As such, little is known about the perspectives of people with current or past eating disorders (PwEDs) on the effects of FI on their eating disorder symptoms and treatment in the UK. The current study explores these effects, as well as PwEDs’ experiences of help-seeking for food insecurity and their suggestions for clinical guidance. Methods: Data were collected via an online survey (n = 337) which included both open-ended and fixed response questions. A mixed methods approach was used for analysis, with a thematic analysis being used for qualitative data. Results: Recent FI was related to higher frequency of food restriction and less comfort discussing FI in clinical contexts. Additionally, participants reported that FI exacerbated symptoms and worsened recovery efforts. Help-seeking was generally low among participants. Shame was a barrier for help-seeking, and suggestions for guidance included adaptations to screening and treatment, improving clinician knowledge, and providing practical solutions to alleviate FI. Conclusions: FI is a serious public health issue in the UK that has large ramifications for eating disorder maintenance and recovery. Guidance is needed to address FI in clinical practice and reduce shame around FI. Ultimately, however, FI is a systemic issue that will require policy change to be eliminated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Mental Health Disorders)

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15 pages, 1284 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Tea Catechin Plus Inulin Improves Insulin Resistance Without Reducing Visceral Fat and Shows Exploratory Gut Microbiota Signals in Adults with Visceral Obesity: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

by Chikara Iino, Keita Mikami, Keisuke Furusawa, Satoshi Sato, Kenta Yoshida, Tohru Yamaguchi, Hiroto Bushita, Keita Kinoshita, Yuji Matsui, Seiya Imoto, Takuro Iwane, Yoshinori Tamada, Koichi Murashita, Shigeyuki Nakaji, Tatsuya Mikami and Hirotake Sakuraba

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050851 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 984

Abstract

Background: Green tea catechins and inulin may improve metabolic health and modulate the gut microbiota; however, double-blind trials evaluating visceral fat, insulin resistance, and microbiota concurrently are limited. Methods: We conducted a double-blind, parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Japanese adults aged 20–75 years [...] Read more.

Background: Green tea catechins and inulin may improve metabolic health and modulate the gut microbiota; however, double-blind trials evaluating visceral fat, insulin resistance, and microbiota concurrently are limited. Methods: We conducted a double-blind, parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Japanese adults aged 20–75 years with visceral fat area (VFA) ≥ 80 cm² and BMI ≥ 23 kg/m² (trial registration: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT), jRCTs021230004 (registered 16 May 2023)). Participants were randomized to a catechin + inulin beverage (catechins 400 mg/day; inulin 2.3 g/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in VFA (bioelectrical impedance). Secondary outcomes included HOMA-IR, metabolic markers, liver fat assessed by the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), and genus-level gut microbiota. Results: Ninety-six participants were randomized (catechin + inulin, n = 49; placebo, n = 47); 47 and 44, respectively, were included in the full analysis set for the primary outcome. The 12-week change in VFA did not differ between groups (mean change: +0.91 vs. +4.61 cm²; p = 0.243). HOMA-IR decreased in the catechin + inulin group and increased in the placebo group, yielding a significant between-group difference (mean change: −0.32 vs. +0.18; p = 0.020). No other secondary outcomes showed significant between-group differences. In exploratory microbiota analyses, no genus remained significant after false discovery rate correction; however, Coprococcus and Bifidobacterium showed nominal between-group differences (unadjusted p < 0.05). Changes in Coprococcus were inversely correlated with changes in HOMA-IR (r = −0.28; p = 0.010). Conclusions: Catechin plus inulin for 12 weeks did not reduce visceral fat but was associated with improved insulin resistance. Exploratory analyses suggest a potential association between increased Coprococcus and improved HOMA-IR, warranting further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions for Obesity and Obesity-Related Complications)

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14 pages, 267 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Cellular Hydration Patterns and Hydroelectrolytic Regulation with Muscle Strength in Older Adults

by Isabel Lorenzo, Mateu Serra-Prat, Esther Mur-Gimeno, Lluis Guirao and Juan Carlos Yébenes

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050850 - 5 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Introduction: Muscle function is influenced by hydroelectrolytic mechanisms that regulate cellular volume beyond isolated plasma electrolyte concentrations. However, the role of integrated hydration and electrolyte regulation profiles in muscle function among older adults remains insufficiently understood. Objective: To identify which physiological [...] Read more.

