Applied Sciences in Functional Foods

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.3	2011	18.4 Days	CHF 2400
Nutraceuticals nutraceuticals	-	-	2021	23.2 Days	CHF 1000
Foods foods	4.7	7.4	2012	14.5 Days	CHF 2900
Molecules molecules	4.2	7.4	1996	15.1 Days	CHF 2700
Nutrients nutrients	4.8	9.2	2009	13.5 Days	CHF 2900

16 pages, 1965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the In Vitro Bioactivities’ Profiles of Brewers’ Spent Grain Protein and Hydrolysates with and without Cellulase Pretreatment

by Jiao Zhang, Ariane Perez-Gavilan and Adriana Cunha Neves

Nutraceuticals 2022, 2(3), 218-233; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals2030016 - 8 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3491

Abstract

Brewer’s spent grain is the residue left after the separation of wort during the beer-brewing process. Although this by-product has been reported to have a high protein content, it is normally treated as waste. This work aims to isolate bioactive hydrolysates from BSG, [...] Read more.

Brewer’s spent grain is the residue left after the separation of wort during the beer-brewing process. Although this by-product has been reported to have a high protein content, it is normally treated as waste. This work aims to isolate bioactive hydrolysates from BSG, and then explore their bioactivities. Two groups (A and B) of BSG were subjected to protein extraction using the alkaline extraction method at pH 12, where group A was pre-treated with cellulase, while group B was not pre-treated and was directly extracted. The final isolate yielded 50.18 ± 1.22% recovery of the BSGP from group A and 66.41 ± 0.37% recovery from group B. RP-HPLC profiles showed that the extracted BSGPs are mainly hydrophilic proteins. The proteins extracted by the two methods were hydrolyzed enzymatically using Alcalase and α-chymotrypsin. The hydrolysates obtained displayed blood pressure regulation activity and antioxidant properties, when assayed with angiotensin-converting enzyme assay, 2,2-diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl assay, and ferric antioxidant power assay. It can be concluded that it is possible to extract good quality proteins from BSG and this by-product presents potential as a source for the extraction of a variety of proteins that might be of interest to the food industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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16 pages, 2792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pea Albumin Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Regulating NF-κB Signaling and the Intestinal Microbiota in Mice

by Shucheng Zhang, Wenhua Jin, Weibo Zhang, Fazheng Ren, Pengjie Wang and Ning Liu

Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3611; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173611 - 1 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3424

Abstract

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease remains a global burden with rapidly increasing incidence and prevalence in both industrialized countries and developing countries. In this study, we prepared pea albumin from pea seeds and determined its beneficial effects being anti-inflammatory and on gut microbiota modulation [...] Read more.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease remains a global burden with rapidly increasing incidence and prevalence in both industrialized countries and developing countries. In this study, we prepared pea albumin from pea seeds and determined its beneficial effects being anti-inflammatory and on gut microbiota modulation in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-challenged mice. Method: Six-week-old C57BL/6N male mice received an equivalent volume (200 μL) of sterile phosphate balanced solution, 0.375, 0.75, or 1.50 g/kg body weight (BW) of pea albumin that was subjected to 2.0% DSS for 7 days to induce colitis. On day 17 of the experiment, all mice were sacrificed after blood sample collection, and colon tissue and colon contents were collected. BW change curve, colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, mucus staining, immunofluorescence staining of T cells and macrophages, cytokines, pro-inflammatory genes expression, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer, and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways as well as 16S DNA sequence were measured. Results: Our results show that pea albumin alleviates DSS-induced BW loss, colon length shortening, enhanced MPO activity, cytokines secretion, mucus deficiency, and inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as enhanced pro-inflammatory genes expression. In addition, the overactivation of NF-κB and STAT3 following DSS exposure is attenuated by pea albumin administration. Of particular interest, pea albumin oral administration restored gut microbiota dysbiosis as evidenced by enhanced α-diversity, restored β-diversity, and promoted relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. Conclusion: Taken together, the data provided herein demonstrated that pea albumin plays a protective role in DSS-induced colitis by reducing inflammatory cell infiltration, pro-inflammatory genes expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines release, inactivation of NF-κB signal, and gut microbiota modulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 2643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Inulin on Organic Acids and Microstructure of Synbiotic Cheddar-Type Cheese Made from Buffalo Milk

by Mahad Islam, Maha A. Alharbi, Nada K. Alharbi, Saima Rafiq, Muhammad Shahbaz, Shamas Murtaza, Nighat Raza, Umar Farooq, Muqarrab Ali, Muhammad Imran and Shafaqat Ali

Molecules 2022, 27(16), 5137; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165137 - 12 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2604

Abstract

The current study aimed to produce synbiotic cheese, adding inulin and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis as prebiotics and probiotics, respectively. The physicochemical analysis, minerals and organic acids content, sensory evaluation, and probiotic count of the cheese were performed during the ripening. The significant [...] Read more.

The current study aimed to produce synbiotic cheese, adding inulin and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis as prebiotics and probiotics, respectively. The physicochemical analysis, minerals and organic acids content, sensory evaluation, and probiotic count of the cheese were performed during the ripening. The significant effect of inulin (p ≤ 0.01) was found during the ripening period, and changes in physiochemical composition, minerals, and organic acid contents were also observed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cheese revealed that inulin could improve the cheese structure. Meanwhile, inulin increased the likeliness of the cheese, and its probiotic viability remained above 10⁷ colony forming unit (CFU) per gram during ripening. Full article

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13 pages, 2311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safranal Induces Vasorelaxation by Inhibiting Ca²⁺ Influx and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ Exchanger in Isolated Rat Aortic Rings

by Noor Nadhim Al-Saigh and Shtaywy Abdalla

Molecules 2022, 27(13), 4228; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134228 - 30 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1817

Abstract

Introduction: Safranal, which endows saffron its unique aroma, causes vasodilatation and has a hypotensive effect in animal studies, but the mechanisms of these effects are unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of safranal vasodilation. Methods: Isolated rat endothelium-intact or -denuded aortic [...] Read more.

Introduction: Safranal, which endows saffron its unique aroma, causes vasodilatation and has a hypotensive effect in animal studies, but the mechanisms of these effects are unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of safranal vasodilation. Methods: Isolated rat endothelium-intact or -denuded aortic rings were precontracted with phenylephrine and then relaxed with safranal. To further assess the involvement of nitric oxide, prostaglandins, guanylate cyclase, and phospholipase A₂ in safranal-induced vasodilation, aortic rings were preincubated with L-NAME, indomethacin, methylene blue, or quinacrine, respectively, then precontracted with phenylephrine, and safranal concentration–response curves were established. To explore the effects of safranal on Ca²⁺ influx, phenylephrine and CaCl₂ concentration–response curves were established in the presence of safranal. Furthermore, the effect of safranal on aortic rings in the presence of ouabain, a Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase inhibitor, was studied to explore the contribution of Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger to this vasodilation. Results: Safranal caused vasodilation in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings. The vasodilation was not eliminated by pretreatment with L-NAME, indomethacin, methylene blue, or quinacrine, indicating the lack of a role for NO/cGMP. Safranal significantly inhibited the maximum contractions induced by phenylephrine, or by CaCl₂ in Ca²⁺-free depolarizing buffer. Safranal also relaxed contractions induced by ouabain, but pretreatment with safranal totally abolished the development of ouabain contractions. Discussion/Conclusion: Inhibition of Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase by ouabain leads to the accumulation of Na⁺ intracellularly, forcing the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger to work in reverse mode, thus causing a contraction. Inhibition of the development of this contraction by preincubation with safranal indicates that safranal inhibited the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger. We conclude that safranal vasodilation is mediated by the inhibition of calcium influx from extracellular space through L-type Ca²⁺ channels and by the inhibition of the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger. Full article

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13 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence Rate and Associated Risk Factors of Anaemia among under Five Years Children in Ethiopia

by Bereket Tessema Zewude and Legesse Kassa Debusho

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2693; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132693 - 28 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2707

Abstract

Background: Anaemia is a condition characterised by a decrease in the concentration of haemoglobin (Hb) in the blood. Anaemia suffers under five years children about 47.4% and 67.6% worldwide and developing countries including Ethiopia, respectively. The aim of this study was to assess [...] Read more.

