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572 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
68 Citations
8,170 Views
21 Pages

Retrieval of Biophysical Crop Variables from Multi-Angular Canopy Spectroscopy

  • Martin Danner,
  • Katja Berger,
  • Matthias Wocher,
  • Wolfram Mauser and
  • Tobias Hank

14 July 2017

The future German Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) mission, due to launch in late 2019, will deliver high resolution hyperspectral data from space and will thus contribute to a better monitoring of the dynamic surface of the earth....

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,045 Views
18 Pages

29 June 2019

Time series of vegetation biophysical variables (leaf area index (LAI), fraction canopy cover (FCOVER), fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), canopy chlorophyll content (CCC), and canopy water content (CWC)) were estimated...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
7,302 Views
20 Pages

Viewing Geometry Sensitivity of Commonly Used Vegetation Indices towards the Estimation of Biophysical Variables in Orchards

  • Jonathan Van Beek,
  • Laurent Tits,
  • Ben Somers,
  • Tom Deckers,
  • Pieter Janssens and
  • Pol Coppin

Stress-related biophysical variables of capital intensive orchard crops can be estimated with proxies via spectral vegetation indices from off-nadir viewing satellite imagery. However, variable viewing compositions affect the relationship between spe...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
11,009 Views
37 Pages

Monitoring of Irrigation Schemes by Remote Sensing: Phenology versus Retrieval of Biophysical Variables

  • Nadia Akdim,
  • Silvia Maria Alfieri,
  • Adnane Habib,
  • Abdeloihab Choukri,
  • Elijah Cheruiyot,
  • Kamal Labbassi and
  • Massimo Menenti

20 June 2014

The appraisal of crop water requirements (CWR) is crucial for the management of water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where irrigation represents the largest consumer of water, such as the Doukkala area, western Morocco. Simple an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
41 Citations
5,461 Views
26 Pages

Remote and Proximal Sensing-Derived Spectral Indices and Biophysical Variables for Spatial Variation Determination in Vineyards

  • Nicoleta Darra,
  • Emmanouil Psomiadis,
  • Aikaterini Kasimati,
  • Achilleas Anastasiou,
  • Evangelos Anastasiou and
  • Spyros Fountas

11 April 2021

Remote-sensing measurements are crucial for smart-farming applications, crop monitoring, and yield forecasting, especially in fields characterized by high heterogeneity. Therefore, in this study, Precision Viticulture (PV) methods using proximal- and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
60 Citations
10,607 Views
25 Pages

Land Cover and Crop Type Classification along the Season Based on Biophysical Variables Retrieved from Multi-Sensor High-Resolution Time Series

  • François Waldner,
  • Marie-Julie Lambert,
  • Wenjuan Li,
  • Marie Weiss,
  • Valérie Demarez,
  • David Morin,
  • Claire Marais-Sicre,
  • Olivier Hagolle,
  • Frédéric Baret and
  • Pierre Defourny

13 August 2015

With the ever-increasing number of satellites and the availability of data free of charge, the integration of multi-sensor images in coherent time series offers new opportunities for land cover and crop type classification. This article investigates...

  • Review
  • Open Access
26 Citations
6,901 Views
30 Pages

The Shadow Effect on Surface Biophysical Variables Derived from Remote Sensing: A Review

  • Seyed Kazem Alavipanah,
  • Mohammad Karimi Firozjaei,
  • Amir Sedighi,
  • Solmaz Fathololoumi,
  • Saeid Zare Naghadehi,
  • Samiraalsadat Saleh,
  • Maryam Naghdizadegan,
  • Zinat Gomeh,
  • Jamal Jokar Arsanjani and
  • Peter M. Atkinson
  • + 5 authors

12 November 2022

In remote sensing (RS), shadows play an important role, commonly affecting the quality of data recorded by remote sensors. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance to detect and model the shadow effect in RS data as well as the information that is...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
6,961 Views
19 Pages