Introduction: Muscle function is influenced by hydroelectrolytic mechanisms that regulate cellular volume beyond isolated plasma electrolyte concentrations. However, the role of integrated hydration and electrolyte regulation profiles in muscle function among older adults remains insufficiently understood. Objective: To identify which physiological domains of hydroelectrolytic regulation are most strongly associated with muscle strength and functional performance in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 96 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥ 70 years. Markers of cellular hydration and membrane integrity were assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis, together with first-morning fasting plasma and urinary sodium and chloride concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied as a data-driven approach to identify latent domains of coordinated hydroelectrolytic regulation. Associations between component scores and handgrip strength and Timed Up and Go (TUG) were examined using two sequential multivariable regression models: Model 1 adjusted for sex and fat-free mass index (FFMI); Model 2 additionally adjusted for age, hypertension, and diuretic use. Results: Three principal components were retained, explaining 77.5% of total variance: PC1 (renal–cellular domain), PC2 (plasma electrolyte domain), and PC3 (cellular volume domain). For handgrip strength, Model 1 showed significant associations for PC3 (β = 0.152; p = 0.025) and PC1 (β = 0.180; p = 0.050). In Model 2, only PC3 remained independently associated (β = 0.146; p = 0.036). For TUG, Model 1 showed associations for PC1 (β = −0.262; p = 0.049) and PC3 (β = −0.238; p = 0.015). In Model 2, PC1 (β = −0.308; p = 0.019) and PC2 (β = −0.190; p = 0.046) remained independently associated, whereas PC3 was not. Conclusions: Maximal force production appears primarily associated with cellular volume regulation, whereas functional performance reflects broader multi-compartmental hydroelectrolytic integration involving renal and plasma domains. These findings suggest that multidimensional hydration profiling may complement isolated biochemical markers in the functional assessment of older adults, warranting validation in longitudinal studies. Full article

16 pages, 1429 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sex-Specific Fifteen-Year Alcohol Consumption Trajectories and Their Association with Cardiovascular Events and Mortality: The Framingham Heart Study

by Yuanming Leng, Huitong Ding, Yi Li, Xue Liu, Mengyao Wang, Yumeng Cao, Chenglin Lyu, Daniel Levy, Jiantao Ma and Chunyu Liu

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050849 - 5 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Background: Alcohol use patterns influence health outcomes. This study examined sex-specific drinking trajectories and their associations with all-cause mortality and coronary heart disease (CHD) in the US-based Framingham Heart Study. Method: Among 6570 participants (mean age: 55 ± 13; 55% women) [...] Read more.

Background: Alcohol use patterns influence health outcomes. This study examined sex-specific drinking trajectories and their associations with all-cause mortality and coronary heart disease (CHD) in the US-based Framingham Heart Study. Method: Among 6570 participants (mean age: 55 ± 13; 55% women) followed for 15 years, a growth mixture model identified four sex-specific alcohol consumption trajectories. Cox models examined associations of alcohol trajectories with CHD and mortality over 10 years of follow-up, adjusting for covariates. Results: This study identified four distinct, sex-specific alcohol consumption trajectories: the Moderate-Decreasing group (1179 women, 0–14 g/day; 1534 men, 0–28 g/day) showed a declining moderate intake, The Low-to-None group included light or non-drinkers (992 women, 826 men), the Inverse-U group (606 women, 199 men) showed variable intake over time, while the High-Decreasing group (858 women, 376 men) had high initial consumption (women > 14 and men > 28 g/day) that declined over time. Compared with the Moderate-Decreasing group, women in other groups had higher CHD risks (HRs 1.58–1.61) and greater mortality risk in the Low-to-None (HR 1.25) and Inverse-U (HR 1.28) groups. Men in Low-to-None had higher mortality (HR 1.17) and CHD (HR 1.60), while High-Decreasing showed the highest mortality (HR 1.27). Low-to-moderate drinking was associated with lower mortality and CHD risks; however, these findings do not confirm the protective effects of alcohol use. Discussion: Our findings suggest that sustained low to moderate drinking was associated with lower risks of mortality and CHD in both women and men, compared to high-level or fluctuating patterns. Although these associations may not confirm causality, our findings emphasize the importance of investigating long-term drinking patterns in public health. Nevertheless, we caution against promoting moderate alcohol use as a strategy to reduce mortality risk or prevent CHD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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14 pages, 343 KB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Dependent Differences in the Human Milk Proteome After Preterm Birth: A Paired Two-Stage Proteomic Study

