Water

24 pages, 4041 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dissipation of Micropollutants in a Rewetted Fen Peatland: A Field Study Using Treated Wastewater

by Sebastian Maassen^1,*, Elisabeth Richter², Anja Coors², Bruno Guimarães^2,3 and Dagmar Balla¹

¹ Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e.V., Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany

² ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstr. 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim am Main, Germany

³ Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

Water 2017, 9(6), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060449 - 21 Jun 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7301

Abstract

In the present study, a mixture of treated wastewater and surface water was used to rewet a degraded fen peatland site during a three-year rewetting experiment. We studied the behavior and effects of micropollutants by means of hydrological, physico-chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological monitoring. [...] Read more.

In the present study, a mixture of treated wastewater and surface water was used to rewet a degraded fen peatland site during a three-year rewetting experiment. We studied the behavior and effects of micropollutants by means of hydrological, physico-chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological monitoring. The highest concentrations of micropollutants in the treated wastewater were found for the pharmaceuticals carbamazepine and diclofenac, some metabolites, the sweetener acesulfame, tolyl- and benzotriazole and diatrizoate. In the underlying, shallow groundwater where treated wastewater application for rewetting had been expected to have the greatest impact due to seeping and evapotranspiration processes, only a sporadic occurrence of micropollutants was found. The influence of dilution by groundwater movements was examined by applying a geohydrological model. The sorption of micropollutants onto the peaty soil also played a role, as found for carbamazepine. Further processes such as photolysis, microbial decay under low redox conditions and plant uptake can be assumed to be relevant for the removal of many substances. Ecotoxicity tests with the soil before and after rewetting did not indicate any negative impact on the soil habitat quality by wastewater application, but clearly pointed at ecotoxicologically relevant geogenic arsenic concentrations at the study site. Although a positive effect on receiving surface water systems is expected if wastewater is applied on land instead of discharged to water bodies, the rewetted soil may turn into a sink for micropollutants in the long term. Hence, the findings of the present field study encourage further investigations in order to identify the governing processes in the elimination of micropollutants in rewetted peatlands flooded with treated wastewater. Full article

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12 pages, 2691 KB

Open AccessArticle

Model of Suspended Solids Removal in the Primary Sedimentation Tanks for the Treatment of Urban Wastewater

by Margarita Jover-Smet^1,*, Jaime Martín-Pascual²

and Arturo Trapote¹

¹ Institute of Water and Environmental Sciences, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03080 Alicante, Spain

² Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain

Water 2017, 9(6), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060448 - 21 Jun 2017

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 16331

Abstract

Primary settling tanks are used to remove solids at wastewater treatment plants and are considered a fundamental part in their joint operation with the biological and sludge treatment processes. The aim of this study was to obtain a greater understanding of the influence [...] Read more.

Primary settling tanks are used to remove solids at wastewater treatment plants and are considered a fundamental part in their joint operation with the biological and sludge treatment processes. The aim of this study was to obtain a greater understanding of the influence of operational parameters, such as surface overflow rate, hydraulic retention time, and temperature, on the removal efficiency of suspended solids and organic matter by the measurement of chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand in the primary sedimentation process. The research was carried out in a semi-technical primary settling tank which was fed with real wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant. The physical process was strictly controlled and without the intervention of chemical additives. Three cycles of operation were tested in relation to the surface overflow rate, in order to check their influence on the different final concentrations. The results obtained show that the elimination efficiency can be increased by 11% for SS and 9% for chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand, for variations in the surface overflow rate of around ±0.6 m³/m²·h and variations in hydraulic retention time of around ±2 h. The results also show that current design criteria are quite conservative. An empirical mathematical model was developed in this paper relating SS removal efficiency to q, influent SS concentration, and sewage temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatment of Wastewater and Drinking Water through Advanced Technologies)

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13 pages, 2637 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beach Response to Wave Forcing from Event to Inter-Annual Time Scales at Grand Popo, Benin (Gulf of Guinea)

by Grégoire Abessolo Ondoa^1,2,*

, Frédéric Bonou^2,3,4

, Folly Serge Tomety^2,3,4, Yves Du Penhoat^2,3,4, Clément Perret^2,3,4, Cossi Georges Epiphane Degbe³ and Rafael Almar²

¹ Fishery Resources Laboratory, University of Douala, BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon

² LEGOS (Université Paul Sabatier de Toulouse/CNRS/CNES/IRD), 31400 Toulouse, France

³ Institut de Recherches Halieutiques et Océanologiques du Bénin, 03 BP 1665 Cotonou, Benin

⁴ International Chair in Mathematical Physics and Applications/Unesco Chair, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin

Water 2017, 9(6), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060447 - 21 Jun 2017

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6319

Abstract

This paper assesses the morphological storm-event impact, seasonal cycles, trends of wave forcing, and beach’s response at the coastal area of Grand Popo, Benin. Three and a half years’ worth of data were collected from 2013 to 2016, using a video system calibrated [...] Read more.

This paper assesses the morphological storm-event impact, seasonal cycles, trends of wave forcing, and beach’s response at the coastal area of Grand Popo, Benin. Three and a half years’ worth of data were collected from 2013 to 2016, using a video system calibrated with field data collected during a 10 day experiment. A comparison was carried out with Wavewatch III IOWAGA wave hindcast data. The along-shore-averaged shoreline position exhibited a seasonal pattern, which was related more to the average wave height than the average storm intensity. Storms occur in austral winter (June, July, August, and September). Based on 12 storms, the results revealed that the average storm duration was 1.6 days, with a mean erosion of 3.1 m. The average post-storm beach recovery duration was 15 days, and the average recovery rate was 0.4 m/day. The impact of storms was more or less amplified depending on the eroding and accreting periods of the wave climate. There was an inter-annual eroding trend of about −1.6 m/year, but the causes of this trend could not be explained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport in Coastal Waters)

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15 pages, 2434 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Effects of Thinning on Flow Peaks in a Forested Headwater Catchment in Western Japan

by Haotian Sun^1,*, Tamao Kasahara², Kyoichi Otsuki³, Makiko Tateishi³, Takami Saito⁴

and Yuichi Onda⁵

¹ Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 811-2415, Japan

² Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

³ Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 811-2415, Japan

⁴ Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan

⁵ Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan

Water 2017, 9(6), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060446 - 21 Jun 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5244

Abstract

This study examined the changes in rainfall-runoff characteristics in the year prior to and after intensive thinning of 50% in number in a steep headwater catchment, covered with 46-year-old Japanese cedar and cypress in western Japan. The magnitude of event peak flow, event [...] Read more.

This study examined the changes in rainfall-runoff characteristics in the year prior to and after intensive thinning of 50% in number in a steep headwater catchment, covered with 46-year-old Japanese cedar and cypress in western Japan. The magnitude of event peak flow, event quick flow, event water yield, and event response time did not change after thinning. Because 70% of rainfall events had multiple flow peaks, relationships between each flow peak and the rainfall just prior to that peak were also analyzed. The increases in accumulated quick flow, flow rise and flow drop were significant after thinning. The flow drop following each flow peak increased, and led to a lower initial flow in subsequent peaks, resulting in no increase in peak size. The flow peaks in events with over 30 mm rainfall amount and over 2 mm/h average rainfall intensity showed significant increases in flow peak, flow rise, flow drop, and accumulated quick flow, which suggests that the catchment exhibited more shallow flow paths during large rainfall amounts after thinning. No changes were identified using event-based analysis, but changes in flow peaks were detected, which indicates the importance of examining all flow peaks when investigating rainfall-runoff characteristics of headwater catchments. Full article

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28 pages, 15533 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Flood Simulation Using MODCEL—An Alternative Quasi-2D Conceptual Model

by Marcelo Gomes Miguez^1,*

, Bruna Peres Battemarco², Matheus Martins De Sousa², Osvaldo Moura Rezende²

, Aline Pires Veról³

and Giancarlo Gusmaroli⁴

¹ Escola Politécnica & PEC-COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, CT, Bl. I-206, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil

² PEC-COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, CT, Bl. I-206, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil

³ Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo & PEC-COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pedro Calmon, 550, s.422, Prédio da Reitoria/FAU, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil

⁴ CIRF-Centro Italiano per la Riqualificazione Fluviale, Viale Garibaldi, 44/A 30173 Mestre (VE), Italy

Water 2017, 9(6), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060445 - 21 Jun 2017

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 12486

Abstract

Urban flood modelling has been evolving in recent years, due to computational facilities as well as to the possibility of obtaining detailed terrain data. Flood control techniques have also been evolving to integrate both urban flood and urban planning issues. Land use control [...] Read more.

Urban flood modelling has been evolving in recent years, due to computational facilities as well as to the possibility of obtaining detailed terrain data. Flood control techniques have also been evolving to integrate both urban flood and urban planning issues. Land use control and flow generation concerns, as well as a set of possible distributed measures favouring storage and infiltration over the watershed, also gained importance in flood control projects, reinforcing the need to model the entire basin space. However, the use of 2D equations with highly detailed digital elevation models do not guarantee good results by their own. Urban geometry, including buildings shapes, walls, earth fills, and other structures may cause significant interference on flood paths. In this context, this paper presents an alternative urban flood model, focusing on the system behaviour and its conceptual interpretation. Urban Flood Cell Model-MODCEL is a hydrological-hydrodynamic model proposed to represent a complex flow network, with a set of relatively simple information, using average values to represent urban landscape through the flow-cell concept. In this work, to illustrate model capabilities, MODCEL is benchmarked in a test proposed by the British Environmental Agency. Then, its capability to represent storm drains is verified using measured data and a comparison with Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Finally, it is applied in a lowland area of the Venetian continental plains, representing floods in a complex setup at the city of Noale and in its surroundings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Water Systems)

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12 pages, 2711 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Variation, Pollution Assessment and Source Identification of Major Nutrients in Surface Sediments of Nansi Lake, China

by Longfeng Wang^1,2,*, Jun Xia^1,3,*, Jingjie Yu¹, Liyuan Yang⁴, Chesheng Zhan¹

, Yunfeng Qiao^1,2 and Hongwei Lu¹

¹ Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China

² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

³ State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, No. 8 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China

⁴ School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China

Water 2017, 9(6), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060444 - 20 Jun 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5264

Abstract

Nansi Lake has been seriously affected by intensive anthropogenic activities in recent years. In this study, an extensive survey on spatial variation, pollution assessment as well as the possible sources identification of major nutrients (Total phosphorus: TP, Total nitrogen: TN, and Total organic [...] Read more.

Nansi Lake has been seriously affected by intensive anthropogenic activities in recent years. In this study, an extensive survey on spatial variation, pollution assessment as well as the possible sources identification of major nutrients (Total phosphorus: TP, Total nitrogen: TN, and Total organic carbon: TOC) in the surface sediments of Nansi Lake was conducted. Results showed that the mean contents of TP, TN and TOC were 1.13-, 5.40- and 2.50- fold higher than their background values respectively. Most of the TN and TOC contents in the surface sediments of Nansi Lake were four times as high or higher and twice as high or higher than the background values except the Zhaoyang sub-lake, and the spatial distribution of TN and TOC contents were remarkably similar over a large area. Nearly all the TP contents in the surface sediments of Nansi Lake were all higher than its background values except most part of the Zhaoyang sub-lake. Based on the enrichment factor (EF) and the organic pollution evaluation index (Org-index), TP, TOC and TN showed minor enrichment (1.13), minor enrichment (2.50) and moderately severe enrichment (5.40), respectively, and most part of the Dushan sub-lake and the vicinity of the Weishan island were in moderate or heavy sediments organic pollution, while the other parts were clean. Moreover, according to the results of multivariate statistical analysis, we deduced that anthropogenic TN and TOC were mainly came from industrial sources including enterprises distributed in Jining, Yanzhou and Zoucheng along with iron and steel industries distributed in the southern of the Weishan sub-lake, whereas TP mainly originated from runoff and soil erosion coming from agricultural lands located in Heze city and Weishan island, the local aquacultural activities as well as the domestic sewage discharge of Jining city. Full article

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20 pages, 1634 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Groundwater Remediation Technologies Based on Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approaches

by Hao Wang^1,2, Yanpeng Cai^1,2,3,*, Qian Tan^3,4 and Yong Zeng⁵

¹ State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

² Beijing Engineering Research Center for Watershed Environmental Restoration and Integrated Ecological Regulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

³ Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada

⁴ College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China

⁵ State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting, College of Geosciences, China Petroleum University, Beijing 102249, China

Water 2017, 9(6), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060443 - 20 Jun 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7329

Abstract

Petroleum is an essential resource for the development of society and its production is huge. There is a great risk of leakage of oil during production, refining, and transportation. After entering the environment, the oil pollutants will be a great threat to the [...] Read more.

Petroleum is an essential resource for the development of society and its production is huge. There is a great risk of leakage of oil during production, refining, and transportation. After entering the environment, the oil pollutants will be a great threat to the environment and may endanger human health. Therefore, it is very important to remediate oil pollution in the subsurface. However, it is necessary to choose the appropriate remediation technology. In this paper, 18 technologies are evaluated through constructing a parameter matrix with each technology and seven performance indicators, and a comprehensive analysis model is presented. In this model, four MCDA methods are used. They are SWA (Simple Weighted Addition Method), WP (Weighted Product Method), CGT (Cooperative Game Theory), and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). Mean ranking and Borda ranking methods are used to integrate the results of SWA, WP, CGT, and TOPSIS. Then two selection priorities of each method (mean ranking and Borda ranking) are obtained. The model is proposed to help decide the best choice of remediation technologies. It can effectively reduce contingency, subjectivity, one-sidedness of the traditional methods and provide scientific reference for effective decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Water Systems)

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22 pages, 3413 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Transparency, Geomorphology and Mixing Regime Explain Variability in Trends in Lake Temperature and Stratification across Northeastern North America (1975–2014)

by David C. Richardson^1,*

, Stephanie J. Melles², Rachel M. Pilla³, Amy L. Hetherington⁴, Lesley B. Knoll⁵, Craig E. Williamson³

, Benjamin M. Kraemer^6,7, James R. Jackson⁸, Elizabeth C. Long⁹

, Karen Moore¹⁰, Lars G. Rudstam⁸

, James A. Rusak¹¹

, Jasmine E. Saros¹², Sapna Sharma¹³

, Kristin E. Strock¹⁴, Kathleen C. Weathers¹⁵ and Courtney R. Wigdahl-Perry¹⁶

¹ Department of Biology, SUNY New Paltz, 1 Hawk Drive, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA

² Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada

³ Department of Biology, Miami University, 700 E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA

⁴ Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2011 Derring Hall, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA

⁵ Itasca Biological Station and Laboratories, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 28131 University Circle, Lake Itasca, MN 56470, USA

⁶ Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 680 North Park Street, Madison, WA 53706, USA

⁷ Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin 12587, Germany

⁸ Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University Biological Field Station, 900 Shackelton Point Road, Bridgeport, NY 13030, USA

⁹ Mohonk Preserve, Daniel Smiley Research Center, P.O. Box 715, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA

¹⁰ New York City Department of Environmental Protection, 71 Smith Avenue, Kingston, NY 12401, USA

¹¹ Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, P.O. Box 39, Dorset, ON P0A1E0, Canada

¹² Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, 137 Sawyer Research Center, Orono, ME 04401, USA

¹³ Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3P1J3, Canada

¹⁴ Environmental Studies, Dickinson College, 28 North College Street, Carlisle, PA 17013, USA

¹⁵ Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA

¹⁶ Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, 280 Central Avenue, Fredonia, NY 14063, USA

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Water 2017, 9(6), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060442 - 20 Jun 2017

Cited by 94 | Viewed by 12634

Abstract

Lake surface water temperatures are warming worldwide, raising concerns about the future integrity of valuable lake ecosystem services. In contrast to surface water temperatures, we know far less about what is happening to water temperature beneath the surface, where most organisms live. Moreover, [...] Read more.

Lake surface water temperatures are warming worldwide, raising concerns about the future integrity of valuable lake ecosystem services. In contrast to surface water temperatures, we know far less about what is happening to water temperature beneath the surface, where most organisms live. Moreover, we know little about which characteristics make lakes more or less sensitive to climate change and other environmental stressors. We examined changes in lake thermal structure for 231 lakes across northeastern North America (NENA), a region with an exceptionally high density of lakes. We determined how lake thermal structure has changed in recent decades (1975–2012) and assessed which lake characteristics are related to changes in lake thermal structure. In general, NENA lakes had increasing near-surface temperatures and thermal stratification strength. On average, changes in deepwater temperatures for the 231 lakes were not significantly different than zero, but individually, half of the lakes experienced warming and half cooling deepwater temperature through time. More transparent lakes (Secchi transparency >5 m) tended to have higher near-surface warming and greater increases in strength of thermal stratification than less transparent lakes. Whole-lake warming was greatest in polymictic lakes, where frequent summer mixing distributed heat throughout the water column. Lakes often function as important sentinels of climate change, but lake characteristics within and across regions modify the magnitude of the signal with important implications for lake biology, ecology and chemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Responses of Lakes to Climate Change)

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16 pages, 2849 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Design of a Site-Calibrated Parker–Klingeman Gravel Transport Model

by Paul D. Bakke^1,*, Leonard S. Sklar², David R. Dawdy³ and Wen C. Wang⁴

¹ US Fish and Wildlife Service, 510 Desmond Dr. SE, Lacey, WA 98503, USA

² Department of Earth & Climate Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA

³ Consulting Hydrologist, 3055 23rd Ave., San Francisco, CA 94132, USA

⁴ Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA

Water 2017, 9(6), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060441 - 20 Jun 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4814

Abstract

The use of site-calibrated models for predicting bedload transport in gravel-bed rivers remains relatively rare, despite advances in methodology and computing technology, and its notable advantages in terms of predictive accuracy. This article presents a new algorithm for site calibration of the Parker–Klingeman [...] Read more.

The use of site-calibrated models for predicting bedload transport in gravel-bed rivers remains relatively rare, despite advances in methodology and computing technology, and its notable advantages in terms of predictive accuracy. This article presents a new algorithm for site calibration of the Parker–Klingeman (1982) model, along with a detailed discussion of considerations that influence model selection and calibration methodology. New visualization techniques are explored to demystify the calibration process, using three examples with progressively more challenging calibration conditions. The new method is particularly well suited to streams with high sediment loads, or cases where extrapolation of transport function estimates is necessary. Full article

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16 pages, 2419 KB

Open AccessArticle

Methodology for Analyzing and Predicting the Runoff and Sediment into a Reservoir

by Chun-Feng Hao^1,2

, Jun Qiu²

and Fang-Fang Li^3,*

¹ State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China

² Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

³ College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China

Water 2017, 9(6), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060440 - 19 Jun 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4472

Abstract

With the rapid economic growth in China, a large number of hydropower projects have been planned and constructed. The sediment deposition of the reservoirs is one of the most important disputes during the construction and operation, because there are many heavy sediment-laden rivers. [...] Read more.

With the rapid economic growth in China, a large number of hydropower projects have been planned and constructed. The sediment deposition of the reservoirs is one of the most important disputes during the construction and operation, because there are many heavy sediment-laden rivers. The analysis and prediction of the runoff and sediment into a reservoir is of great significance for reservoir operation. With knowledge of the incoming runoff and sediment characteristics, the regulator can adjust the reservoir discharge to guarantee the water supply, and flush more sediment at appropriate times. In this study, the long-term characteristics of runoff and sediment, including trend, jump point, and change cycle, are analyzed using various statistical approaches, such as accumulated anomaly analysis, the Fisher ordered clustering method, and Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis (MESA). Based on the characteristics, a prediction model is established using the Auto-Regressive Moving Average (ARIMA) method. The whole analysis and prediction system is applied to The Three Gorges Project (TGP), one of the biggest hydropower-complex projects in the world. Taking hydrologic series from 1955 to 2010 as the research objectives, the results show that both the runoff and the sediment are decreasing, and the reduction rate of sediment is much higher. Runoff and sediment into the TGP display cyclic variations over time, with a cycle of about a decade, but catastrophe points for runoff and sediment appear in 1991 and 2001, respectively. Prediction models are thus built based on monthly average hydrologic series from 2003 to 2010. ARIMA (1, 1, 1) × (1, 1, 1)₁₂ and ARIMA (0, 1, 1) × (0, 1, 1)₁₂ are selected for the runoff and sediment predictions, respectively, and the parameters of the models are also calibrated. The analysis of autocorrelation coefficients and partial autocorrelation coefficients of the residuals indicates that the models built in this study are feasible for representing and predicting the runoff and sediment inflow into the TGP with a high accuracy. Full article

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21 pages, 3253 KB

Open AccessArticle

Runoff Effect Evaluation of LID through SWMM in Typical Mountainous, Low-Lying Urban Areas: A Case Study in China

by Qinghua Luan^1,4, Xiaoran Fu^1,4, Cuiping Song², Haichao Wang^3,*, Jiahong Liu⁴

and Ying Wang^1,4

¹ College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, China

² First Planning Department, Jiangsu Surveying and Design Institute of Water Resources Co., Ltd., Yangzhou 225127, China

³ Rural Economy & Regional Development, China International Engineering Consulting Corporation, Beijing 100048, China

⁴ State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, Beijing 100038, China

Water 2017, 9(6), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060439 - 19 Jun 2017

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 9820

Abstract

Urban flooding occurs frequently in many regions of China. To reduce the losses caused by urban flooding, sponge city (SPC) and low-impact development (LID) have been carried out in many Chinese cities. However, urban flooding is influenced by various factors, such as climate, [...] Read more.

Urban flooding occurs frequently in many regions of China. To reduce the losses caused by urban flooding, sponge city (SPC) and low-impact development (LID) have been carried out in many Chinese cities. However, urban flooding is influenced by various factors, such as climate, land cover characteristics and nearby river networks, so it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of LID measures. In this study, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was adopted to simulate historical urban storm processes in the mountainous Fragrance Hills region of Beijing, China. Subsequently, numerical simulations were performed to evaluate how various LID measures (concave greenbelt, permeable pavement, bio-retention, vegetative swales, and comprehensive measures) influenced urban runoff reduction. The results showed that the LID measures are effective in controlling the surface runoff of the storm events with return periods shorter than five years, in particular, for one-year events. Furthermore, the effectiveness on traffic congestion mitigation of several LID measures (concave greenbelt, vegetative swales, and comprehensive measures) was evaluated. However, the effective return periods of storm events are shorter than two years if the effectiveness on traffic congestion relief is considered. In all evaluated aspects, comprehensive measures and concave greenbelts are the most effective, and vegetative swale is the least effective. This indicated that LID measures are less effective for removing ponding from most storm events in a mountainous, low-lying and backward pipeline infrastructure region with pressures from interval flooding and urban waterlogging. The engineering measures including water conservancy projects and pipeline infrastructure construction combined with the non-engineering measures were suggested to effectively control severe urban storms. Full article

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9 pages, 359 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Advancing Water Footprint Assessment Research: Challenges in Monitoring Progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6

by Arjen Y. Hoekstra^1,2,*

, Ashok K. Chapagain³ and Pieter R. Van Oel⁴

¹ Twente Water Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands

² Institute of Water Policy, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, 259770 Singapore, Singapore

³ Water Footprint Network, Bezuidenhoutseweg 2, 2594 AV The Hague, The Netherlands

⁴ Water Resources Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands

Water 2017, 9(6), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060438 - 19 Jun 2017

Cited by 95 | Viewed by 14464

Abstract

This special issue is a collection of recent papers in the field of Water Footprint Assessment (WFA), an emerging area of research focused on the analysis of freshwater use, scarcity, and pollution in relation to consumption, production, and trade. As increasing freshwater scarcity [...] Read more.

This special issue is a collection of recent papers in the field of Water Footprint Assessment (WFA), an emerging area of research focused on the analysis of freshwater use, scarcity, and pollution in relation to consumption, production, and trade. As increasing freshwater scarcity forms a major risk to the global economy, sustainable management of water resources is a prerequisite to development. We introduce the papers in this special issue by relating them to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 6 of the United Nations, the goal on water. We will particularly articulate how each paper drives the understanding needed to achieve target 6.3 on water quality and pollution and target 6.4 on water-use efficiency and water scarcity. Regarding SDG 6, we conclude that it lacks any target on using green water more efficiently, and while addressing efficiency and sustainability of water use, it lacks a target on equitable sharing of water. The latter issue is receiving limited attention in research as well. By primarily focusing on water-use efficiency in farming and industries at the local level, to a lesser extent to using water sustainably at the level of total water systems (like drainage basins, aquifers), and largely ignoring issues around equitable water use, understanding of our water problems and proposed solutions will likely remain unbalanced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Footprint Assessment)

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9 pages, 1042 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Station Based Climate Database for SWAT and APEX Assessments in the US

by Michael J. White^1,*

, Marilyn Gambone¹, Elizabeth Haney², Jeffrey Arnold¹ and Jungang Gao²

¹ Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 808 E. Blackland Road, Temple, TX 76502, USA

² Blackland Research & Extension Center, Texas A&M AgriLife, Temple, TX 76502, USA

Water 2017, 9(6), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060437 - 17 Jun 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5716

Abstract

Water quality simulation models such as the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Agricultural Policy EXtender (APEX) are widely used in the US. These models require large amounts of spatial and tabular data to simulate the natural world. Accurate and seamless daily [...] Read more.

Water quality simulation models such as the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Agricultural Policy EXtender (APEX) are widely used in the US. These models require large amounts of spatial and tabular data to simulate the natural world. Accurate and seamless daily climatic data are critical for accurate depiction of the hydrologic cycle, yet these data are among the most difficult to obtain and process. In this paper we describe the development of a national (US) database of preprocessed climate data derived from monitoring stations applicable to USGS 12-digit watersheds. Various sources and processing methods are explored and discussed. A relatively simple method was employed to choose representative stations for each of the 83,000 12-digit watersheds in the continental US. Fully processed climate data resulting from this research were published online to facilitate other SWAT and APEX modeling efforts in the US. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Soil and Water Management: Selected Papers from 2016 International SWAT Conference)

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2 pages, 145 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperAddendum

Addendum: Montagnier, L.; Aïssa, J.; Capolupo, A.; Craddock, T.J.A.; Kurian, P.; Lavallee, C.; Polcari, A.; Romano, P.; Tedeschi, A.; Vitiello, G. Water Bridging Dynamics of Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Gauge Theory Paradigm of Quantum Fields. Water 2017, 9, 339

by L. Montagnier¹, J. Aïssa², A. Capolupo³, T. J. A. Craddock⁴, P. Kurian^5,6,*, C. Lavallee¹, A. Polcari^7,8, P. Romano^7,8, A. Tedeschi⁹ and G. Vitiello^3,*

¹ World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention, 75015 Paris, France

² Nanectis Biotechnologies, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France

³ Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”, Universitá di Salerno and INFN, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy

⁴ Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Computer Science, and Clinical Immunology, and Clinical Systems Biology Group, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA

⁵ National Human Genome Center and Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA

⁶ Computational Physics Laboratory, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA

⁷ Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Universitá del Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy

⁸ SPIN-CNR, Universitá di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy

⁹ WHITE Holographic Bioresonance, Milano, Italy

Water 2017, 9(6), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060436 - 17 Jun 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4908

Abstract

The authors wish to make the following addendum to their paper [1]:[...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrohydrodynamic Liquid Bridges and Electrified Water)

1 pages, 139 KB

Open AccessErratum

Erratum: Chirindja, F., et al. Borehole Logging and Slug Tests for Evaluating the Applicability of Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Groundwater Exploration in Nampula Complex, Mozambique. Water 2017, 9, 95

by Farisse Chirindja^1,2,*, Jan-Erik Rosberg¹ and Torleif Dahlin¹

¹ Engineering Geology, Lund University, Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden

² Geology Department, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Mozambique km 1.5, P.O. Box 273, Maputo, Mozambique

Water 2017, 9(6), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060435 - 16 Jun 2017

Viewed by 3245

Abstract

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [1]: [...]
Full article

16 pages, 239 KB

Open AccessArticle

Singapore and Sydney: Regulation and Market-Making

by Ching Leong

and Lili Li^*

Institute of Water Policy, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, 469C Bukit Timah Road, 259772 Singapore, Singapore

Water 2017, 9(6), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060434 - 15 Jun 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6826

Abstract

The different institutional forms of water utilities of Singapore and Sydney provide an interesting natural experiment on the role of a regulator in government-owned utilities (GOUs). In both cities, water is provided by GOUs. In Sydney, however, there is an independent regulator whereas [...] Read more.

The different institutional forms of water utilities of Singapore and Sydney provide an interesting natural experiment on the role of a regulator in government-owned utilities (GOUs). In both cities, water is provided by GOUs. In Sydney, however, there is an independent regulator whereas in Singapore the Public Utilities Board is a statutory board without a regulator. This paper compared the regulation and market-making efforts by water utilities of Singapore and Sydney. We find that both are similar in quality of service, operational and economic efficiencies, and private sector investments. The difference lies in their choice of the instrument for involving the private sector. Sydney does this by appointing a specific regulator whereas Singapore uses contracts. Indeed, it argues that the government-owned water utilities of both Sydney and Singapore seek to capture as many benefits as possible from market-making efforts, that is, from mimicking private sector behaviors and by operating from the basic tenets of the regulatory state. Both countries seek to make rules addressing the “market failure” of a monopoly. In Sydney, such efforts are seen in the explicit contestability of the market and the high engagement with customers whereas in Singapore the efforts are more muted on both counts and are instead motivated toward developing water businesses as a whole Full article

15 pages, 2518 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Anionic Surfactant on Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Loamy Sand and Sandy Loam Soils

by Zhenyang Peng^1,2,*, Christophe J. G. Darnault³, Fuqiang Tian¹, Philippe C. Baveye⁴ and Hongchang Hu¹

¹ Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

² Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100084, China

³ Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Hydrogeoscience and Biological Engineering, L.G. Rich Environmental Laboratory, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, SC 29625, USA

⁴ Unité ECOSYS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, Thiverval-Grignon 78850, France

Water 2017, 9(6), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060433 - 15 Jun 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6311

Abstract

Surfactants released into the terrestrial environment in large amounts can potentially alter the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils, particularly the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s). Unfortunately findings regarding this process are quite limited. In this study, column tests were [...] Read more.

Surfactants released into the terrestrial environment in large amounts can potentially alter the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils, particularly the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s). Unfortunately findings regarding this process are quite limited. In this study, column tests were used to analyze the effects of Aerosol 22, a widely used anionic surfactant, on K_s of loamy sand and sandy loam soils. Solutions were injected into columns from the bottom with controlled pressure heads. Both the overall K_s of columns and the K_s of 6 layers at distances of 0–1 cm, 1–3 cm, 3–5 cm, 5–7 cm, 7–9 cm, and 9–10 cm from the bottom, were continuously monitored before and after the surfactant injections. Results showed that the overall K_s of all columns decreased after 2–4 pore volumes of the surfactant injections. However, stabilization and even increase at the beginning of the surfactant injection was also observed due to the different K_s variations in different layers. Specifically, a surfactant injection of 2–4 pore volumes continuously decreased the K_s of the 0–1 cm layers which yielded a K_s reduction of two orders of magnitude and dominated the K_s variations of the column. In contrast, an increase in the K_s of the 1–3 cm and 3–5 cm layers was more likely, while K_s variation of the 5–10 cm layers was less likely. We hypothetically attributed the K_s variations to the swelling of clay, the collapse of soil aggregates and subsequent particle displacements from surfactant adsorption, which caused pore clogging in the bottom 0–1 cm layer and higher porosities in the layers above. The adsorption of the surfactant aggregates and crystallization were also possibly thought to cause a pore clogging in the bottom layer thus decrease the surfactant concentration from the inlet, the severity of which affects these layers less at greater distances from the inlet. In view of the uncertainty showed by the experimental results, we also suggest to include more replicate columns in future studies, so as to increase the repeatability of the measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Solute Transport in Vadose Zone)

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19 pages, 21119 KB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Dimensional Dam-Break Flood Analysis in Data-Scarce Regions: The Case Study of Chipembe Dam, Mozambique

by Manuel Álvarez, Jerónimo Puertas, Enrique Peña and María Bermúdez^*

Water and Environmental Engineering Group (GEAMA), Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña 15071, Spain

Water 2017, 9(6), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060432 - 14 Jun 2017

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 12891

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a modeling study of the hypothetical dam break of Chipembe dam in Mozambique. The modeling approach is based on the software Iber, a freely available dam break and two-dimensional finite volume shallow water model. The shuttle radar [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of a modeling study of the hypothetical dam break of Chipembe dam in Mozambique. The modeling approach is based on the software Iber, a freely available dam break and two-dimensional finite volume shallow water model. The shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) online digital elevation model (DEM) is used as main source of topographic data. Two different DEMs are considered as input for the hydraulic model: a DEM based on the original SRTM data and a hydrologically-conditioned DEM. A sensitivity analysis on the Manning roughness coefficient is performed. The results demonstrate the relevant impact of the DEM used on the predicted flood wave propagation, and a lower influence of the roughness value. The low cost modeling approach proposed in this paper can be an attractive option for modeling exceptional flood caused by dam break, when limited data and resources are available, as in the presented case. The resulting flood-inundation and hazard maps will enable the Regional Water Management Administration of Mozambique (ARA) to develop early warning systems. Full article

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11 pages, 1435 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrients and Phytoplankton in a Shallow, Hypereutrophic Urban Lake: Prospects for Restoration

by Brianne Norris and Edward A. Laws^*

Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA

Water 2017, 9(6), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060431 - 14 Jun 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6636

Abstract

University Lake, a shallow, artificial, urban lake adjacent to the campus of Louisiana State University, has a long history of water quality problems, including algal blooms, fish kills, and high concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria. Periodic dredging of the lake is necessary to [...] Read more.

University Lake, a shallow, artificial, urban lake adjacent to the campus of Louisiana State University, has a long history of water quality problems, including algal blooms, fish kills, and high concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria. Periodic dredging of the lake is necessary to prevent its return to swampland. This study was undertaken to elucidate the roles of allochthonous versus autochthonous nutrients as causes of water quality problems in the lake, with the expectation that this information would help identify strategies for lake restoration. Photosynthetic rates and concentrations of inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton pigments were measured over a period of one year. More than 90% of the chlorophyll a (chl a) in the lake was accounted for by Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, and Bacillariophyceae. Concentrations of chl a, which averaged 75 μg L⁻¹, fluctuated weekly during dry weather by as much as a factor of four. Phytoplankton growth rates were about 30% higher 1–2 days after rain events than after periods of dry weather, the implication being that allochthonous nutrient loading has a significant effect on the dynamics of the phytoplankton community in the lake. Therefore, dredging of sediments will likely produce no long-term improvement in water quality. More than 100 storm drains currently discharge into the lake, and diversion of those drains may be the most cost-effective strategy for effecting a long-term improvement in water quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Monitoring and Modeling in Lakes)

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13 pages, 1635 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Selected Root Exudate Components on Nitrogen Removal and Development of Denitrifying Bacteria in Constructed Wetlands

by Hailu Wu, Xinze Wang^* and Xiaojuan He^*

School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Water 2017, 9(6), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060430 - 13 Jun 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5650

Abstract

Root exudates, particularly low molecular weight carbon (LMWC) substrates, are major drivers of bacterial diversity and activity in the rhizosphere environment. However, it is not well understood how specific LMWC compounds—such as organic acids, soluble sugars, and amino acids—influence the community structures of [...] Read more.

Root exudates, particularly low molecular weight carbon (LMWC) substrates, are major drivers of bacterial diversity and activity in the rhizosphere environment. However, it is not well understood how specific LMWC compounds—such as organic acids, soluble sugars, and amino acids—influence the community structures of denitrifying bacteria or if there are specific functions of LMWC substrates that preferentially respond to nitrogen (N) removal in constructed wetlands (CWs). To address these knowledge gaps, we added mixtures of artificial exudates to CW microcosms containing N pollutant. N removal efficiency was observed over a 48-h experimental period, and at the end of the experiment, DNA was extracted from microbial samples for assessment of the bacterial community. The removal efficiencies of TN for the exudates treatments were higher than for control groups by 47.1–58.67%. Organic acid and soluble sugar treatments increased N removal, while amino acids were negative to N removal. The microbial community was changed when artificial exudates were added, but there were no significant relationships between LMWC compounds and bacterial community composition. These results indicate that although the responses of community structures of denitrifying bacteria to LMWC additions are still uncertain, there is evidence for N removal in response to exudate additions across LMWC types. Full article

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13 pages, 4213 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Impact of Future Climate Change on Regional Crop Water Requirement—A Case Study of Hetao Irrigation District, China

by Tianwa Zhou¹, Pute Wu^2,*, Shikun Sun^2,3,4,*, Xiaolei Li¹, Yubao Wang^3,4 and Xiaobo Luan⁵

¹ Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

² Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

³ Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

⁴ College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

⁵ Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China

Water 2017, 9(6), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060429 - 13 Jun 2017

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 7078

Abstract

Water shortage is a limiting factor for agricultural production in China, and climate change will affect agricultural water use. Studying the effects of climate change on crop irrigation requirement (CIR) would help to tackle climate change, from both food security and sustainable water [...] Read more.

Water shortage is a limiting factor for agricultural production in China, and climate change will affect agricultural water use. Studying the effects of climate change on crop irrigation requirement (CIR) would help to tackle climate change, from both food security and sustainable water resource use perspectives. This paper applied SDSM (Statistical DownScaling Model) to simulate future meteorological parameters in the Hetao irrigation district (HID) in the time periods 2041–2070 and 2071–2099, and used the Penman–Monteith equation to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration (ET₀), which was further used to calculate crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) and crop water requirement (CWR). CWR and predicted future precipitation were used to calculate CIR. The results show that the climate in the HID will become warmer and wetter; ET₀ would would increase by 4% to 7%; ET_c and CWR have the same trend as ET₀, but different crops have different increase rates. CIR would increase because of the coefficient of the increase of CWR and the decrease of effective precipitation. Based on the current growing area, the CIR would increase by 198 × 10⁶ to 242 × 10⁶ m³ by the year 2041–2070, and by 342 × 10⁶ to 456 × 10⁶ m³ by the years 2071–2099 respectively. Future climate change will bring greater challenges to regional agricultural water use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources)

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15 pages, 3613 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of Resilience Index Based on Flooding Damage in Urban Areas

by Eui Hoon Lee¹

and Joong Hoon Kim^2,*

¹ Research Center for Disaster Prevention Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea

² School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea

Water 2017, 9(6), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060428 - 13 Jun 2017

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 9008

Abstract

Flooding volume in urban areas is not linearly proportional to flooding damage because, in some areas, no flooding damage occurs until the flooding depth reaches a certain point, whereas flooding damage occurs in other areas whenever flooding occurs. Flooding damage is different from [...] Read more.

Flooding volume in urban areas is not linearly proportional to flooding damage because, in some areas, no flooding damage occurs until the flooding depth reaches a certain point, whereas flooding damage occurs in other areas whenever flooding occurs. Flooding damage is different from flooding volume because each subarea has different components. A resilience index for urban drainage systems was developed based on flooding damage. In this study, the resilience index based on flooding damage in urban areas was applied to the Sintaein basin in Jeongup, Korea. The target watershed was divided into five subareas according to the status of land use in each subarea. The damage functions between flooding volume and flooding damage were calculated by multi-dimensional flood damage analysis. The extent of flooding damage per minute was determined from the results of flooding volume per minute using damage functions. The values of the resilience index based on flooding damages were distributed from 0.797292 to 0.933741. The resilience index based on flooding damage suggested in this study can reflect changes in urban areas and can be used for the evaluation of flood control plans such as the installation, replacement, and rehabilitation of drainage facilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Interventions to Support Sustainable Urban Water Management)

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10 pages, 546 KB

Open AccessArticle

Peracetic Acid (PAA) Disinfection: Inactivation of Microbial Indicators and Pathogenic Bacteria in a Municipal Wastewater Plant

by Silvia Bonetta^1,*

, Cristina Pignata¹

, Eugenio Lorenzi², Margherita De Ceglia², Lorenza Meucci², Sara Bonetta¹

, Giorgio Gilli¹ and Elisabetta Carraro¹

¹ Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy

² Società Metropolitana Acque Torino S.p.A., C.so XI Febbraio, 14, 10152 Torino, Italy

Water 2017, 9(6), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060427 - 13 Jun 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8870

Abstract

Several studies have noted that treated and untreated wastewaters are primary contributors of a variety of pathogenic microorganisms to the aquatic ecosystem. Conventional wastewater treatment may not be sufficient to achieve microbiologically safe effluent to be discharged into natural waters or reused, thus [...] Read more.

Several studies have noted that treated and untreated wastewaters are primary contributors of a variety of pathogenic microorganisms to the aquatic ecosystem. Conventional wastewater treatment may not be sufficient to achieve microbiologically safe effluent to be discharged into natural waters or reused, thus requiring wastewater effluents to be disinfected. In recent years, peracetic acid (PAA) has been adopted as a disinfectant for wastewater effluents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the disinfection efficiency of PAA at low doses (range 0.99–2.10 mg/L) against microbial indicators and pathogenic bacteria in a municipal wastewater plant. Samples of untreated sewage and effluents before and after PAA treatment were collected seasonally for 1 year and were analysed for pathogenic Campylobacter, Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli virulence genes using molecular methods; moreover, the detection of specific microbial indicators (E. coli, faecal coliforms, enterococci, C. perfringens) and Salmonella spp. were carried out using culturing methods. Salmonella spp. DNA was found in all untreated sewage and effluent before PAA treatment, whereas it was recovered in 50% of the samples collected after PAA treatment. Although E. coli O157:H7 was never identified, the occurrence of Shiga-like toxin I amplicons was identified in 75% of the untreated sewage samples, in 50% of the effluents assayed before PAA treatment, and in 25% of the effluents assayed after PAA treatment, whereas the stx2 gene was never found. Campylobacter coli was only detected in one effluent sample before PAA treatment. In the effluents after PAA treatment, a lower load of indicator bacteria was observed compared to the effluents before treatment. The results of this study highlight that the use of low doses of PAA seems to lead to an improvement of the microbiological quality of the effluent, although it is not sufficient to guarantee its suitability for irrigation. These results underscore the need for additional studies to further assess the efficiency of PAA disinfection in municipal wastewater plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Disinfection of Wastewater)

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15 pages, 2938 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dual-Control of Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion Using Aeration and Solid Retention Time

by Silvano Nájera^*

, Montserrat Gil-Martínez

and Javier Rico-Azagra

Electrical Engineering Department, University of La Rioja, c/San José de Calasanz 31, 26004 Logroño, Spain

Water 2017, 9(6), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060426 - 13 Jun 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6946

Abstract

Autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) is an advanced sewage sludge treatment which allows compliance with increasingly demanding regulations. Concerning sludge pasteurization, a certain average temperature must be assured in the digester during batch treatment. Aeration flow is the variable most manipulated to regulate [...] Read more.

Autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) is an advanced sewage sludge treatment which allows compliance with increasingly demanding regulations. Concerning sludge pasteurization, a certain average temperature must be assured in the digester during batch treatment. Aeration flow is the variable most manipulated to regulate the digester temperature. Additionally, the manipulation of the batch sludge flow—which is related to the solid-retention-time—is considered to improve temperature regulation despite variations in air and sludge temperatures and the variability of raw sludge organic content. Thus, a dual-input control structure was provided where the aeration and solid-retention-time contributed as faster and slower inputs, respectively. Two controllers intervened, and the set-point for the batch average temperature was chosen to meet the minimum effluent quality established by the US regulations or European recommendations, considering that lower set point temperatures save aeration costs. A set-point for the aeration allowed us to achieve an extra goal, which aimed at either reducing operation costs or increasing production rates. The two feedback controllers were designed following the robust control methodology known as quantitative feedback theory (QFT). Improvements were compared with single-input (aeration-flow) control strategy and open-loop control strategy. Simulations were performed on a benchmark non-linear simulation model for ATAD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatment of Wastewater and Drinking Water through Advanced Technologies)

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28 pages, 4940 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Bridging Glaciological and Hydrological Trends in the Pamir Mountains, Central Asia

by Malte Knoche^*

, Ralf Merz, Martin Lindner and Stephan M. Weise

Department Catchment Hydrology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany

Water 2017, 9(6), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060422 - 13 Jun 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 17832

Abstract

With respect to meteorological changes and glacier evolution, the southern Pamir Mountains are a transition zone between the Pamirs, Hindu Kush and Karakoram, which are water towers of Central Asia. In this study, we compare runoff and climate trends in multiple time periods [...] Read more.

With respect to meteorological changes and glacier evolution, the southern Pamir Mountains are a transition zone between the Pamirs, Hindu Kush and Karakoram, which are water towers of Central Asia. In this study, we compare runoff and climate trends in multiple time periods with glacial changes reported in the literature. Recent glacier evolution in the Southern Pamirs and its contribution to river runoff are studied in detail. Uncertainties of estimating glacier retreat contribution to runoff are addressed. Runoff trends in the Pamir-Hindu Kush-Karakoram region appear to be a strong proxy for glacier evolution because they exhibit the same spatial pattern as glacial change. There is an anomaly in the North-West Pamirs and Northern Karakoram, showing decreasing runoff trends. In the opposite way, there is a glacier and hydrological change experienced in the Southern Pamirs and Hindu Kush. The prevailing hypothesis for the Karakoram Anomaly, decreasing summer temperatures along with increasing precipitation rates, seems to be valid for the North-Western Pamirs, as well. In the Southern Pamirs, temperature trends have been rising since 1950. Here, the unique water cycle of exclusively winter precipitation does not protect glaciers from accelerated retreat. Snow cover is preset to melt within the seasonal water cycle, due to much lower precipitation amounts falling on glaciers. Therefore, a probable increase in westerly precipitation in both regions causes glacier mass gain in the Northern Pamirs and rising river flows in the Southern Pamirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Warming Impacts on Mountain Glaciers and Communities)

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14 pages, 1416 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Water Tariff Reform on Water Consumption in Different Housing Typologies in Calvià (Mallorca)

by Bartolomé Deyà-Tortella¹, Celso Garcia^2,*

, William Nilsson³ and Dolores Tirado³

¹ Department of Business Economics, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain

² Department of Geography, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain

³ Department of Applied Economics, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain

Water 2017, 9(6), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060425 - 12 Jun 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7517

Abstract

This study analyses water prices and residential water consumption using micro data for three different housing typologies in Calvia with contrasting household characteristics. We examine the effect of a price reform of the sanitation fee (implemented in 2013) on the average prices and [...] Read more.

This study analyses water prices and residential water consumption using micro data for three different housing typologies in Calvia with contrasting household characteristics. We examine the effect of a price reform of the sanitation fee (implemented in 2013) on the average prices and their water consumption in each of the areas. Our results conclude that the aggregate water consumption decreased only during the year of the reform, but increased the following year. The increase in the amount of water consumed by the houses of higher standards of living was greater than the small decrease in water consumption by families with medium and low-medium incomes. Thus, the reform had a very modest effect as regards reducing water consumption, and many households increased their consumption despite the higher prices. From a water policy perspective, we recommend a water tariff scheme differentiated according to the housing characteristics in order to find the most effective and fairest way to save water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Water Policy Collection)

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23 pages, 6024 KB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Analysis of Reservoir Operations Considering Short-Term Flood Control and Long-Term Water Supply: A Case Study for the Da-Han Creek Basin in Taiwan

by Wen-Ming Cheng¹, Chien-Lin Huang²

, Nien-Sheng Hsu^2,* and Chih-Chiang Wei³

¹ Sinotech Engineering Consultants, 14th Fl. 171, Nanking East Rd., Sec. 5, Taipei 105, Taiwan

² Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan

³ Department of Marine Environmental Informatics, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Beining Rd., Jhongjheng District, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan

Water 2017, 9(6), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060424 - 12 Jun 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7319

Abstract

This study applies an integrated methodology to assess short-term over-levee risk and long-term water shortage risk in the Da-Han Creek basin, which is the most important flood control and water storage system in northern Taiwan. An optimization model for reservoir flood control and [...] Read more.

This study applies an integrated methodology to assess short-term over-levee risk and long-term water shortage risk in the Da-Han Creek basin, which is the most important flood control and water storage system in northern Taiwan. An optimization model for reservoir flood control and water supply is adopted, to determine reservoir releases based on synthetic inflow hydrographs during typhoons, which are generated by Monte Carlo simulations. The release is then used to calculate the water level at a downstream control point using a novel developed back-propagation neural network-based model, to reduce computational complexity and achieve automatic-efficient risk evaluation. The calculated downstream water levels and final reservoir water levels after a typhoon event are used to evaluate the mapped over-levee risk and water shortage risk, respectively. The results showed that the different upper limit settings for the reservoir have a significant influence on the variation of 1.19 × 10⁻⁵% to 75.6% of the water shortage risk. This occurs because of the insufficient inflow and narrow storage capacity of the Shih-Men Reservoir during drought periods. However, the upper limit settings have a minor influence (with a variation of only 0.149% to 0.157%) on the over-levee risk in typhoon periods, because of the high protection standards for the downstream embankment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Aspects in Flood Risk Evaluation, Mapping and Communication)

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27 pages, 5118 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Coordinated Operation of Weirs and Reservoirs on the Water Quality of the Geum River

by Jung Min Ahn

, Kang Young Jung and Dongseok Shin^*

National Institute of Environmental Research, Nakdong River Environment Research Center, 717-873, 24, Pyeongri-1gil, Dasan-myeon, Goryeong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do 40103, Korea

Water 2017, 9(6), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060423 - 12 Jun 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7998

Abstract

Multifunctional weirs can be used to maintain water supply during dry seasons and to improve downstream water quality during drought conditions through discharge based on retained flux. Sixteen multifunctional weirs were recently constructed in four river systems as part of the Four Rivers [...] Read more.

Multifunctional weirs can be used to maintain water supply during dry seasons and to improve downstream water quality during drought conditions through discharge based on retained flux. Sixteen multifunctional weirs were recently constructed in four river systems as part of the Four Rivers Restoration Project. In this study, three multifunctional weirs in the Geum River Basin were investigated to analyze the environmental effects of multifunctional weir operation on downstream flow. To determine seasonal vulnerability to drought, the basin was evaluated using the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Furthermore, the downstream flow regime and the effect on water quality improvement of a coordinated dam–multifunctional weir operation controlled by: (a) a rainfall–runoff model; (b) a reservoir optimization model; and (c) a water quality model, were examined. A runoff estimate at each major location in the Geum River Basin was performed using the water quality model, and examined variation in downstream water quality depending on the operational scenario of each irrigation facility such as dams and weirs. Although the water quality was improved by the coordinated operation of the dams and weirs, when the discharged water quality is poor, the downstream water quality is not improved. Therefore, it is necessary to first improve the discharged water quality on the lower Geum River. Improvement of the water quality of main stream in the Geum River is important, but water quality from tributaries should also be improved. By applying the estimated runoff data to the reservoir optimization model, these scenarios will be utilized as basic parameters for assessing the optimal operation of the river. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Networks Management: New Perspectives)

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10 pages, 3501 KB

Open AccessArticle

Successes of Restoration and Its Effect on the Fish Community in a Freshwater Tidal Embayment of the Potomac River, USA

by Kim De Mutsert^1,*, Amanda Sills², C. J. Carroll Schlick¹ and R. Christian Jones¹

¹ Department of Environmental Science & Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030, USA

² Environmental Consulting & Technology. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA

Water 2017, 9(6), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060421 - 11 Jun 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7793

Abstract

After a local wastewater treatment plant significantly reduced phosphorus loading into a phytoplankton-dominated tributary of the Potomac River in the early 1980s, water quality and biological communities were monitored bi-weekly from April to September. After a 10-year time-lag, submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), once [...] Read more.

After a local wastewater treatment plant significantly reduced phosphorus loading into a phytoplankton-dominated tributary of the Potomac River in the early 1980s, water quality and biological communities were monitored bi-weekly from April to September. After a 10-year time-lag, submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), once abundant in this freshwater tidal embayment, returned to the area in 1993. After additional reductions in nitrogen load starting in 2000, the system switched to an SAV-dominated state in 2005. Fish abundance did not change during these distinct phase changes, but the fish community structure did. Increases in SAV provided refuge and additional spawning substrate for species with adhesive eggs such as Banded Killifish (Fundulus diaphanus), which is now the most abundant species in the embayment. Other changes observed were a decrease in the relative contribution of open water dwelling species such as White Perch (Morone americana), and an increase of visual predators such as Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). The 30-year record of data from this Potomac River tributary has revealed important long-term trends that validate the effectiveness of initiatives to reduce excess nutrient inputs, and will aid in the continued management of the watershed and point-source inputs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Aquatic Habitat Restoration or Degradation on Fish Production)

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15 pages, 4959 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterising Bedrock Aquifer Systems in Korea Using Paired Water-Level Monitoring Data

by Jae Min Lee¹, Nam C. Woo^1,*

, Chan-Jin Lee² and Keunje Yoo³

¹ Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea

² National Groundwater Information Center, Korea Water Resources Corporation, Daejeon 34350, Korea

³ Division of Natural Resources Conservation, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong 30147, Korea

Water 2017, 9(6), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060420 - 10 Jun 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5731

Abstract

This study focused on characterising aquifer systems based on water-level changes observed systematically at 159 paired groundwater monitoring wells throughout Korea. Using spectral analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cross-correlation analysis with linear regression, aquifer conditions were identified from the comparison of water-level [...] Read more.

This study focused on characterising aquifer systems based on water-level changes observed systematically at 159 paired groundwater monitoring wells throughout Korea. Using spectral analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cross-correlation analysis with linear regression, aquifer conditions were identified from the comparison of water-level changes in shallow alluvial and deep bedrock monitoring wells. The spectral analysis could identify the aquifer conditions (i.e., unconfined, semi-confined and confined) of 58.5% of bedrock wells and 42.8% of alluvial wells: 93 and 68 wells out of 159 wells, respectively. Even among the bedrock wells, 50 wells (53.7%) exhibited characteristics of the unconfined condition, implying significant vulnerability of the aquifer to contaminants from the land surface and shallow depths. It appears to be better approach for deep bedrock aquifers than shallow alluvial aquifers. However, significant portions of the water-level changes remained unclear for categorising aquifer conditions due to disturbances in data continuity. For different aquifer conditions, PCA could show typical pattern and factor scores of principal components. Principal component 1 due to wet-and-dry seasonal changes and water-level response time was dominant covering about 55% of total variances of each aquifer conditions, implying the usefulness of supplementary method of aquifer characterisation. Cross-correlation and time-lag analysis in the water-level responses to precipitations clearly show how the water levels in shallow and deep wells correspond in time scale. No significant differences in time-lags was found between shallow and deep wells. However, clear time-lags were found to be increasing from unconfined to confined conditions: from 1.47 to 2.75 days and from 1.78 to 2.75 days for both shallow alluvial and deep bedrock wells, respectively. In combination of various statistical methods, three types of water-level fluctuation patterns were identified from the water-level pairs: Type I of identical aquifer systems (77.8%), Type II of the different aquifer systems with different recharge flow paths (9.5%), and Type III of unmatched aquifer system pairs and correlations (12.7%). Type I and II could be used as verification of aquifer condition in the paired monitoring system. However, Type III shows the complexity of water-level fluctuation in different aquifer conditions. This study showed that confined or not-confined conditions are not directly related to the depth of wells in the aquifer. Therefore, the utilisation of groundwater as a water-supply source should be carefully designed, tested for its hydrogeologic conditions, and managed to ensure sustainable quantity and quality. Full article

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Water, Volume 9, Issue 6 (June 2017) – 87 articles

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