Horticulturae

16 pages, 1277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Reproductive Strategies of Different Provenances/Families of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Based on the Fruit Traits

by Yitong Chen, Ruixue Guo, Xiaona Pei, Dan Peng, Zihan Yan, Mingrui Kang, Yulu Pan, Jingxin Yu, Lu Xu, Huicong Lin, Chuang Liu, Qinhui Zhang and Xiyang Zhao

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050495 - 2 May 2025

Abstract

This study systematically analyzed the fruit traits of four sources and 117 families of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. in Jilin Province. By measuring key traits such as fruit phenotype and nut phenotype, the relationship between fruit characteristics and environmental adaptability was explored, leading to [...] Read more.

This study systematically analyzed the fruit traits of four sources and 117 families of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. in Jilin Province. By measuring key traits such as fruit phenotype and nut phenotype, the relationship between fruit characteristics and environmental adaptability was explored, leading to the selection of superior materials with high oil content potential. The study used fruit from J. mandshurica of 117 families (random sampling) across four provenances as experimental materials and measured 13 fruit phenotypic traits, including fruit length and fruit width. Finally, principal component analysis and genetic variation parameters were conducted. The results of the variance analysis (ANOVA) indicated that except for the nut roundness index, all other traits exhibited highly significant differences among provenances and families (p < 0.01). The range of genetic and phenotypic variation coefficients for the various traits was 7.47–23.23% and 8.76–29.59%. The family heritability ranged from 0.968 to 0.988. Correlation analysis among fruit traits revealed a non-significant correlation between fruit width and seed yield, fruit type index and nut weight, kernel weight and kernel yield, as well as nut longitudinal diameter and kernel yield. However, significant correlations were observed among all other traits. The Pearson correlation analysis between fruit traits and environmental factors revealed a significant negative correlation between longitude and seed yield. Cluster analysis results, based on the Euclidean distance method, showed that materials from four provenances were categorized into three groups at a genetic distance of 5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the cumulative contribution rate of four principal components reached 87.00%. PCI demonstrated the highest contribution rate and included traits such as fruit length, nut longitudinal diameter, nut transverse diameter, nut side diameter, three-diameter mean, and nut weight. One elite provenance and five elite families were preliminarily selected. The realized gain for the selected provenance fruit traits was higher for fruit weight and kernel weight, with values of 2.41% and 3.67%, respectively. For the selected families, the genetic gain was highest for kernel yield and kernel weight, with values of 16.51% and 26.66%, respectively. The findings will provide insights into breeding strategies to enhance walnut oil yield. The identified traits may be used to guide breeding programs for developing high-oil-content varieties; However, further validation studies are required to confirm these traits and their applicability in large-scale breeding efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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11 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Quantifying Yield Losses in Canola (Brassica napus) Caused by Verticillium longisporum

by Ji Cui, Stephen E. Strelkov and Sheau-Fang Hwang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050494 - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Verticillium stripe, a soilborne disease of canola (Brassica napus) caused by Verticillium longisporum, was first identified on the Canadian Prairies in 2014. Despite its increasing incidence, the impact of this disease on canola yields has not been quantified. To address [...] Read more.

Verticillium stripe, a soilborne disease of canola (Brassica napus) caused by Verticillium longisporum, was first identified on the Canadian Prairies in 2014. Despite its increasing incidence, the impact of this disease on canola yields has not been quantified. To address this gap, the relationship between Verticillium stripe severity and yield was investigated in two canola hybrids, ‘45H31’ and ‘CS2000’, at two infested field sites near St. Albert, Alberta, in 2020 and 2021. In 2020, a year with above-average rainfall, both hybrids developed moderate levels of the disease, whereas in 2021, a drought year, symptoms and signs of infection were milder. Regression analysis indicated that seed yield per plant declined with increasing Verticillium stripe severity in both years of the study. In both hybrids, the relationship between disease severity and yield was best explained by second-degree quadratic equations. Although single-plant seed yield declined by up to 80% with increasing Verticillium stripe severity, these reductions did not translate into significant yield losses at the plot level, suggesting that losses experienced by individual plants were offset by reduced competition among the surviving plants. These results underscore the complexity of assessing disease impacts solely based on symptom severity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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20 pages, 990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postharvest Quality and Biochemical Changes in Blood Orange Fruit Exposed to Various Non-Chilling Storage Temperatures

by Fariborz Habibi, Muhammad A. Shahid, Talia Jacobson, Cătălin Voiniciuc, Jeffrey K. Brecht and Ali Sarkhosh

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050493 - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Blood oranges grown in subtropical and tropical regions have low anthocyanin levels and a pale internal color at the point of commercial maturity. Since blood oranges are cold-dependent and can enhance anthocyanin during postharvest storage, the effects of various non-chilling storage temperatures (10, [...] Read more.

Blood oranges grown in subtropical and tropical regions have low anthocyanin levels and a pale internal color at the point of commercial maturity. Since blood oranges are cold-dependent and can enhance anthocyanin during postharvest storage, the effects of various non-chilling storage temperatures (10, 15, and 20 °C) on ‘Moro’ blood orange fruit quality and biochemical changes over a period of up to 42 days were investigated for total anthocyanin concentration (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), juice attributes, and physical qualities. Fruit weight and firmness losses increased during storage, with the lowest losses occurring at 10 °C. Titratable acidity (TA) decreased, with the lowest values recorded at 20 °C. Total soluble solids (TSSs) and the TSS/TA ratio increased, with the highest values observed at 20 °C. The sucrose content showed slight changes, while glucose and fructose levels increased during storage, with the highest concentrations of glucose and fructose noted at 20 °C. TAC, TPC, and TAA significantly increased during storage, with the highest values recorded at 10 °C, suggesting upregulation of the fruit antioxidant system and associated bioactive components in response to the lower temperature. Throughout the storage period, peel color parameters, such as L*, b*, C*, and h°, decreased at all temperatures, whereas a*, citrus color index (CCI), and total color difference (ΔE) increased. This study concludes that a storage temperature of 10 °C proved effective in enhancing TAC, TPC, and TAA during storage, as well as in maintaining the other physicochemical attributes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Physiology and Preservation Technology of Horticultural Plants)

15 pages, 1800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Linear Models for Assessing Soil Moisture Estimation

by Rui Li, Susu Wang, Han Wu, Hao Dong, Dezhi Kong, Hanxue Li, Dorothy S. Zhang and Haitao Chen

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050492 - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Accurately estimating soil moisture (SM) without direct measurements poses significant challenges due to nonlinear interactions in meteorological variables and the lagged response of SM to precipitation. This study evaluates two approaches: the auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model for one-day-ahead SM forecasting and [...] Read more.