22 June 2022

Given the present climate change context, accurate and timely coffee yield prediction is critical to all farmers who work in the coffee industry worldwide. The aim of this study is to develop and assess a coffee yield forecasting method at the region...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,558 Views
25 Pages

Long-Term Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Terrestrial Biophysical Variables in the Three-River Headwaters Region of China from Satellite and Meteorological Datasets

  • Xiangyi Bei,
  • Yunjun Yao,
  • Lilin Zhang,
  • Tongren Xu,
  • Kun Jia,
  • Xiaotong Zhang,
  • Ke Shang,
  • Jia Xu and
  • Xiaowei Chen

10 July 2019

Terrestrial biophysical variables play an essential role in quantifying the amount of energy budget, water cycle, and carbon sink over the Three-River Headwaters Region of China (TRHR). However, direct field observations are missing in this region, a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3,075 Views
20 Pages

Time Series of Quad-Pol C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar for the Forecasting of Crop Biophysical Variables of Barley Fields Using Statistical Techniques

  • Ana E. Sipols,
  • Rubén Valcarce-Diñeiro,
  • Maria Teresa Santos-Martín,
  • Nilda Sánchez and
  • Clara Simón de Blas

27 January 2022

This paper aims to both fit and predict crop biophysical variables with a SAR image series by performing a factorial experiment and estimating time series models using a combination of forecasts. Two plots of barley grown under rainfed conditions in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,409 Views
20 Pages

Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing to Estimate Biophysical Variables of Green-Onion Crop (Allium cepa L.) under Different Sources of Magnesium in Ismailia, Egypt

  • Hassan A. Hassan,
  • Emad A. Abdeldaym,
  • Mohamed Aboelghar,
  • Noha Morsy,
  • Dmitry E. Kucher,
  • Nazih Y. Rebouh and
  • Abdelraouf M. Ali

17 November 2023

Foliar feeding has been confirmed to be the fastest way of dealing with nutrient deficiencies and increasing the yield and quality of crop products. The synthesis of chlorophyll and photosynthesis are directly related to magnesium (Mg), which operate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
5,664 Views
21 Pages

20 August 2022

Rapid and accurate estimation of maize biomass is critical for predicting crop productivity. The launched Sentinel-1 (S-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Sentinel-2 (S-2) missions offer a new opportunity to map biomass. The selection of appropria...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
2,361 Views
17 Pages

Biophysical Variable Retrieval of Silage Maize with Gaussian Process Regression and Hyperparameter Optimization Algorithms

  • Elahe Akbari,
  • Ali Darvishi Boloorani,
  • Jochem Verrelst,
  • Stefano Pignatti,
  • Najmeh Neysani Samany,
  • Saeid Soufizadeh and
  • Saeid Hamzeh

24 July 2023

Quantification of vegetation biophysical variables such as leaf area index (LAI), fractional vegetation cover (fCover), and biomass are among the key factors across hydrological, agricultural, and irrigation management studies. The present study prop...

  • Article
  • Open Access
107 Citations
17,258 Views
17 Pages

Global Estimation of Biophysical Variables from Google Earth Engine Platform

  • Manuel Campos-Taberner,
  • Álvaro Moreno-Martínez,
  • Francisco Javier García-Haro,
  • Gustau Camps-Valls,
  • Nathaniel P. Robinson,
  • Jens Kattge and
  • Steven W. Running

24 July 2018

This paper proposes a processing chain for the derivation of global Leaf Area Index (LAI), Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR), Fraction Vegetation Cover (FVC), and Canopy water content (CWC) maps from 15-years of MODIS d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
128 Citations
13,452 Views
22 Pages

A Comparison of Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithms for the Retrieval of Wheat Biophysical Variables from Sentinel-2

  • Deepak Upreti,
  • Wenjiang Huang,
  • Weiping Kong,
  • Simone Pascucci,
  • Stefano Pignatti,
  • Xianfeng Zhou,
  • Huichun Ye and
  • Raffaele Casa