Background: Anaemia is a condition characterised by a decrease in the concentration of haemoglobin (Hb) in the blood. Anaemia suffers under five years children about 47.4% and 67.6% worldwide and developing countries including Ethiopia, respectively. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence rate and the associated socio-economic, geographic and demographic factors of anaemia status of under five years children in Ethiopia. Methods: The data for this study were obtained from the 2011 Ethiopia National Malaria Indicator Survey (EMIS 2011). A sample of 4356 under five years age children was obtained from three regional states of Ethiopia. Based on haemoglobin level, child anaemia status was ordered and takes an ordinal value as no anaemia, mild anaemia, moderate anaemia and severe anaemia, respectively. Ordinal logistic regression model, specifically the proportional odds model was used by considering with and without survey design features. Results: Of the 4356 complete cases, 2190 (50.28%) were male and 1966 (49.72%) were female children under five years old. The children overall mean (SD) age was 2.68 (1.21) years. It was observed that both the mean ages and their variabilities in the regions are approximately equal to the overall mean and variability. It was also observed that in Amhara, Oromiya and SNNP regions 72.28%, 67.99% and 73.63% of the children, respectively had no anaemia; 15.93%, 13.47% and 13.56% of the children, respectively had mild anaemia; 10.99%, 15.61% and 11.33% of the children, respectively had moderate anaemia; and only 0.81%, 2.93% and 1.49% had severe anaemia, respectively. The prevalence of severe child anaemia status was higher in Oromiya region compared to Amhara and SNNP regions, respectively. Our result indicates that age, use of mosquito net, malaria RDT outcome, type of toilet facility, household wealth index, region and median altitude were significantly related to child anaemia status. However, it was observed that some covariates were model dependent, for example household wealth index and type of toilet facility were not significant when considering survey features. Conclusions: Anaemia burden remains high particularly in developing countries. Controlling the burden of anaemia necessitates the formulation of integrated interventions which prioritise the highest risk groups including children under five years. The statistical model used in this paper identified individual, household and cluster level risk factors of child anaemia. The identified risk factors for example not having improved toilet facility in the dwelling where a child lived as well as poorest household wealth index suggest the policymakers should target to focus more on children from poor community. Further, the strong association between malaria infection and anaemia suggests that malaria preventative methods such as vector control methods namely, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying of households with insecticides and including case diagnostic testing and treatment may be the most effective ways to reduce infections associated with anaemia. Such collective assessment approach may lead to more effective public health strategies and could have important policy implications for health promotion and for the reduction of health disparities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

13 pages, 871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Protein Hydrolysates Generated from the Macroalga Laminaria digitata (Hudson) JV Lamouroux 1813

by Diane Purcell, Michael A. Packer and Maria Hayes

Foods 2022, 11(12), 1792; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11121792 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3622

Abstract

Seaweeds have a long history of use as both food and medicine, especially in Asian cultures. Moreover, there is growing interest in the use of seaweed ingredients and bioactive compounds in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. One ailment that seaweed bioactive compounds may impact [...] Read more.

Seaweeds have a long history of use as both food and medicine, especially in Asian cultures. Moreover, there is growing interest in the use of seaweed ingredients and bioactive compounds in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. One ailment that seaweed bioactive compounds may impact is hypertension caused by the enzyme Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 1 (ACE-1; EC 3.4.15.1), found within the Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS), which causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels, including veins and arteries. The aim of this paper is to generate bioactive peptide containing protein hydrolysates from the brown seaweed Laminaria digitata (Hudson) JV Lamouroux 1813. Proteins were extracted from this seaweed by disrupting the seaweed cell wall using a combination of carbohydrases and proteolytic enzymes. Bioactive peptide containing permeates were generated from L. digitata protein hydrolysates, and both hydrolysates and permeates were screened for their ability to inhibit the enzyme ACE-1. The protein content of the permeate fractions was found to be 23.87% compared to the untreated seaweed, which contained 15.08% protein using LECO analysis. Hydrolysis and filtration resulted in a “white” protein powder, and the protein content of this powder increased by 9% compared to the whole seaweed. The total amino acid (TAA) content of the L. digitata protein permeate was 53.65 g/100 g of the sample, and contains over 32% essential amino acids (EAA). Furthermore, the L. digitata permeate was found to inhibit the ACE-1 enzyme by 75% when compared to the commercial drug Captopril© when assayed at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The inhibition of ACE-1 (the IC₅₀ value) of 590 µg/mL for the L. digitata permeate compares well with Captopril©, which had 100% inhibition of ACE-1, with an IC₅₀ value of 500 µg/mL. This study indicates that there is potential to develop protein powders with ACE-1 inhibitory bioactivities from the brown seaweed L. digitata using enzymatic hydrolysis as a cell disruption and protein extraction/hydrolysate generation procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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16 pages, 4823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acridone Derivatives from Atalantia monophyla Inhibited Cancer Cell Proliferation through ERK Pathway

by Wen-Yong Gao, Chantana Boonyarat, Pitchayakarn Takomthong, Kusawadee Plekratoke, Yoshihiro Hayakawa, Chavi Yenjai, Rawiwun Kaewamatawong, Suchada Chaiwiwatrakul and Pornthip Waiwut

Molecules 2022, 27(12), 3865; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123865 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2582

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of acridone alkaloids on cancer cell lines and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The ten acridone alkaloids from Atalantia monophyla were screened for cytotoxicity against LNCaP cell lines by a WST-8 assay. Then, the most [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of acridone alkaloids on cancer cell lines and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The ten acridone alkaloids from Atalantia monophyla were screened for cytotoxicity against LNCaP cell lines by a WST-8 assay. Then, the most potential acridone, buxifoliadine E, was evaluated on four types of cancer cells, namely prostate cancer (LNCaP), neuroblastoma (SH SY5Y), hepatoblastoma (HepG2), and colorectal cancer (HT29). The results showed that buxifoliadine E was able to significantly inhibit the proliferation of all four types of cancer cells, having the most potent cytotoxicity against the HepG2 cell line. Western blotting analysis was performed to assess the expression of signaling proteins in the cancer cells. In HepG2 cells, buxifoliadine E induced changes in the levels of Bid as well as cleaved caspase-3 and Bax through MAPKs, including Erk and p38. Moreover, the binding interaction between buxifoliadine E and Erk was investigated by using the Autodock 4.2.6 and Discovery Studio programs. The result showed that buxifoliadine E bound at the ATP-binding site, located at the interface between the N- and C-terminal lobes of Erk2. The results of this study indicate that buxifoliadine E suppressed cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the Erk pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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11 pages, 611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a New Multicomponent Nutritional Supplement on Muscle Mass and Physical Performance in Adult and Old Patients Recovered from COVID-19: A Pilot Observational Case–Control Study

by Francesco Landi, Anna Maria Martone, Francesca Ciciarello, Vincenzo Galluzzo, Giulia Savera, Riccardo Calvani, Anna Picca, Emanuele Marzetti, Matteo Tosato and On behalf of Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Team

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2316; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112316 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8053

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of a specific oral nutritional supplement among patients recovered from COVID-19 but suffering symptoms of fatigue. Methods: This is an observational case–control study involving a sample of 66 COVID-19 survivors divided [...] Read more.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of a specific oral nutritional supplement among patients recovered from COVID-19 but suffering symptoms of fatigue. Methods: This is an observational case–control study involving a sample of 66 COVID-19 survivors divided in two groups, 33 subjects in the intervention group who received the nutritional supplement and 33 subjects in the control group. The nutritional supplement received by subjects in the active group was based on amino acids; vitamin B6 and B1; and malic, succinic and citric acids. After an 8-week follow-up, the main outcomes considered were skeletal muscle index (measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis), physical performance measures (handgrip strength, one-minute chair–stand test, six-minute walking test), and quality of life (using EuroQol visual analogue scale). Results: All the considered areas increased significantly in the subjects receiving the active treatment with oral nutritional supplement in comparison with the baseline values. After adjusting for age, gender, and baseline values, skeletal muscle index, handgrip strength test, the one-minute chair–stand test, and six-minute walking test values were higher among participants in the treatment group compared with subjects in control group. The oral nutritional supplement significantly improved the handgrip strength; similarly, participants in the active group showed a higher improvement in skeletal muscle index, the one-minute chair–stand test, the six-minute walking test, and in quality of life. Conclusion: The nutritional supplement containing nine essential amino acids plus cysteine; vitamin B6 and B1; and malic, succinic and citric acids had a positive effect on nutritional status, functional recovery, and quality of life in COVID-19 survivors still suffering from fatigue. Additional controlled clinical trials are required to corroborate these results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effects of Berry Polyphenols on the Gut Microbiota and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials in Humans

by Marva Sweeney, Gracie Burns, Nora Sturgeon, Kim Mears, Kim Stote and Cynthia Blanton

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2263; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112263 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3526

Abstract

Berry consumption has beneficial effects on blood pressure. Intestinal microbiota transform berry phytochemicals into more bioactive forms. Thus, we performed a systematic review of randomized clinical trials to determine whether berry polyphenols in foods, extracts or supplements have effects on both the profile [...] Read more.