Accurately estimating soil moisture (SM) without direct measurements poses significant challenges due to nonlinear interactions in meteorological variables and the lagged response of SM to precipitation. This study evaluates two approaches: the auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model for one-day-ahead SM forecasting and a K-means clustering-based multilayer perceptron (K-MLP) for real-time SM estimation at depths of 5 cm, 20 cm, and 50 cm in Changbai Mountain region. Although the K-MLP model outperformed the MLP model, achieving a maximum R² of 0.728, its estimation accuracy remains suboptimal. By contrast, the ARIMA model effectively leveraged SM persistence, achieving high accuracy in one-day-ahead forecasting. Specifically, the ARIMA (0, 1, 6), ARIMA (1, 1, 2), and ARIMA (2, 1, 1) models yield R² values of 0.9677, 0.9853, and 0.9684 and RMSE values of 0.02 m³·m³, 0.015 m³·m³, and 0.006 m³·m³ at depths of 5 cm, 20 cm, and 50 cm, respectively. This study explores ARIMA’s robustness in short-term SM forecasting and its adaptability to dynamic meteorological conditions, offering potential applications in agricultural water management and ecological monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Artificial Intelligence in Digital Horticulture: Practices and Innovations)

18 pages, 2305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Utilizing Plasma-Activated Water as a Nitrate Source on Growth and Flowering of Vanda Orchids

by Chaiartid Inkham, Sirajo Salisu Jibia, Suchanuch Jaipinta, Soraya Ruamrungsri and Kanokwan Panjama

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050491 - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The application of cold plasma technology in agriculture includes its use as a nitrate fertilizer, offering an alternative to traditional chemical fertilizers. This study investigated the effects of using plasma-activated water (PAW) as a nitrate source on the growth and flowering of Vanda [...] Read more.

The application of cold plasma technology in agriculture includes its use as a nitrate fertilizer, offering an alternative to traditional chemical fertilizers. This study investigated the effects of using plasma-activated water (PAW) as a nitrate source on the growth and flowering of Vanda orchids through two integrated experiments. Plants were treated with different nitrate concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L) and fertilizing frequencies (weekly vs. biweekly), in combination with varying plant ages (1-, 2-, and 3-year-old plants). The analysis focused on several variables, including plant height, the number of leaves, fresh and dry biomass, and flowering traits, such as time to bloom, inflorescence length, floret number, floret diameter, and vase life. The leaf nitrate, total nitrogen, and gas exchange parameters were also recorded. The results demonstrate that the plants receiving 100 mg/L PAW-NO₃⁻ exhibited significantly greater plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight than the control (0 mg/L), with a trend toward a higher leaf number. Flowering occurred earlier in the 100 mg/L treatment group, with the first, second, and third inflorescences emerging at 208, 284, and 304 days after treatment, respectively. Additionally, this concentration produced the highest floret number per inflorescence and the longest vase life (12.63 days). Weekly fertilization resulted in more pronounced vegetative growth than biweekly application, particularly in 3-year-old plants—the only group to flower. Fertilizing frequency, however, had no effect on flower quality regarding the inflorescence length, floret number, or floret size. These findings suggest that 100 mg/L nitrate from plasma-activated water, applied weekly, optimally enhances growth and flowering performance in Vanda orchids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Irrigation and Fertilization Management in Horticultural Production)

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16 pages, 1858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrophysiological Mechanism and Identification of Effective Compounds of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Shoot Volatiles Against Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

by Jiawei Ma, Ye Tian, Xuli Liu, Shengyou Fang, Chong Sun, Junliang Yin, Yongxing Zhu and Yiqing Liu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050490 - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphidinae), a major pest of Chinese pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim), causes significant agricultural damage. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has shown potential as a source for developing botanical pesticides due to its strong bacteriostatic [...] Read more.

Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphidinae), a major pest of Chinese pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim), causes significant agricultural damage. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has shown potential as a source for developing botanical pesticides due to its strong bacteriostatic and insecticidal properties; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the repellent activity of ginger shoot extract (GSE) across four solvent phases—petroleum ether, trichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol—against A. gossypii. The results demonstrated that GSE exhibited significant repellent effects, with the methanol phase showing the most pronounced activity. Twelve fractions were chromatographically separated from the methanol phase, and electroantennography (EAG) analysis revealed that fraction 4 induced strong EAG responses in both winged and wingless aphids. Further identification of active compounds in fraction 4 by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) indicated the presence of terpenes, aromatics, alkanes, esters, and phenols as major constituents. Subsequent EAG analysis identified several key compounds—octahydro-pentalene (C1), (Z)-cyclooctene (C2), dimethylstyrene (C3), tetramethyl-heptadecane (C5), tetrahydro-naphthalene (C6), and heptacosane (C9)—as responsible for eliciting EAG responses in both aphid forms. Additionally, results from Y-tube olfactometer assays showed that (Z)-cyclooctene and heptacosane were significantly attractive, while octahydro-pentalene acted as a strong repellent to both winged and wingless aphids. These findings offer valuable insights for the development of synthetic attractants and repellents for A. gossypii and provide a theoretical foundation for utilizing ginger in the creation of botanical pesticides targeting this pest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bioactive Compounds of Horticultural Plants)

24 pages, 4926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Identification and Classification of Pear Varieties Based on Leaf Appearance with YOLOv10 Model

by Niman Li, Yongqing Wu, Zhengyu Jiang, Yulu Mou, Xiaohao Ji, Hongliang Huo and Xingguang Dong

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050489 - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The accurate and efficient identification of pear varieties is paramount to the intelligent advancement of the pear industry. This study introduces a novel approach to classifying pear varieties by recognizing their leaves. We collected leaf images of 33 pear varieties against natural backgrounds, [...] Read more.

The accurate and efficient identification of pear varieties is paramount to the intelligent advancement of the pear industry. This study introduces a novel approach to classifying pear varieties by recognizing their leaves. We collected leaf images of 33 pear varieties against natural backgrounds, including 5 main cultivation species and inter-species selection varieties. Images were collected at different times of the day to cover changes in natural lighting and ensure model robustness. From these, a representative dataset containing 17,656 pear leaf images was self-made. YOLOv10 based on the PyTorch framework was applied to train the leaf dataset, and construct a pear leaf identification and classification model. The efficacy of the YOLOv10 method was validated by assessing important metrics such as precision, recall, F1-score, and mAP value, which yielded results of 99.6%, 99.4%, 0.99, and 99.5%, respectively. Among them, the precision rate of nine varieties reached 100%. Compared with existing recognition networks and target detection algorithms such as YOLOv7, ResNet50, VGG16, and Swin Transformer, YOLOv10 performs the best in pear leaf recognition in natural scenes. To address the issue of low recognition precision in Yuluxiang, the Spatial and Channel reconstruction Convolution (SCConv) module is introduced on the basis of YOLOv10 to improve the model. The result shows that the model precision can reach 99.71%, and Yuluxiang’s recognition and classification precision increased from 96.4% to 98.3%. Consequently, the model established in this study can realize automatic recognition and detection of pear varieties, and has room for improvement, providing a reference for the conservation, utilization, and classification research of pear resources, as well as for the identification of other varietal identification of other crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Tree Physiology and Molecular Biology)

14 pages, 1015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Whole-Genome Resequencing Reveals Phylogenetic Relationships and Sex Differentiation Mechanisms Among Fujian Cycas Species

by Xinyu Xu, Yousry A. El-Kassaby, Sijia Liu, Juan Zhang, Lanqi Zhang, Junnan Li, Wenkai Li, Kechang Zhang, Minghai Zou, Zhiru Lai, Likuang Lin, Yongdong Zhang, Shasha Wu and Bihua Chen

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050488 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Cycads, renowned as “living fossils”, are among the most ancient extant seed plants, playing a crucial role in understanding plant evolution and sex differentiation. Despite their importance, research on their genetics and sex differentiation remains scarce. This study investigates three species, represented by [...] Read more.

