Horticulturae

15 pages, 3476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Putative Upstream Regulators DoNF-YB3 and DoIDD12 Correlate with DoGSTF11 Expression and Anthocyanin Accumulation in Dendrobium officinale

by Yingying Liu, Jiadong Chen, Xiaojing Duan, Man Zhang, Zhengming Tao and Wu Jiang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060711 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 168

Abstract

Dendrobium officinale is a traditional and valuable medicinal herb, with extensive research conducted on its polysaccharides, alkaloids, and other components, yet studies on anthocyanins remain limited. In this study, we analyzed the expression levels of GST family genes in green and purplish D. [...] Read more.

Dendrobium officinale is a traditional and valuable medicinal herb, with extensive research conducted on its polysaccharides, alkaloids, and other components, yet studies on anthocyanins remain limited. In this study, we analyzed the expression levels of GST family genes in green and purplish D. officinale and found that DoGSTF11 is highly expressed in the purplish variety. DoGSTF11 is localized to the nucleus and cell membrane but lacks transcriptional activation activity. Overexpression of DoGSTF11 in tomato enhances anthocyanin accumulation, suggesting a role in anthocyanin sequestration or transport. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays further revealed that DoGSTF11 interacts with DoGST31, while DoIDD12 and DoNF-YB3 are potential transcriptional regulators based on promoter-binding assays and expression correlation. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that DoGST11 positively regulates anthocyanin accumulation in D. officinale. These findings provide valuable insights into the metabolic engineering of flavonoids in D. officinale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)

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15 pages, 2621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Different Plastic Film Mulches on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Soils for Protected Pepper Cultivation

by Guiliang Wang, Nannan He, Yulin Li, Wen Huang, Yifan Cao, Juanjuan Wang, Xiaoqing Qian, Li Yin and Xiaoping Zeng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060710 - 19 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Plastic film mulching is widely used in protected agriculture. However, the residues of various types of plastic films, as a consequence, severely affect soil quality. The most widely promoted alternative strategy is the use of biodegradable plastic films. Nevertheless, the research on the [...] Read more.

Plastic film mulching is widely used in protected agriculture. However, the residues of various types of plastic films, as a consequence, severely affect soil quality. The most widely promoted alternative strategy is the use of biodegradable plastic films. Nevertheless, the research on the effects of different types of plastic films on soil properties remains insufficient. This study explored the impacts of different plastic film mulching on the physicochemical properties and microbial communities of soils for pepper cultivation, with three treatments: traditional polyethylene film (PE-Ctr), PBAT biodegradable film (PBAT bio), and reinforced polyethylene film (RPE). The results showed that the soil pH value was the highest in PE-Ctr treatment, and the soil organic matter content was higher in the biodegradable film treatment, while the electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate, and some cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) were higher in the RPE treatment. The contents of available trace element Zn, Fe, and Mn increased in the PBAT bio treatment. The bacterial richness and evenness indices were higher in PBAT bio treatment than those of other treatments. The fungal community had a relatively high richness, but a lower evenness, compared to the PE-Ctr and PBAT bio treatments. The use of different plastic films significantly affected the composition of soil bacteria, while differences in the composition of soil fungi were only observed between the PBAT bio and RPE treatments. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Actinobacteriota were the most dominant bacterial phyla, and Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota were the dominant fungal phylum across all treatments. FAPROTAX functional prediction showed that the abundances of multiple functions of soil bacteria were higher in the RPE treatment, and the chemoheterotrophy function was higher in the PE treatment. FUNGuild analysis indicated that the trophic types and ecological function groups of soil fungi were more abundant in the PBAT bio treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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18 pages, 3571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Analytical Framework for Cracking and Some Fruit Quality Features in Sweet Cherries

by Erol Aydın, Mehmet Ali Cengiz, Leyla Demirsoy and Hüsnü Demirsoy

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060709 - 19 Jun 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates the relationships among fruit quality traits, cracking susceptibility, and bioactive compounds in sweet cherries. Eleven genotypes collected from Northern Anatolia and two standard cultivars were evaluated. Key fruit characteristics were measured, and novel machine learning algorithms were applied to identify [...] Read more.

This study investigates the relationships among fruit quality traits, cracking susceptibility, and bioactive compounds in sweet cherries. Eleven genotypes collected from Northern Anatolia and two standard cultivars were evaluated. Key fruit characteristics were measured, and novel machine learning algorithms were applied to identify associations between variables. A negative correlation was found between the cracking index and fruit weight (r = −0.23), while a positive correlation was observed with total soluble solids (TSS) (r = 0.29). Furthermore, TSS was positively correlated with stem thickness (r = 0.67). Machine learning analyses indicated that DPPH and anthocyanin content were the most influential factors associated with the cracking index. A hybrid analytical pipeline was developed by integrating Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction, Random Forest regression for nonlinear prediction and Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) for interpretability. This triad offers a robust and replicable framework for trait-dissection studies in horticultural phenotyping, enabling deeper insights into complex trait interactions. These findings suggest that, beyond their recognized health benefits, bioactive compounds also positively contribute to fruit quality parameters. The results provide valuable insights for future sweet cherry breeding programs aimed at improving both nutritional and physical fruit traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tree Crop Cultivation and Fruit Quality Assessment)

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17 pages, 7728 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Comparative Effects of Nitrogen Fertigation and Granular Fertilizer Application on Pepper Yield and Soil GHGs Emissions

by Antonio Manco, Matteo Giaccone, Luca Vitale, Giuseppe Maglione, Maria Riccardi, Bruno Di Matteo, Andrea Esposito, Vincenzo Magliulo and Anna Tedeschi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060708 - 19 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Quantitative greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets for Mediterranean pepper cultivation are still missing, limiting evidence-based nitrogen management. Furthermore, mitigation value of fertigation respect to granular fertilization in vegetable systems remains uncertain. This study therefore compared the GHG footprint and productivity of ‘papaccella’ pepper under [...] Read more.