Berry consumption has beneficial effects on blood pressure. Intestinal microbiota transform berry phytochemicals into more bioactive forms. Thus, we performed a systematic review of randomized clinical trials to determine whether berry polyphenols in foods, extracts or supplements have effects on both the profile of gut microbiota and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in humans. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and CAB Abstracts (EBSCOhost) were searched for randomized clinical trials in humans published from 1 January 2011 to 29 October 2021. Search results were imported into Covidence for screening and data extraction by two blinded reviewers, who also performed bias assessment independently. The literature search identified 216 publications; after duplicates were removed, 168 publications were screened with 12 full-text publications assessed for eligibility. Ultimately three randomized clinical trials in humans met the eligibility criteria. One randomized clinical trial showed a low risk of bias while the other two randomized clinical trials included low, high or unclear risk of bias. Together the randomized clinical trials showed that berry consumption (Aronia berry, strawberries, raspberries, cloudberries and bilberries) for 8–12 weeks had no significant effect on both blood pressure and the gut microbiota. More randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the effects of berry consumption on the profile of gut microbiota and blood pressure in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 2444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Extract on Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disruption and Excitation in Mice

by Minseok Yoon, Jonghoon Jung, Minjung Kim, Changho Lee, Suengmok Cho and Minyoung Um

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2249; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112249 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4206

Abstract

Sleep is one of the most essential factors required to maintain good health. However, the global prevalence of insomnia is increasing, and caffeine intake is a major trigger. The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of black pepper, Piper [...] Read more.

Sleep is one of the most essential factors required to maintain good health. However, the global prevalence of insomnia is increasing, and caffeine intake is a major trigger. The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of black pepper, Piper nigrum extract (PE), on caffeine-induced sleep disruption and excitation in mice. Caffeine significantly decreased sleep duration in the pentobarbital-induced sleep test. It also resulted in a significant increase in sleep onset and a decrease in non-rapid eye movement sleep. Moreover, in an open-field test, caffeine-treated mice exhibited a significantly increased time in the center zone and total distance traveled. However, the co-administration of caffeine and PE did not result in similar arousal activities. Thus, our results suggest that PE can be used as a potential therapeutic agent to treat sleep problems and excitatory status associated with caffeine intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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22 pages, 4821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Alcoholic Components in Huangjiu as Potential Factors Regulating the Intestinal Barrier and Gut Microbiota in Mouse Model of Alcoholic Liver Injury

by Yi Yang, Zhilei Zhou, Yufei Liu, Xibiao Xu, Yuezheng Xu, Weibiao Zhou, Shuguang Chen and Jian Mao

Foods 2022, 11(11), 1537; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111537 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3270

Abstract

Different alcoholic beverages and drinking patterns might exert divergent impacts on alcoholic liver disease (ALD) progression. Whether the abundant non-alcoholic components (NAC) in fermented wine could alleviate ethanol (EtOH)-induced adverse influences on the liver remains unknown. Hence, the chronic ALD mouse model was [...] Read more.

Different alcoholic beverages and drinking patterns might exert divergent impacts on alcoholic liver disease (ALD) progression. Whether the abundant non-alcoholic components (NAC) in fermented wine could alleviate ethanol (EtOH)-induced adverse influences on the liver remains unknown. Hence, the chronic ALD mouse model was established to compare the effects of Huangjiu (a typical fermented wine) and EtOH feeding on the liver, intestinal barrier, gut microbiota, and intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content. Although Huangjiu intake led to slight hepatic steatosis, it mitigated oxidative stress, inflammation, and intestinal damage relative to EtOH intake. In comparison with EtOH feeding, Huangjiu significantly improved the intestinal barrier integrity and reduced hepatic lipopolysaccharide levels by up-regulating the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) and antimicrobial activity peptides (Reg3β and Reg3γ). The administration of Huangjiu NAC partially restored alcohol-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis via recovering the abundance of Lactobacillus, Faecalibaculum, and Akkermansia. Moreover, mice receiving Huangjiu showed higher SCFAs levels (such as acetic acid and butyric acid) than those receiving EtOH. Huangjiu consumption resulted in lower hepatotoxicity than pure EtOH, at the same alcohol dose. The NAC in Huangjiu might attenuate the progression of ALD by regulating intestinal barrier function and microbiota-meditated gut ecology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 2533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Fish Oil on Biomarkers of Axonal Injury and Inflammation in American Football Players: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Controlled Trial

by Veronica A. Mullins, Sarah Graham, Danielle Cummings, Alva Wood, Vanessa Ovando, Ann C. Skulas-Ray, Dennis Polian, Yiwei Wang, Gerson D. Hernandez, Claudia M. Lopez, Adam C. Raikes, Roberta D. Brinton and Floyd H. Chilton

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2139; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102139 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4161

Abstract

There are limited studies on neuroprotection from repeated subconcussive head impacts (RSHI) following docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation in contact sports athletes. We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, parallel-group design trial to determine the impact of 26 weeks of DHA+EPA [...] Read more.

There are limited studies on neuroprotection from repeated subconcussive head impacts (RSHI) following docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation in contact sports athletes. We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, parallel-group design trial to determine the impact of 26 weeks of DHA+EPA supplementation (n = 12) vs. placebo (high-oleic safflower oil) (n = 17) on serum concentrations of neurofilament light (NfL), a biomarker of axonal injury, and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a)) in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I American football athletes. DHA+EPA supplementation increased (p < 0.01) plasma DHA and EPA concentrations throughout the treatment period. NfL concentrations increased from baseline to week 26 in both groups (treatment (<0.001); placebo (p < 0.05)), with starting players (vs. non-starters) showing significant higher circulating concentrations at week 26 (p < 0.01). Fish oil (DHA+EPA) supplementation did not mitigate the adverse effects of RSHI, as measured by NfL levels; however, participants with the highest plasma DHA+EPA concentrations tended to have lower NfL levels. DHA+EPA supplementation had no effects on inflammatory cytokine levels at any of the timepoints tested. These findings emphasize the need for effective strategies to protect American football participants from the effects of RSHI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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16 pages, 727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cannabidiol (CBD) Dosing: Plasma Pharmacokinetics and Effects on Accumulation in Skeletal Muscle, Liver and Adipose Tissue

by Robert B. Child and Mark J. Tallon

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2101; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102101 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7165

Abstract

Oral cannabidiol (CBD) consumption is widespread in North America and Europe, as it has analgesic, neuroprotective and antitumor effects. Although oral CBD consumption in humans affords beneficial effects in epileptic and inflammatory states, its pharmacokinetics and subsequent uptake into tissue are largely unknown. [...] Read more.

Oral cannabidiol (CBD) consumption is widespread in North America and Europe, as it has analgesic, neuroprotective and antitumor effects. Although oral CBD consumption in humans affords beneficial effects in epileptic and inflammatory states, its pharmacokinetics and subsequent uptake into tissue are largely unknown. This study investigated plasma pharmacokinetics and accumulation of CBD in gastrocnemius muscle, liver and adipose tissue in adult rats following oral gavage. CBD was fed relative to body mass at 0 (control), 30, 115, or 230 mg/Kg/day for 28 days; with 6 males and 6 females per dosing group. Pharmacokinetics were assessed on day 1 and day 28 in the group receiving CBD at 115 mg/Kg/day. The rise in tissue CBD was closely related to specific pharmacokinetic parameters, and adipose tissue levels were ~10 to ~100 fold greater than liver or muscle. Tissue CBD levels were moderately correlated between adipose and muscle, and adipose and liver, but were highly correlated for liver and muscle. CBD feeding resulted in several gender-specific effects, including changes in pharmacokinetics, relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue CBD and differences in tissue CBD levels. CBD accumulation in mammalian tissues has the potential to influence receptor binding and metabolism; therefore, the present findings may have relevance for developing oral dosing regimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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15 pages, 5618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Ionic Polysaccharides in Cooked Lean Pork Batters on Intestinal Health in Mice

by Xia Yu, Li-Fang Zou, Jia-Hao Xiong, Jing-Zhi Pan, Pei-Jun Li and Cong-Gui Chen

Foods 2022, 11(10), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11101372 - 10 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2195

Abstract

The effects of cooked lean pork batters with three ionic types of polysaccharides (anionic xanthan-gum/sodium-alginate, neutral curdlan-gum/konjac-gum and cationic chitosan) on the intestinal health of mice were investigated in this study. The results showed that the zeta potential in the sodium-alginate group (−31.35 [...] Read more.