Cycads, renowned as “living fossils”, are among the most ancient extant seed plants, playing a crucial role in understanding plant evolution and sex differentiation. Despite their importance, research on their genetics and sex differentiation remains scarce. This study investigates three species, represented by six samples, collected from various regions in Fujian Province, China, using whole-genome resequencing on the Illumina platform. The sequence data underwent rigorous quality control, alignment, and variant detection, focusing on SNP and InDel distribution and annotation. Among the studied species, Cycas revoluta exhibited the highest number of SNPs and the greatest heterozygosity values. Based on SNP data, phylogenetic trees and principal component analysis revealed distinct clusters, with the three C. revoluta samples forming one cluster, while the two C. szechuanensis samples and the C. taiwaniana sample were grouped separately. Gene function using COG and GO annotations, and KEGG enrichment analysis, all highlighted differences in genomic structure and functional gene distribution between male and female cycads. Notably, genes associated with sex differentiation, such as MADS-box and auxin-responsive protein genes, were shown, while other transcription factors showed distinct annotations and enrichment patterns based on sex. This study improves our understanding of genetic variation, evolutionary relationships, and gene enrichment in cycads, providing a foundation for conservation, cultivation, and insights into sex differentiation mechanisms in these ancient plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

20 pages, 2763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MIKC-Type MADS-box Genes Regulate Phytohormone-Dependent Fruit Ripening in Tomatoes

by Changxia Li, Yushi Lu, Junrong Xu, Jing Cui, Yunzhi Liu and Wenjin Yu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050487 - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Tomato fruit ripening is a complex process that determines the formation of fruit quality. Transcription factors (TFs) play key roles in regulating fruit ripening and quality formation. MADS-box genes, a crucial class of genes involved in virtually all aspects of plant development, are [...] Read more.

Tomato fruit ripening is a complex process that determines the formation of fruit quality. Transcription factors (TFs) play key roles in regulating fruit ripening and quality formation. MADS-box genes, a crucial class of genes involved in virtually all aspects of plant development, are regarded as important candidate members among them. In this study, we present a detailed overview of the phylogeny and expression of 32 tomato MIKC-type MADS-box genes. Moreover, 20 genes contained many phytohormone-related elements. In combination with higher expression in fruit, eight genes are suggested to be involved in plant hormone pathways that regulate fruit ripening. A virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiment revealed that TM4, TAGL11, SlMADS6, SlMADS99, TAGL1, SlMADS1, RIN, and MC may positively regulate fruit ripening. Measurements of the endogenous phytohormones in silenced TM4, TAGL11, SlMADS6, SlMADS99, TAGL1, SlMADS1, RIN, or MC fruit suggest that eight MIKC-type MADS-box genes, as well as medicated abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), gibberellin (GA₃), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and/or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) pathways, positively regulate fruit ripening in tomatoes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Stress Physiology and Resistance Regulation in Horticultural Plants: 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 2391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Storage and Regeneration of Clonal Propagules of Salix tetrasperma Through Double-Layered Encapsulation

by Zubair Altaf Reshi, Waquar Ahmad, Fohad Mabood Husain, Mehrun Nisha Khanam and Saad Bin Javed

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050486 - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Synthetic seed technology is an innovative in vitro technique that provides improved storage capabilities for vegetative propagules. Its success mostly depends on the encapsulation matrix’s composition and the encapsulation procedure. The present study focuses on optimizing an encapsulation protocol for short-term storage and [...] Read more.

Synthetic seed technology is an innovative in vitro technique that provides improved storage capabilities for vegetative propagules. Its success mostly depends on the encapsulation matrix’s composition and the encapsulation procedure. The present study focuses on optimizing an encapsulation protocol for short-term storage and germplasm exchange using micro-cuttings of Salix tetrasperma. Among the different synthetic seed types evaluated, double-layered synthetic seeds (DLSs) exhibited the highest re-growth (93.6%) on MS medium supplemented with meta-Topolin (mT) (5.0 µM) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.5 µM) after 8 weeks of culture. Viability assessment of non-embryogenic synthetic seeds during low-temperature storage (4 °C) demonstrated the enhanced resilience of double-layered synthetic seeds (DLSs) compared to their single-layered (SLS) counterparts. Following acclimatization in Soilrite^®-filled cups, 82% of the plantlets were successfully established in a greenhouse after four weeks. The increased activity and concentration of antioxidants in DLS-derived plantlets suggest the potential role of the extra layer of alginate in mitigating the effects of low-temperature stress during storage. SCoT molecular analysis confirmed the genetic integrity of the synthetic seed-derived plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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20 pages, 905 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Growth Performance and Agrometeorological Indices of Matricaria chamomilla L. Governed by Growing Season Length and Salicylic Acid in the Western Himalaya

by Shalika Rathore and Rakesh Kumar

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050485 - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a suitable medicinal and aromatic crop to cultivate in diverse regions, but its relationship with weather is a major concern in evaluating the development and crop production in the Western Himalayan region. Thus, a field experiment [...] Read more.

German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a suitable medicinal and aromatic crop to cultivate in diverse regions, but its relationship with weather is a major concern in evaluating the development and crop production in the Western Himalayan region. Thus, a field experiment was executed for two years (2018–2019 and 2019–2020) at CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India, to evaluate the crop weather relationship studies and different phenological phases of German chamomile under acidic soil conditions of mid hills of Western Himalaya. Agrometeorological indices were worked out for four different sowing times from 20 November to 20 January with foliar application of elicitor, i.e., salicylic acid at three levels (viz., SA0: 0 mg/L, SA1: 25 mg/L, SA2: 50 mg/L). The results revealed that the number of days required for attaining each phenological stage decreased with a delay in sowing time. Higher growing degree days (GDDs), photothermal units (PTUs) and heliothermal units (HTUs) were accumulated for early sowing of 20 November and showed a gradual decrease with delayed sowing. Salicylic acid application produced a significant effect on the accumulation of agrometeorological indices, irrespective of the applied doses, and showed irregularity. Higher accumulation of GDDs, PTUs, and HTUs is associated with higher flower and essential oil yield; thus, the results showed that agrometeorological indices are associated with the production of German chamomile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding, Cultivation, and Metabolic Regulation of Medicinal Plants)

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16 pages, 2927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling the Biochemical Diversity in Short-Day Onion Genotypes

by Ashwini Prashant Benke, Vijay Mahajan and Digambar N. Mokat

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050484 - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Crop production is directly associated with the improvement of germplasm, which is mainly reliant on genetic diversity. Diversity among various genotypes has been investigated employing a variety of statistical approaches. The most widely utilized of these methods for determining the genetic overlap of [...] Read more.