26 February 2019

This study focuses on the comparison of hybrid methods of estimation of biophysical variables such as leaf area index (LAI), leaf chlorophyll content (LCC), fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), fraction of vegetation cove...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,590 Views
17 Pages

Analysis of Biophysical Variables in an Onion Crop (Allium cepa L.) with Nitrogen Fertilization by Sentinel-2 Observations

  • Alejandra Casella,
  • Luciano Orden,
  • Néstor A. Pezzola,
  • Carolina Bellaccomo,
  • Cristina I. Winschel,
  • Gabriel R. Caballero,
  • Jesús Delegido,
  • Luis Manuel Navas Gracia and
  • Jochem Verrelst

11 August 2022

The production of onions bulbs (Allium cepa L.) requires a high amount of nitrogen. According to the demand of sustainable agriculture, the information-development and communication technologies allow for improving the efficiency of nitrogen fertiliz...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,775 Views
21 Pages

Can a Combination of UAV-Derived Vegetation Indices with Biophysical Variables Improve Yield Variability Assessment in Smallholder Farms?

  • Julius Adewopo,
  • Helen Peter,
  • Ibrahim Mohammed,
  • Alpha Kamara,
  • Peter Craufurd and
  • Bernard Vanlauwe

9 December 2020

The rapid assessment of maize yields in a smallholder farming system is important for understanding its spatial and temporal variability and for timely agronomic decision-support. We assessed the predictability of maize grain yield using unmanned aer...

  • Article
  • Open Access
56 Citations
5,692 Views
26 Pages

Global Sensitivity Analysis of Leaf-Canopy-Atmosphere RTMs: Implications for Biophysical Variables Retrieval from Top-of-Atmosphere Radiance Data

  • Jochem Verrelst,
  • Jorge Vicent,
  • Juan Pablo Rivera-Caicedo,
  • Maria Lumbierres,
  • Pablo Morcillo-Pallarés and
  • José Moreno

17 August 2019

Knowledge of key variables driving the top of the atmosphere (TOA) radiance over a vegetated surface is an important step to derive biophysical variables from TOA radiance data, e.g., as observed by an optical satellite. Coupled leaf-canopy-atmospher...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,728 Views
14 Pages

2 January 2025

The goal of this study was to propose and validate a method for predicting cropland suitability based on biophysical variables and machine learning according to an FAO land suitability standard using soybean (Glycine max L.) as a representative crop,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
40 Citations
5,658 Views
20 Pages

Exploring the Impact of Noise on Hybrid Inversion of PROSAIL RTM on Sentinel-2 Data

  • Nuno César de Sá,
  • Mitra Baratchi,
  • Leon T. Hauser and
  • Peter van Bodegom

11 February 2021

Remote sensing (RS) of biophysical variables plays a vital role in providing the information necessary for understanding spatio-temporal dynamics in ecosystems. The hybrid approach to retrieve biophysical variables from RS by combining Machine Learni...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,081 Views
23 Pages

22 June 2024

Biophysical variables play a crucial role in understanding phenological stages and crop dynamics, optimizing ultimate agricultural practices, and achieving sustainable crop yields. This study examined the effectiveness of the Sentinel-2 Biophysical P...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
2,503 Views
20 Pages

15 August 2022

The current study aimed to determine the spatial transferability of eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models for estimating biophysical and biochemical variables (BVs), using Sentinel-2 data. The specific objectives were to: (1) assess the effect o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,165 Views
14 Pages

Half-Century of Forest Change in a Neotropical Peri-Urban Landscape: Drivers and Trends

  • Juan Von Thaden,
  • Gilberto Binnqüist-Cervantes,
  • Octavio Pérez-Maqueo and
  • Debora Lithgow

4 April 2022

Neotropical forested landscapes have become agricultural areas and human settlements, causing forest fragmentation, land degradation, and habitat loss. Nonetheless, complex tree cover loss and recovery processes may occur even while urban areas expan...