The effects of cooked lean pork batters with three ionic types of polysaccharides (anionic xanthan-gum/sodium-alginate, neutral curdlan-gum/konjac-gum and cationic chitosan) on the intestinal health of mice were investigated in this study. The results showed that the zeta potential in the sodium-alginate group (−31.35 mV) was higher (p < 0.05) than that in the chitosan group (−26.00 mV), thus promoting the protein hydrolysis in the anionic group because of electrostatic repulsion. The content of total free amino acids in the small intestine in the xanthan-gum and sodium-alginate groups (2754.68 μg and 2733.72 μg, respectively) were higher (p < 0.05) than that in the chitosan group (1949.78 μg), which could decrease the amount of undigested protein entering the colon. The two anionic groups could also increase the abundance of Lactobacillus and the balance of Faecalibaculum and Alistipes in the colon. The content of proinflammatory factor IL−6 of colon tissues in the sodium-alginate group (1.02 ng/mL) was lower (p < 0.05) than that in chitosan, curdlan-gum and konjac-gum groups (1.29, 1.31 and 1.31 ng/mL, respectively). The result of haematoxylin-eosin staining of the colon also revealed that sodium alginate was beneficial for colonic health. The two neutral groups increased the content of faecal short-chain fatty acids in mice. These results demonstrated that anionic polysaccharides have potential for developing functional low-fat meat products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 2769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Essential Oil Derived from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Attenuates Imiquimod–Induced Psoriasis-like Skin Lesions in BALB/c Mice

by Yani Xu, Yaohui Shi, Jingxia Huang, Hongtao Gu, Chunlian Li, Lanyue Zhang, Guanting Liu, Wei Zhou and Zhiyun Du

Molecules 2022, 27(9), 2996; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092996 - 7 May 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3740

Abstract

Psoriasis is reported to be a common chronic immune-mediated skin disease characterized by abnormal keratinocytes and cell proliferation. Perilla leaves are rich in essential oils, fatty acids, and flavonoids, which are recognized for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the alleviating [...] Read more.

Psoriasis is reported to be a common chronic immune-mediated skin disease characterized by abnormal keratinocytes and cell proliferation. Perilla leaves are rich in essential oils, fatty acids, and flavonoids, which are recognized for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the alleviating effect of essential oil (PO) extracted from Perilla frutescens stems and leaves on imiquimod (IMQ) -induced psoriasis-like lesions in BALB/c mice were investigated. Results showed that PO ameliorated psoriasis-like lesions in vivo, reduced the expression of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D (Ly-6G), which is a marker of neutrophil activation, and inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). In addition, PO significantly decreased the expression of cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1, interleukin 23 (IL-23), interleukin 17 (IL-17), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Furthermore, the down-regulation of mRNA levels of psoriasis-related pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, interleukin 22 (IL-22), IL-23, interferon-α (IFN-α), and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was observed with the treatment of PO. All results show a concentration dependence of PO, with low concentrations showing the best results. These results suggest that PO effectively alleviated psoriasis-like skin lesions and down-regulated inflammatory responses, which indicates that PO could potentially be used for further studies on inflammation-related skin diseases such as psoriasis and for the treatment of psoriasis such as psoriasis natural plant essential oil resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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14 pages, 2937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Ameliorates Palmitic-Acid-Induced Pancreatic Beta Cell Dysfunction by Modulating CHOP-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathways

by Yunan Chen, Xueyan Li, Lei Su, Qianrong Hu, Wenli Li, Jialin He and Lina Zhao

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1835; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091835 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2918

Abstract

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is a natural colorant with anti-diabetic properties, while its underlying mechanisms remain far from clear. Here, we investigated the protective role of C3G on palmitic acid (PA)-induced pancreatic beta cell dysfunction and further decipher its possible molecular mechanisms. Both primary isolated [...] Read more.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is a natural colorant with anti-diabetic properties, while its underlying mechanisms remain far from clear. Here, we investigated the protective role of C3G on palmitic acid (PA)-induced pancreatic beta cell dysfunction and further decipher its possible molecular mechanisms. Both primary isolated mouse islets and the INS-1E cell were used, and treated with a mixture of PA (0.5 mM) and C3G (12.5 µM, 25 µM, 50 µM) for different durations (12, 24, 48 h). We found that C3G could dose-dependently ameliorate beta cell secretory function and further alleviate cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, the primary role of the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway was detected by RNA sequencing, and the PERK-pathway-related protein expression, especially the pro-apoptotic marker C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression, was significantly downregulated by C3G treatment. The critical role of CHOP in mediating the protective effect of C3G was further validated by small interfering RNA. Conclusively, C3G could ameliorate PA-induced pancreatic beta cell dysfunction targeting the CHOP-related ER stress pathway, which might be used as a nutritional intervention for the preservation of beta cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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25 pages, 732 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microalgal Proteins and Bioactives for Food, Feed, and Other Applications

by Simona Lucakova, Irena Branyikova and Maria Hayes

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4402; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094402 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 11002

Abstract

Microalgae are a known source of proteins, prebiotics, lipids, small molecules, anti-oxidants and bioactives with health benefits that can be harnessed for the development of functional foods, feeds, cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals. This review collates information on the supply, processing costs, target markets and [...] Read more.

Microalgae are a known source of proteins, prebiotics, lipids, small molecules, anti-oxidants and bioactives with health benefits that can be harnessed for the development of functional foods, feeds, cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals. This review collates information on the supply, processing costs, target markets and value of microalgae, as well as microalgal proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals. It discusses the potential impact that microalgae could have on global food and feed supply and highlights gaps that exist with regards to the use of microalgal proteins and ingredients as foods and supplements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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10 pages, 832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Proanthocyanidins in Plant Materials Using Hydrophilic Interaction HPLC-QTOF-MS

by Ziqi Qian, Yi Wang, Shuyu Shen, Wenyang Tao, Yu Zhang, Xingqian Ye, Shiguo Chen and Haibo Pan

Molecules 2022, 27(9), 2684; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092684 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2459

Abstract

Proanthocyanidins (PACs) have been proven to possess a wide range of biological activities, but complex structures limit their study of structure–function relationships. Therefore, an efficient and general method using hydrophilic interaction high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-QTOF-MS) [...] Read more.

Proanthocyanidins (PACs) have been proven to possess a wide range of biological activities, but complex structures limit their study of structure–function relationships. Therefore, an efficient and general method using hydrophilic interaction high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-QTOF-MS) was established to analyze PACs from different plant materials. This method was successfully applied to characterize PACs from Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) leaves (BLPs), sorghum testa (STPs) and grape seeds (GSPs). BLPs with the degree of polymerization (DP) from 1 to 8 were separated. BLPs are mainly B-type prodelphinidins and A-type BLPs were first found in this study. STPs and GSPs belonging to procyanidins showed DP from 3 to 11 and 2 to 12, respectively. A-type linkages were found for every DP of STPs and GSPs, which were first found. These results showed that HILIC-QTOF-MS can be successfully applied for analyzing PACs from different plant materials, which is necessary for the prediction of their potential health benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 1552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intake of Natural, Unprocessed Tiger Nuts (Cyperus esculentus L.) Drink Significantly Favors Intestinal Beneficial Bacteria in a Short Period of Time

by Marta Selma-Royo, Izaskun García-Mantrana, M. Carmen Collado and Gaspar Perez-Martínez

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1709; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091709 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6940

Abstract

Horchata is a natural drink obtained from tiger nut tubers (Cyperus esculentus L.). It has a pleasant milky aspect and nutty flavor; some health benefits have been traditionally attributed to it. This study evaluated the effects of an unprocessed horchata drink on [...] Read more.

