Horticulturae

19 pages, 1428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Mango (Mangifera indica L.) SWEET Gene Family

by Lirong Zhou, Xinyu Liu, Xiangchi Leng, Meng Zhang, Zhuanying Yang, Wentian Xu, Songbiao Wang, Hongxia Wu and Qingzhi Liang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060675 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2025

Abstract

The SWEET gene family is a group of genes with important functions in plants that is mainly involved in the transport and metabolism of carbohydrate substances. In this study, 32 mango (Mangifera indica L.) SWEET genes were screened and identified at the [...] Read more.

The SWEET gene family is a group of genes with important functions in plants that is mainly involved in the transport and metabolism of carbohydrate substances. In this study, 32 mango (Mangifera indica L.) SWEET genes were screened and identified at the whole-genome level through bioinformatics methods. A systematic predictive analysis was conducted on their physicochemical properties, homology relationships, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal locations, genomic structures, promoter cis-acting elements, and transcription factor regulatory networks. Meanwhile, the transcription levels of mango SWEET genes in different varieties and at different fruit development stages were also analyzed to obtain information about their functions. These results showed that 32 mango SWEET genes were unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis divided the SWEET proteins of mango, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., and Oryza sativa L. into four clades; in each clade, the mango SWEET proteins were more closely related to those of Arabidopsis. Four types of cis-acting elements were also found in the promoter regions of mango SWEET genes, including light-responsive elements, development-related elements, plant hormone-responsive elements, and stress-responsive elements. Interestingly, we found that the Misweet3 and Misweet10 genes showed strong expression in different mango varieties and at different fruit development stages, and they both belonged to the fourth Clade IV (G4) in the phylogenetic tree, indicating that they play a key role in the sugar accumulation process of mango. In this study, the upstream transcription factors of Misweet3, Misweet8, Misweet9, Misweet10, Misweet17, Misweet18, Misweet19, Misweet21, Misweet23, Misweet25, Misweet27, and Misweet31, those that had high expression levels in the transcriptome data, were predicted, and transcription factors such as ERF, NAC, WRKY, MYB, and C₂H₂ were screened. The results of this study provide a new way to further study the regulation of mango SWEET family genes on sugar accumulation, highlight their potential role in fruit quality improvement, and lay an important foundation for further study of mango SWEET function and enhance mango competitiveness in fruit market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection New Insights into Developmental Biology of Fruit Trees)

21 pages, 3044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Evaluation of Cracking Characteristics in Sweet Potato Tubers and Screening for Crack-Tolerant Varieties

by Jinxiong Liu, Fan Ding, Xue Zou, Yaoguo Qin, Shunlin Zheng, Zhitong Ren, Qiang Wang and Cuiqin Yang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060674 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the cracking characteristics of various sweet potato germplasm resources, explore their genetic associations, and identify crack-resistant varieties. Using 40 sweet potato varieties as experimental materials, we systematically analyzed their cracking traits and assessed 24 parameters. The results indicated [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the cracking characteristics of various sweet potato germplasm resources, explore their genetic associations, and identify crack-resistant varieties. Using 40 sweet potato varieties as experimental materials, we systematically analyzed their cracking traits and assessed 24 parameters. The results indicated that genotypic differences significantly influenced sweet potato cracking (p = 1.11 × 10⁻¹⁶). Correlation analyses revealed that skin thickness (r = −0.81, p < 0.01), skin hardness (r = −0.50, p < 0.01), and starch content (r = −0.51, p < 0.01) were highly significantly negatively correlated with cracking incidence. Microscopic observations of the cell structure revealed that the development quality of the cork cambium and vascular cambium during the secondary growth stage plays a crucial role in maintaining the structural stability of the tuber skin, whereas the internal expansion force during the rapid growth phase is a direct factor that induces cracking. A multiple regression prediction model (R² = 0.85) was established based on ten core indices. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation system for sweet potato cracking resistance was developed by integrating principal component analysis and the entropy-weighted TOPSIS model (kappa = 0.752, p = 5 × 10⁻⁶), identifying seven extremely crack-resistant and nine crack-resistant varieties. This study is the first to construct a multidimensional evaluation system for cracking traits in sweet potato, offering a reference for breeding crack-resistant varieties and developing cultivation, prevention, and management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

16 pages, 418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tissue-Specific Metabolic Changes During Postharvest Storage of Friariello Napoletano

by Giovanna Marta Fusco, Maria Grazia Annunziata, Laura Alberico, Rosalinda Nicastro, Pasqualina Woodrow and Petronia Carillo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060673 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2025

Abstract

Brassica rapa L. subsp. sylvestris L. Janch. var. esculenta Hort., commonly known as Friariello Napoletano, is a traditional Italian landrace valued for its distinctive flavor, nutritional richness, and cultural relevance in Mediterranean cuisine. The present study investigates the biochemical changes during postharvest [...] Read more.

Brassica rapa L. subsp. sylvestris L. Janch. var. esculenta Hort., commonly known as Friariello Napoletano, is a traditional Italian landrace valued for its distinctive flavor, nutritional richness, and cultural relevance in Mediterranean cuisine. The present study investigates the biochemical changes during postharvest storage at two temperatures (4 °C and 10 °C) for 2 and 20 days in its inflorescences and leaves. The experiment aimed to evaluate the evolution of primary and secondary metabolites, with a focus on pigments, amino acids, antioxidants, and glucosinolates. Significant degradation of chlorophylls was observed, particularly in leaves, with reductions of over 90% after 20 days at both temperatures. Conversely, α-tocopherol content increased significantly, especially in inflorescences, indicating an antioxidant response to storage stress. Amino acid analysis revealed a sharp decline in glutamate (up to 79%) and glutamine (up to 83%) in leaves, while proline levels increased across both tissues, reflecting an osmoprotective response. Essential amino acids (EAAs) showed variable responses, with certain EAAs, such as histidine and phenylalanine, accumulating under specific storage conditions. Soluble sugars, starch, and glucosinolates also decreased significantly, with soluble sugars dropping by 87% in inflorescences and 90% in leaves after 20 days at 10 °C. Pathway analysis revealed distinct tissue-specific metabolic responses, with inflorescences exhibiting more stable antioxidant levels and greater resilience to oxidative stress compared to leaves. These findings provide insights into the metabolic adjustments during postharvest senescence and may support future strategies aimed at preserving shelf life and nutritional quality of this traditional Mediterranean vegetable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Postharvest and Processing Technologies of Horticultural Crops: New Perspectives and Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 2890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of Biochemical Traits in Cold-Stored ‘Karaerik’ Grapes by Different Edible Coatings

by Nurhan Keskin, Sinem Karakus, Harlene Hatterman-Valenti, Ozkan Kaya, Seyda Cavusoglu, Onur Tekin, Birhan Kunter, Sıddık Keskin, Ahmet Çağlar Kaya and Birol Karadogan

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060672 - 12 Jun 2025

Abstract

Understanding the effects of edible coatings on postharvest quality and shelf life of ‘Karaerik’ grapes is crucial for improving storage outcomes and reducing losses. However, limited information exists regarding the effectiveness of different coating materials on this regionally significant variety. In this study, [...] Read more.

