13 February 2026
In this Special Issue, “Development of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling”, readers can find a selection of articles that discuss the most current challenges and advances in this area [...]
13 February 2026
Background/Objectives: Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) receiving long-term metformin therapy, primarily due to impaired intestinal absorption. Conventional oral B12 supplementation is often associa...
12 February 2026
Background/Objectives: Lamotrigine is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer with wide interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, necessitating therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Patient-based quality control (PBQC) strategies, such as tracking medi...
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive brain tumour in adults, and despite ongoing efforts, effective treatment remains limited. Standard therapies often face challenges because of the tumour’s specific biology, its aggressive nature, a...
In the original published paper [...]
12 February 2026
Background: Pentamidine isethionate (PTM) and miltefosine (MF) are clinically relevant antiparasitic agents whose use is limited by toxicity, emerging resistance, and the lack of effective co-delivery strategies. Tetronic® 1307 (T1307), an amphip...
Background/Objectives: Fluvoxamine is commonly prescribed for depressive disorders in elderly patients, a population that frequently exhibits variable drug responses and increased susceptibility to adverse effects due to age-related physiological cha...
Background/Objectives: The precise elimination of Schistosoma japonicum eggs within host tissues poses a significant therapeutic obstacle due to the ineffectiveness of existing drugs in penetrating the eggs’ protective shields. This investigati...
Liver fibrosis (LF) is the final common pathological outcome of various chronic liver diseases. Advanced LF can progress to severe complications, such as cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently, liver transplantation r...
Background: A new paradigm for treating glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells was proposed. Instead of trying to eliminate cancer cells infiltrated in the brain, this new treatment is based on attracting them into a macroporous gel-based trap, where th...
Background/Objectives: Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) hold great therapeutic potential due to their precise ability to modulate gene expression, particularly for treating genetic and neurological disorders. However, effective delivery of ASOs rema...
Background/Objectives: Plant-derived bioactives offer pharmacological potential but are often limited by poor delivery and selectivity. The Pulicaria crispa dichloromethane fraction (DCMF) shows potent but non-selective antiproliferative activity. Th...
Background/Objectives: Sesamin is a bioactive lignan with well-documented anti-inflammatory activity but limited therapeutic application due to poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. This study developed phosphatidylcholine-based sesamin-lo...
Background/Objectives: Alginate-based rafts are typically used for antacids and provide a floating, gastric-retaining gel in the stomach that acts as a barrier to the entrance of stomach acid into the esophagus. Various technologies have been develop...
The prevalence of diabetes and its worldwide co-morbidities is escalating. Therefore, the number of users of therapeutic peptides including insulin analogs and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), will unavoidably increase in the com...
ILs have emerged as versatile formulation components in DDS due to their tunable physicochemical properties and ability to modulate biomolecular and interfacial interactions. This review examines IL-enabled DDS strategies across major delivery platfo...
Chronic wounds remain a major unmet clinical challenge, often failing to progress to normal healing due to persistent inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, and cellular senescence. Exosomes have recently been investigated as promising acellular therap...
Background: The evaporation of volatile ingredients from topical formulations strongly influences transdermal permeation and overall bioavailability, yet coupled evaporation–permeation dynamics are mostly simplified or neglected in existing mod...
Background/Objectives: Nanoemulsions (NEs) are a promising platform for transdermal drug delivery (TDD); however, how the polarity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) influences NE structure–performance relationships remains insuffici...
Background/Objectives. This research supports the development of long-acting injectables (LAIs) via in situ gel (ISG) technology by illustrating the influence of drug properties and formulation variables on in vitro drug release (Part 1), and providi...
Background/Objectives: To overcome bottlenecks in the application of Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) in veterinary traditional Chinese medicine, such as low bioavailability of its active ingredients, gastrointestinal irritation, and muscular toxicity,...
Background: CD25, the α-chain of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, is highly expressed on malignant cells and tumor-infiltrating regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in hematologic malignancies, making it an attractive therapeutic target for tumor elimi...
Background/Objectives: Radiation-induced jaw bone injury is a severe and refractory complication following radiotherapy, and the key to treatment is promoting osteogenic differentiation and alleviating oxidative stress injury in irradiated BMSCs. Cer...
Background: The process of healing skin wounds frequently faces obstacles due to inadequate repair. Even though recombinant Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is a significant therapeutic agent, its short half-life and instability limit its clinical appli...
Background: Radiosensitizers can be used to enhance tumor response and mitigate toxicity in healthy tissues during radiation therapy. This study investigates the radiosensitizing potential of the metallacarborane Fe/57Fe-ferrabisdicarbollide in SK-BR...