Horchata is a natural drink obtained from tiger nut tubers (Cyperus esculentus L.). It has a pleasant milky aspect and nutty flavor; some health benefits have been traditionally attributed to it. This study evaluated the effects of an unprocessed horchata drink on the gut microbiota of healthy adult volunteers (n = 31) who consumed 300 mL of natural, unprocessed horchata with no added sugar daily for 3 days. Although there were no apparent microbial profile changes induced by horchata consumption in the studied population, differences could be determined when volunteers were segmented by microbial clusters. Three distinctive enterogroups were identified previous to consuming horchata, respectively characterized by the relative abundances of Blautia and Lachnospira (B1), Bacteroides (B2) and Ruminococcus and Bifidobacterium (B3). After consuming horchata, samples of all volunteers were grouped into two clusters, one enriched in Akkermansia, Christenellaceae and Clostridiales (A1) and the other with a remarkable presence of Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium and Lachnospira (A2). Interestingly, the impact of horchata was dependent on the previous microbiome of each individual, and its effect yielded microbial profiles associated with butyrate production, which are typical of a Mediterranean or vegetable/fiber-rich diet and could be related to the presence of high amylose starch and polyphenols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 2243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Brown Algae Ishige sinicola Extract Ameliorates Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss in Rats and Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis through Downregulation of NFATc1/c-Fos

by Mihyang Kim and Mihwa Park

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1683; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091683 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2388

Abstract

Osteoporosis is characterized by reduction in bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of the bone, which causes bone fragility and fracture susceptibility. Ishige sinicola, a brown alga, reportedly affects osteoblast differentiation. However, its protective effect on estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss has not been [...] Read more.

Osteoporosis is characterized by reduction in bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of the bone, which causes bone fragility and fracture susceptibility. Ishige sinicola, a brown alga, reportedly affects osteoblast differentiation. However, its protective effect on estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss has not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of I. sinicola extract (ISE) on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss in vivo and osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the sham-operated (SHAM) group and four OVX subgroups: SHAM, OVX, ISE20 (20 mg/kg), ISE200 (200 mg/kg), and estradiol (10 μg/kg). After 6 weeks of treatment, the bone mineral density (BMD), femur indices, and serum biomarker levels were measured. Furthermore, the effects of ISE on osteoclastogenesis and the expression of osteoclast-specific markers were measured. ISE administration improved the trabecular bone structure, bone biomechanical properties, BMD, and bone mineralization degree. In addition, the levels of serum bone turnover markers were decreased in the ISE group compared with those in the OVX group. Moreover, ISE inhibited osteoclast formation by downregulating NFATc1, TRAP, c-Src, c-Fos, and cathepsin K without any cytotoxic effects on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. Therefore, we suggest that ISE has therapeutic potential in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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14 pages, 3408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Barrel Toasting on Ellagitannin Composition of Aged Cognac Eaux-de-Vie

by Mathilde Gadrat, Catherine Emo, Joël Lavergne, Pierre-Louis Teissèdre and Kléopatra Chira

Molecules 2022, 27(8), 2531; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082531 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2832

Abstract

It is well established that C-glucosidic ellagitannins contribute to wine quality, and new forms of ellagitannins have been found recently in cognac eaux-de-vie. The contribution of some ellagitannin-derived spirit compounds to eaux-de-vie taste has been demonstrated recently. However, there is a gap [...] Read more.

It is well established that C-glucosidic ellagitannins contribute to wine quality, and new forms of ellagitannins have been found recently in cognac eaux-de-vie. The contribution of some ellagitannin-derived spirit compounds to eaux-de-vie taste has been demonstrated recently. However, there is a gap in our knowledge of the content, composition, and evolution of C-glucosidic ellagitannins in this matrix. Indeed, the quantification of these compounds and their evolutionary compounds have never before been researched in cognac eaux-de-vie. Thus, the aim of this study was not only to quantify these compounds, but also to study their kinetics and to observe how they are impacted by barrel toasting. For this purpose, barrels representing eight different toasting levels were used to age the same eau-de-vie during the first 18 months. Ellagitannin quantification was carried out by HPLC-Triple quadrupole. The results showed that the evolutionary trend of the eight ellagitannins is the same for all eight types of barrel toasting. The maximum concentrations of C-glucosidic ellagitannins were found after 3 months of aging (up to 23 mg/L) before decreasing to 18 months (9.7 mg/L), whereas ellagitannin-derived spirit compound concentrations increased throughout aging (up to 130.9 mg/L). In addition, barrel toasting had such an impact on ellagitannin content that barrels could be differentiated according to their levels. Eaux-de-vie in barrels with high toasting were lower in ellagitannins concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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11 pages, 628 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Acute Effects of Kawakawa (Piper excelsum) Intake on Postprandial Glycemic and Insulinaemic Response in a Healthy Population

by Farha Ramzan, Ramya Jayaprakash, Chris Pook, Meika Foster, Jennifer L. Miles-Chan and Richard Mithen

Nutrients 2022, 14(8), 1638; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081638 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7274

Abstract

Background: Piper excelsum (kawakawa) is an endemic shrub of Aotearoa, New Zealand, of cultural and medicinal importance to Māori. Its fruits and leaves are often consumed. These tissues contain several compounds that have been shown to be biologically active and which may underpin [...] Read more.

Background: Piper excelsum (kawakawa) is an endemic shrub of Aotearoa, New Zealand, of cultural and medicinal importance to Māori. Its fruits and leaves are often consumed. These tissues contain several compounds that have been shown to be biologically active and which may underpin its putative health-promoting effects. The current study investigates whether kawakawa tea can modulate postprandial glucose metabolism. Methods: We report a pilot three-arm randomized crossover study to assess the bioavailability of kawakawa tea (BOKA-T) in six male participants with each arm having an acute intervention of kawakawa tea (4 g/250 mL water; 1 g/250 mL water; water) and a follow-up two-arm randomized crossover study to assess the impact of acute kawakawa tea ingestion on postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy human volunteers (TOAST) (4 g/250 mL water; and water; n = 30 (15 male and 15 female)). Participants consumed 250 mL of kawakawa tea or water control within each study prior to consuming a high-glycemic breakfast. Pre- and postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured, and the Matsuda index was calculated to measure insulin sensitivity. Results: In the BOKA-T study, lower plasma glucose (p < 0.01) and insulin (p < 0.01) concentrations at 60 min were observed after consumption of a high-dose kawakawa tea in comparison to low-dose or water. In the TOAST study, only plasma insulin (p = 0.01) was lower at 60 min in the high-dose kawakawa group compared to the control group. Both studies showed a trend towards higher insulin sensitivity in the high-dose kawakawa group compared to water only. Conclusions: Consuming kawakawa tea may modulate postprandial glucose metabolism. Further investigations with a longer-term intervention study are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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22 pages, 1196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and Antiglycation Effects of Cistus × incanus Water Infusion, Its Phenolic Components, and Respective Metabolites

by Karolina Bernacka, Katarzyna Bednarska, Aneta Starzec, Sylwester Mazurek and Izabela Fecka

Molecules 2022, 27(8), 2432; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082432 - 9 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3579

Abstract

Reactive oxygen and carbonyl species promote oxidative and carbonyl stress, and the development of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and others. The traditional herb Cistus × incanus is known for its antioxidant properties; therefore, the current study aimed to assess how the chemical [...] Read more.

Reactive oxygen and carbonyl species promote oxidative and carbonyl stress, and the development of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and others. The traditional herb Cistus × incanus is known for its antioxidant properties; therefore, the current study aimed to assess how the chemical composition of a C. incanus water infusion corresponds with its antioxidative and antiglycative effects in vitro. The composition of infusions prepared from commercial products was analyzed with UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and non-flavonoid polyphenols were determined. Antioxidant activity of infusions and selected polyphenols was investigated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. Fluorometric measurements and methylglyoxal capture were performed to investigate the antiglycation activity. PCA and PLS-DA models were applied to explore the correlation between chemical and antioxidant results. The principal flavonoids in C. incanus were flavonols. In vitro tests revealed that a stronger antioxidant effect was demonstrated by plant material from Turkey rich in flavonoids, followed by Albania and Greece. Flavonols and ellagic acid displayed stronger antiradical and reducing power than EA-derived urolithins. Hyperoside was the most potent inhibitor of glycation. The results indicate that flavonoids are primarily responsible for rock rose antioxidant and antiglycation properties. PLS-DA modeling can be used to identify the origin of plant material with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 86%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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20 pages, 3176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Characterization and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Metallothionein from Oratosquilla oratoria

by Guang-Ming Mei, Xiao-Hua Wu, Xiao-Jun Zhang, Jie Gu, Yi Fang, Chun-Ying Meng and Wen-Ge Yang

Molecules 2022, 27(7), 2320; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072320 - 3 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2461

Abstract

We report here the purification of a novel metal-binding protein from Oratosquilla oratoria (O. oratoria MT-1) by gel and ion-exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF analyses demonstrated that isolated O. oratoria MT-1 was of high purity with a molecular weight of 12.4 kDa. [...] Read more.