Crop production is directly associated with the improvement of germplasm, which is mainly reliant on genetic diversity. Diversity among various genotypes has been investigated employing a variety of statistical approaches. The most widely utilized of these methods for determining the genetic overlap of genotypes is multivariate. In the present investigation, a total of 27 onion genotypes/advanced lines/varieties comprising high and low total soluble solids (TSS) white onion lines along with red varieties were evaluated at the ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research station. Data were recorded on seven biochemical parameters. In multivariate analysis, genotypes were clustered into three major groups: the first group comprised thirteen genotypes with high TSS; however, the second group (eight) comprised low TSS white onion genotypes, and in the third group (six), mostly red varieties were clubbed together. The analysis primarily focused on the trait TSS; it was significantly associated with the antioxidant assay 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) AE, while total sugar content was positively associated with the antioxidant assay 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid)ABTS. In principal component analysis (PCA), the first three principal components (PCs) with >1 Eigen value contributed 71.36% of the variability among genotypes. Characters with a maximum value at PC1 were total soluble solids (0.48), antioxidant capacity AE DPPH (0.46), and total sugar content (0.49). PC2 comprises total phenolic content (0.62) and total flavonoid content (0.62); for PC3, the major contributors were thiosulfinate content (0.82) and antioxidant capacity ABTS (0.32). From the findings of the present study, the best-performing high TSS lines can be used for advancement through strongly correlated traits using breeding strategies. These sorted high TSS lines (W-103, W-107, and W-123) (>22 °Brix.), high-sugar-content genotypes (W-108, W-111, and W-308), and W-361, which recorded high thiosulfinate content, can be advanced or used as parental material for the development of processing-suitable onion varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Germplasm Resource Identification and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops—2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 4015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing the Endophytic Microbiome and Microbial Functional Assemblages Associated with Fengtang Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) Development and Resistance

by Jiqing Lei, Yinna Shi, Hong Li and Rui Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050483 - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Fengtang plum, a novel cultivar recently developed in China, has gained huge popularity due to its large fruit size, crisp sweetness, distinctive aroma, and notable resistance to brown rot caused by Monilinia spp. To investigate microbial community dynamics during fruit development, we analyzed [...] Read more.

Fengtang plum, a novel cultivar recently developed in China, has gained huge popularity due to its large fruit size, crisp sweetness, distinctive aroma, and notable resistance to brown rot caused by Monilinia spp. To investigate microbial community dynamics during fruit development, we analyzed samples from three phenological stages: fruit-setting (BSP1), veraison (BSP2), and maturity (BSP3). Our results demonstrated stage-specific microbial succession patterns: alpha diversity indices (observed species, ACE, PD_whole_tree) significantly increased at BSP2/BSP3 versus BSP1, accompanied by diverging Shannon index trends between bacteria (progressive enhancement) and fungi (stage-dependent reduction). Bacterial communities maintained Proteobacteria and Firmicutes dominance while accumulating low-abundance species (18.06–61.84%), whereas Ascomycota constituted the persistent fungal phylum with Trichoderma, reaching 95.91% dominance at BSP3. Community differentiation primarily arose from stage-specific bacteria Ralstonia, Brevundimonas, and Limnobacter, and dominant fungi Trichoderma and Cladosporium. Bacterial metabolic shifts were predicted to transition from basic energy production to complex organic/aromatic compound utilization, contrasting with fungal transitions from pathogen–saprophyte competition to saprophytic dominance. While the enrichment of Lactobacillus and Trichoderma during mid-to-late stages may suggest potential associations with aromatic compound production and fungal pathogen resistance, these hypotheses require validation through targeted metabolomics and pathogen challenge experiments. This study elucidates microbial community succession patterns during Fengtang plum development; notably, functional predictions were inferred from 16S/ITS sequencing data rather than direct metagenomic or metatranscriptomic analyses, thus limiting mechanistic interpretations, though future work integrating multi-omics approaches would strengthen functional insights. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

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12 pages, 1010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Black Knot Unraveled: Phenotypic Characterization of Disease Resistance in Japanese Plums

by Chloe Shum, Wendy McFadden-Smith, Walid El Kayal and Jayasankar Subramanian

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050482 - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Black knot (BK) disease, caused by Apiosporina morbosa (Schwein.) v. Arx, significantly afflicts Japanese plums (Prunus salicina L.), resulting in substantial economic losses due to its destructive invasion of branches and trunks. Phenotyping for disease severity is critical to understanding resistance and [...] Read more.

Black knot (BK) disease, caused by Apiosporina morbosa (Schwein.) v. Arx, significantly afflicts Japanese plums (Prunus salicina L.), resulting in substantial economic losses due to its destructive invasion of branches and trunks. Phenotyping for disease severity is critical to understanding resistance and susceptibility across diverse genotypes. In this study, 200 Japanese plum trees from a mixed lineage breeding program were phenotyped for BK severity using a rating scale from 0 to 5. Trees were rated by two independent raters and repeated on a second day, in early spring 2023, before leaf emergence, for peak visibility. The rating system was designed to capture varying levels of infection, with 0 representing no symptoms and 5 indicating severe infection with major effects to the tree’s overall health. Compared to data from 2015 and 2018, there was a noticeable increase in the number of heavily diseased trees relative to symptom-free trees. In 2023, the proportion of completely resistant trees remained the same as in 2018, suggesting true resistance. Median scores were calculated from four independent ratings per tree, comprised of two individuals on two different days, minimizing individual biases. Additionally, inter-rater reliability was assessed using the weighted Kappa statistic, which yielded a value of 0.903, indicating strong agreement between raters. This phenotypic assessment provides a robust dataset for correlation with genetic markers and supports further breeding efforts aimed at developing BK-resistant cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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21 pages, 10218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Analysis of Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Profiles Identifies Distinct Dynamic Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Grape Berries Under Fruit-Specific Light Exposure

by Xuan Luo, Jiahao Wu, Hongjuan Li, Xintong Wang, Wendi Wang, Hui Li, Kunfeng Li and Songling Bai

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050481 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 55

Abstract

Light influences fruit development and quality through two primary pathways: its effect on vegetative organs, which subsequently impacts the fruit, and its direct effect on the fruit itself. While the mechanism of the former pathway is well-documented, the direct impact of light on [...] Read more.