Understanding the effects of edible coatings on postharvest quality and shelf life of ‘Karaerik’ grapes is crucial for improving storage outcomes and reducing losses. However, limited information exists regarding the effectiveness of different coating materials on this regionally significant variety. In this study, ‘Karaerik’ grapes were treated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and locust bean gum (KB) coatings and stored under cold conditions (0 ± 0.5 °C, 90–95% relative humidity) for 0, 25, 45, and 60 days. Storage duration and coating treatments significantly affected most physical, physiological, and biochemical parameters. During storage, grape weight loss progressively increased, reaching 9.60% in the control by day 60. Coatings slightly reduced this loss, with KB showing the lowest (5.11%) compared to the control (5.69%). Respiration initially declined but surged again at day 60, especially in the control (96.4 μmol CO₂/kg·hour), while coatings helped mitigate this rise. Ethylene release remained unchanged. A slight pH decline (~4.6%) was observed in the control, while KB-treated grapes maintained higher pH and lower acidity. Soluble solids remained stable across treatments. Color changed notably during storage: a* nearly doubled (more redness), b* increased (less blue), and chroma (C*) declined by ~25%, especially in uncoated grapes. Total sugar dropped by ~43% in KB-treated grapes, with the control retaining the most. Tartaric acid decreased by ~55%, notably in KB samples. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics declined significantly (~66%) in the control. CMC coating better-preserved antioxidant capacity, while the control showed the highest phenolic levels overall. Ferulic, gallic, and chlorogenic acids increased toward the end of storage, particularly in coated grapes. In contrast, rutin and vanillic acid peaked mid-storage and were better preserved in the control. The heatmap showed significant metabolite changes in fruit samples across 0D, 25D, 45D, and 60D storage periods under CMC, CNT, and KB treatments, with distinct clustering patterns revealing treatment-specific biochemical responses. The correlation matrix revealed strong positive relationships (r > 0.70) between total sugar, glucose, and fructose levels, while ethylene showed significant negative correlations (−0.65 to −0.85) with maturity index, pH, and total soluble solids, indicating interconnected metabolic pathways during fruit ripening and storage. We conclude that edible coating selection significantly influences grape biochemical stability during cold storage, with CMC emerging as a superior choice for maintaining certain quality parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Horticulturae: Sustainable Practices in Table Grape Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 18182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AgriLiteNet: Lightweight Multi-Scale Tomato Pest and Disease Detection for Agricultural Robots

by Chenghan Yang, Baidong Zhao, Madina Mansurova, Tianyan Zhou, Qiyuan Liu, Junwei Bao and Dingkun Zheng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060671 - 12 Jun 2025

Abstract

Real-time detection of tomato pests and diseases is essential for precision agriculture, as it requires high accuracy, speed, and energy efficiency of edge-computing agricultural robots. This study proposes AgriLiteNet (Lightweight Networks for Agriculture), a lightweight neural network integrating MobileNetV3 for local feature extraction [...] Read more.

Real-time detection of tomato pests and diseases is essential for precision agriculture, as it requires high accuracy, speed, and energy efficiency of edge-computing agricultural robots. This study proposes AgriLiteNet (Lightweight Networks for Agriculture), a lightweight neural network integrating MobileNetV3 for local feature extraction and a streamlined Swin Transformer for global modeling. AgriLiteNet is further enhanced by a lightweight channel–spatial mixed attention module and a feature pyramid network, enabling the detection of nine tomato pests and diseases, including small targets like spider mites, dense targets like bacterial spot, and large targets like late blight. It achieves a mean average precision at an intersection-over-union threshold of 0.5 of 0.98735, which is comparable to Suppression Mask R-CNN (0.98955) and Cas-VSwin Transformer (0.98874), and exceeds the performance of YOLOv5n (0.98249) and GMC-MobileV3 (0.98143). With 2.0 million parameters and 0.608 GFLOPs, AgriLiteNet delivers an inference speed of 35 frames per second and power consumption of 15 watts on NVIDIA Jetson Orin NX, surpassing Suppression Mask R-CNN (8 FPS, 22 W) and Cas-VSwin Transformer (12 FPS, 20 W). The model’s efficiency and compact design make it highly suitable for deployment in agricultural robots, supporting sustainable farming through precise pest and disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Artificial Intelligence in Digital Horticulture: Practices and Innovations)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Physiological Responses of Cymbopogon citratus and Pennisetum alopecuroides to Saline Water Irrigation

by Haifeng Xing, Asmita Paudel, Julie Hershkowitz and Youping Sun

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060670 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

Reclaimed water provides a sustainable and economical alternative for landscape irrigation, but its elevated salinity can negatively impact sensitive plant species. This study evaluated the salinity tolerance of two widely used ornamental grasses, Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) and Pennisetum alopecuroides (fountain grass), under [...] Read more.

Reclaimed water provides a sustainable and economical alternative for landscape irrigation, but its elevated salinity can negatively impact sensitive plant species. This study evaluated the salinity tolerance of two widely used ornamental grasses, Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) and Pennisetum alopecuroides (fountain grass), under three electrical conductivity (EC) levels: 1.2 (control), 5.0, and 10.0 dS·m⁻¹. Visual assessments over 62 days showed that both species maintained an acceptable appearance under saline conditions. C. citratus exhibited no foliar damage, with visual scores above 4.6 even at 10.0 dS·m⁻¹, whereas P. alopecuroides showed slight leaf injury but retained a score of 3.9 or higher. Growth parameters, such as plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight, decreased significantly in C. citratus with increasing salinity, particularly at 10.0 dS·m⁻¹, where reductions reached up to 51.1%. In contrast, P. alopecuroides maintained stable growth indices under salt stress, although leaf area and tiller number were notably affected at high EC levels. Both species accumulated substantial amounts of sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻); C. citratus showed more pronounced ion accumulation than P. alopecuroides. These findings suggest that both grasses are suitable for landscaping in saline environments, although they employ different physiological strategies to cope with salt stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extending the Vase Life of Vanda Orchid Cut Flowers Using Plasma Technology

by Choncharoen Sawangrat, Soraya Ruamrungsri, Dheerawan Boonyawan, Takron Opassuwan, Sa-nguansak Thanapornpoonpong, Suchanuch Jaipinta, Chaiartid Inkham and Kanokwan Panjama

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060669 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

Flower senescence during transport is a major concern for exporters, as physiological disorders reduce quality and price. Extending vase life is crucial, and while 1-MCP is widely used, it requires low temperatures and is less effective in disease control. Cold plasma generated by [...] Read more.