We report here the purification of a novel metal-binding protein from Oratosquilla oratoria (O. oratoria MT-1) by gel and ion-exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF analyses demonstrated that isolated O. oratoria MT-1 was of high purity with a molecular weight of 12.4 kDa. The fluorescence response to SBD-F derivatives revealed that O. oratoria MT-1 contained a large number of sulfhydryl groups, which is a general property of metallothioneins. Zn and Cu metal stoichiometries for O. oratoria MT-1 were 3.97:1 and 0.55:1, respectively. The proportion of cysteine (Cys) residues in the amino acid composition was 32.69%, and aromatic amino acids were absent. The peptide sequence coverage with Macrobrachium rosenbergii calmodulin (accession AOA3S8FSK5) was 60%. Infrared spectroscopy of O. oratoria MT-1 revealed two obvious peaks at absorption frequencies for the amide I band and the amide II band. CD spectra revealed that the secondary structure was mainly composed of random coil (57.6%) and β-sheet (39.9%). An evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity revealed that isolated O. oratoria MT-1 has strong reducing activities, exhibiting scavenging rates for DPPH and OH of 77.8% and 75.8%, respectively (IC₅₀ values 0.57 mg/mL and 1.1 mg/mL). O. oratoria MT-1 may be used as a functional additive in cosmetics, health foods, and medical products, as well as a reference material for quantitative analysis of metallothionein in such products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 5905 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extract of Ephedra sinica Stapf Induces Browning of Mouse and Human White Adipocytes

by Se-Jun Park, Dong-Hyun Shon, Yang-Hwan Ryu and Yong Ko

Foods 2022, 11(7), 1028; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11071028 - 1 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5274

Abstract

Browning of adipocytes using herbal extracts is an attractive and realistic strategy for obesity treatment. Ephedra sinica Stapf (E. sinica) is an Asian traditional medicine known to activate brown adipocytes. To evaluate the effect of E. sinica (EEs) on the browning [...] Read more.

Browning of adipocytes using herbal extracts is an attractive and realistic strategy for obesity treatment. Ephedra sinica Stapf (E. sinica) is an Asian traditional medicine known to activate brown adipocytes. To evaluate the effect of E. sinica (EEs) on the browning of white adipocytes, expression levels of browning markers, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), were determined using qPCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry after mature mouse inguinal preadipocyte (mIPA) and human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) were treated with EEs. In addition, mitochondrial activity was determined by analyzing MitoTracker staining, mtDNA copy number, and oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Treatment with EEs suppressed lipid accumulation and expression levels of adipogenic markers, including Pparg, during mIPA differentiation. In mature mIPA and hADSCs browning markers, including Ucp1, were up-regulated by EEs. In addition, EEs increased expression of mitochondrial genes, mtDNA copy number, and OCR. EEs showed a dual function: inhibiting adipogenesis in immature preadipocytes, and promoting thermogenesis via browning in mature white adipocytes. Therefore, E. sinica is a potential herb for regulating energy metabolism by inducing the browning process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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16 pages, 3452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Anti-Constipation Effects of Raffino-Oligosaccharide on Gut Function in Mice Using Neurotransmitter Analyses, 16S rRNA Sequencing and Targeted Screening

by Yuxuan Liang, Yu Wang, Peng Wen, Yongchun Chen, Dongmei Ouyang, Da Wang, Bin Zhang, Jie Deng, Yanhong Chen, Yuanming Sun and Hong Wang

Molecules 2022, 27(7), 2235; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072235 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3179

Abstract

Raffino-oligosaccharide (ROS), the smallest oligosaccharide of the raffinose family, is a novel food ingredient. However, the anti-constipation effects of ROS remain obscure. This study investigates the anti-constipation effects of ROS based on the loperamide-induced mice model and reveals the underlying mechanism using constipation [...] Read more.

Raffino-oligosaccharide (ROS), the smallest oligosaccharide of the raffinose family, is a novel food ingredient. However, the anti-constipation effects of ROS remain obscure. This study investigates the anti-constipation effects of ROS based on the loperamide-induced mice model and reveals the underlying mechanism using constipation parameters, neurotransmitter level, 16S rRNA sequencing, and the targeted screening strategy. The prevention effects were firstly investigated by the gastro-intestinal transit rate experiment (50 mice) and defecation status experiment (50 mice), which were divided into five groups (n = 10/group): blank, model, and low-, medium- and high-dose ROS. Furthermore, the slow-transit constipation experiment (blank, model, and high-dose ROS, n = 10/group) was conducted to illustrate the underlying mechanism. The results showed that ROS aided in preventing the occurrence of constipation by improving the gastro-intestinal transit rate and the defecation frequency in mice, and ROS significantly reduced the serum levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In addition, ROS regulated the diversity and structure of intestinal flora. Among them, one specific family and six specific genera were significantly regulated in constipated mice. The targeted screening revealed that 29 targets related to the anti-constipation effects of ROS, indicating ROS may play a role by regulating multiple targets. Furthermore, the network pharmacology analysis showed that Akt1, Stat3, Mapk8, Hsp90aa1, Cat, Alb, Icam1, Sod2, and Gsk3b can be regarded as the core anti-constipation targets. In conclusion, ROS could effectively relieve constipation, possibly by inhibiting the level of neurotransmitters and regulating the gut flora in mice. This study also provides a novel network pharmacology-based targeted screening strategy to reveal the anti-constipation effects of ROS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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18 pages, 977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Involvement Theory with Market Segmentation: Effect of False Functional Food Advertising on Purchase Intention

by I-Hsuan Wu, Chaoyun Liang and Ching Yin Ip

Foods 2022, 11(7), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11070978 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6385

Abstract

In certain cases, people’s health can be compromised or medical treatment delayed as a result of their misplaced belief in false advertisements and purchasing of functional foods. These advertisements can be divided into three distinct types of claims: nutrition, health, and reduction in [...] Read more.

In certain cases, people’s health can be compromised or medical treatment delayed as a result of their misplaced belief in false advertisements and purchasing of functional foods. These advertisements can be divided into three distinct types of claims: nutrition, health, and reduction in disease risk. This study analysed how, after consumers realise advertising violations, their intention to purchase functional foods with different claims are affected by the degree of consumer involvement (product, advertising, and situational involvement) and region of residence. A total of 1046 survey responses were collected for analysis. The results reveal that both product and advertising involvement influence purchase intention through the mediation of situational involvement. Residents in nonnorthern regions of Taiwan exhibited a greater effect of overall involvement on purchase intention than did those in the north. In addition, products and advertisements with health claims had a stronger effect on purchase intention than did those with nutrition and disease risk reduction claims. The results indicate that, for functional foods and advertisements with nutrition and health claims, the effects of overall involvement on nonnorthern residents’ purchase intentions were greater than those on the northern residents, but for functional foods with disease risk reduction claims, the effects were greater on the northern residents’ purchase intentions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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10 pages, 3451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage Effect of Dioscorea hispida Dennst. on Placental Tissues of Rats

by Hussin Muhammad, Tengku Aideed Syah Tg Abu Bakar, Muhamad Faizul Adhzim Yusery, Norizah Awang, Wan Mazlina Md. Saad, Elda Nurafnie Ibnu Rasid, Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally and Maizatul Hasyima Omar

Molecules 2022, 27(7), 2190; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072190 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2336

Abstract

Dioscorea hispida Dennst. locally known as “ubi gadung” has been used as a traditional remedy and source of carbohydrate among Malaysians. To assess the effect of Dioscorea hispida aqueous extract (DHAE) on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their effects on [...] Read more.

Dioscorea hispida Dennst. locally known as “ubi gadung” has been used as a traditional remedy and source of carbohydrate among Malaysians. To assess the effect of Dioscorea hispida aqueous extract (DHAE) on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their effects on DNA damage in Sprague Dawley rat’s placental tissues, pregnant rats were randomly divided into four groups. The animals were orally treated with distilled water (negative control) and three different concentrations of DHAE (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW)) from gestation day 6 until 20. The oxidative stress in placental tissues was evaluated at day 21 by measuring the level of ROS, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipid peroxidation biomarker, malondialdehyde (MDA) while comet assay was used for DNA damage. There was no significant production of ROS and SOD activities in all groups. Significant changes were observed in the MDA level at 1000 mg/kg BW DHAE. Comet assay revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) of DNA damage on animals treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg BW DHAE but not at the highest concentration. It was postulated that the placental cells could have undergone necrosis which destroys all components including DNA. This occurrence simultaneously reduces the levels of DNA damage which can be represented by lower level of tail moments. This finding correlates with our histopathological examination where necrotic cells of spongiotrophoblast were observed in the basal zone of placental tissue. The high amount of hydrogen cyanide and other compounds in 1000 mg/kg BW DHAE could elevate the lipid peroxidation and directly induce cell necrosis which requires further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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18 pages, 3383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preventive Effects of Anthocyanins from Lyciumruthenicum Murray in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice Are Related to the Regulation of Intestinal Microbiota and Inhibition of Pancreatic Lipase Activity

by Na Li, Xi Liu, Jing Zhang, Yan-Zhi Lang, Lu Lu, Jia Mi, You-Long Cao, Ya-Mei Yan and Lin-Wu Ran

Molecules 2022, 27(7), 2141; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072141 - 26 Mar 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3158

Abstract

Lyciumruthenicum Murray (L. ruthenicum) has been used both as traditional Chinese medicine and food. Recent studies indicated that anthocyanins are the most abundant bioactive compounds in the L. ruthenicum fruits. The purpose of this study was to investigate [...] Read more.