Quantitative greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets for Mediterranean pepper cultivation are still missing, limiting evidence-based nitrogen management. Furthermore, mitigation value of fertigation respect to granular fertilization in vegetable systems remains uncertain. This study therefore compared the GHG footprint and productivity of ‘papaccella’ pepper under two nitrogen fertilization methods: granular fertilization versus low-frequency fertigation with urea, each supplying about 63 kg N ha⁻¹. Eight automated static chambers coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer monitored soil CO₂ and N₂O fluxes throughout the season. Cumulative emissions did not differ between treatments (CO₂: 811 ± 6 g m⁻² vs. 881 ± 4 g m⁻²; N₂O: 0.038 ± 0.008 g m⁻² vs. 0.041 ± 0.015 g m⁻², fertigation vs. granular), and marketable yield remained at ~11 t ha⁻¹, leaving product-scaled global warming potential (GWP) unchanged. Although representing less than 2% of measured fluxes, “hot moments,” burst emissions exceeding four standard deviations (SD) from the mean, accounted for up to 4% of seasonal CO₂ and 19% of N₂O. Fertigation doubled the frequency of these events but reduced their peak magnitude, whereas granular application produced fewer but more extreme bursts (>11 SD). Results showed that fertigation did not mitigate GHGs emission nor improve productivity for Mediterranean pepper, mainly due to the low application frequency and the use of a urea fertilizer. Moreover, we can highlight that in horticultural systems, omitting ‘hot moments’ leads to systematic underestimation of emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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20 pages, 1398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth Curve and Nutrient Accumulation in Lettuce for Seed Production Under Organic System

by Jolinda Mércia de Sá, Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso, Daniel Seiji Seguchi, Jorgiani de Ávila, Joseantonio Ribeiro de Carvalho, Emanuele Possas de Souza and Pâmela Gomes Nakada-Freitas

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060707 - 19 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Producing seeds in the organic production system still requires a lot of information regarding the fertilization and nutritional requirements. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the dry mass and macronutrient accumulation curve in lettuce for seed production, aiming at cultivation [...] Read more.

Producing seeds in the organic production system still requires a lot of information regarding the fertilization and nutritional requirements. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the dry mass and macronutrient accumulation curve in lettuce for seed production, aiming at cultivation in an organic system. The treatments consisted of two phosphorus doses (320 and 800 kg ha⁻¹ of P₂O₅, Yoorin^® thermophosphate source). The crisp lettuce plants, cultivar Solaris, were collected at eight stages (0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, and 98 days after transplanting—DAT) for an analysis of the proposed characteristics. A nonlinear sigmoid regression curve was fitted and the results demonstrated continuous plant growth, accompanied by a gradual increase in dry matter throughout the experimental period, regardless of the phosphorus dose studied. The vegetative part of the lettuce plant shows slow initial growth, followed by acceleration up to the beginning of flowering (70 DAT), and stabilization after this period. The reproductive part of the lettuce plant begins to grow from 56 DAT, increasing the daily nutrient demand until the end of the seed maturation and harvest at 98 DAT. The dose of 800 kg ha⁻¹ of P₂O₅, the lettuce plant accumulated 1527.7, 308.2, 2922.6, 1658.4, 416.0, and 197.6 mg per plant of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively. The dose of 320 kg ha⁻¹ of P₂O₅, the lettuce plant accumulated 1743.1, 256.9, 2575.7, 1210.2, 358.8, and 185.5 mg per plant of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively. The greatest demand for nutrients in the plant occurred between 55 and 88 DAT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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24 pages, 4372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PavSPL Expression Dynamics in Fruits and Seeds and in Relation to Endocarp Lignification Status During the Transition from Development to Ripening in Sweet Cherry

by Matías Zavala, Marcela Menares, Orlando Acevedo, Mirna Melo, Carlos Nuñez, Camila Arancibia, Romina Pedreschi, José Manuel Donoso, Lee A. Meisel, Jonathan E. Maldonado and Nathalie Kuhn

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060706 - 19 Jun 2025

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Abstract

The transition to ripening in non-climacteric species is governed by several signals, including hormones that enhance or counteract the abscisic acid (ABA)-promoting effect. The SQUAMOSA Promoter-binding protein-Like (SPL) transcription factors are involved in ripening through the modulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. In sweet cherry [...] Read more.

The transition to ripening in non-climacteric species is governed by several signals, including hormones that enhance or counteract the abscisic acid (ABA)-promoting effect. The SQUAMOSA Promoter-binding protein-Like (SPL) transcription factors are involved in ripening through the modulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. In sweet cherry fruits, several miR156-targeted PavSPLs are expressed before and during ripening. Recently, some PavSPLs were found in the transition from development to ripening in cultivars contrasting in maturity time. Additionally, several forms of miR156 were expressed in sweet cherry seeds of an early-season cultivar. In this work, we addressed the relevance of endocarp lignification and PavSPLs expression for the transition to ripening. First, we characterized early- and late-season sweet cherry cultivars, ‘Celeste’ and ‘Regina’, focusing on fruit and seed development, endocarp lignification, and PavSPL expression profile. Fruit growth dynamics revealed an earlier onset of color development and lignification in ‘Celeste’, while ‘Regina’ exhibited a prolonged lag phase and delayed embryo development. Transcript profiling at the light green stage showed a higher expression of PavSPL genes in fruits and identified cultivar-specific expressions, especially between ‘Regina’ and ‘Celeste’ seeds. Co-expression networks linked PavSPLs to genes involved in lignin and anthocyanin biosynthesis. We focused on PavSPL2 and PavSPL9, which were targeted by mtr-miR156a and gma-miR156f. Both PavSPLs and miRNAs were expressed in fruits and seeds at the yellow stage, an advanced point in the transition to ripening in sweet cherry. Exogenous application of auxin-related compounds in the mid-season cultivar ‘Lapins’ modulated endocarp lignification and pigmentation. Notably, p-IBA treatment, which enzymatically targets the lignin pathway, transiently increased anthocyanin accumulation and reduced lignin deposition, effects that correlated with the downregulation of PavSPL gene expression. These findings highlight the interplay between lignification, color evolution, and pigment biosynthesis during the transition from development to ripening in sweet cherry fruits, and suggest a role for PavSPL genes in this transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Tree Physiology and Molecular Biology)

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15 pages, 1064 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Networking 13 Berry Minerals to Sustain a High Yield of Firm Cranberry Fruits

by Leon Etienne Parent

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060705 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 278

Abstract

The N fertilization to reach high cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) yields resulted in high proportions of soft berries. Our objective was to define the mineral nutrient balance of cranberry to reach a high yield of firm berries. The database comprised 393 observations [...] Read more.

The N fertilization to reach high cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) yields resulted in high proportions of soft berries. Our objective was to define the mineral nutrient balance of cranberry to reach a high yield of firm berries. The database comprised 393 observations on cv. ‘Stevens’. Berries were analyzed for total S, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al, and Si. Random Forest and XGBoost machine learning models were run to predict yield and firmness classes using raw concentrations, centered log ratios (clr) accounting for nutrient interactions, and weighted log ratios (wlr) that also considered the importance of each dual interaction. The wlr returned the most accurate models. The wlr standards elaborated from the high-yielding and nutritionally balanced subpopulation most often differed between the high-yield class and the high-firmness class. The wlr Cu level was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) too high to reach the high-yielding class in the nutritionally imbalanced subpopulation. There was excessive Al and shortage of Si and Mg to reach high berry firmness in the nutritionally imbalanced subpopulation (p ≤ 0.01), indicating the large influence of soil genesis on berry firmness. Despite statistical evidence, cranberry response to Al and Si corrective measures should be tested to elaborate site-specific recommendations based on soil and tissue tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Nutrition of Plants)

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3 pages, 136 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Tolerance and Response of Ornamental Plants to Abiotic Stress

by Zhouli Liu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060704 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 199

Abstract

Ornamental plants play a pivotal role in environmental decoration, ecological balance, and air purification [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tolerance and Response of Ornamental Plants to Abiotic Stress)

18 pages, 7932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Thaumatin-like Gene Family Reveals Group V CaTLPs Drive Anthracnose Resistance in Pepper (Capsicum annuum)

by Hao Wu, Jian Zeng, Cui Mao, Weifeng Huang, Chuanhong Li, Liya Yang, Xiaohan Zhang, Jiaxian Lin, Jianjun Lei, Yong Zhou, Zhangsheng Zhu and Jie Zheng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060703 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 331

Abstract

Pepper anthracnose is a globally devastating fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying anthracnose resistance in Capsicum annuum by comparing a resistant variety 225 with a susceptible variety 307. Phenotypic analysis revealed that variety 225 [...] Read more.