Flower senescence during transport is a major concern for exporters, as physiological disorders reduce quality and price. Extending vase life is crucial, and while 1-MCP is widely used, it requires low temperatures and is less effective in disease control. Cold plasma generated by dielectric barrier discharge produces reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), offering an alternative method for preserving cut flowers. This study compared the effectiveness of cold plasma and 1-MCP treatments on the vase life of Vanda ‘Pachara Blue’ orchids. Flowers were treated with T1 (control at 25 °C), T2 (1-MCP), and T3 (cold plasma). Both 1-MCP and cold plasma significantly reduced ethylene production (26.15 and 25.20 µL C₂H₄/kg/hr, respectively) and respiration rate (63.92 and 57.44 mg CO₂/kg/hr, respectively) compared to the control (40.93 µL C₂H₄/kg/hr and 118.21 mg CO₂/kg/hr). Vase life was extended to 19.33 days in both treatments, an 87.12% increase over the control (10.33 days). Additionally, cold plasma slightly improved water uptake and reduced petal discoloration. These findings indicate that cold plasma is a promising alternative to 1-MCP, offering effective flower preservation without the need for low-temperature conditions and potential additional benefits in floral quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 2330 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Intelligent Orchard Sprayer Technologies: Perception, Control, and System Integration

by Minmin Wu, Siyuan Liu, Ziyu Li, Mingxiong Ou, Shiqun Dai, Xiang Dong, Xiaowen Wang, Li Jiang and Weidong Jia

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060668 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

With the ongoing advancement of global agricultural modernization, intelligent technologies have gained significant attention in agricultural production—particularly in the field of intelligent orchard sprayers, where notable progress has been achieved. Intelligent orchard sprayers, equipped with precise sensing and control systems, enable targeted spraying. [...] Read more.

With the ongoing advancement of global agricultural modernization, intelligent technologies have gained significant attention in agricultural production—particularly in the field of intelligent orchard sprayers, where notable progress has been achieved. Intelligent orchard sprayers, equipped with precise sensing and control systems, enable targeted spraying. This enhances the efficiency of crop health management, reduces pesticide usage, minimizes environmental pollution, and supports the development of precision agriculture. This review focuses on three core modules of intelligent sprayer technology: perception and intelligent control, spray deposition and drift control, and autonomous navigation with system integration. By addressing key areas such as sensor technologies, object detection algorithms, and real-time control strategies, this review explores current challenges and future directions for intelligent orchard sprayer technology. It also discusses existing technical bottlenecks and obstacles to large-scale adoption. Finally, this review highlights the pivotal role of intelligent orchard sprayer technology in enhancing crop management efficiency, improving environmental sustainability, and facilitating the transformation of agricultural production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbiome Dynamics in Four Different Casing Materials Used for Milky Mushroom (Calocybe indica) Cultivation

by Jia-Ling Zhao, Yuan-Yuan Shao and Bin Liu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060667 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

Calocybe indica (milky mushroom), an edible mushroom with significant nutritional value, shows potential for cultivation in subtropical regions. Investigating the composition and diversity of the microbial community structure of the casing materials of C. indica is of great significance for understanding the stable [...] Read more.

Calocybe indica (milky mushroom), an edible mushroom with significant nutritional value, shows potential for cultivation in subtropical regions. Investigating the composition and diversity of the microbial community structure of the casing materials of C. indica is of great significance for understanding the stable yield of the mushroom. This study evaluated four casing materials—loamy soil (LS), loamy soil + cow dung (LS + CD), loamy soil + sand (LS + S), and plant ash (PA)—for their effects on mushroom yield, soil physicochemical properties, and microbial dynamics. The results demonstrated that LS + CD significantly enhanced the yield (2078.50 g) and fruiting body quality, with the shortest pinhead formation time (7.67 days) and superior morphological traits (e.g., cap diameter: 10.10 cm). Physicochemical analysis revealed LS + CD’s elevated moisture retention (19.7%), nutrient availability (e.g., available P: 59.63 mg/kg), and microbial biomass (C: 399.22 mg/kg), alongside a distinct microbial community dominated by Basidiomycota and Actinobacteria. Conversely, LS + S exhibited poor performance due to low water retention and nutrient deficiencies. Redundancy analysis highlighted strong correlations between soil nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus) and microbial composition, with LS + CD fostering a microbiome conducive to mushroom growth. These findings underscore LS + CD as the optimal casing material for C. indica cultivation, improving both yield and soil health. Future studies should explore the functional roles of key microbes and refine organic amendments for sustainable practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

bHLH291 Regulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Kiwifruit Under Bagging Treatment

by Xin-Yun Kang, Ke-Yu Zhang, Mei-Yan Tu, Xue-Ren Yin and Wen-Qiu Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060666 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

Anthocyanins, as natural pigments belonging to the flavonoid group, play a crucial role in plant reproduction, stress resistance and human fitness. Kiwifruit, which is rich in anthocyanins, demonstrates significant potential for promoting health benefits. Although light is widely recognized as an inducer of [...] Read more.

Anthocyanins, as natural pigments belonging to the flavonoid group, play a crucial role in plant reproduction, stress resistance and human fitness. Kiwifruit, which is rich in anthocyanins, demonstrates significant potential for promoting health benefits. Although light is widely recognized as an inducer of anthocyanin accumulation, we observed that kiwifruit accumulates more anthocyanin after bagging treatment. This unexpected finding suggests that anthocyanin biosynthesis in kiwifruit may also be regulated by other environmental or physiological factors influenced by bagging, such as humidity, temperature, or gas exchange. This implies that bagging may trigger specific regulatory pathways that promote anthocyanin accumulation through multiple environmental cues beyond light. Therefore, RNA-seq was performed to find the potential pathway. A total of 260 differentially expressed genes were found, including 8 transcription factors and 1 anthocyanin biosynthesis gene F3GT1 (glucosyltransferase). Dual-luciferase reporter assays revealed that bHLH transcription factors could activate the promoter of F3GT1 by 2.45-fold. We infer that bagging treatment increases the kiwifruit anthocyanin content through the bHLH291-F3GT1 pathway. This study not only highlights the potential agricultural applications and commercial value of bagging treatment but also provides new theoretical support for improving fruit coloration and optimizing breeding strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 7238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Grapevine Transpirational Losses Using Models Under Different Conditions of Soil Moisture

by Efthymios Kokkotos, Anastasios Zotos, Dimitrios E. Tsesmelis, Eleftherios A. Petrakis and Angelos Patakas

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060665 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

Irrigation management in areas affected by climate change requires an accurate determination of transpiration losses in crops, such as grapevines. The existing literature has primarily focused on estimating transpiration losses based on two critical microclimate factors: vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and solar radiation [...] Read more.

Irrigation management in areas affected by climate change requires an accurate determination of transpiration losses in crops, such as grapevines. The existing literature has primarily focused on estimating transpiration losses based on two critical microclimate factors: vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and solar radiation intensity (R_s). However, most studies have been conducted under abundant soil water availability conditions, whereas research under limited water availability remains scarce. Thus, this study aims to develop models capable of accurately determining transpiration losses of grapevines under both full irrigation and limited soil water conditions. Sap flow sensors using the heat ratio method were employed to measure transpirational losses. These measurements were compared with the results from the models afterward. The results suggest that VPD was the dominant factor affecting canopy conductance, which decreased exponentially as VPD increased. Furthermore, a piecewise linear regression analysis revealed a threshold value for Rs during both study years. This finding suggests that Rs impacts transpiration losses in two distinct ways, highlighting the necessity to develop two separate models for determining transpiration losses each study year. The estimation capability of the models was verified using the k-fold cross-validation method, suggesting that reliable predictions can be made under both well-watered and rainfed conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Irrigation and Water Management Strategies for Horticultural Systems)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silicon Enhances Antioxidant Capacity and Photochemical Efficiency in Drought-Stressed Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) Putting Greens

by Xunzhong Zhang, Travis Roberson, Mike Goatley, Taylor Flanary and David McCall

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060664 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is an important cool-season turfgrass species that is not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the mechanisms underlying silicon (Si) on creeping bentgrass drought tolerance under field conditions from 2022 [...] Read more.