Background/Objectives: Certain yeast species are recognized as significant opportunistic pathogens, capable of causing severe systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with disrupted physiological barriers. The risin...
Chronic hepatitis B remains difficult to cure because viral persistence is maintained within hepatocytes through covalently closed circular DNA and integrated viral sequences that continue to drive antigen production even when viral replication is ef...
Background/Objectives: Lymph node dissection during surgeries for cervical and endometrial cancer is associated with significant complications and morbidity. Sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) mapping using indocyanine green (ICG) has become a promising met...
Background/Objectives: Brimonidine tartrate (BRT), a selective α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, is commonly used in the treatment of glaucoma. However, conventional eye drop formulations suffer from poor ocular bioavailability and rapid eliminat...
The progressive shift of healthcare systems toward personalised and patient-centred therapeutic strategies has exposed the structural limitations of standardised pharmaceutical manufacturing [...]
Background: Resistance to HER2-targeted therapies remains a major limitation in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, where disease progression inevitably occurs in advanced stages. Development of next-generation strategies that retain activi...
Oncosomes, a distinct subclass of extracellular vesicles released predominantly by tumor cells, have attracted increasing interest as potential carriers for targeted drug delivery in cancer research. Characterized by their large size (1–10 &mic...
Background/Objectives: γ-Cyclodextrin metal–organic frameworks (γ-CD-MOFs) are biocompatible porous crystalline materials that combine the advantages of both γ-cyclodextrins (γ-CDs) and MOFs, making them promising carrie...
Background/Objectives: Manual preparation of semisolid formulations (creams, ointments, gels) is prone to variability in mixing energy and time, which may compromise uniform API distribution. This study aimed to evaluate an Electronic Mortar and Pest...
Background: Synthetic vascular scaffolds often exhibit limited mechanical performance and low hydrophilicity, which compromise early vascular integration and increase susceptibility to bacterial colonization. This study developed 3D-printed scaffolds...
Background/Objectives: The mechanisms leading to oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction during stroke are not well understood. Methods: We tested if transient cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in mice results in the generation of oxidized phospholi...
Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is characterized by tear film instability and a hyperosmolar ocular surface, which significantly impacts ocular health. Artificial tear solutions (ATSs) have been effective frontline treatments for DED, yet current c...
Background/Objectives: Oleuropein is a bioactive phenolic compound from olive leaves with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to develop a sprayable oral gel containing an oleuropein-rich aqueous extract and to evaluate its pharm...
This review highlights the rapidly evolving role of artificial intelligence (AI) in transforming lung cancer care, with a specific focus on its integrated applications across diagnosis, biomarker discovery, and drug development. The novelty of this w...
Background/Objectives: This study evaluated how variations in emulsion composition influence the viability of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG within biphasic systems, as well as the overall stability of the resulting formulations. Metho...
Smart hydrogels, which combine hydrogel properties such as biocompatibility, high drug loading capacity, and injectability while being responsive to external stimuli, are a subclass of smart materials. Smart hydrogels respond to effects that are not...
Background/Objectives: The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of human health, playing a vital role in metabolism, immunity, and disease susceptibility. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, is associated with gastrointestina...
Effective drug delivery in oncology is challenged by a hierarchy of biological barriers—from abnormal vasculature and dense stroma to cellular immunosuppression and specialized interfaces like the blood–brain barrier. This review provides...
Background: Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) based on nanomaterials have garnered widespread attention in cancer treatment. However, most single-modal nanotherapeutics suffer from limited therapeutic efficacy. Methods: Herein...
Tape stripping (TS) is a minimally invasive technique that enables in vivo assessment of drug uptake in the skin of human subjects. Whilst appropriate for evaluating the bioequivalence (BE) of topical formulations, methodological variations persist,...
Background/Objectives: Knee osteoarthritis stands as the highest prevalent joint disease worldwide, affecting millions of adults and significantly impairing mobility and quality of life. Pro-inflammatory cells and cytokines are considered key players...
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle to the development of brain-targeted drug delivery systems, restricting greater than 98% of small molecules (<500 Da) and virtually all large-molecule drugs from entering the brain tissues fr...
Background/Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health threat. Current administration methods for anti-TB drugs, including oral or intravenous, suffer from systemic side effects, low lung distribution, and poor patient compliance. Dry...
Background/Objectives: Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, highlighting the need for delivery systems capable of efficiently transporting both chemotherapeutic drugs and therap...
Background: Hypericin is a natural photosensitizer with promising antifungal potential, but its uptake kinetics in Candida (C.) albicans are not well defined. Objective: To characterize the time-dependent uptake of hypericin by C. albicans in vitro u...
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