Light influences fruit development and quality through two primary pathways: its effect on vegetative organs, which subsequently impacts the fruit, and its direct effect on the fruit itself. While the mechanism of the former pathway is well-documented, the direct impact of light on fruit has been less studied due to limitations in applying controlled light exposure to preharvest fruit. This study addresses this gap by developing a novel device that delivers fruit-specific light treatment, enabling precise light exposure without altering the light conditions of vegetative tissues. The integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics reveals that light can directly affect the growth and development of fruits and the formation of quality, independent of the vegetative organs. Our findings reveal distinct regulatory patterns for primary and secondary metabolites during maturation. Direct light exposure activates primary metabolites and photosynthetic gene expression, though this effect diminishes as the fruit matures. Conversely, light enhances secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, and their associated gene expressions, maintaining consistent activation throughout development and leading to higher accumulation during maturation. This study provides the first transcriptomic and metabolomic characterization of grape berries exposed to fruit-specific light treatment, advancing our understanding of light-dependent fruit development and quality formation mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Sustainable Viticulture)

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17 pages, 8189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aluminum Stress of Oriental Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Is Linked to the Dehydrin CmDHN3

by Chong Zhang, Qiang Chen, Xinqi Guo, Hongbo Pang and Ying Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050480 - 30 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Dehydrins (DHNs; late embryogenesis-abundant D11 family) are a class of hydrophilic proteins involved in plant abiotic stress response. However, there is less information regarding DHN gene function in cucurbit crops. Herein, 34 DHN gene family members were identified and characterized in Cucumis sativus [...] Read more.

Dehydrins (DHNs; late embryogenesis-abundant D11 family) are a class of hydrophilic proteins involved in plant abiotic stress response. However, there is less information regarding DHN gene function in cucurbit crops. Herein, 34 DHN gene family members were identified and characterized in Cucumis sativus, Cucumis melo, Citrullus lanatus, Benincasa hispida, Lagenaria siceraria, and Cucurbita maxima. The DHN genes in the six cucurbit crops exhibited greater collinearity within subfamilies than between different subfamilies. Responses to stress (including low-temperature, salt, cadmium, and aluminum stress) varied among the DHN members, with a significant alteration in the expression of the acidic SnKn-type DHN gene CmDHN3 in response to aluminum stress. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that CmDHN3 is expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) revealed a remarkable decrease in CmDHN3 expression, which markedly increased malondialdehyde content, relative conductivity, and proline content in the roots and leaves of plants under aluminum stress. Transcriptome analysis showed that the decreased CmDHN3 expression reduced the expression of water channel protein-encoding genes. Interactions between CmDHN3 and CmAQP1 (MELO3C007188) and between CmDHN3 and CmAQP2 (MELO3C020774) were confirmed using yeast two-hybrid assays. These results clarify the pathway by which dehydrin genes are involved in the transcriptional-level response of melon to aluminum stress and provide a theoretical basis to comprehensively analyze the functions of this gene family in cucurbit crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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15 pages, 1755 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Alternative Growing Media Under the Same Fertigation Scheme Affected Mineral Accumulation and Physiological Parameters in Grapevine Cultivars

by Nikolaos Tzortzakis and Antonios Chrysargyris

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050479 - 29 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Under nursery conditions, various organic and inorganic growing media can be used for plant propagation. However, a common fertigation program may have varying effects on plant performance. This study evaluated alternative growing media under the same fertigation scheme in three indigenous Cypriot grapevine [...] Read more.

Under nursery conditions, various organic and inorganic growing media can be used for plant propagation. However, a common fertigation program may have varying effects on plant performance. This study evaluated alternative growing media under the same fertigation scheme in three indigenous Cypriot grapevine cultivars (Xynisteri, Maratheftiko, Giannoudi). Rooted cuttings were grown in pots containing soil, perlite, river sand, peat, and cocosoil. The plants were fertigated with a hydroponic nutrient solution with an electrical conductivity of 2.4 dS/m and a pH of 5.8. Xynisteri grown in peat and cocosoil accumulated minerals such as N and P while showing reduced levels of Na, total phenols, antioxidant capacity, and total flavonoids in the leaves. Additionally, plants exhibited low hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, indicating a non-stressful growing environment. Maratheftiko cultivar accumulated N in perlite, K in cocosoil, and P in peat and cocosoil media. When grown in soil, Maratheftiko showed higher phenol content and increased antioxidant capacity, which is correlated with elevated oxidative stress (higher MDA). Giannoudi appeared to be more adapted to soil and/or cocosoil media, as evidenced by its lower MDA content, total phenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity, compared to plants grown in perlite, sand, and peat. Chlorophyll and total carotenoid levels were increased in Giannoudi grown in soil. In conclusion, both growing media and fertigation practices should be tailored to optimize plant performance under nursery conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization of Horticultural Plant Production in Controlled Environments Using Proximal Sensing)

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12 pages, 3049 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Synergistic Effects of Supplemental Lighting and Foliar Phosphorus Application on Flowering in Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis)

by Dongyu Sun, Caizhu Hu, Yinyan Yang, Huanhuan Wang, Tongbo Yan, Chubin Wu, Zhiqun Hu, Xingyu Lu and Biyan Zhou

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050478 - 29 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), a commercially vital tropical crop, faces flowering instability due to photoperiod-sensitive flowering patterns, particularly under the cloudy, rainy climates of subtropical regions. To mitigate floral suppression during unfavorable light conditions, this study implemented a dual-modality strategy combining [...] Read more.

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), a commercially vital tropical crop, faces flowering instability due to photoperiod-sensitive flowering patterns, particularly under the cloudy, rainy climates of subtropical regions. To mitigate floral suppression during unfavorable light conditions, this study implemented a dual-modality strategy combining 16 h daily supplementary lighting (460 nm blue + 630 nm red spectrum) and foliar application of a high-phosphorus-containing nutrient, the Plant-Prod (nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium = 10:52:10) grown in field ‘Qinmi No. 9’. The treatment significantly stimulated lateral branch formation, internode elongation, flower retention, stage IV flower bud development, and enhanced photosynthetic efficiency. Physiological analyses revealed that the treatment increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), reduced the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and enhanced stomatal conductance (Gs), indicating the improvement of carbon assimilation. Controlled seedling trials further confirmed these effects, with treated groups exhibiting accelerated lateral branching and stress resilience. This integrated approach, combining optimized supplemental lighting and precision phosphorus fertilization, offers a practical and scalable strategy to stabilize passion fruit yields in climate-variable regions, with immediate potential for commercial orchards and greenhouse production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

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33 pages, 1764 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antioxidant Defense System in Plants: Reactive Oxygen Species Production, Signaling, and Scavenging During Abiotic Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage

by Muhammad Junaid Rao, Mingzheng Duan, Caixia Zhou, Jiejie Jiao, Peiwen Cheng, Lingwei Yang, Wei Wei, Qinyuan Shen, Piyu Ji, Ying Yang, Omar Conteh, Daoliang Yan, Huwei Yuan, Abdul Rauf, Jianguo Ai and Bingsong Zheng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050477 - 29 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Plants face various abiotic stresses in their natural environments that trigger the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and potential cellular damage. This comprehensive review examines the interplay between plant antioxidant defense systems and ROS under abiotic stress conditions. [...] Read more.