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is an important cool-season turfgrass species that is not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the mechanisms underlying silicon (Si) on creeping bentgrass drought tolerance under field conditions from 2022 to 2023. Five treatments, including a control (potassium silicate at 0.95 and 1.90 mL m⁻²), Dyamin-OSA at 0.64 and 1.28 mL m⁻², and Agsil 21 at 0.35 mL m⁻², were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications and applied biweekly to creeping bentgrass putting greens during summer months. Deficit irrigation was applied to induce drought stress in June and July. The Si treatments exhibited beneficial effects on turf quality, physiological fitness, and root viability. K-silicate at 1.90 mL m⁻² and Agsil 21 at 0.35 mL m⁻² increased the leaf Si content by 32.0% and 22.8%, respectively, when compared to the control, as measured at the end of the trial. Among the treatments, K-silicate at 1.90 mL m⁻², Dyamin-OSA at 0.64 mL m⁻², and Agsil 21 at 0.35 mL m⁻² tended to have greater beneficial effects than other Si treatments. Exogenous Si may improve drought tolerance by enhancing root growth and viability, Si uptake by roots, and antioxidant capacity and by protecting photosynthetic function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Biostimulants in Agriculture—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 1213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Physiological Factors and Performance of Ungrafted GRN Rootstocks Under Moderate Water-Stress Conditions

by Jose R. Munoz, Jr., Jocelyn Alvarez Arredondo, Maria Alvarez Arredondo, Ava Brackenbury, John Howell, Jennifer Wootten, Myles Adams and Jean Catherine Dodson Peterson

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060663 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

The commercial production of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) relies heavily on rootstocks that are hybrids of non-vinifera parentage. The relatively newly released GRN rootstocks (GRN-1, GRN-2, GRN-3, GRN-4, and GRN-5) were bred from especially under-studied genetic backgrounds. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

The commercial production of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) relies heavily on rootstocks that are hybrids of non-vinifera parentage. The relatively newly released GRN rootstocks (GRN-1, GRN-2, GRN-3, GRN-4, and GRN-5) were bred from especially under-studied genetic backgrounds. This study aimed to evaluate ungrafted GRN-series grape rootstocks under moderate water-stress conditions and to characterize and compare their physiological performances. Each of the GRN rootstocks had specific physiological characteristics that would make them suitable for a wide range of growing conditions and vineyard management goals. GRN-1 had growth habits which were more vigorous and the highest carbohydrate storage levels, while GRN-2 had the highest level of nitrogen and the largest leaf area, but the lowest levels of carbohydrate storage. GRN-3 was less tolerant to high-salinity soils, and had the longest internodes, while GRN-4 had high boron levels, which supports flowering and fruit set, and short internodes. GRN-5 was consistently moderate across all measured areas, except internode thickness, for which it was the highest. These findings show the variations in physiological growth habits among the ungrafted GRN-series rootstocks and suggest that growth habits, carbohydrate storage, leaf canopy, fruit production, and nutrition vary based on rootstock parentage. Further investigation is needed to determine whether these characteristics persist when grafted onto Vitis vinifera L. scions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 7673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overexpression of MdNRT2.4 Improved Low-Nitrogen Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco Lines

by Junrong Li, Ke Liu, Chunqiong Shang, Qiandong Hou, Xiangmei Nie, Qinglong Dong, Dong Huang and Qian Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060662 - 10 Jun 2025

Viewed by 76

Abstract

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is an economically important fruit. The use of nitrate by plants plays a crucial role in their growth and development, and its absorption and dispersal are controlled by nitrate transport proteins (NRTs). In this study, we investigated the [...] Read more.

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is an economically important fruit. The use of nitrate by plants plays a crucial role in their growth and development, and its absorption and dispersal are controlled by nitrate transport proteins (NRTs). In this study, we investigated the potential function of MdNRT2.4 under low-nitrogen (N) stress by overexpressing it in tobacco. Compared with plants treated with a normal nitrogen level (5 mM), the MdNRT2.4 overexpression lines under low-N stress (0.25 mM) exhibited significantly greater plant height and width, as well as larger leaves and a higher leaf density, than wild-type plants, suggesting that the overexpression of MdNRT2.4 enhances the low-N tolerance of tobacco. Enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities in the MdNRT2.4 overexpression plant lines promoted the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, which reduced damage to their cell membranes. GUS staining of pMdNRT2.4::GUS-transformed Arabidopsis thaliana lines showed that MdNRT2.4 was expressed in the roots, vascular bundles, seeds in fruit pods, and young anther sites, suggesting that MdNRT2.4 mediates the transport of nitrate to these tissues, indicating that MdNRT2.4 might promote nitrate utilization in apple and improve its tolerance to low-N stress. Experiments using yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays revealed that MdbHLH3 binds to the MdNRT2.4 promoter and activates its expression. MdbHLH3 belongs to the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF). It is speculated that MdbHLH3 may interact with the promoter of MdNRT2.4 to regulate N metabolism in plants and enhance their low-N tolerance. This study establishes a theoretical framework for investigating the regulatory mechanisms of low-N responsive molecules in apple, while simultaneously providing valuable genetic resources for molecular breeding programs targeting low-N tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wettability of the Plant Growth Regulator 28-HB on Pepper Leaves at Different Developmental Stages

by Xiaoya Dong, Kaiyuan Wang, Zhouming Gao, Cuicui Zhu, Xianping Guan and Baijing Qiu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060661 - 10 Jun 2025

Viewed by 63

Abstract

Studying the wettability of plant growth regulators on crop leaf surfaces is essential for enhancing crop yield. In this study, the wetting behavior of the plant growth regulator 28-homo-brassinolide (28-HB), supplemented with different surfactants, was investigated on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of [...] Read more.

Studying the wettability of plant growth regulators on crop leaf surfaces is essential for enhancing crop yield. In this study, the wetting behavior of the plant growth regulator 28-homo-brassinolide (28-HB), supplemented with different surfactants, was investigated on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of pepper leaves at the seedling, early flowering, and fruiting stages. The microstructure of the leaf surface was characterized using an ultra-depth field microscope. The surface free energy (SFE) of the leaves was calculated using the Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaelble (OWRK) method. Additionally, the surface tension of the 28-HB solutions containing various surfactants, as well as the contact angles on pepper leaves at different growth stages, were measured. The experimental results indicate that the surface free energy (SFE) of pepper leaves significantly decreases with plant maturation. Specifically, the SFE of the adaxial leaf surface declined from 43.4 mJ/m² at the seedling stage to 26.6 mJ/m² at the fruiting stage, while the abaxial surface decreased from 27.5 mJ/m² to 22.5 mJ/m². At all growth stages, the relative polar component (R_P) of the adaxial surface was consistently higher than that of the abaxial surface and showed a gradual decline from 94.70% to 57.34% as development progressed. The contact angle measurement showed that the addition of surfactant decreased the contact angle of 28-HB on the leaf surface and increased the wetting area. Among the tested formulations, the addition of fatty alcohol ethoxylates (AEO-9) significantly reduced the contact angle to below 45°, and resulted in an adhesion tension below 30 mN/m and adhesion work lower than 105 mJ/m². These values indicate superior wetting performance compared to formulations containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). This study integrates the surface free energy characteristics of pepper leaves at different growth stages with the wetting performance of various surfactant systems, providing a quantitative basis for the selection and optimization of surfactants in agricultural spray formulations. The findings offer theoretical support for precise pesticide application strategies, enhancing pesticide adhesion and absorption on leaf surfaces, thereby improving pesticide utilization efficiency throughout the crop growth cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies Applied in Horticultural Crop Protection)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocontrol Mechanisms of Trichoderma longibrachiatum SMF2 Against Lanzhou Lily Wilt Disease Caused by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani

by Xing Cao, Jiahui Liang, Ze Wu, Mingshun Zhang, Haiyan Li, Tao Liu, Wenxiu Yue, Yanan Wang, Liangbao Jiang, Guiqing Wang, Peibao Zhao, Yanrong Zhou, Xiulan Chen, Juanjuan Sui, Dong Hou, Xiaoyan Song and Xiusheng Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060660 - 10 Jun 2025

Viewed by 56

Abstract

Lanzhou lily is a plant native to China with high edible, medicinal, and ornamental value that is relatively susceptible to Fusarium wilt. In this study, the application of Trichoderma longibrachiatum SMF2 (TlSMF2) effectively controlled Lanzhou lily wilt disease caused by Fusarium [...] Read more.

Lanzhou lily is a plant native to China with high edible, medicinal, and ornamental value that is relatively susceptible to Fusarium wilt. In this study, the application of Trichoderma longibrachiatum SMF2 (TlSMF2) effectively controlled Lanzhou lily wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani. TlSMF2 and the antimicrobial peptaibols trichokonins (TKs) produced by TlSMF2 inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of these two pathogens. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the TKs-induced defense responses of Lanzhou lily were mainly related to the production of plant hormones and defense enzymes. In detail, TKs treatment increased the levels of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) and the expression of their related genes and upregulated the activities of chitinase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Moreover, TKs caused the induction of LzWRKY26 and LzWRKY75, which is highly homologous to LrWRKY3 that positively regulates Lilium regale resistance to F. oxysporum. LzWRKY26 expression was also induced by SA and MeJA treatments and F. oxysporum infection, which was consistent with the findings that many cis-acting elements associated with phytohormones and stress responses are present in the promoter region of LzWRKY26. Therefore, the biocontrol mechanisms of TlSMF2 against Lanzhou lily wilt disease involve substrate competition and toxicity against pathogens, as well as the induction of systemic resistance in plants. Our results highlight a promising biological control agent for soil-borne fungal diseases and offer deeper insights into the biocontrol mechanisms of TlSMF2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitigating Soil-Borne Diseases in Horticultural Crops: Current Challenges and Management Strategies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 6071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Expression Analysis of C2H2-Type Zinc Finger Protein (C2H2-ZFP) Genes in Bougainvillea in Different Colored Bracts

by Yushan Wang, Yanping Hu, Wen Liu, Wengang Yu, Jian Wang and Yang Zhou

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060659 - 10 Jun 2025

Viewed by 72

Abstract

Bougainvillea spp. possesses vibrantly pigmented bracts that exhibit high ornamental value. Zinc finger proteins (ZFPs), one of the most extensive transcription factor families in plants, are implicated in diverse biological functions, including plant morphogenesis, transcriptional regulation, and responses to abiotic stress. Nevertheless, their [...] Read more.

Bougainvillea spp. possesses vibrantly pigmented bracts that exhibit high ornamental value. Zinc finger proteins (ZFPs), one of the most extensive transcription factor families in plants, are implicated in diverse biological functions, including plant morphogenesis, transcriptional regulation, and responses to abiotic stress. Nevertheless, their regulatory roles in bract pigmentation in Bougainvillea remain unexplored. In the present investigation, 105 BbZFP genes were identified from the Bougainvillea genome via bioinformatic analyses and subsequently categorized into five subgroups according to the quantity and arrangement of their structural domains. Analysis of physicochemical characteristics demonstrated that the BbZFP family encompasses both acidic and basic proteins, all of which are hydrophilic and predominantly classified as unstable proteins. Gene structure analysis revealed that the majority of BbZFP genes comprise between one and five– introns. Cis-regulatory element analysis suggested that BbZFP promoter regions harbor multiple elements associated with abiotic stress responses, hormonal regulation, and light responsiveness, implying their possible participation in these physiological processes. Transcriptomic data analysis revealed distinct expression patterns of BbZFP genes among bracts of different colors. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) further confirmed that Bou_68928, Bou_1096, Bou_4400, and Bou_17631 were markedly upregulated in yellow bracts relative to white bracts, suggesting their involvement in flavonoid biosynthesis regulation. Meanwhile, Bou_1096 and Bou_17631 exhibited markedly elevated expression in red-purple bracts compared to white bracts, potentially regulating betacyanin biosynthesis in Bougainvillea. These findings offer candidate genes for molecular breeding strategies aimed at enhancing floral coloration in Bougainvillea. The next step will involve elucidating the functions of these genes in bract coloration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Color Formation and Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Melon Fruit Nutritional Composition Using VIS/NIR/SWIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics

by Dimitrios S. Kasampalis, Pavlos Tsouvaltzis and Anastasios S. Siomos

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060658 - 10 Jun 2025

Viewed by 62

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using visible, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared (VIS/NIR/SWIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics for non-destructive prediction of nutritional components in Galia-type melon fruit. A total of 175 fully ripened melons were analyzed for soluble [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using visible, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared (VIS/NIR/SWIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics for non-destructive prediction of nutritional components in Galia-type melon fruit. A total of 175 fully ripened melons were analyzed for soluble solids content (SSC), dry matter (DM), pH, and titratable acidity (TA) using partial least squares regression (PLSR), principal components regression (PCR), and multilinear regression (MLR) models. Reflectance spectra were captured at three fruit locations (pedicel, equatorial, and blossom end) in the 350–2500 nm range. The PLSR models yielded the highest accuracy, particularly for SSC (R = 0.80) and SSC/TA (R = 0.79), using equatorial zone data. Variable selection using the genetic algorithm (GA) successfully identified the spectral regions critical for each nutritional parameter at the pedicel, equatorial, and blossom end areas. Key wavelengths for SSC were found around 670–720 nm and 900–1100 nm, with important wavelengths for pH prediction located near 1450 nm, and, for dry matter, in the ranges 1900–1950 nm. Variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis confirmed that specific wavelengths between 680 and 720 nm, 900 and 1000 nm, 1400 and 1500 nm, and 1900 and 2000 nm were consistently critical in predicting the SSC, DM, and SSC/TA ratio. The highest VIP scores for SSC prediction were noted around 690 nm and 950 nm, while dry matter prediction was influenced most by wavelengths in the 1450 nm to 1950 nm range. This study demonstrates the potential of VIS/NIR/SWIR spectroscopy for rapid, non-destructive melon quality assessment, with implications for commercial postharvest management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Non-Destructive Detection Techniques in Horticultural Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 6079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Genomic and Cytogenetic Analyses Reveal the Landscape of Typical Tandem Repeats in Water Hyacinth

by Liqing Feng, Ying Zhuang, Dagang Tian, Linwei Zhou, Jinbin Wang and Jingping Fang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060657 - 10 Jun 2025

Viewed by 67

Abstract

Tandem repeats in eukaryotic genomes exhibit intrinsic instability that drives rapid evolutionary diversification. However, their evolutionary dynamics in allopolyploid species such as the water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes or Eichhornia crassipes) remain largely unexplored. Our study used integrated genomic and cytogenetic analyses [...] Read more.