by Nina Mól, Magdalena Zasada, Maciej Suski, Wojciech Zasada and Przemko Kwinta

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050848 - 5 Mar 2026

Viewed by 430

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Human milk composition is shaped by gestational age at delivery and stage of lactation; however, proteomic differences between milk from mothers of preterm and term infants and their temporal patterns remain incompletely characterised. Methods: This prospective study enrolled 40 lactating mothers: 20 [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Human milk composition is shaped by gestational age at delivery and stage of lactation; however, proteomic differences between milk from mothers of preterm and term infants and their temporal patterns remain incompletely characterised. Methods: This prospective study enrolled 40 lactating mothers: 20 who delivered preterm infants (<32 weeks’ gestation) and 20 who delivered at term (37–42 weeks). Each provided milk samples during early lactation (first 10 days postpartum) and during later lactation (week five postpartum). Milk serum was analysed using quantitative data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry. Differential protein abundance was assessed separately at each time point; functional annotation was performed using Gene Ontology biological process analysis. Results: Eighty samples were analysed. On average, a total of 662 proteins were identified per sample, of which 169 were consistently quantified across all samples (1% FDR). During early lactation, 10 proteins differed significantly, with bidirectional changes and moderate effect sizes. At week five, 19 proteins were differentially abundant, predominantly higher in preterm samples. Immune-related proteins constituted the largest functional category at both stages. Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 4 remained consistently downregulated in preterm milk (1.6-fold lower abundance). Ferritin heavy chain (1.5) and HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain (1.8) were elevated only early, whereas calprotectin subunits S100A8 (5.6) and S100A9 (5.2) were markedly upregulated later. Conclusions: Proteomic differences vary across lactation stages, highlighting lactation stage as an essential contextual variable in comparative milk proteomics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Strategies and Mechanistic Insights in Pediatric Allergies)

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19 pages, 2107 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structured Exercise Modulates Gut Microbiota Composition and Protects Against Diet-Induced Dysbiosis in a Rat Model

by Fatiha M. Benslimane, Maha Alser, Abdelrahman M Elgamal, Layla I. Mohammed, Zain Zaki Zakaria, Sara Sokary, Muhammad Umar Sohail, Ayat S Hammad, Saddam Akber Abbasi and Maha Al-Asmakh

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050847 - 5 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dietary composition and physical activity are major determinants of gut microbiome structure, and dysbiosis is strongly associated with metabolic disorders. While both diet and exercise independently influence the gut microbiome, their interactive effects—particularly across different exercise modalities—remain incompletely understood. This study investigated [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dietary composition and physical activity are major determinants of gut microbiome structure, and dysbiosis is strongly associated with metabolic disorders. While both diet and exercise independently influence the gut microbiome, their interactive effects—particularly across different exercise modalities—remain incompletely understood. This study investigated the combined effects of diet type (normal chow [NC] vs. high-fat diet [HFD]) and exercise modality (control [C], voluntary [V], and forced [F]) on gut microbiota composition in rats. Methods: Sixty-three Wistar rats were randomized into six groups according to diet and exercise status. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed using full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Oxford Nanopore Technologies). Alpha and beta diversity metrics were calculated, and taxonomic composition was assessed at phylum and genus levels. Results: HFD groups exhibited significantly higher alpha diversity than NC groups (Shannon index: 3.47–3.63 vs. 2.76–2.94, p < 0.001), with forced exercise associated with a greater diversity than voluntary exercise. Beta-diversity analysis confirmed diet as the dominant factor influencing microbial structure (PERMANOVA p = 0.001), with exercise providing an additional modulatory effect. Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Deferribacterota, and Proteobacteria predominated, with Firmicutes decreasing under HFD. Forced exercise significantly enriched beneficial genera, including Akkermansia (detected exclusively in exercised HFD groups; p = 0.03), Blautia, Coprococcus, and Roseburia. Akkermansia abundance correlated positively with exercise distance (p < 0.001) and negatively with body weight (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Structured exercise, particularly forced treadmill training, attenuates HFD-associated dysbiosis and promotes the beneficial gut bacteria that is associated with metabolic health. These findings highlight exercise modality as a critical factor in dietary strategies targeting gut microbiome modulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Exercise and Diet on Health)

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Nutrients, Volume 18, Issue 5 (March-1 2026) – 166 articles

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