Pepper anthracnose is a globally devastating fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying anthracnose resistance in Capsicum annuum by comparing a resistant variety 225 with a susceptible variety 307. Phenotypic analysis revealed that variety 225 displayed stronger resistance than variety 307. Through comparative transcriptome analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), 17 gene modules were identified, among which the salmon module showed a strong association with resistance in variety 225. Within this module, 18 hub genes—including Ca59V2g00372.1 (CaTLP6), encoding a thaumatin-like protein (TLP)—were significantly upregulated upon infection. A genome-wide analysis identified 31 CaTLP genes in C. annuum, with members of group V (such as CaTLP6) exhibiting induced expression post-inoculation of Colletotrichum scovillei. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that group V CaTLP proteins were associated with the plasma membrane, suggesting a role in pathogen recognition. These findings highlight the significance of CaTLP genes, particularly those in group V, in pepper’s defense against anthracnose caused by C. scovillei and offer promising targets for breeding resistant cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Genetic Improvement of Stress Tolerance in Vegetable Crops)

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22 pages, 1351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Phenological Variation on the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Different Organs of Capparis spinosa L.

by Saeid Hazrati, Zahra Mousavi, Saeed Mollaei, Hossein Rabbi Angourani and Silvana Nicola

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060702 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 345

Abstract

Capparis spinosa L. (caper) is an important medicinal plant whose bioactive compounds vary significantly depending on its growth stage. This directly affects its pharmaceutical and nutritional value. Collecting C. spinosa at the optimal growth stage is essential to achieving high phytochemical quality and [...] Read more.

Capparis spinosa L. (caper) is an important medicinal plant whose bioactive compounds vary significantly depending on its growth stage. This directly affects its pharmaceutical and nutritional value. Collecting C. spinosa at the optimal growth stage is essential to achieving high phytochemical quality and meeting consumer needs. This study aimed to evaluate the variation of these active compounds in the aerial parts of C. spinosa across four phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, unripe fruit, and ripe fruit). The result showed that EO content was highest in unripe fruits (0.18%) and lowest in the flowering stage (0.07%) in leaves, while extract yield was highest in leaves of the ripe fruit stage (14.65%) followed by the flowering stage in flowers (12.66%). Flowering stage leaves showed the highest total phenol (56.20 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (17.10 mg QE/g) content, while the lowest concentrations were found in the ripe fruit stage of the leaves. EO analysis showed that methyl isothiocyanate reached the highest concentration in flowers at the flowering stage (41.6%), while isopropyl isothiocyanate reached the highest concentration in leaves at the ripe fruit stage (36.2%). Isobutyl isothiocyanate was found exclusively in fruits, with the highest concentration in ripe fruits (9.2%). Dimethyltrisulphide showed a maximum concentration in leaves at the vegetative stage, decreasing by 76.6% as the plant developed towards the ripe fruit stage. The dominant phenolic acids varied between phenological stages: cinnamic acid at the vegetative stage; rosmarinic and cinnamic acids at the flowering stage in leaves; caffeic and cinnamic acids in flowers; vanillic, cinnamic, and rosmarinic acids at the unripe fruit stage in leaves and fruits; and rosmarinic, cinnamic, and vanillic acids in ripe fruits. The results indicate that harvesting C. spinosa at the vegetative stage and in the leaves of the flowering stage is optimal for maximum secondary metabolite yield, providing valuable guidance for growers targeting food and pharmaceutical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction, Utilization and Application of Bioactive Compounds from Horticultural Plants)

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15 pages, 3551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Green and Far-Red Light with Red-Blue Light Enhances Shoot Multiplication in Micropropagated Strawberry

by Yali Li, Ping Huang, Xia Qiu, Feiyu Zhu, Hongwen Chen, Si Wang, Jiaxian He, Yadan Pang, Hui Ma and Fang Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060701 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 195

Abstract

Light spectral composition critically regulates plant morphogenesis and molecular adaptation in controlled environments. This study investigated the synergistic effects of three light spectra, red-blue (RB, 7:3), red-blue-green (RGB, 7:3:1), and red-blue-far-red (RBFR, 7:3:1), on multiplication, morphogenesis, physiological traits, and transcriptomic dynamics in tissue-cultured [...] Read more.

Light spectral composition critically regulates plant morphogenesis and molecular adaptation in controlled environments. This study investigated the synergistic effects of three light spectra, red-blue (RB, 7:3), red-blue-green (RGB, 7:3:1), and red-blue-far-red (RBFR, 7:3:1), on multiplication, morphogenesis, physiological traits, and transcriptomic dynamics in tissue-cultured strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv. ‘Benihoppe’). After 28 days of cultivation under controlled conditions (25 °C/22 °C day/night, 50 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ PPFD), RBFR and RGB treatments significantly enhanced shoot multiplication (38.8% and 24.2%, respectively), plant height, and callus biomass compared to RB light. RGB elevated chlorophyll a and b by 1.8- and 1.6-fold, respectively, while RBFR increased soluble protein content by 16%. Transcriptome analysis identified 144 and 376 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under RGB and RBFR, respectively, enriched in pathways linked to circadian rhythm, auxin transport, and photosynthesis. Far-red light upregulated light signaling and photomorphogenesis genes, whereas green light enhanced chlorophyll biosynthesis while suppressing stress-responsive genes. These findings elucidate the spectral-specific regulatory mechanisms underlying strawberry micropropagation and provide a framework for optimizing multispectral LED systems in controlled-environment horticulture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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17 pages, 2887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intermittent Blue Light Supplementation Affected Carbohydrate Accumulation and Sugar Metabolism in Red-Light-Grown Tomato Seedlings

by Xiangyu Gao, Lingzhi Li, Wenzhong Guo, Yifan Zhai, Xiaoming Wei and Xiaoli Chen

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060700 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 385

Abstract

According to previous studies, dynamic light regimes might enhance seedling development, survival rates, or economic efficiency in factory-based seedling production systems compared to continuous red and blue light irradiation. However, there have been few studies revealing the effects of discontinuous red and blue [...] Read more.