Tandem repeats in eukaryotic genomes exhibit intrinsic instability that drives rapid evolutionary diversification. However, their evolutionary dynamics in allopolyploid species such as the water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes or Eichhornia crassipes) remain largely unexplored. Our study used integrated genomic and cytogenetic analyses of this allotetraploid species to characterize five representative tandem repeats, revealing distinct genomic distribution patterns and copy number polymorphisms. The highly abundant centromeric tandem repeat, putative CentEc, was co-localized with the centromeric retrotransposon CREc, indicating conserved centromeric architecture. Remarkably, putative CentEc sequences showed high sequence conservation (91–100%) despite subgenome divergence, indicative of active concerted evolution. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed ubiquitous telomeric repeats across all chromosomes, while an interstitial chromosome region tandem repeat (ICREc) displayed chromosome-specific localization, both exhibiting copy number variation. Furthermore, differential rDNA organization was observed. 5S rDNA was detected on a single chromosome pair, whereas 35S rDNA exhibited multichromosomal distribution with varying intensities. A comparative analysis of subgenome-specific rDNA sequences revealed substantial heterogeneity in both 5S and 35S rDNA units, suggesting subgenome-biased evolutionary trajectories. Collectively, these findings elucidate the structural and evolutionary significance of tandem repeats in shaping the water hyacinth genome, highlighting mechanisms of concerted evolution and subgenome-biased adaptation in invasive polyploids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects in Germplasm of Tropical Fruits)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Timing Matters, Not Just the Treatment: Phenological-Stage-Specific Effects of Seaweed and Ethanol Applications on Postharvest Quality of ‘Tarsus Beyazı’ Grapes

by Güzin Tarım, Sinem Karakus, Nurhan Keskin, Harlene Hatterman-Valenti and Ozkan Kaya

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060656 - 10 Jun 2025

Viewed by 70

Abstract

In the context of increasing consumer demand for high-quality, residue-free fruits and the growing emphasis on sustainable postharvest technologies, identifying effective, eco-friendly treatments to maintain grape quality during storage has become a critical focus in modern viticulture. Over the course of this study, [...] Read more.

In the context of increasing consumer demand for high-quality, residue-free fruits and the growing emphasis on sustainable postharvest technologies, identifying effective, eco-friendly treatments to maintain grape quality during storage has become a critical focus in modern viticulture. Over the course of this study, we examined the influence of seaweed extract (derived from Ascophyllum nodosum) and ethanol-based postharvest treatments on the postharvest quality of the ‘Tarsus Beyazı’ grape. The seaweed extract was applied at six specific phenological stages according to the BBCH scale: BBCH 13 (3rd–4th leaf stage, 0.40%), BBCH 60 (first flower sheath opening, 0.50%), BBCH 71 (fruit set, 0.50%), BBCH 75 (chickpea-sized berries, 0.50%), BBCH 81 (start of ripening, 0.60%), and BBCH 89 (harvest maturity, 0.60%). After harvest, grape clusters were subjected to four different postharvest treatments: untreated control, control + ethanol (20% ethanol immersion for 10 s), seaweed extract alone (preharvest applications only), and seaweed extract + ethanol (combining both preharvest and postharvest treatments). Grapes were stored at 0–1 °C and 90–95% RH for three weeks, followed by a shelf-life evaluation period of three days at 20 °C and 60–65% RH. The findings revealed that seaweed treatments, especially when applied during cluster formation and berry development, effectively mitigated physiological deterioration, preserving stem turgidity and enhancing berry firmness. In contrast, ethanol showed variable responses, occasionally exerting negative effects, with only marginal benefits observed when applied at optimal developmental stages. Both the type and timing of application emerged as critical determinants of key quality attributes such as weight loss, decay incidence, and must properties (TSS, pH, TA). Correlation and heat map analyses indicated the interrelationships among these parameters and the differential impacts of treatments. These results suggest that phenological-stage-specific seaweed applications hold significant potential as a sustainable strategy to extend the storage life and maintain the market quality of ‘Tarsus Beyazı’ grapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Postharvest Preservation and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uncovering the Technical Efficiency Divide Among Apple Farmers in China: Insights from Stochastic Frontier Analysis and Micro-Level Data

by Ruopin Qu, Yongchang Wu and Jing Chen

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060655 - 9 Jun 2025

Viewed by 47

Abstract

Based on a sample of 412 apple farmer households across Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Shandong provinces in China, this study estimates production efficiency and its determinants for apple growers. The stochastic frontier analysis model estimates technical efficiency while the Tobit model identifies influencing [...] Read more.

Based on a sample of 412 apple farmer households across Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Shandong provinces in China, this study estimates production efficiency and its determinants for apple growers. The stochastic frontier analysis model estimates technical efficiency while the Tobit model identifies influencing factors. Results show that the average production efficiency of smallholder apple farmers is relatively low at 0.45, indicating significant room for improvement. Production efficiency exhibits an inverted “U” relationship with farm scale, and excessive pesticide inputs have a significant negative impact on efficiency. Computer use to search for information among farmers was found to significantly improve apple production efficiency, indicating the potential benefits of ICT adoption. However, membership in cooperatives had no significant effect on efficiency. Overall, these findings suggest approaches to enhance the productivity of China’s apple growers through improved resource allocation, optimized farm scale, and the promotion of information technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural Economics, Policy, Business Management and Marketing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Morphophysiological Characterization of Oryzalin-Induced Polyploids and Variants in Lysimachia xiangxiensis

by Yuanshan Zhang, Guanqun Chen, Ruixue Shen, Qiujing Li and Xiaohui Shen

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060654 - 9 Jun 2025

Viewed by 38

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of oryzalin treatments on the induction of polyploids and variants, as well as their subsequent morphological and physiological characteristics, in Lysimachia xiangxiensis, a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Primulaceae family that is known for its ornamental value. [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of oryzalin treatments on the induction of polyploids and variants, as well as their subsequent morphological and physiological characteristics, in Lysimachia xiangxiensis, a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Primulaceae family that is known for its ornamental value. A total of 52 of the 162 treated stem segments survived after treatments and further developed into plantlets, and significant morphological changes in leaf color and growth status were observed. Using flow cytometry and chromosome counting, plants are categorized into the three variant types (VT1, VT2, and VT3), that is, VT1 and VT2 were diploid aneuploids, while VT3 was triploid. The optimized polyploid induction scheme involved treatment with 0.001% oryzalin for 4 days, resulting in an induction rate of up to 100%. Higher concentrations and longer exposure durations resulted in lower survival and polyploid induction rates of all stem segments during the above-mentioned processing. Observation of morphological features indicated that triploid VT3 vines were longer, with larger and thicker leaves and more guard cells, but lower stomatal density, compared with diploid aneuploids or the wild type. Polyploids outperformed other types in terms of chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO₂ concentration, but had a lower flavonoid content. The results demonstrate that oryzalin can effectively induce polyploidy and variants in L. xiangxiensis, resulting in beneficial changes in morphology and physiological characteristics; this should provide valuable insight into the improvement of excellent varieties in plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Soil–Sand Mixtures on Alchemilla mollis and Geranium psilostemon: A Multi-Criteria Performance Analysis Under Low-Altitude Conditions Using PROMETHEE

by Türker Oğuztürk and Cengiz Acar

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060653 - 9 Jun 2025

Viewed by 50

Abstract

The selection of suitable growing media plays a vital role in the successful adaptation of high-altitude plant species to lowland urban landscapes. This study assessed the morphological and physiological performance of two native perennial species, Alchemilla mollis and Geranium psilostemon, under low-altitude [...] Read more.