  • Article
  • Open Access
227 Citations
16,249 Views
17 Pages

Seasonal Variations of the Surface Urban Heat Island in a Semi-Arid City

  • Sirous Haashemi,
  • Qihao Weng,
  • Ali Darvishi and
  • Seyed Kazem Alavipanah

21 April 2016

The process of the surface urban heat island (SUHI) varies with latitude, climate, topography and meteorological conditions. This study investigated the seasonal variability of SUHI in the Tehran metropolitan area, Iran, with respect to selected surf...

  • Review
  • Open Access
270 Citations
20,703 Views
26 Pages

Evaluation of the PROSAIL Model Capabilities for Future Hyperspectral Model Environments: A Review Study

  • Katja Berger,
  • Clement Atzberger,
  • Martin Danner,
  • Guido D’Urso,
  • Wolfram Mauser,
  • Francesco Vuolo and
  • Tobias Hank

10 January 2018

Upcoming satellite hyperspectral sensors require powerful and robust methodologies for making optimum use of the rich spectral data. This paper reviews the widely applied coupled PROSPECT and SAIL radiative transfer models (PROSAIL), regarding their...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,576 Views
27 Pages

13 December 2024

Accurate crop yield estimation is critical to successful agricultural operations. Current crop growth models often overlook the spatial and geographic components of the lands, leading to suboptimal yield estimates. To address this issue, assimilation...

  • Article
  • Open Access
40 Citations
5,278 Views
30 Pages

Phenotypic Traits Estimation and Preliminary Yield Assessment in Different Phenophases of Wheat Breeding Experiment Based on UAV Multispectral Images

  • Dessislava Ganeva,
  • Eugenia Roumenina,
  • Petar Dimitrov,
  • Alexander Gikov,
  • Georgi Jelev,
  • Rangel Dragov,
  • Violeta Bozhanova and
  • Krasimira Taneva

20 February 2022

The utility of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) imagery in retrieving phenotypic data to support plant breeding research has been a topic of increasing interest in recent years. The advantages of image-based phenotyping are related to the high spatial...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
6,787 Views
24 Pages

5 April 2018

The effects of increasing ambient ozone (O3) concentrations on food security has become a major concern as the demand for agricultural productivity is projected to increase significantly over the next several decades. In this contribution, the respon...

  • Article
  • Open Access
32 Citations
5,425 Views
21 Pages

Short-Term Effects of Fire Severity on Vegetation Based on Sentinel-2 Satellite Data

  • Aru Han,
  • Song Qing,
  • Yongbin Bao,
  • Li Na,
  • Yuhai Bao,
  • Xingpeng Liu,
  • Jiquan Zhang and
  • Chunyi Wang

5 January 2021

An important component in improving the quality of forests is to study the interference intensity of forest fires, in order to describe the intensity of the forest fire and the vegetation recovery, and to improve the monitoring ability of the dynamic...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
4,925 Views
23 Pages

Influence of Soil Properties on Maize and Wheat Nitrogen Status Assessment from Sentinel-2 Data

  • Alberto Crema,
  • Mirco Boschetti,
  • Francesco Nutini,
  • Donato Cillis and
  • Raffaele Casa

8 July 2020

Soil properties variability is a factor that greatly influences cereals crops production and interacts with a proper assessment of crop nutritional status, which is fundamental to support site-specific management able to guarantee a sustainable crop...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
5,052 Views
23 Pages

Assimilation of Sentinel-2 Biophysical Variables into a Digital Twin for the Automated Irrigation Scheduling of a Vineyard

  • Joaquim Bellvert,
  • Ana Pelechá,
  • Magí Pamies-Sans,
  • Jordi Virgili,
  • Mireia Torres and
  • Jaume Casadesús