Plants face various abiotic stresses in their natural environments that trigger the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and potential cellular damage. This comprehensive review examines the interplay between plant antioxidant defense systems and ROS under abiotic stress conditions. We discuss the major enzymatic antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, reductases, and peroxidases, as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, glutathione, polyphenols, and flavonoids, which play crucial roles in ROS detoxification. This review elaborates on different types of ROS, their production sites within plant cells, and their dual role as both damaging oxidants and key signaling molecules. We discuss how various abiotic stresses—including heat, cold, drought, flooding, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity—induce oxidative stress and trigger specific antioxidant responses in plants. Additionally, the mechanisms of ROS generation under these abiotic stress conditions and the corresponding activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic scavenging systems are discussed in detail. This review also discusses recent advances in understanding ROS signaling networks and their integration with other stress-response pathways. This knowledge provides valuable insights into plant stress-tolerance mechanisms and suggests potential strategies for developing stress-resistant crops by enhancing antioxidant defense systems. Moreover, the strategic ROS modulation through priming, exogenous antioxidants, nanoparticles, or genetic tools can enhance plant resilience. Integrating these methods with agronomic practices (e.g., irrigation management) offers a sustainable path to climate-smart agriculture. Our review reveals that ROS accumulation can be detrimental; however, the coordinated action of various antioxidant systems helps plants maintain redox homeostasis and adapt to environmental stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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38 pages, 4096 KiB

Open AccessReview

CO₂ Enrichment in Protected Agriculture: A Bibliometric Review on Greenhouses, Controlled Environment Systems, and Vertical Farms—Part 1

by John Javier Espitia, Gina Amado, Jader Rodriguez, Luisa Gomez, Rodrigo Gil, Jorge Flores-Velasquez, Esteban Baeza, Cruz Ernesto Aguilar, Mohammad Akrami, Luis Alejandro Arias and Edwin Villagran

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050476 - 29 Apr 2025

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Abstract

CO₂ enrichment in protected agriculture is a key strategy for enhancing crop productivity and quality, optimizing photosynthetic efficiency, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. In this study, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research on CO₂ enrichment is conducted by compiling [...] Read more.

CO₂ enrichment in protected agriculture is a key strategy for enhancing crop productivity and quality, optimizing photosynthetic efficiency, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. In this study, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research on CO₂ enrichment is conducted by compiling and evaluating 171 relevant documents published between 1982 and 2024 in Scopus, utilizing R-Studio and VOSviewer for data processing. The analysis explores scientific output trends, predominant research methodologies, influencing factors, and emerging applications in controlled-environment agriculture. The findings reveal an exponential growth in scientific publications since 2015, with Asia and Europe leading the research landscape. The physiological and agronomic benefits of CO₂ enrichment in C3 crops, particularly tomatoes and lettuce, include enhanced photosynthesis, improved nitrogen assimilation, and reduced abiotic stress. Additionally, advancements in sustainable CO₂ capture and delivery technologies, such as industrial capture and fermentation-based systems, have been documented. However, significant challenges remain regarding the economic feasibility, accessibility for small-scale farmers, and environmental sustainability of CO₂ enrichment strategies. A network analysis of scientific collaboration highlights an increasing trend of international cooperation, with China, the United States, and Japan emerging as key contributors. The integration of plant physiology, agricultural engineering, and environmental sustainability reflects a transition toward multidisciplinary approaches aimed at optimizing CO₂ utilization in controlled environments. This study underscores the potential of CO₂ enrichment as a transformative tool in protected agriculture. However, its large-scale adoption necessitates international collaboration, rigorous research on socio-economic and environmental impacts, and the development of context-specific technologies. Strengthening global research networks and fostering applied innovation will be essential to ensuring the widespread and sustainable implementation of CO₂ enrichment strategies in protected agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue i-RTgreenhouse, Green Walls, Urban Agriculture, Vetical Farm and Hi-Tech City Landscape for Sustainability)

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5 pages, 165 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

New Advance in Germplasm Resources, Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding of Vegetable Crops

by Hao Wu, Jie Zheng and Yong Zhou

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050475 - 29 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The acquisition, characterization and exploitation of germplasm resources are fundamentally important for mining key genes, thereby providing critical genetic foundations for future improvements in productivity and quality of vegetable crops [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advance in Germplasm Resources, Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding of Vegetable Crops)

18 pages, 10426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Compounds Such as Chitosan, Citral, and Hexanal Against Colletotrichum asianum

by Edson Rayón-Díaz, Luis G. Hernández-Montiel, Víctor Manuel Zamora-Gasga, Jorge A. Sánchez-Burgos, Surelys Ramos-Bell, Rita María Velázquez-Estrada, Juan Antonio Herrera-González and Porfirio Gutiérrez-Martínez

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050474 - 28 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The Colletotrichum genus is one of the ten most relevant pathogenic fungi in the post-harvest sector owing to its high infection rate in tropical fruits; however, the search for alternatives to synthetic fungicides is crucial because of their adverse effects on health and [...] Read more.

The Colletotrichum genus is one of the ten most relevant pathogenic fungi in the post-harvest sector owing to its high infection rate in tropical fruits; however, the search for alternatives to synthetic fungicides is crucial because of their adverse effects on health and the environment. This study evaluated the efficacy of chitosan (CH), citral (CT), and hexanal (HX) against Colletotrichum asianum, as well as the toxicological potential of these treatments. In in vitro tests, 1.0% CH, 0.03% CT, and 0.06% HX significantly inhibited fungal development in parameters of radial growth, sporulation, fungal biomass, and germination by 78–100% (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the toxicity index was low to moderate for most concentrations using cucumber and tomato seed germination as a study model. Toxicokinetic predictions suggest that CH, CT, and HX molecules do not pose a danger to human consumption, suggesting that they are promising alternatives to chemical fungicides for the control of phytopathogenic fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diseases in Horticultural Crops)

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19 pages, 1644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploitation of Heterosis for Yield and Quality Enhancement in Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch. Ex Poir.) Hybrids

by Akshita Bisht, Suresh Kumar Maurya, Lalit Bhatt, Dhirendra Singh, Birendra Prasad, Sudhanshu Verma, Vinay Kumar, Pratapsingh S. Khapte, Nazim S. Gruda and Pradeep Kumar

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050473 - 28 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The hybrid development of pumpkins, utilizing local genetic material, has recently garnered attention in India. This study aimed to evaluate the combining ability, heterosis, and per se performance of pumpkin hybrids for yield-related and biochemical traits. In the present investigation, eight parental lines [...] Read more.