The selection of suitable growing media plays a vital role in the successful adaptation of high-altitude plant species to lowland urban landscapes. This study assessed the morphological and physiological performance of two native perennial species, Alchemilla mollis and Geranium psilostemon, under low-altitude conditions using three different soil–sand (mil) mixtures: TA (50% soil–50% sand), TB (75% soil–25% sand), and TC (100% soil). Over a 17-month period, key plant growth parameters—including height, canopy diameter, leaf number, and chlorophyll concentration—were systematically monitored. Additionally, soil samples were analyzed before and after cultivation to determine pH, total nitrogen, organic matter, organic carbon, phosphorus, and electrical conductivity levels. To evaluate overall performance, the PROMETHEE multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method was applied, incorporating 11 criteria spanning plant development, soil quality, and economic considerations. Results revealed that the TC medium offered the most favorable outcomes for both species, particularly in terms of chlorophyll content and biomass accumulation. Conversely, the TB medium supported higher retention of nitrogen and organic matter. While A. mollis exhibited greater resilience under suboptimal conditions, G. psilostemon demonstrated rapid development under favorable settings. These findings underscore the potential of native perennial species in sustainable landscape design and validate the use of MCDM approaches in optimizing plant–soil interactions in horticultural applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Cultivation and Breeding Propagation of Ornamental and Aromatic Plants and Their Use in Landscaping Design)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 6334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strawberry Fruit Deformity Detection and Symmetry Quantification Using Deep Learning and Geometric Feature Analysis

by Lili Jiang, Yunfei Wang, Haohao Yan, Yingzi Yin and Chong Wu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060652 - 9 Jun 2025

Viewed by 33

Abstract

The external appearance of strawberry fruits serves as a critical criterion for their commercial value and grading standards. However, current research primarily emphasizes ripeness and surface defects, with limited attention given to the quantitative analysis of geometric characteristics such as deformity and symmetry. [...] Read more.

The external appearance of strawberry fruits serves as a critical criterion for their commercial value and grading standards. However, current research primarily emphasizes ripeness and surface defects, with limited attention given to the quantitative analysis of geometric characteristics such as deformity and symmetry. To address this gap, this study proposes a comprehensive evaluation framework that integrates deep learning-based segmentation with geometric analysis for strawberry appearance quality assessment. First, an enhanced YOLOv11 segmentation model incorporating a Squeeze-and-Excitation attention mechanism was developed to enable high-precision extraction of individual fruits, achieving Precision, Recall, AP₅₀, and F1 scores of 91.11%, 87.46%, 92.90%, and 88.45%, respectively. Second, a deformity quantification method was designed based on the number of deformity points (N_d), deformity rate (R_d), and spatial distance metrics (G_min and G_max). Experimental results demonstrated significant differences in R_d and G_max between deformed and normal strawberries, indicating strong classification capability. Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to extract the primary axis direction, and morphological symmetry was quantitatively evaluated using Intersection over Union (IoU) and Area Difference Ratio (AreaD_Ratio). The results revealed that most samples fell within an IoU range of 0.6–0.8 and AreaD_Ratio below 0.4, indicating noticeable inter-individual differences in fruit symmetry. This study aims to establish a three-stage analytical framework—segmentation, deformity quantification, and symmetry evaluation—for assessing strawberry appearance quality, with the goal of supporting key applications in automated grading and precision quality inspection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cytochrome P450 CYP76F14 Mediates the Conversion of Its Substrate Linalool in Table Grape Berries

by Zhizhong Song, Jinjin Zhang, Matthew Shi, Dong Li and Xiaohua Liu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060651 - 9 Jun 2025

Viewed by 28

Abstract

Aroma composition serves as a pivotal quality determinant in table grapes (Vitis vinifera). While the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP76F14 is implicated in aroma biosynthesis, its functional role in grape berries remains uncharacterized. A comparative analysis of three aroma-distinct cultivars—Muscat type ‘Irsai [...] Read more.

Aroma composition serves as a pivotal quality determinant in table grapes (Vitis vinifera). While the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP76F14 is implicated in aroma biosynthesis, its functional role in grape berries remains uncharacterized. A comparative analysis of three aroma-distinct cultivars—Muscat type ‘Irsai Oliver’, Neutral type ‘Yanhong’, and Berry-like type ‘Venus Seedless’—revealed cultivar-specific linalool accumulation patterns. ‘Irsai Oliver’ exhibited sustained linalool biosynthesis from the fruit set through to maturity (from Stage 1 to Stage 5), with concentrations peaking at Stage 3 (veraison phase) and remaining elevated until harvest, surpassing the other two cultivars. Transcriptional profiling demonstrated that the CYP76F14 expression exhibited a similar trend with the accumulation of linalool levels, showing a higher expression in ‘Irsai Oliver’ across the developmental stages. A structural analysis identified 12 divergent residues in the ‘Irsai Oliver’ CYP76F14 variant, including E378 and T380 within the conserved substrate recognition site. The site-directed mutagenesis of these residues (CYP76F14-E378G/T380A) reduced the catalytic efficiency by 68–72% compared to the wild-type (in vitro LC-MS/MS assays), confirming their functional significance. This work reveals that cytochrome P450 CYP76F14 mediates the conversion of its substrate linalool in table grape berries, especially of Muscat type grapes, and proposes the CYP76F14 polymorphic variants as molecular markers for aroma-type breeding. The identified catalytic residues (E378/T380) provide targets for enzymatic engineering to modulate the terpenoid profiles in Vitis species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Tree Physiology and Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Plasma Discharge Intensities and Spraying Intervals for Enhanced Growth, Mineral Uptake, and Yield in Aeroponically Grown Lettuce

by Abdallah Harold Mosha, Pengfei Shen, Jianmin Gao, Osama Elsherbiny and Waqar Ahmed Qureshi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060650 - 7 Jun 2025

Viewed by 320

Abstract

Sustainable agriculture necessitates innovative solutions to enhance plant growth while optimizing resource efficiency. Plasma discharge generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and NO₂⁻), which form plasma-activated water upon dissolution, affecting the nutritional [...] Read more.