8 July 2023

Decision support systems (DSS) are needed to carry out precision irrigation. Key issues in this regard include how to deal with spatial variability and the adoption of deficit irrigation strategies at the field scale. A software application originall...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
10,630 Views
27 Pages

The decrease in water resources due to climate change is expected to have a significant impact on agriculture. On the other hand, as the world population increases so does the demand for food. It is necessary to better manage environmental resources...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,987 Views
15 Pages

5 June 2024

This study analyzed the CO2 capture potential for the Parque Natural Regional Serrania de las Quinchas buffer area in Colombia. For this purpose, multitemporal analysis for land covering for the years 1989, 2000, 2006, 2011, 2017 and 2021 was perform...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
8,926 Views
19 Pages

8 September 2016

Mangroves are one of the most productive coastal communities in the world. Although we acknowledge the significance of ecosystems, mangroves are under natural and anthropogenic pressures at various scales. Therefore, understanding biophysical variati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
14,792 Views
15 Pages

17 August 2009

In this paper we present a framework for modelling potential species distribution (PSD) of balsam fir [bF; Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] as a function of landscape-level descriptions of: (i) growing degree days (GDD: a temperature related index), (ii) l...

  • Article
  • Open Access
35 Citations
6,894 Views
17 Pages

Spectral Invariant Provides a Practical Modeling Approach for Future Biophysical Variable Estimations

  • Yelu Zeng,
  • Baodong Xu,
  • Gaofei Yin,
  • Shengbiao Wu,
  • Guoqing Hu,
  • Kai Yan,
  • Bin Yang,
  • Wanjuan Song and
  • Jing Li

20 September 2018

This paper presents a simple radiative transfer model based on spectral invariant properties (SIP). The canopy structure parameters, including the leaf angle distribution and multi-angular clumping index, are explicitly described in the SIP model. Th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,434 Views
24 Pages

27 January 2021

Many planted Pinus forests are severely affected by defoliation and mortality processes caused by pests and droughts. The mapping of forest tree crown variables (e.g., leaf area index and pigments) is particularly useful in stand delineation for the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,727 Views
16 Pages

7 December 2021

Taxol drugs can be extracted from various species of the taxaceae family. It is an alkaloid (metabolic product) used for the treatment of various types of cancer. Since taxol is a metabolic product, multiple aspects such as edaphic, biochemical, topo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,955 Views
16 Pages

Variability of Net Primary Productivity and Associated Biophysical Drivers in Bahía de La Paz (Mexico)

  • Rafael Cervantes-Duarte,
  • Eduardo González-Rodríguez,
  • René Funes-Rodríguez,
  • Alejandro Ramos-Rodríguez ,
  • María Yesenia Torres-Hernández and
  • Fernando Aguirre-Bahena

23 April 2021

The use of information of net primary productivity (NPP) from remote ocean color sensors is increasingly common in marine sciences. The resulting information has been used to explain variations in productivity at different spatio-temporal scales and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,911 Views
23 Pages

Geospatial Insights into Aridity Conditions: MODIS Products and GIS Modeling in Northeast Brazil

  • Jhon Lennon Bezerra da Silva,
  • Marcos Vinícius da Silva,
  • Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim,
  • Pabrício Marcos Oliveira Lopes,
  • Henrique Fonseca Elias de Oliveira,
  • Josef Augusto Oberdan Souza Silva,
  • Márcio Mesquita,
  • Ailton Alves de Carvalho,
  • Alan Cézar Bezerra and
  • Geber Barbosa de Albuquerque Moura
  • + 3 authors

26 February 2024

Northeast Brazil (NEB), particularly its semiarid region, represents an area highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change, including severe droughts, and intense anthropogenic activities. These stresses may be accelerating environmental degrad...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,779 Views
22 Pages

UAV Multispectral Imaging Potential to Monitor and Predict Agronomic Characteristics of Different Forage Associations

  • Javier Plaza,
  • Marco Criado,
  • Nilda Sánchez,
  • Rodrigo Pérez-Sánchez,
  • Carlos Palacios and
  • Francisco Charfolé

25 August 2021

The capability of UAVs imagery to monitor and predict the evolution of several forage associations was assessed during the whole growing cycle of 2019–20. For this purpose, eight different forage associations grown in triplicate were used: vetch-barl...