Lyciumruthenicum Murray (L. ruthenicum) has been used both as traditional Chinese medicine and food. Recent studies indicated that anthocyanins are the most abundant bioactive compounds in the L. ruthenicum fruits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the preventive effects and the mechanism of the anthocycanins from the fruit of L. ruthenicum (ACN) in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. In total, 24 male C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: control group (fed a normal diet), high-fat diet group (fed a high-fat diet, HFD), and HFD +ACN group (fed a high-fat diet and drinking distilled water that contained 0.8% crude extract of ACN). The results showed that ACN could significantly reduce the body weight, inhibit lipid accumulation in liver and white adipose tissue, and lower the serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared to that of mice fed a high-fat diet. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of bacterial DNA demonstrated that ACN prevent obesity by enhancing the diversity of cecal bacterial communities, lowering the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidota ratio, increasing the genera Akkermansia, and decreasing the genera Faecalibaculum. We also studied the inhibitory effect of ACN on pancreatic lipase. The results showed that ACN has a high affinity for pancreatic lipase and inhibits the activity of pancreatic lipase, with IC50 values of 1.80 (main compound anthocyanin) and 3.03 mg/mL (crude extract), in a competitive way. Furthermore, fluorescence spectroscopy studies showed that ACN can quench the intrinsic fluorescence of pancreatic lipase via a static mechanism. Taken together, these findings suggest that the anthocyanins from L. ruthenicum fruits could have preventive effects in high-fat-diet induced obese mice by regulating the intestinal microbiota and inhibiting the pancreatic lipase activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 1308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Waxy Wheat Flour, Inulin and Guar Gum on Post-Prandial Glycaemic and Satiety Indices, Sensory Attributes and Shelf Life of Tandoori and Pita Breads

by Yaseen Galali, Gail Rees and Victor Kuri

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3355; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12073355 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2565

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop two different functional breads (Pita and Tandoori) supplemented with novel functional ingredients: waxy wheat flour (15%), inulin (8%) and guar gum (2%) independently and in combination. The breads were submitted to sensory characteristics, shelf life, [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to develop two different functional breads (Pita and Tandoori) supplemented with novel functional ingredients: waxy wheat flour (15%), inulin (8%) and guar gum (2%) independently and in combination. The breads were submitted to sensory characteristics, shelf life, glycaemic and satiety indices assessments. Both guar gum and inulin independently and in combination significantly (p < 0.05) decreased post-prandial blood glucose and glycemic response of Pita (GI of guar gum bread was 55%, inulin 57%) and Tandoori (GI of guar gum bread was 57% and inulin bread was 60%) compared to the control breads (GI 100%). Moreover, the results of the area under the curve of satiety showed that the addition of functional ingredients increased satiety levels as follows: for Pita, control was 355, a combination of all ingredients was 418, inulin was 451 and guar gum was 452; for Tandoori, control was 329, a combination of all ingredients was 420, inulin was 381 and guar gum was 390. The results showed that all sensory characteristics were improved, and breads were acceptable (all obtained more than five points) when the highest proportions of ingredients were added. Similarly, the shelf life of supplemented Pita and Tandoori breads was improved with the addition of ingredients. Therefore, the functional ingredients such as inulin and guar gum can be used independently and in combination to reduce GI and increase satiety of Pita and Tandoori bread with acceptable quality and shelf life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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10 pages, 234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Saudi Arabia Household Awareness and Knowledge of Food Safety

by Amira A. Ayad, Nisreen M. Abdulsalam, Najla A. Khateeb, Maha A. Hijazi and Leonard L. Williams

Foods 2022, 11(7), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11070935 - 24 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3925

Abstract

Food safety is a critical problem that impacts everyone worldwide. Many countries around the world are becoming increasingly reliant on the availability and safety of their food supply. Despite growing public consciousness about food-related dangers, the growth in food poisoning cases implies that [...] Read more.

Food safety is a critical problem that impacts everyone worldwide. Many countries around the world are becoming increasingly reliant on the availability and safety of their food supply. Despite growing public consciousness about food-related dangers, the growth in food poisoning cases implies that individuals continue to make food consumption, food storage, and food preparation decisions that are less than optimal from a health and safety standpoint. The aim of this study was to assess Saudi Arabia’s households’ knowledge and practices of food safety. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess knowledge of food safety and practices among a group of households in Saudi Arabia. An online questionnaire using social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp), and emails communications were distributed. A total of 309 adults (age range 18–59 years) participated in the study. In general, there were no differences between regions regarding the knowledge of food safety. Additionally, most of the participants had good practices of food safety. The findings of our study show that the gender, age, and educational level are factors that have an impact on the knowledge of food safety among respondents. Regarding food safety practices, in general, the results show that the participants had good practices. Therefore, organizations should focus on educational programs, training, holding workshops and activities in public places such as malls, schools, and home visit to improve and increases food safety knowledge and practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

11 pages, 7545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Evidence of Effects of Green Mandarin (Putgyul) Extract on Skin Aging: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

by Young-Min Ham, Seon-A Yoon, Hyejin Hyeon, Ho-Bong Hyun, Sung-Chun Kim, Boram Go, Yong-Hwan Jung and Weon-Jong Yoon

Nutrients 2022, 14(7), 1352; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071352 - 24 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4201

Abstract

Green mandarins are widely consumed unripe as mandarin oranges (Citrus unshiu Marcov.), which exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-wrinkle effects by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study was performed to verify the skin improvement [...] Read more.

Green mandarins are widely consumed unripe as mandarin oranges (Citrus unshiu Marcov.), which exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-wrinkle effects by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study was performed to verify the skin improvement efficacy and safety of green mandarin extract (PTE). For the standardization of PTE, narirutin was set as a marker compound, and PTE with a constant narirutin content was prepared for the study. After randomizing subjects with periorbital wrinkles, they were orally administered PTE (300 mg/day) or a placebo for 12 weeks. Periorbital wrinkles were measured using PRIMOS^CR SF. Skin elasticity, moisture content, transepidermal water loss, and gloss were also measured. In the study results, the depth, volume, and skin roughness of the periorbital wrinkles were significantly improved compared to the control group (p = 0.011, 0.009, and 0.004, respectively). The survey confirmed that the skin condition improved after PTE consumption for 12 weeks. No adverse reactions associated with PTE were observed during the study period. Thus, the results demonstrate that PTE effectively improves UV-induced skin wrinkles. Therefore, it is considered that PTE has sufficient value as a functional food ingredient that can prevent skin aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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16 pages, 4842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tea Seed Kaempferol Triglycoside Attenuates LPS-Induced Systemic Inflammation and Ameliorates Cognitive Impairments in a Mouse Model

by Tsung-Ming Yeh, Ching-Dong Chang, Shyh-Shyan Liu, Chi-I Chang and Wen-Ling Shih

Molecules 2022, 27(7), 2055; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072055 - 22 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2743

