Human–robot interaction (HRI) is a broad research topic, which is defined as understanding, designing, developing, and evaluating the robotic system to be used with or by humans. This paper presents a survey on the control, safety, and perspect...
As collaborative robots (cobots) increasingly share workspaces with humans, ensuring safe physical human–robot interaction (pHRI) has become paramount. This systematic review addresses safety assessment in pHRI, focussing on the industrial fiel...
Soft robots, especially soft robotic hands, possess prominent potential for applications in close proximity and direct contact interaction with humans due to their softness and compliant nature. The safety perception of users during interactions with...
Ensuring the safety of physical human–robot interaction (pHRI) is of utmost importance for industries and organisations seeking to incorporate robots into their workspaces. To address this concern, the ISO/TS 15066:2016 outlines hazard analysis...
Smart sensors are an integral part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and are widely used to add safety measures to human–robot interaction applications. With the advancement of machine learning methods in resource-constrained environments, smart se...
Unlike “classical” industrial robots, collaborative robots, known as cobots, implement a compliant behavior. Cobots ensure a safe force control in a physical interaction scenario within unknown environments. In this paper, we propose to make serial r...
This paper presents a novel approach to determine dynamic safety and comfort zones in human–robot interactions (HRIs), with a focus on service robots operating in dynamic environments with people. The proposed proxemic model leverages the golde...
Safety plays a key role in human–robot interactions in collaborative robot (cobot) applications. This paper provides a general procedure to guarantee safe workstations allowing human operations, robot contributions, the dynamical environment, a...
Existing studies on rehabilitation robots are generally devoted to robot-assisted active rehabilitation training, which is conducive to facilitating muscle and nerve regeneration. However, human–robot interaction (HRI) requires imposing a limit...
As humanoid robots move from controlled industrial environments into everyday human life, their safe integration is essential for societal acceptance and effective human–robot interaction (HRI). This scoping review examines engineering safety f...
Disassembly is a crucial process in industrial operations, especially in tasks requiring high precision and strict safety standards when handling components with collaborative robots. However, traditional methods often rely on rigid and sequential ta...
The potential application of using a wearable force myography (FMG) band for monitoring the occupational safety of a human participant working in collaboration with an industrial robot was studied. Regular physical human–robot interactions were...
While robotic technologies have shown great promise in enhancing productivity and safety, their integration into the mining sector, particularly for search and rescue (SAR) missions, remains limited. The success of these systems depends not only on t...
This literature review presents a comprehensive analysis of the use and potential application scenarios of collaborative robots in the industrial working world, focusing on their impact on human work, safety, and health in the context of Industry 4.0...
In human-centered robotic applications, safety, efficiency, and adaptability are critical for enabling effective interaction and performance. Incorporating electromagnetic continuously variable transmission (EM-CVT) systems into robotic designs enhan...
Sidewalk autonomous delivery robots (SADRs) share sidewalks with pedestrians and may affect their perceived safety. In outdoor nighttime environments, the color of the lights on SADRs serves as a noticeable form of communication that can influence hu...
Today’s research on fenceless human–robot collaboration (HRC) is challenged by a relatively slow development of safety features. Simultaneously, design recommendations for HRC are requested by the industry. To simulate HRC scenarios in ad...
Exoskeletons and exosuits have witnessed unprecedented growth in recent years, especially in the medical and industrial sectors. In order to be successfully integrated into the current society, these devices must comply with several commercialization...
Over the last years collaborative robots have gained great success in manufacturing applications where human and robot work together in close proximity. However, current ISO/TS-15066-compliant implementations often limit the efficiency of collaborati...
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that affects children from a very young age and is characterized by persistent deficits in social, communicational, and behavioral abilities. Since there is no cure for autism, domain experts focus...
Intuitive and safe interfaces for robots are challenging issues in robotics. Robo-HUD is a gadget-less interaction concept for contactless operation of industrial systems. We use virtual collision detection based on time-of-flight sensor data, combin...
Background: As social robots increasingly integrate into public spaces, comprehending their security implications becomes paramount. This study is conducted amidst the growing use of social robots in public spaces (SRPS), emphasising the necessity fo...
This article discusses creating a methodology for the asymmetric measuring of values and processes of collision forces and pressures of the collaborative robot dependent on time. Furthermore, it verifies the usefulness of this methodology in practice...
Surgeon fatigue during robotic surgery is an often-overlooked factor contributing to patient harm. This study presents the design, development, and testing of a real-time fatigue monitoring system aimed at enhancing safety in robotic surgery using th...
The mobile robot, which comprises a mobile platform and a robotic arm, has been widely adopted in industrial automation. Existing safe control methods with real-time trajectory alternation face difficulties in efficiently identifying threats from fas...