According to previous studies, dynamic light regimes might enhance seedling development, survival rates, or economic efficiency in factory-based seedling production systems compared to continuous red and blue light irradiation. However, there have been few studies revealing the effects of discontinuous red and blue light on the carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism of tomato seedlings. Therefore, we planted tomato seedlings in an artificial light plant factory under a red background light with intermittent blue light intervention, namely R (as the control), R/RB₃₂, R/RB₄₀, R/RB₆₄, and R/RB₈₀ at an equal daily light integral. The growth, carbohydrate accumulation, and sugar metabolism were analyzed to investigate the effects of dynamic lighting modes on tomato seedlings. The results demonstrated the following: (1) Pure red light induced spindling of tomato seedlings, while intermittent blue light treatments enhanced stem thickness, leaf number, and leaf area, resulting in greater biomass accumulation. Among these treatments, the highest antioxidant enzyme activity and the lowest reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, accompanied by the highest biomass, were all observed in tomato seedlings subjected to R/RB₈₀ (intermittent supplementation of 80 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ blue light under red light background). (2) The carbohydrate accumulation in tomato seedlings was increased under all treatments relative to the control. The sucrose content, enzyme activity, and gene expression level of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) were all up-regulated in tomato leaves treated with blue light irradiation compared with pure R. In addition, the highest soluble sugar content, along with the peak SPS activity and gene expression, was observed under the R/RB₈₀ treatment. Meanwhile, the lowest fructose content accompanied by the lowest activity and gene expression of sucrose synthase (SS) were observed in tomato leaves treated with R/RB₃₂. This implies that blue light supplementation may regulate sugar accumulation by modulating the activity or expression of enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism. (3) Moreover, shoot biomass, enzyme activity, and expression level of SPS were all found to increase with the increase in supplementary blue light intensity, indicating that short-duration high-intensity blue light was more effective in promoting carbohydrate accumulation in tomato seedlings than long-term low-intensity blue light based on the equal DLI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue LED Lighting Effects on the Growth and Development of Fruits and Vegetables)

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24 pages, 3718 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fruit Astringency: Mechanisms, Technologies, and Future Directions

by Wanru Zhao, Meizhu Zheng, Xue Li, Kai Song and Dongfang Shi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060699 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1379

Abstract

Fruit astringency, which primarily results from the interaction between polyphenolic compounds such as tannins and salivary proteins, is a critical sensory attribute that limits the commercial value and consumer acceptance of many fruits. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying astringency formation and [...] Read more.

Fruit astringency, which primarily results from the interaction between polyphenolic compounds such as tannins and salivary proteins, is a critical sensory attribute that limits the commercial value and consumer acceptance of many fruits. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying astringency formation and the development of efficient and safe de-astringency technologies are crucial for the fruit industry. This review systematically elucidates the molecular basis of fruit astringency, focusing on the biosynthesis pathways, accumulation dynamics, and transcriptional regulatory networks of key phenolic substances, such as tannins, as well as their modulation by environmental factors. It also evaluates the efficacy and current applications of existing de-astringency methods and discusses the potential impacts of different treatments on fruit quality attributes. This study thoroughly analyzes the major challenges faced by current technologies, including balancing de-astringency efficiency with quality preservation, ensuring environmental friendliness and food safety, reducing costs, and promoting wider application. Finally, future research directions are discussed, emphasizing the importance of precise genetic improvement using tools such as gene editing, developing green and efficient processes, achieving intelligent process control, and focusing on synergistic quality regulation and the exploration of functional value. This review aims to provide an integrated knowledge framework for developing innovative, efficient, safe, and sustainable fruit de-astringency solutions, offering a scientific reference to advance technological upgrades in the fruit industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals of Natural Products: Analysis and Biological Activities: 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 7517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Complete Plastomes of Anthogonium gracile and Eleorchis japonica (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)

by Xuyong Gao, Yuming Chen, Xiaowei Xu, Hongjiang Chen, Bingcong Xing, Jianli Pan, Minghe Li and Zhuang Zhou

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060698 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 662

Abstract

Phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe Arethusinae (Arethuseae: Epidendroideae: Orchidaceae) remain unresolved, with particular uncertainty surrounding the phylogenetic positions of Anthogonium gracile and Eleorchis japonica. The monophyly of this subtribe remains contentious, making it one of the challenging taxa in Orchidaceae phylogenetics. In [...] Read more.

Phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe Arethusinae (Arethuseae: Epidendroideae: Orchidaceae) remain unresolved, with particular uncertainty surrounding the phylogenetic positions of Anthogonium gracile and Eleorchis japonica. The monophyly of this subtribe remains contentious, making it one of the challenging taxa in Orchidaceae phylogenetics. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete plastome sequences of A. gracile and E. japonica for the first time, aiming to elucidate their plastome characteristics and phylogenetic relationships. Both plastomes exhibited a conserved quadripartite structure, with 158,358 bp in A. gracile and 152,432 bp in E. japonica, and GC contents of 37.1% and 37.3%, respectively. Comparative analyses revealed strong structural conservation, but notable gene losses: E. japonica lacked seven ndh genes (ndhC/D/F/G/H/I/K), whereas A. gracile retained a complete ndh gene set. Repetitive sequence analysis identified an abundance of simple sequence repeats (68 and 77), tandem repeats (43 and 30), and long repeats (35 and 40). Codon usage displayed a bias toward the A/U termination, with leucine and isoleucine being the most frequent. Selection pressure analysis indicated that 68 protein-coding genes underwent purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 1), suggesting evolutionary conservation of plastome protein-coding genes. Nucleotide diversity analysis highlighted six hypervariable regions (rps8-rpl14, rps16-trnQ^UUG, psbB-psbT, trnT^UGU-trnL^UAA, trnF^GAA-ndhJ, and ycf1), suggesting their potential as molecular markers. Phylogenomic reconstruction, using complete plastome sequences, (ML, MP, and BI) indicated that Arethusinae was non-monophyletic. A. gracile formed a sister relationship with Mengzia foliosa and E. japonica, whereas Arundina graminifolia exhibited a sister relationship with Coelogyninae members. These results shed new light on the plastome characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of Arethusinae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchids: Advances in Propagation, Cultivation and Breeding)

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20 pages, 2684 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Evaluation and Screening for Salt Tolerance Germplasms at Seedling Stage in Eggplant

by Yu Fang, Zhiguo Wang, Yingnan Du, Shuaitao Di, Zhenwei Gao, Xueping Chen, Weiwei Zhang, Lijun Song, Shuangxia Luo and Qiang Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060697 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 394

Abstract

Salt stress presents a major environmental constraint to global agricultural productivity and crop yield stability. Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most extensively cultivated Solanaceae crops worldwide, and the characterization of its germplasm for salt tolerance is essential to develop [...] Read more.