  • Review
  • Open Access
35 Citations
6,868 Views
14 Pages

16 September 2022

The increasing global demand for food has forced farmers to produce higher crop yields in order to keep up with population growth, while maintaining sustainable production for the environment. As knowledge about natural cropland suitability is mandat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
859 Views
18 Pages

Long-Term Winter Cover Crops Alter the Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities in Brazilian Oxisols

  • Cezar Francisco Araujo-Junior,
  • Aretusa Daniela Resende Mendes,
  • Mario Miyazawa and
  • Diva Souza Andrade

30 September 2025

The diversification of cover crops grown in soils with granulometric variability may potentially enhance microbial community and enzyme activities. Thus, the main goal was to evaluate the effect of autumn/winter cover crop sequences and cash crops in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
58 Citations
7,894 Views
11 Pages

Forest Structure Estimation from a UAV-Based Photogrammetric Point Cloud in Managed Temperate Coniferous Forests

  • Tetsuji Ota,
  • Miyuki Ogawa,
  • Nobuya Mizoue,
  • Keiko Fukumoto and
  • Shigejiro Yoshida

13 September 2017

Here, we investigated the capabilities of a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetric point cloud for estimating forest biophysical properties in managed temperate coniferous forests in Japan, and the importance of spectral informatio...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
7,213 Views
21 Pages

27 October 2021

Global food security is critical to eliminating hunger and malnutrition. In the changing climate, farmers in developing countries must adopt technologies and farming practices such as precision agriculture (PA). PA-based approaches enable farmers to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,863 Views
25 Pages

24 January 2022

Expansive growth is a culmination of many biological processes. It is fundamental to volume growth, development, morphogenesis, sensory responses, and environmental responses of plants, fungi, and algae. Expansive growth of walled cells and plant tis...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
12,227 Views
19 Pages

10 November 2009

Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) is commonly believed to be declining throughout western North America. Using a historical vegetation map and Landsat TM5 imagery, this study detects changes in regional aspen cover over two different time periods o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,524 Views
15 Pages

Uncovering the Role of Biophysical Factors and Socioeconomic Forces Shaping Soil Sensitivity to Degradation: Insights from Italy

  • Filippo Gambella,
  • Andrea Colantoni,
  • Gianluca Egidi,
  • Nathan Morrow,
  • Marcela Prokopová,
  • Luca Salvati,
  • Antonio Giménez-Morera and
  • Jesús Rodrigo-Comino

Following an operational framework derived from earlier research, our study research estimates the specific contribution of biophysical and socioeconomic factors to soil sensitivity to degradation at two-time points (Early-1990s and Early-2010s) in I...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
7,260 Views
27 Pages

Remotely Sensing the Biophysical Drivers of Sardinella aurita Variability in Ivorian Waters

  • Jean-Baptiste Kassi,
  • Marie-Fanny Racault,
  • Brice A. Mobio,
  • Trevor Platt,
  • Shubha Sathyendranath,
  • Dionysios E. Raitsos and
  • Kouadio Affian

18 May 2018

The coastal regions of the Gulf of Guinea constitute one of the major marine ecosystems, producing essential living marine resources for the populations of Western Africa. In this region, the Ivorian continental shelf is under pressure from various a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
44 Citations
5,922 Views
18 Pages

13 December 2017

The effects of biophysical and meteorological factors on land surface temperature (LST) have been well studied in previous research. However, less attention has been paid to examine how building materials influence the magnitude of LST within an urba...

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