In environments shared with humans, Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) should be designed with human-aware motion-planning skills. Even when AMRs can effectively avoid humans, only a handful of studies have evaluated the human perception of mobile robot...
With the rapid development of robot perception and planning technology, robots are gradually getting rid of fixed fences and working closely with humans in shared workspaces. The safety of human-robot coexistence has become critical. Traditional moti...
With the development of robot technology, robot utilization is expanding in industrial fields and everyday life. To employ robots in various fields wherein humans and robots share the same space, human safety must be guaranteed in the event of a huma...
Collaborative robots, designed to work alongside humans in industrial manufacturing, are becoming increasingly prevalent. These robots typically monitor their distance from workers and slow down or stop when safety thresholds are breached. However, t...
To establish a safe human–robot interaction in collaborative agricultural environments, a field experiment was performed, acquiring data from wearable sensors placed at five different body locations on 20 participants. The human–robot collaborative t...
Soft robotics is an emerging field dedicated to the design and development of robots with soft structures. Soft robots offer unique capabilities in terms of flexibility, adaptability, and safety of physical interaction, and therefore provide advanced...
A sensory apparatus to monitor pressure distribution on the physical human-robot interface of lower-limb exoskeletons is presented. We propose a distributed measure of the interaction pressure over the whole contact area between the user and the mach...
In endoscopic sinus surgery, the robot assists the surgeon in holding the endoscope and acts as the surgeon’s third hand, which helps to reduce the surgeon’s operating burden and improve the quality of the operation. This paper proposes a...
Cooperative robots in the workspace have an effect on safety that is not yet fully understood. This work collates pre-existing knowledge on human, technological and organizational factors for human-robot interaction and develops a system dynamics mod...
With the use of collaborative robots in intelligent manufacturing, human–robot interaction has become more important in human–robot collaborations. Human–robot handover has a huge impact on human–robot interaction. For current...
Human–robot collaboration is currently one of the frontiers of industrial robot implementation. In parallel, the use of robots and robotic devices is increasing in several fields, substituting humans in “4D”—dull, dirty, dangerous, and delicate—tasks...
The reduction of cognitive tasks brought about by new developments in service-robots’ collaboration with humans in working environments has given rise to new challenges as to how to address safety issues. This paper presents insights from biology, co...
The lower limb exoskeleton is a wearable human–robot interactive equipment, which is tied to human legs and moves synchronously with the human gait. Gait tracking accuracy greatly affects the performance and safety of the lower limb exoskeleton...
In this paper, the problem of making a safe compliant contact between a human and an assistive robot is considered. Users with disabilities have a need to utilize their assistive robots for physical human–robot interaction (PHRI) during certain...
We presented a biomimetic approach to designing robot-to-human handover of objects in a collaborative assembly task. We developed a human–robot hybrid cell where a human and a robot collaborated with each other to perform the assembly operation...
Prediction of walking turns allows to improve human factors such as comfort and perceived safety in human-robot interaction. The current state-of-the-art suggests that upper body kinematics can be used for that purpose and contains evidence about the...
The integration of intention recognition systems in industrial collaborative robotics is crucial for improving safety and efficiency in modern manufacturing environments. This review paper looks at frameworks that enable collaborative robots to under...
Social intelligence in robotics appeared quite recently in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. It is becoming increasingly evident that social and interaction skills are essentially required in any application where robots need to...
The integration of robots into collaborative environments, where they physically interact with humans, requires systems capable of ensuring both safety and performance. This work introduces the development of a Variable Stiffness Impact Testing Devic...
Human–robot cooperative tasks require physical human–robot interaction (pHRI) systems that can adapt to individual human behaviors while ensuring robustness and stability. This paper presents a dual-loop control framework combining an adm...
Enabling robots to work safely close to humans requires both adherence to safety standards and the development of appropriate strategies to plan and control robot movements in accordance with human movements. Collaboration between humans and robots i...
Collaborative robots cooperate with humans to assist them in undertaking simple-to-complex tasks in several fields, including industry, education, agriculture, healthcare services, security, and space exploration. These robots play a vital role in th...
Extended reality (XR) and collaborative robots are reshaping human–robot interaction (HRI) by introducing novel control methods that enhance user experience (UX). However, human factors such as cognitive workload, usability, trust, and task per...
With the rapid advancement of science and technology, robotics is evolving towards more profound and extensive applications. Nevertheless, the inherent limitations of traditional industrial “caged” robots have significantly impeded the fu...
For the indoor navigation of service robots, human–robot interaction and adapting to the environment still need to be strengthened, including determining the navigation goal socially, improving the success rate of passing doors, and optimizing...
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