The hybrid development of pumpkins, utilizing local genetic material, has recently garnered attention in India. This study aimed to evaluate the combining ability, heterosis, and per se performance of pumpkin hybrids for yield-related and biochemical traits. In the present investigation, eight parental lines of pumpkins were hybridized using a half-diallel mating design, resulting in 28 F₁ hybrids (reciprocals not included). The produced F₁ hybrids, parental lines, and a commercial check were assessed in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the summers of 2023 and 2024. The results obtained in the study show that the best performers with the most desirable characteristics were P-7 for total soluble solid, dry matter content, and average fruit weight; P-3 for total carotenoids, number of seeds per fruit, and antioxidant activity; P-2 for yield per plant and flesh thickness; and P-8 for number of fruits per plant. The parent P-5 for fruit number, average fruit weight, and yield per plant; P-2 for flesh thickness and antioxidant activity; P-7 for TSS and dry matter content; P-1 for fruit number; and P-3 for total carotenoids were noted as the best general combiners in terms of the effects of the parental lines on general combining ability. Conversely, the crosses P-2 × P-5 for yield per plant and flesh thickness and P-1 × P-2 for DPPH activity were found to outperform better-parent heterosis and standard heterosis in terms of heterosis and the specific combining ability magnitude of the F₁ hybrids. Thus, the findings of this study reveal that these hybrids possess strong potential for commercial cultivation, contributing to the development of high-yielding and nutritionally superior pumpkin hybrids after being tested in various seasons and locations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Germplasm Resource Identification and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 3417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Exploration of Cordyceps militaris Extract as a Postharvest Preservative for Flammulina filiformis

by Wenjing Chen, Yan Li, Youran Shao, Hongyu Chen, Ming Gong, Li Wang, Nanyi Li, Ying Wang and Gen Zou

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050472 - 27 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Postharvest Flammulina filiformis is prone to quality degradation, adversely impacting its commercial value. Cordyceps militaris, rich in antioxidant and antibacterial components, shows promise as a natural biological preservative. This study aimed to explore the potential of C. militaris extract (CME) as a [...] Read more.

Postharvest Flammulina filiformis is prone to quality degradation, adversely impacting its commercial value. Cordyceps militaris, rich in antioxidant and antibacterial components, shows promise as a natural biological preservative. This study aimed to explore the potential of C. militaris extract (CME) as a preservative for F. filiformis. Through analyzing indicators such as browning, stipe elongation, and cap diameter, this study confirmed the effectiveness of CME in delaying oxidation and inhibiting microbial growth during storage. Additionally, transcriptome analysis revealed that CME modulated gene expression in F. filiformis, enhancing its antioxidant defense mechanisms. The results demonstrated that CME could effectively extend the shelf life of F. filiformis, providing valuable insights into preservation strategies for this and other edible fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

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12 pages, 1075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution of Oligaphorura ursi in Morchella Cultivation Soil, Screening of Pesticides, and Analysis of Their Effects on Mycelial Growth and Pesticide Residues

by Xueqian Bai, Yicong Wang, Muhan Wang, Jiabei Zhang, Lingyue Wu, Xuecheng Wang and Yiping Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050471 - 27 Apr 2025

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Abstract

To identify the species of Collembola that harm Morchella and to screen for pesticides that are effective in controlling these pests with minimal inhibition of mycelial growth, a five-point sampling method was used to investigate the population of Collembola and its damaging effects [...] Read more.

To identify the species of Collembola that harm Morchella and to screen for pesticides that are effective in controlling these pests with minimal inhibition of mycelial growth, a five-point sampling method was used to investigate the population of Collembola and its damaging effects on Morchella and to analyze its spatial distribution in the soil. The indoor control efficacy of ten insecticides was determined using the mushroom disc immersion method and the pesticide film method. The most effective insecticides were then selected for field testing. The effect of the best-performing field pesticides on the mycelial growth of Morchella was measured using the Petri dish mycelial growth rate method, and pesticide residues were detected using chromatography. The survey revealed that in three Morchella greenhouses, the average Collembola population was 220,333 individuals/m³. The spatial distribution of Collembola was uniform. The collected Collembola specimens were identified as Oligaphorura ursi from the family Onychiuridae. Through the lab and field screening of pesticides, it was found that 40% phoxim EC, 1.8% abamectin EC, 2.5% lambda-cyhalothrin EW, and 4.5% beta-cypermethrin EC had the best efficacy. Meanwhile, residues of these four pesticides were not detected. Mycelial growth inhibition experiments showed that 2.5% lambda-cyhalothrin EW, 1.8% abamectin EC, and 4.5% beta-cypermethrin EC exhibit low inhibition of mycelial growth and can be used as control pesticides for Collembola on Morchella, providing a technical reference for the green pesticide control of Collembola on Morchella in the study region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Propagation and Cultivation of Mushroom)

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14 pages, 1546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Characterization of Humulus lupulus L. Varieties Cultivated in Brazil: Agricultural Zoning for the Crop in Tropical Areas

by Bárbara Cristina Claro Sabino, Filipe Pereira Giardini Bonfim, Mariana Nunes Ferreira Cabral, Viviany Viriato, Olivia Pak Campos, Caio Scardini Neves, Gustavo do Carmo Fernandes, Jordany Aparecida Oliveira Gomes, Roselaine Facanali and Marcia Ortiz Mayo Marques

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050470 - 27 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a crucial ingredient in beer, valued for its bitter acids and essential oils. Traditionally cultivated in temperate regions, hop production faces challenges from climate change, necessitating the exploration of new growing areas. This study evaluated the chemical [...] Read more.

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a crucial ingredient in beer, valued for its bitter acids and essential oils. Traditionally cultivated in temperate regions, hop production faces challenges from climate change, necessitating the exploration of new growing areas. This study evaluated the chemical quality of hop varieties grown in Brazil’s subtropical conditions to assess their suitability for brewing. Seven hop varieties (Cascade, Centennial, Columbus, Chinook, Comet, Fuggle, and Nugget) were analyzed for total α- and β-acids and essential oil composition. Bitter acids were quantified by spectrophotometric analysis, and volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Comet exhibited the highest a-acid level (10.54%), indicating strong bittering potential. Essential oil analysis revealed β-myrcene, (E)-caryophyllene, and α-humulene as predominant compounds. Centennial showed a distinct (E)-β-farnesene profile, a characteristic of noble hops. All varieties contained α- and β-selinene, suggesting a common metabolic pattern. The results indicate that Brazil has the potential to produce high-quality hops with suitable chemical profiles for brewing. As traditional hop-growing regions face climate-related challenges, hops cultivated in Brazil may offer a viable alternative for achieving the desired chemical composition required by the brewing industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management Under Climate Change: 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 9744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of CaGA20ox Gene Family Members Related to Floral Organ Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum) at Different Temperatures

by Yin Luo, Jin Wang, Chaohui Ren, Yaqian Chen, Shimei Yang, Qinbiao Yin, Meiqi Wang, Xiaoyan Sui, Hao Tian, Feng Liu and Xuexiao Zou

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050469 - 27 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Environmental temperature significantly affects plant growth and development, particularly flower development. In pepper (Capsicum annuum), the molecular mechanisms underlying temperature-mediated floral organ development remain unclear. Gibberellins (GAs) are key plant hormones regulating growth and development, including flower development, and the CaGA20ox [...] Read more.

Environmental temperature significantly affects plant growth and development, particularly flower development. In pepper (Capsicum annuum), the molecular mechanisms underlying temperature-mediated floral organ development remain unclear. Gibberellins (GAs) are key plant hormones regulating growth and development, including flower development, and the CaGA20ox gene family may play a crucial role in this process due to its involvement in GA biosynthesis. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the CaGA20ox gene family across six pepper genomes (‘Zhangshugang’, ‘Zunla’, ‘Chiltepin’, ‘CM334’, ‘Ca59’, and ‘T2T’) to explore their roles in flower development and temperature stress response, identifying five to six genes per genome. These genes exhibited distinct expression patterns across different tissues and developmental stages, with some members showing higher expression in specific floral organs, particularly pistils. Our results revealed that temperature significantly impacts pepper flower development and GA content, with lower temperatures enhancing antioxidant capacity and increasing GA levels. Specifically, the expression levels of four CazGA20ox genes (CazGA20ox1, CazGA20ox2, CazGA20ox4, and CazGA20ox6) were significantly influenced by temperature changes. Our systematic analysis of the role of the CaGA20ox gene family in temperature-mediated pepper flower development provides a foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanisms as well as the development of improved pepper varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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24 pages, 4812 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Effect of the Ripening Period on the Quality Attributes of Pear Fruit

by Smaranda-Oana Boghean, Mădălina Militaru, Eugenia Gherghina (Mareși), Radu E. Sestras, Orsolya Borsai, Andreea F. Andrecan, Catalina Dan, Adriana F. Sestras and Anca Livia Butiuc-Keul

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050468 - 27 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Pear fruit quality is a key determinant of consumer preference, yet it remains insufficiently characterized in many newly developed cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate 25 pear genotypes (Pyrus communis L.), internationally renowned cultivars and new cultivars developed through Romanian breeding programs, [...] Read more.

Pear fruit quality is a key determinant of consumer preference, yet it remains insufficiently characterized in many newly developed cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate 25 pear genotypes (Pyrus communis L.), internationally renowned cultivars and new cultivars developed through Romanian breeding programs, with distinct ripening periods, using an integrative approach based on morphological, biochemical, and sensory traits. Standardized methods were applied to assess attributes including fruit size, firmness, soluble solids, organic acid composition, skin color, and hedonic sensory responses for taste, aroma, texture, and visual appeal. Results revealed significant variability across ripening groups, with several cultivars, such as ‘Paradox’, ‘Pandora’, ‘Isadora’, and ‘Daciana’, displaying favorable combinations of appearance, internal quality, and consumer-rated acceptability. ‘Paradox’ and ‘Pandora’ achieved the highest sensory scores, comparable to or surpassing those of commercial standards like ‘Packham’s Triumph’. Multivariate analyses confirmed trait correlations and distinct phenotypic profiles among cultivars. These findings underscore the utility of multidimensional quality assessment for selecting cultivars suited to modern market demands, both for fresh consumption and processing. Moreover, several genotypes demonstrated potential as parental sources in pear breeding programs targeting improved organoleptic and physicochemical traits. The study suggests that a differentiated sensory scoring approach, rather than a uniform 1–9 hedonic scale, may more effectively identify high-quality pear cultivars for breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rosaceae Crops: Cultivation, Breeding and Postharvest Physiology)

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20 pages, 4141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Interaction Between Soil Microorganisms and Understory Ginseng During Its Growth

by Yiming Lan, Yumu Shen, Yingxin Sun, Mei Han, Mingming Wan and Limin Yang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050467 - 26 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Soil, as the foundation for the survival of understory ginseng, directly impacts its growth and development. However, studies focusing on the role of soil in determining the quality of understory ginseng are limited. This study examines the relationship between quality and yield of [...] Read more.

Soil, as the foundation for the survival of understory ginseng, directly impacts its growth and development. However, studies focusing on the role of soil in determining the quality of understory ginseng are limited. This study examines the relationship between quality and yield of 5-, 9-, and 17-year-old understory ginseng and their soil microbiota. The results indicate that with the increase in growth years, the overall biomass of understory ginseng generally shows an upward trend, while its quality slightly decreases at 9 years. Compared to the other two growth years, the soil from 9-year-old ginseng shows lower enzyme activity and pH and a higher abundance of pathogens. The 17 years soil has higher OM and AHN content, along with increased abundance of denitrifying and nitrogen-reducing bacteria. Correlation networks reveal that AK significantly influences ginsenoside content, while AP and AHN are more closely related to soil microorganisms. Compared with other types of ginsenosides, ginsenosides Rh2 and Rd are affected by a greater variety of soil microorganisms and chemical factors. As growth years increase, the changes in ginseng quality, soil nutrients, and soil microbiota do not follow a single linear trend; instead, there appears to be a bottleneck phase at certain intermediate stages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)

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18 pages, 2131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenological Development, Thermal Requirement, and Quality of ‘BRS Núbia’ (Vitis vinifera L. x Vitis labrusca L.) Grapes on Different Rootstocks

by Harleson Sidney Almeida Monteiro, Marco Antonio Tecchio, Sinara de Nazaré Santana Brito, Francisco José Domingues Neto, Camilo André Pereira Contreras Sánchez, Juan Carlos Alonso, Daví Eduardo Furno Feliciano, Carolina Ragoni Maniero, Pedro Henrique Hortolani Cunha and Marcelo de Souza Silva

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050466 - 26 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The cultivation of table grapes in Brazil is economically significant, with production influenced by edaphoclimatic factors and rootstock selection. The cultivar ‘BRS Núbia’ (Vitis vinifera L. x Vitis labrusca L.) is a promising alternative; however, its phenological behavior, thermal requirements, and compatibility [...] Read more.

The cultivation of table grapes in Brazil is economically significant, with production influenced by edaphoclimatic factors and rootstock selection. The cultivar ‘BRS Núbia’ (Vitis vinifera L. x Vitis labrusca L.) is a promising alternative; however, its phenological behavior, thermal requirements, and compatibility with different rootstocks under subtropical conditions require further evaluation. This study aimed to assess the duration of phenological stages, thermal requirement, and ripening dynamics of ‘BRS Núbia’ grapevines grafted onto the rootstocks ‘IAC 572 Jales’, ‘IAC 766 Campinas’, and ‘Paulsen 1103’. The experiment was conducted in São Manuel, São Paulo, Brazil during the 2021 and 2022 production cycles using a split-plot experimental design (3 × 2). Evaluations included the duration of phenological stages from pruning to budburst, flowering, fruit set, onset of ripening, and harvest, as well as the ripening curve and thermal accumulation from pruning to harvest. Rootstocks did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) the duration of phenological stages; however, differences were observed between production cycles. The 2022 cycle was longer (167.7 days) compared to 2021 (142.6 days), with greater thermal accumulation (1871.7 GDDs vs. 1743.4 GDDs). The analysis of phenological stages revealed that, across both production cycles evaluated, the ‘BRS Núbia’ cultivar required an average accumulation of 1807.5 growing degree days from pruning to harvest. Soluble solids content ranged from 17.43 to 18.50°Brix, and titratable acidity decreased throughout maturation. The maturation index was highest in vines grafted onto ‘Paulsen 1103’, indicating its positive influence on fruit quality. The ‘BRS Núbia’ grapevine exhibited a mean thermal requirement of 1807.5 growing degree days (GDDs) to complete its phenological cycle, which lasted approximately 150 days under subtropical conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management Under Climate Change: 2nd Edition)

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Horticulturae, Volume 11, Issue 5 (May 2025) – 50 articles

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