Salt stress presents a major environmental constraint to global agricultural productivity and crop yield stability. Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most extensively cultivated Solanaceae crops worldwide, and the characterization of its germplasm for salt tolerance is essential to develop breeding programs to target its abiotic stress resilience. In this study, 200 mmol/L NaCl was identified as the initial screening concentration for the discrimination of salt tolerance levels in eggplant seedlings. Salt tolerance indices derived from 13 descriptors, including the plant height, stem diameter, and leaf number, were used to evaluate 165 germplasm resources (108 inbred lines and 57 commercial cultivars). These 165 germplasms were grouped into five groups, and six highly tolerant and eight highly sensitive germplasms were identified. Importantly, a stepwise multiple linear regression model incorporating the root surface area, leaf number, leaf water content, malondialdehyde content, and stem water content achieved 90.02% predictive accuracy, establishing a high-throughput screening protocol for germplasm selection. This systematic approach provides methodological advancements for precision breeding and identifies key physiological and morphological markers for salt tolerance improvement in eggplant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Genetics, Breeding, and Biotechnology of Solanaceous Crops)

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17 pages, 4582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Rhizosphere Microbiomes in Different Blueberry Cultivars

by Lifeng Xiao, Qiuyue Zhao, Jie Deng, Lingyan Cui, Tingting Zhang, Qin Yang and Sifeng Zhao

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060696 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 522

Abstract

Blueberry growth is closely tied to its rhizosphere’s microbial communities. Recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing and multi-omics technologies have enhanced the investigation of variations in rhizosphere microbial communities and their functional roles across different plant cultivars. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was utilized [...] Read more.

Blueberry growth is closely tied to its rhizosphere’s microbial communities. Recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing and multi-omics technologies have enhanced the investigation of variations in rhizosphere microbial communities and their functional roles across different plant cultivars. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was utilized to assess the rhizosphere microbial diversity in highbush and rabbiteye blueberry groups, encompassing a total of eight cultivars. Notable variations were observed in both bacterial and fungal community diversity. Ten bacterial phyla, each with a relative abundance greater than 1%, constituted 92.32–97.08% of the total abundance across the eight cultivars, with Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, and Pseudomonadota being predominant. Similarly, five major fungal phyla, each exceeding 1% in relative abundance, accounted for 88.18–97.20% of the total abundance, with Ascomycota and Basidiomycota being the most dominant. The results showed that the rhizospheres of blueberries host a variety of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including genera such as Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Streptomyces, Arthrobacter, and Pseudomonas. Rabbiteye blueberry cultivars exhibit a greater propensity for accumulating beneficial symbiotic microorganisms compared to highbush cultivars. Notably, the relative abundance of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, specifically Oidiodendron, is significantly elevated in the cultivars Emerald, Premier, O’Neal, and Brightwell, with the most pronounced increase observed in Emerald. Furthermore, rabbiteye blueberries support a more diverse and abundant array of cultivar-specific fungal communities than their highbush counterparts. Understanding the interaction networks between blueberries and their associated microbes can provide a theoretical foundation for the targeted regulation of rhizosphere microbiomes and offer valuable insights for the management of rhizospheres in other acidophilic crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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15 pages, 3893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase/Phosphatases Gene Family in Petunia and Their Expression Profiling Under Abiotic Stresses

by Renwei Huang, Daofeng Liu, Gonzalo H. Villarino and Neil S. Mattson

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060695 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 278

Abstract

Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide critical for cellular integrity and stress adaptation in plants, and its synthesis relies on trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP). Despite their established roles in abiotic stress responses across model plants, these gene families remain underexplored in [...] Read more.

Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide critical for cellular integrity and stress adaptation in plants, and its synthesis relies on trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP). Despite their established roles in abiotic stress responses across model plants, these gene families remain underexplored in ornamental species like Petunia hybrida. Here, TPS and TPP genes in two wild petunia progenitors, P. axillaris and P. inflata, underwent a genome-wide analysis, with 10 TPS and 8–9 TPP genes being identified in each species. According to phylogenetic analysis, petunia TPS proteins cluster into two clades, while TPP proteins were classified into three clades, showing closer evolutionary ties to tomato homologs. Cis-acting elements profiling identified hormone- and stress-responsive regulatory elements (e.g., ABRE, TC-rich repeats). Expression analysis under drought, heat, and salt stress revealed dynamic temporal regulation. For instance, PaTPS4/PaTPS9 were early responders (peak at 6 h) under drought and salt stress, while PaTPS8 exhibited sustained upregulation during salt treatment. Heat stress uniquely suppressed PaTPS1,2 and PaTPP1, contrasting with broad upregulation of other members. Notably, PaTPP3 displayed delayed induction under heat. These findings underscore the functional diversity within TPS/TPP families, with specific members governing stress-specific responses. This study provides a foundational resource for leveraging these genes to enhance stress resilience and ornamental value in petunia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)

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22 pages, 5626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Characterization of bZIP Gene Family Combined Transcriptome Analysis Revealed Their Functional Roles on Abiotic Stress and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Mulberry (Morus alba)

by Qinghua Liu, Haowen Fang, Hong Zhou, Xiling Wang and Zhiwei Hou

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060694 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 699

Abstract

The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) gene family constitutes one of the most abundant and conserved transcription factor families in plants, which participates in diverse physiological processes including response to abiotic stress, anthocyanin accumulation, and the regulation of plant growth and development. Although bZIP [...] Read more.

The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) gene family constitutes one of the most abundant and conserved transcription factor families in plants, which participates in diverse physiological processes including response to abiotic stress, anthocyanin accumulation, and the regulation of plant growth and development. Although bZIP genes play an important role in plants, comparable studies in mulberry are lacking, particularly regarding their response under abiotic stress conditions. In this study, we identified 56 mulberry bZIP transcription factors and divided these members into 12 groups by phylogenetic analysis. The coding genes of these bZIPs harbor a large number of segmental duplications and are unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. We further identified numerous stress responsive elements in the promoter regions of bZIP genes. Furthermore, by analysis of the expression profiles from RNA-seq data, we identified MabZIP43 and MabZIP24 that respond to heat, salt–alkaline, and high light stress. We also found that the gene expression of MabZIP16 was closely related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. As described, we systematically explored the structures and functions of the bZIP gene family in Morus alba. The results imply that the bZIP gene family plays significant roles in stress response and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Three bZIP candidate genes are suggested for genetic engineering to improve the resistance of mulberry to stress and for high-anthocyanin-producing lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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21 pages, 3440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Expression Profiles Reveal Key Myelocytomatosis (MYC) Involved in Drought, Chilling, and Salt Tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum

by Chenchen Kang, Na Cui, Baozhen Zhao, Qingdao Zou, Yiming Zhang, Shiquan Bi, Zhongfen Wu, Meini Shao and Bo Qu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060693 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 807

Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a vital crop in China, yet its growth and quality are compromised by environmental stresses. This study investigated the role of myelocytomatosis (MYC) transcription factors (SlMYCs) in tomato stress tolerance. We identified 23 potential SlMYC [...] Read more.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a vital crop in China, yet its growth and quality are compromised by environmental stresses. This study investigated the role of myelocytomatosis (MYC) transcription factors (SlMYCs) in tomato stress tolerance. We identified 23 potential SlMYC genes and analyzed their physicochemical properties, evolutionary relationships, gene structures, conserved domains, expression profiles, interaction networks, promoter sequences, and 3D models using bioinformatics. Phylogenetic analysis classified the SlMYCs into three groups with similar structural characteristics. Protein interaction networks revealed significant connections between SlMYCs and proteins involved in drought, chilling, and salt tolerance, particularly emphasizing the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. Experimental treatments with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and simulated stress conditions showed that several SlMYC genes were responsive to these stimuli, with SlMYC1 and SlMYC2 demonstrating consistent expression patterns across various tissues. Further network analyses and molecular docking studies indicated potential binding interactions for these two genes. The findings confirmed that SlMYC1 and SlMYC2 contributed to tomato’s abiotic stress tolerance, highlighting their potential for breeding programs aimed at improving stress resilience in tomato varieties. This research laid the groundwork for enhancing tomato varieties under environmental stressors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Protected Horticulture Stress)

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27 pages, 4668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CO₂ Enrichment Alters the Phytochemical Composition of Centella asiatica: GC-MS Analysis

by Sakkarin Wangkahart, Chaiyan Junsiri, Aphichat Srichat, Kittipong Laloon, Kaweepong Hongtong, Phaiboon Boupha, Somporn Katekaew and Sahassawas Poojeera

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060692 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 665

Abstract

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is a medicinal herb containing valuable bioactive compounds widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and traditional medicine applications. This study investigated the effects of elevated CO₂ levels (1000, 800, and 600 ppm compared to ambient ~420 ppm) on secondary [...] Read more.

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is a medicinal herb containing valuable bioactive compounds widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and traditional medicine applications. This study investigated the effects of elevated CO₂ levels (1000, 800, and 600 ppm compared to ambient ~420 ppm) on secondary metabolite composition in C. asiatica using GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extracts. Significant treatment effects (p < 0.001) were observed across nine identified compounds, with α-copaene showing the most pronounced response. At 1000 ppm CO₂, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, including α-copaene (10.60%) and trans-caryophyllene (8.97%), reached their highest concentrations, representing 232% and 413% increases over ambient conditions, respectively. Germacrene D demonstrated optimal synthesis at 800 ppm (8.12%) while remaining undetectable under ambient conditions. In contrast, the diterpene neophytadiene (16.84%) and the oxygenated sesquiterpene caryophyllene oxide (11.27%) exhibited maximum concentrations under ambient conditions. Principal Component Analysis confirmed distinct metabolic profiles, with the first two components explaining 84.38% of the total variance. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships (r > 0.85, p < 0.001) between structurally related sesquiterpenes. These findings establish a foundation for optimizing cultivation conditions to enhance specific bioactive compound production in C. asiatica, with potential applications in pharmaceutical production systems targeting sesquiterpene-derived medicines. The research demonstrates that atmospheric CO₂ modulation offers a promising strategy for targeted enhancement of secondary metabolite synthesis, though further investigation of molecular mechanisms and environmental interactions is necessary for commercial implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)

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17 pages, 13788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Plant Regeneration and Bioactive Metabolite Production of Endangered Medicinal Plant Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC

by Chengcai Zhang, Xiaoyu Dai, Qi Li, Yang Ge, Chuanzhi Kang, Dehua Wu, Jiahui Sun, Yiheng Wang, Zekun Zhang and Sheng Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060691 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 595

Abstract

The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. is a traditional Chinese medicine used extensively owing to its antimicrobial properties. It is utilized to treat nyctalopia and problems related to the gastrointestinal tract. However, its yield is limited because of its endangered status, long [...] Read more.

The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. is a traditional Chinese medicine used extensively owing to its antimicrobial properties. It is utilized to treat nyctalopia and problems related to the gastrointestinal tract. However, its yield is limited because of its endangered status, long growth period, and restricted reproductive ability. Ancillary approaches have not been established to ensure sustainable resource utilization by applying efficient plant regeneration technologies and producing bioactive metabolites via genome editing. This study reports the effects of explants, hormones, and culture conditions on embryogenic callus induction, plant regeneration, adventitious and hairy root cultivation, and essential oil production. Embryogenic calli were successfully induced in MS and 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/L NAA and 1/2MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.4 mg/L NAA, which were optimal for callus differentiation. Maximum proliferation (12-fold) of cluster buds was observed with a select combination of hormones [NAA (0.2 mg/L) and 6-BA (2.0 mg/L)]. “Efficient plant regeneration and bioactive metabolite production” can provide technical support for the protection and sustainable utilization of A. lancea germplasm resources in terms of resource preservation and new variety breeding, natural product production, and industrial breeding of medicinal plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Culture and Micropropagation Techniques of Horticultural Crops)

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15 pages, 1197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peanut and Pecan Nut Shell Extracts Reduced Disease Incidence and Severity Caused by Grey Mold in Postharvest Strawberries

by Gisela M. Seimandi, Laura N. Fernández, Verónica E. Ruiz, María A. Favaro and Marcos G. Derita

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060690 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1016

Abstract

Postharvest fungal infections, particularly by Botrytis cinerea, can cause up to 50% losses in fruits and vegetables, and the overuse of synthetic fungicides has led to resistant pathogen strains. We hypothesized that hexane (Hex) and methanolic (MeOH) extracts from peanut (P) and [...] Read more.

Postharvest fungal infections, particularly by Botrytis cinerea, can cause up to 50% losses in fruits and vegetables, and the overuse of synthetic fungicides has led to resistant pathogen strains. We hypothesized that hexane (Hex) and methanolic (MeOH) extracts from peanut (P) and pecan nut (PN) shells possess antifungal properties effective against B. cinerea in strawberries. To test this, we conducted both in vitro and ex vivo assays using strawberries inoculated with B. cinerea, comparing two controls (T0: water; T1: commercial synthetic fungicide) with four treatments—Hex-P, MeOH-P, Hex-PN, and MeOH-PN—at 1000 and 2000 ppm (in vitro) and 4000 ppm (ex vivo). Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) were also measured. MeOH-P and Hex-PN extracts at 2000 ppm significantly inhibited fungal mycelial growth in vitro. In ex vivo assays, MeOH-P reduced both disease incidence and severity comparably to the synthetic fungicide. MeOH-PN exhibited the highest TPC and AA. These findings support the potential use of MeOH-P extract as a natural alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling B. cinerea in strawberries during postharvest storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Medicinal Plants)

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19 pages, 4752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Comprehensive Characterization of Luffa Sucrose Phosphate Synthase Gene Family and Revealing LaSPS3/4’s Role in Drought Resistance

by Xiaocheng Tian, Jianting Liu, Guoliang He, Fei Yan, Hanyi Wang, Liujing Huang, Yeqiu Yin, Shaolong Sun, Chongjian Ma, Guoping Wang, Haisheng Zhu and Hongbo Zhao

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060689 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 276

Abstract

Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) is a rate-limiting enzyme in plant sucrose biosynthesis. However, the SPS gene family in luffa remains unidentified, and its functional involvement in sugar metabolism is unexplored. Here, we present the first genome-wide identification and functional analysis of the LaSPSs [...] Read more.

Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) is a rate-limiting enzyme in plant sucrose biosynthesis. However, the SPS gene family in luffa remains unidentified, and its functional involvement in sugar metabolism is unexplored. Here, we present the first genome-wide identification and functional analysis of the LaSPSs in luffa. We identified nine LaSPS genes, characterized their physicochemical and evolutionary properties, and analyzed their expression patterns in different tissues and response to ethylene and drought treatments. Nine tandem-duplicated LaSPS genes formed four clusters (T1(1/2), T2(3/4), T3(5/6), T4(7–9)) with conserved architectures. RNA-seq analysis indicated a ubiquitous downregulation of LaSPS genes in senescing luffa, wherein sucrose content correlated significantly with all LaSPS members except LaSPS1/2. Exogenous ethylene substantially repressed LaSPSs transcription, while 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment showed induction. Notably, LaSPS3/4 displayed high activation under drought stress. Functional validation via heterologous expression in tobacco confirmed that LaSPS3/4 positively regulates drought resistance. In summary, this study provides a novel perspective for the in-depth investigation of the molecular evolutionary mechanism of the LaSPS gene family and its biological functions in luffa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Secondary Metabolism of Vegetable Crops)

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20 pages, 2805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of and Experiment with Physical Perception Pineapple Targeted Flower Forcing-Spraying Control System

by Sili Zhou, Shuang Zheng, Ye Dai, Ganran Deng, Guojie Li, Zhende Cui, Xilin Wang, Ling Li, Fengguang He, Bin Yan, Shuangmei Qin, Zehua Liu, Pinlan Chen and Yizhi Luo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060688 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 581

Abstract

Induction in pineapples requires the targeted delivery of specific chemical solutions into the plant’s central core to enable batch management, a task currently reliant on manual operation. This study addressed this challenge by analyzing the physical characteristics of pineapple plants and establishing a [...] Read more.

Induction in pineapples requires the targeted delivery of specific chemical solutions into the plant’s central core to enable batch management, a task currently reliant on manual operation. This study addressed this challenge by analyzing the physical characteristics of pineapple plants and establishing a perception-based mathematical model for core position localization. An integrated hardware–software system was developed, complemented by a human–machine interface for real-time operational monitoring. Comprehensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the spraying accuracy, nozzle response time, and prototype performance. The results demonstrate that the actuation system—comprising solenoid valves, pumps, and flowmeters—achieved an average spraying error of 2.72%. The average nozzle opening/closing time was 0.111 s; with a standard operating speed of 0.5 m/s, a delay compensation distance of 55.5 mm was implemented. In human–machine comparative trials, the automated system outperformed manual spraying in both efficiency and stability, with average errors of 7.1% and 6.4%, respectively. The system reduced chemical usage by over 67,500 mL per hectare while maintaining a miss-spray rate of 5–6%. Both two-tailed tests revealed extremely significant differences (p < 0.001). These findings confirm that the developed solution meets the operational requirements for pineapple floral induction, offering significant improvements in precision and resource efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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17 pages, 2233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Identification of Auxin Response Factor Gene Family and Their Expression Profiles Under Lanthanum Stress in Amorphophallus konjac

by Xiaoxian Li, Herui Huang, Jinjun Shen, Jingyi Long, Hui Wang and Zhenming Yu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060687 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 288

Abstract

Amorphophallus konjac is an economically important horticultural crop, valued for its corms as both a traditional medicine and a food source. The auxin transcription factor (ARF) family plays pivotal roles in auxin signaling and the processes of the morphogenesis of tissues and organs. [...] Read more.

Amorphophallus konjac is an economically important horticultural crop, valued for its corms as both a traditional medicine and a food source. The auxin transcription factor (ARF) family plays pivotal roles in auxin signaling and the processes of the morphogenesis of tissues and organs. However, the specific role of the ARF gene family in the regulation of corms remains unknown. In this study, we identified 23 AkARF genes unevenly distributed across 11 chromosomes in A. konjac. Phylogenetic analysis classified these proteins into four distinct clades, with members of the same group sharing conserved gene structures. Expression profiling demonstrated AkARF genes were expressed in a tissue-specific and spatio-temporal manner. Furthermore, lanthanum treatment significantly increased corm biomass and endogenous auxin levels (peak at 20 mg·L⁻¹; p < 0.05). Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses revealed coordinated expression of AkARF6/13/14/16/20 with corm biomass accumulation. Pearson’s correlation analysis further confirmed positive correlations of AkARF6/13 with auxin content (p < 0.05). These results suggested the potential regulatory roles of AkARF6/13 in auxin-mediated corm development. This study provides the potential functional role of ARF-mediated growth and development of corms in A. konjac. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Omics Era in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Towards a New Age of Agriculture and Sustainability)

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14 pages, 2092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of the Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) Gene and Functional Analysis of DlGAD3 in the Accumulation of γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) Pulp

by Weilin Wei, Tingting Zhang, Yongping Chen, Ziqi Zhou, Wenbing Su, Qizhi Xu, Yaling Zhang, Shaoquan Zheng, Jimou Jiang and Chaojun Deng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060686 - 15 Jun 2025

Viewed by 631

Abstract

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid, with many regulatory effects in humans. It aids in regulating blood glucose levels and pressure and is widely recognized for its ability to promote cognitive balance through the alleviation of stress and improvements in [...] Read more.

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid, with many regulatory effects in humans. It aids in regulating blood glucose levels and pressure and is widely recognized for its ability to promote cognitive balance through the alleviation of stress and improvements in sleep quality. The GABA content of longan pulp is higher than that of many other fruits and vegetables; however, much is still unknown about GABA’s biosynthesis in longan. In this study, we found that the GABA content of ‘Baoshi No. 1’ (BS1) pulp was significantly higher than that of ‘Chunxiang’ (CX) pulp. The GAD activity was higher in BS1 pulp than CX pulp, while there was no significant difference in the GABA-T activity. Additionally, five GAD genes were identified in longan, and an analysis of their transcriptional levels showed that only the expression level of DlGAD3 corresponded to the GABA content and GAD activity. DlGAD3 was localized in the cytoplasm, and its transient overexpression promoted an increase in the GABA content in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Overall, our results show that DlGAD3 is able to promote the accumulation of GABA and may play a major role in its biosynthesis in longan pulp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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21 pages, 2365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hormonal and Storage Metabolic Regulation of Germination in Toona sinensis

by Linyue Liu, Zhiyuan Wang, Yu Wu and Yongbao Shen

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060685 - 15 Jun 2025

Viewed by 474

Abstract

Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem, classified under the Toona genus of the Meliaceae family, is a fast-growing, woody species endemic to China, valued as both a vegetable crop and medicinal plant. Its seeds achieve rapid germination through a cascade of interconnected physiological, metabolic, [...] Read more.

Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem, classified under the Toona genus of the Meliaceae family, is a fast-growing, woody species endemic to China, valued as both a vegetable crop and medicinal plant. Its seeds achieve rapid germination through a cascade of interconnected physiological, metabolic, and hormonal adaptations. Initially, physiological hydration is driven and accelerated by only two distinct phases of water imbibition. This hydration surge triggers storage reserve mobilization, with soluble sugars, proteins, and lipids undergoing rapid degradation during imbibition, while starch catabolism proceeds gradually—a pattern mirrored by progressive increases in enzymatic activities (amylase, protease, and acid phosphodiesterase (ACP)) that correlate with reserve reallocation. Concurrently, a metabolic shift from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) optimizes energy utilization, supporting germination acceleration. These biochemical changes are orchestrated by hormonal coordination: elevated gibberellin A₃ (GA₃), zeatin riboside (ZR), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels, coupled with rising GA₃/ABA, IAA/ABA, and ZR/ABA ratios, temporally aligned with germination progression. Finally, structural evidence confirms successful germination completion, as cotyledon lipid droplet breakdown and starch granule synthesis directly correlate with embryonic elongation. Together, these mechanisms underscore T. sinensis’ adaptive strategy, integrating physiological plasticity, metabolic flexibility, and endocrine precision to ensure efficient germination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Seed Dormancy and Germination of Horticultural Plants)

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23 pages, 8512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Sustainability of Rosa rugosa Thunb. Under Climate Change Conditions: A Study of Morphological Variability in Urban Areas

by Jelena Čukanović, Sara Đorđević, Djurdja Petrov, Mirjana Ocokoljić, Radenka Kolarov, Milana Čurčić and Mirjana Ljubojević

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060684 - 14 Jun 2025

Viewed by 500

Abstract

Urban stressors intensified by climate change affect plants in terms of growth, vitality, and ornamental value. This study examines how different light availability (full sun, partial shade, and shade) affect the development, fruit morphology, and planting suitability of Rosa rugosa Thunb. in urban [...] Read more.

Urban stressors intensified by climate change affect plants in terms of growth, vitality, and ornamental value. This study examines how different light availability (full sun, partial shade, and shade) affect the development, fruit morphology, and planting suitability of Rosa rugosa Thunb. in urban environments. A total of 360 shrub individuals were analyzed in a linear formation along a riverbank in Novi Sad, Serbia, linking climatic parameters with the bioecological characteristics of the investigated plants. Comparison of the groups was performed using the multivariate methods and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Furthermore, 13 morphological parameters were analyzed on a sample of 100 fruits per group. There were no significant deviations in fruiting patterns, but the fruit parameters, even though showing high yield and favorable fruit size, indicated that light variation affects morphology. These findings confirm the species’ resilience and adaptability to urban environments, capable of withstanding various challenges, including proximity to paved surfaces, heavy traffic, and diverse light conditions. R. rugosa proves to be an ideal choice for urban planting and nature-based solutions that enhance human well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Cultivation and Breeding Propagation of Ornamental and Aromatic Plants and Their Use in Landscaping Design)

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16 pages, 5585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Storage Conditions on the Quality Attributes of UV-C Light-Pretreated Plums (Prunus salicina cv. “Moscatel”)

by Paola Hernández-Carranza, María Nüzhet Trejo-Salauz, Raúl Avila-Sosa Sánchez, Diana Milena Torres-Cifuentes, Carolina Ramírez-López, Irving Israel Ruiz-López and Carlos Enrique Ochoa-Velasco

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060683 - 14 Jun 2025

Viewed by 551

Abstract

Plums are one of the most important stone fruits worldwide. Surprisingly, the effect of UV-C light on improving their bioactive compounds and its effect during storage has not been explored. This research aimed to assess the effect of UV-C light on the bioactive [...] Read more.

Plums are one of the most important stone fruits worldwide. Surprisingly, the effect of UV-C light on improving their bioactive compounds and its effect during storage has not been explored. This research aimed to assess the effect of UV-C light on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of plums, as well as to evaluate the storage conditions on the quality attributes of these fruits. Plums were UV-C light-irradiated (0, 0.175, and 0.356 kJ/m²) to analyze their effect on phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity. A selected dose of UV-C light treatment was applied to plums as a pretreatment to assess the effect of packaging (non-packed, packed in closed polyethylene boxes, and packed in closed polyethylene boxes with perforations) and temperature (5, 15, and 20 °C) on the quality characteristics of plums using a 3² experimental design. The results showed that phenolic compounds (3–10%), total anthocyanins (22–39%), and antioxidant capacity (8–15%) increased with the UV-C light treatment (0.356 kJ/m²). In storage, firmness remained constant, and color parameters (a* and b*) were reduced in all conditions, whereas weight loss was lower in plums stored in closed packages. Moreover, total anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity were enhanced under all storage conditions. The microbial load decreased due to the UV-C light treatment and remained constant during storage time (<100 CFU/g). Storing the plums at a low temperature in a closed package effectively preserved the quality attributes of plums for 40 days without affecting the sensory acceptance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sustainable Practices in Horticultural Crops Postharvest Treatment and Processing)

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12 pages, 2175 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

UPLC-QTOF-ESI-MS/MS-Based Comparative Study of Phytochemicals in Sapindus mukorossi

by Neil Patrick Uy, Hak-Dong Lee, Jajung Ku, Kyung Choi and Sanghyun Lee

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060682 - 13 Jun 2025

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Abstract

This study examined the phytochemical compositions of ten Sapindus mukorossi samples from two regions in Korea: Suwon and Daegu. The Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to calculate the total polyphenol content (TPC). Among all extracts tested, leaf samples from Suwon and Daegu (SLE and [...] Read more.

This study examined the phytochemical compositions of ten Sapindus mukorossi samples from two regions in Korea: Suwon and Daegu. The Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to calculate the total polyphenol content (TPC). Among all extracts tested, leaf samples from Suwon and Daegu (SLE and DLE) exhibited the highest TPC at 2.70 and 2.90 mg tannic acid equivalent/g extract. Similarly, a modified aluminum chloride colorimetric test was used to determine the total flavonoid content (TFC). Similar results were obtained, with SLE and DLE having TFC values of 40.71 and 41.07 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect 13 compounds, whereas high-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify the prominent compounds: rutin, nicotiflorin, and narcissin. Among these, rutin was the most abundant, especially in SLE and DLE (54.37 and 70.21 mg/g, respectively). Furthermore, rutin significantly contributed to the total content of these samples at 78.31 and 85.44 mg/g, respectively. There were significant variations in the distribution of these compounds across different parts of the plant. These findings highlight the importance of S. mukorossi as a source of natural bioactive chemicals and pave the way for further research into its potential applications in healthcare products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Tissue and Organ Cultures for Crop Improvement in Omics Era: 2nd Edition)

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Horticulturae, Volume 11, Issue 6 (June 2025) – 151 articles

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