Sustainable agriculture necessitates innovative solutions to enhance plant growth while optimizing resource efficiency. Plasma discharge generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and NO₂⁻), which form plasma-activated water upon dissolution, affecting the nutritional solution pH and electrical conductivity (EC) and, consequently, plant development. Four treatments were applied, resulting from combining high or low plasma discharge intensities at 45 or 60 min spray intervals: low plasma discharge with a 45 min interval (T1), low plasma discharge with a 60 min interval (T2), high plasma discharge with a 45 min interval (T3), and high plasma discharge with a 60 min interval (T4). The experiment followed a 4 × 5 × 2 factorial design comprising the four treatments, five replications per treatment, and two independent experimental repeats, resulting in forty experimental units. Each unit contained 12 lettuce plants, for a total of 480 plants. The multivariate analysis of variance confirmed statistically significant treatment effects. The combination of high plasma intensity and a 45 min spray interval significantly increased the growth parameters and yield as compared with the other treatments. In particular, compared with T1, which produced the lowest values across all measured parameters, T3 resulted in a 97% increase in leaf area, a 72% increase in stem diameter, a 49% increase in leaf number, a 44% increase in leaf width, and a 30% increase in leaf length. Additionally, T3 increased edible yield by 210% and total biomass production by 203% compared with T1. These results demonstrate the combined effect of plasma intensity and spraying frequency in optimizing plant development in aeroponic systems. As far as mineral uptake is concerned, T3 increased the nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium concentrations by 18.2%, 16.7%, 32.3%, 20.2%, and 11.2%, respectively, compared with T1. The regression analysis further validated the robustness of the findings, indicating plasma intensity to be a dominant factor. Enhanced mineral uptake (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and consistent growth trends across treatments highlighted the significance of plasma technology in optimizing plant growth, yield, and nutrient absorption, suggesting it is a sustainable and efficient approach to modern agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Aeroponics System in Horticulture Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 224 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue: ‘Sustainable Viticulture: Soil Fertility, Plant Nutrition and Grape Quality’

by Fernando Visconti, Roberto López and Miguel Ángel Olego

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060649 - 7 Jun 2025

Viewed by 173

Abstract

Sustainable viticulture is the practice of growing grapes indefinitely—for winemaking, juice production, or fresh or dry consumption—while upholding the highest standards of product quality and environmental stewardship [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Viticulture: Soil Fertility, Plant Nutrition and Grape Quality)

24 pages, 4905 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genotype × Environment Interaction and Correlations Between Agronomic Traits, Flowering, and Fruit Set in Cassava

by Luana da Silva Guedes, Massaine Bandeira e Sousa and Eder Jorge de Oliveira

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060648 - 7 Jun 2025

Viewed by 198

Abstract

The lack of synchronization and low flowering rates in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) present significant challenges for breeding programs. This study evaluated (i) genetic variability in flowering and fruiting; (ii) genotype × environment interactions and climatic influences on flowering; and (iii) correlations [...] Read more.

The lack of synchronization and low flowering rates in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) present significant challenges for breeding programs. This study evaluated (i) genetic variability in flowering and fruiting; (ii) genotype × environment interactions and climatic influences on flowering; and (iii) correlations between plant architecture, flowering traits, and yield. Two field experiments were conducted with 290 and 343 genotypes, respectively. From 4 months after planting (MAPs), flowering and fruiting traits were monitored monthly. At 12 MAPs, plant architecture, root yield, and quality traits were assessed. Genotypes were grouped using discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). The results showed significant genetic variability for flowering and fruiting. About 76% of genotypes flowered in both environments, while 24% flowered in only one. Early flowering (by 4 MAPs) occurred in 86% of genotypes. Five distinct genotype groups were identified, with Group 1 showing superior flowering and early onset. Optimal flower production occurred at mean daily temperatures within the range 21.5–24 °C in Experiment 2. However, no significant correlations were found between flowering and yield traits. This study provides insights into cassava flowering dynamics and supports breeding efforts to develop improved populations with more-predictable flowering behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 663 KiB

Open AccessReview

Crosstalk of Abscisic Acid with Other Hormones and Signaling Molecules in Tomato Cold Stress Tolerance

by Fei Ding, Xiulan Fan, Rongrong Tian, Meiling Wang and Zhihong Sun

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060647 - 6 Jun 2025

Viewed by 349

Abstract

Cold stress adversely impacts tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production, particularly in temperate regions, by impairing growth, development, and yield. Abscisic acid (ABA), a key phytohormone, plays a central role in mediating tomato’s response to cold stress through a complex crosstalk network with [...] Read more.

Cold stress adversely impacts tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production, particularly in temperate regions, by impairing growth, development, and yield. Abscisic acid (ABA), a key phytohormone, plays a central role in mediating tomato’s response to cold stress through a complex crosstalk network with other hormones and signaling molecules. This review examines ABA’s interactions with hormones such as ethylene, jasmonates, auxin, gibberellins, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, and strigolactones, as well as signaling molecules like hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, and calcium. These interactions regulate various physiological processes, including osmolyte accumulation, membrane stability, and oxidative stress mitigation, and influence the expression of cold-responsive genes, such as CBFs, COR, and LEA. Critical knowledge gaps remain, particularly in understanding ABA’s context-specific interactions with other hormones and the integration of calcium signaling with ABA pathways under cold stress. By synthesizing current research, this review enhances our understanding of tomato’s cold stress response and provides insights for genetically improving cold tolerance, supporting sustainable tomato production amid climate challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality Control and Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in the Post-Genomic Era)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3150 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effects of Water-Deficit Stress on Cannabis sativa L. Development and Production of Secondary Metabolites: A Review

by Shiksha Sharma, Thais Alberti, Rodrigo De Sarandy Raposo, Aldwin M. Anterola, Jennifer Weber, Andre A. Diatta and Jose F. Da Cunha Leme Filho

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060646 - 6 Jun 2025

Viewed by 776

Abstract

Water-deficit stress is typically viewed as detrimental to agricultural yields. It has been found to enhance secondary metabolite concentrations in certain essential oil-producing plants, including Cannabis sativa L. Cannabis is a versatile plant from the Cannabaceae family which is used for its fibers, [...] Read more.

Water-deficit stress is typically viewed as detrimental to agricultural yields. It has been found to enhance secondary metabolite concentrations in certain essential oil-producing plants, including Cannabis sativa L. Cannabis is a versatile plant from the Cannabaceae family which is used for its fibers, seeds, and bioactive compounds, including medicinal and recreational cannabinoids. Furthermore, it exhibits significant metabolic shifts under water-deficit stress conditions, which may impact the production of these resources. This review explores the physiological mechanisms underlying the metabolic responses of cannabis to water-deficit stress, focusing on how water-deficit stress could promote the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Water-deficit stress induces metabolic changes in cannabis, leading to secondary metabolite accumulation. Water shortages cause stomatal closure, significantly reducing CO₂ uptake and fixation via the Calvin cycle and leading to an oversupply of NADPH+H⁺. This oversupply allows metabolic processes to shift toward synthesizing highly reduced compounds, such as secondary metabolites. Overall, the literature suggests that the controlled application of water-deficit stress during cannabis cultivation can enhance cannabinoid quality and yields, offering a practical strategy for optimizing plant productivity while addressing current knowledge gaps in metabolic signaling pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Horticulturae, Volume 11, Issue 6 (June 2025) – 115 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI