Current Assessment and Future Outlook for Water Resources Considering Climate Change and a Population Burst: A Case Study of Ciliwung River, Jakarta City, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Research Background
2. Study Area
3. Methods
3.1. Basic Information Regarding the Model and Data Requirements
3.2. Hydrologic Modeling
3.3. Stream Water Quality Modeling
- BODinit = BOD concentration at the beginning of the reach (mg/L)
- BODfinal = BOD concentration at the end of the reach (mg/L)
- t = water temperature (in °C)
- H = water depth (m)
- L = reach length (m)
- U = water velocity in the reach
- vs = settling velocity (m/s)
- kr, kd and ka = total removal, decomposition and aeration rate constants (L/time)
- kd20 = decomposition rate at the reference temperature (20 °C)
- Ofinal = oxygen concentration at the end of the reach (mg/L)
- Oinitial = oxygen concentration at the beginning of the reach (mg/L)
3.4. Model Setup
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Model Performance Evaluation
4.2. Future Simulation and Scenario Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Katulampa | KP Kelapa | Sugutamu | IP Condet | PA Manggarai |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 167,081 | 341,593 | 424,851 | 431,276 | 937,694 |
2007 | 212,372 | 491,636 | 499,155 | 449,155 | 966,153 |
2010 | 301,390 | 719,690 | 683,279 | 584,649 | 1,244,221 |
2015 | 386,463 | 938,731 | 819,270 | 652,527 | 1,373,714 |
2020 | 487,259 | 1,100,199 | 928,130 | 721,519 | 1,487,356 |
2030 | 752,479 | 1,358,621 | 1,108,621 | 873,167 | 1,667,095 |
Wastewater Treatment Plant | Design Capacity (in Million Litre per Day (MLD)) | Design Effluent Standard (BOD mg/L) | Coverage Area (% of Population Served) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 (Baseline) | 2020 | 2030 | 2000 | 2020 | 2030 | 2000 | 2020 | 2030 | |
Setiabudi | 22 | 37 | 54 | 60 | 33 | 24 | 2 | 5 | 5 |
Wijaya Kususma and Duri Kosambi | - (Not working) | 264 | 313 | - | 24 | 20 | - | 35 | 55 |
Sawah Besar | - (Not working) | - (Not working) | 337 | - | - | 20 | - | - | 85 |
Parameter | Initial Value | Step |
---|---|---|
Effective precipitation | 100% | ±0.5% |
Runoff/infiltration ratio | 50/50 | ±5/5 |
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Share and Cite
Kumar, P.; Masago, Y.; Mishra, B.K.; Jalilov, S.; Rafiei Emam, A.; Kefi, M.; Fukushi, K. Current Assessment and Future Outlook for Water Resources Considering Climate Change and a Population Burst: A Case Study of Ciliwung River, Jakarta City, Indonesia. Water 2017, 9, 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060410
Kumar P, Masago Y, Mishra BK, Jalilov S, Rafiei Emam A, Kefi M, Fukushi K. Current Assessment and Future Outlook for Water Resources Considering Climate Change and a Population Burst: A Case Study of Ciliwung River, Jakarta City, Indonesia. Water. 2017; 9(6):410. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060410
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Pankaj, Yoshifumi Masago, Binaya Kumar Mishra, Shokhrukh Jalilov, Ammar Rafiei Emam, Mohamed Kefi, and Kensuke Fukushi. 2017. "Current Assessment and Future Outlook for Water Resources Considering Climate Change and a Population Burst: A Case Study of Ciliwung River, Jakarta City, Indonesia" Water 9, no. 6: 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060410