Abstract

(1) Background: The current research intended to obtain functional compounds from agricultural by-products. A functional tea seed flavonoid, kaempferol-3-O-[2-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-6-O-α-L-rhanmopyranosyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside (KXRG), was isolated from tea seed dregs. We further determined its chemical structure and evaluated the protective effects of KXRG [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The current research intended to obtain functional compounds from agricultural by-products. A functional tea seed flavonoid, kaempferol-3-O-[2-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-6-O-α-L-rhanmopyranosyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside (KXRG), was isolated from tea seed dregs. We further determined its chemical structure and evaluated the protective effects of KXRG against local and systemic inflammation in vivo; (2) Methods: First, cytotoxicity and proinflammatory cytokine release were examined in a cell-culture system. The biological activities of KXRG were investigated in a mouse model of ear edema, and from inflammatory damage to organs as demonstrated by histologic examination, in addition to brain function evaluation using the Y-maze test. Serum biochemical analysis and western blotting were utilized to explore the related cellular factors; (3) Results: KXRG inhibited IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells at a non-toxic concentration. Further experiments confirmed that KXRG exerted a stronger effect than indomethacin in terms of the prevention of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation in a mouse model. KXRG feeding significantly prevented LPS-induced small intestine, liver, and kidney inflammatory damage, as demonstrated by histologic examination. KXRG also significantly improved LPS-induced cognitive impairments. Serum biochemical analysis showed that KXRG elevated antioxidant capacity and reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Western blotting revealed that KXRG reduced the COX-2 expression induced by LPS in mouse tissues; (4) Conclusions: KXRG can be purified from agricultural waste, and hence it is inexpensive, with large amounts of raw materials available. Thus, KXRG has strong potential for further development as a wide-use anti-systemic inflammation drug to prevent human disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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14 pages, 1912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction in Allergenicity and Induction of Oral Tolerance of Glycated Tropomyosin from Crab

by Xin-Yu Han, Tian-Liang Bai, Huang Yang, Yi-Chen Lin, Nai-Ru Ji, Yan-Bo Wang, Ling-Lin Fu, Min-Jie Cao, Jing-Wen Liu and Guang-Ming Liu

Molecules 2022, 27(6), 2027; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27062027 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2728

Abstract

Tropomyosin (TM) is an important crustacean (Scylla paramamosain) allergen. This study aimed to assess Maillard-reacted TM (TM-G) induction of allergenic responses with cell and mouse models. We analyzed the difference of sensitization and the ability to induce immune tolerance between TM [...] Read more.

Tropomyosin (TM) is an important crustacean (Scylla paramamosain) allergen. This study aimed to assess Maillard-reacted TM (TM-G) induction of allergenic responses with cell and mouse models. We analyzed the difference of sensitization and the ability to induce immune tolerance between TM and TM-G by in vitro and in vivo models, then we compared the relationship between glycation sites of TM-G and epitopes of TM. In the in vitro assay, we discovered that the sensitization of TM-G was lower than TM, and the ability to stimulate mast cell degranulation decreased from 55.07 ± 4.23% to 27.86 ± 3.21%. In the serum of sensitized Balb/c mice, the level of specific IgE produced by TM-G sensitized mice was significantly lower than TM, and the levels of interleukins 4 and interleukins 13 produced by Th2 cells in spleen lymphocytes decreased by 82.35 ± 5.88% and 83.64 ± 9.09%, respectively. In the oral tolerance model, the ratio of Th2/Th1 decreased from 4.05 ± 0.38 to 1.69 ± 0.19. Maillard reaction masked the B cell epitopes of TM and retained some T cell epitopes. Potentially, Maillard reaction products (MRPs) can be used as tolerance inducers for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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17 pages, 1558 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Analysis of Fruit Metabolome Using Widely Targeted Metabolomics Reveals Nutritional Characteristics of Different Rosa roxburghii Genotypes

by Lanlan Jiang, Min Lu, Tianzhi Rao, Zeyang Liu, Xiaomao Wu and Huaming An

Foods 2022, 11(6), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060850 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7887

Abstract

The fruits of Rosa roxburghii (R. roxburghii) Tratt., which are rich in bioactive compounds, provide numerous health benefits, yet the overall metabolism of R. roxburghii fruits and the metabolic profiles among different genotypes of R. roxburghii fruits are not fully understood. [...] Read more.

The fruits of Rosa roxburghii (R. roxburghii) Tratt., which are rich in bioactive compounds, provide numerous health benefits, yet the overall metabolism of R. roxburghii fruits and the metabolic profiles among different genotypes of R. roxburghii fruits are not fully understood. In the research, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis to identify and quantify metabolites including phenolic acids, amino acids, and organic acids in six R. roxburghii genotypes; a total of 723 metabolites were identified. Comparative analysis showed some different characteristic metabolites in each genotype. Moreover, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and phenolic acids were significantly correlated with the antioxidant capacity of the fruit extract. Our results suggest that R. roxburghii fruits have rich bioactive metabolites beneficial to human health and that Rr-7 and Rr-f have more potential to be used as medicinal material or functional food than other genotypes. This research provides helpful information for developing new functional foods of R. roxburghii genotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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19 pages, 509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Beliefs, Pride, and Perceived Barriers in Decision-Making Regarding Purchasing Value-Added Pulse Products among US Consumers

by Sun-Hwa Kim and Wan-Yuan Kuo

Foods 2022, 11(6), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060824 - 13 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3954

Abstract

This study explores the underlying psychological structure of purchasing value-added pulse products. It expands the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model by incorporating an emotional factor and explains consumers’ attitudes and subsequent behavioral intentions in the context of value-added pulse products (VAPPs). The [...] Read more.

This study explores the underlying psychological structure of purchasing value-added pulse products. It expands the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model by incorporating an emotional factor and explains consumers’ attitudes and subsequent behavioral intentions in the context of value-added pulse products (VAPPs). The study results showed the significant effect of pride on the purchase intention of value-added pulse products, as well as the moderating effect of perceived barriers on some of the relationships among the variables. Although value-added pulse products are emerging as a means of income maximization in the agri-food industry, there is a lack of understanding about consumers who purchase these products. This study fills the gap by developing a research framework for agriculture-related businesses. The findings may provide further insights into consumers’ attitudes and behaviors in consuming agri-foods, thereby assisting pulse producers and marketers to develop a more effective marketing strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 2254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interfacial Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Whey Protein-Phenolic Complexes: Effect of Phenolic Type and Concentration

by Hataikan Thongzai, Narumol Matan, Palanivel Ganesan and Tanong Aewsiri

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(6), 2916; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062916 - 12 Mar 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3597

Abstract

Whey protein is a common food additive for enhancing product stability and texture, while phenolics are considered food antioxidants. As a consequence, combining whey protein with phenolics is an effective way to improve protein functionality while also maintaining polyphenol bioactivity. Herein, the functional [...] Read more.

Whey protein is a common food additive for enhancing product stability and texture, while phenolics are considered food antioxidants. As a consequence, combining whey protein with phenolics is an effective way to improve protein functionality while also maintaining polyphenol bioactivity. Herein, the functional properties and antioxidant activity of whey protein modified with various types and concentrations of oxidized phenolic compounds, including gallic acid (OGA), ferulic acid (OFA), and tannic acid (OTA), were studied. In general, the modified whey protein had a decrease in free amino content, but an increase in total phenolic content. Whey protein modified with 5% OTA showed the highest total phenolic content and the lowest free amino content. Modification of whey protein with OTA and OGA resulted in a loss of surface hydrophobicity in contrast to whey protein modified with OFA. However, no significant difference in surface activity including foam and emulsion properties in the whey protein with/without modification was observed. The modified whey protein had an increase in antioxidant activity when compared with that of the control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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18 pages, 3425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Propolis Ameliorates Alcohol-Induced Depressive Symptoms in C57BL/6J Mice by Regulating Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function and Inflammatory Reaction

by Peng Wang, Peiyu Guo, Yanhui Wang, Xiangyun Teng, Huaqi Zhang, Lirui Sun, Meilan Xue and Hui Liang

Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061213 - 12 Mar 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4462

Abstract

Accumulating evidence points to a critical role of the brain gut axis as an important paradigm for many central nervous system diseases. Recent studies suggest that propolis has obvious neuroprotective properties and functionality in regulating intestinal bacteria flora, hinting at a potential key [...] Read more.

Accumulating evidence points to a critical role of the brain gut axis as an important paradigm for many central nervous system diseases. Recent studies suggest that propolis has obvious neuroprotective properties and functionality in regulating intestinal bacteria flora, hinting at a potential key effect at both terminals of this axis regulation. However, currently no clear evidence confirms the effects of propolis on alcohol-induced depression. Here, we establish an alcoholic depression model with C57BL/6J mice and demonstrate that treatment with propolis protects against alcohol-induced depressive symptoms by behavioral tests. In addition, propolis attenuates the injury of nerve cells in the hippocampal region and restores the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dopamine (DA) in mice with alcohol-induced depression. Pathology and biotin tracer assays show that propolis repairs the intestinal leakage caused by alcohol. Additionally, propolis treatment increases the expression levels of intestinal intercellular tight junctions’ (TJs’) structural proteins Claudin-1, Occludin and zona occludens-1 (ZO-1), as well as the activation state of the liver kinase B1/AMP-activated protein kinase (LKB1/AMPK) signaling pathway, which is closely related to the intestinal permeability. Furthermore, propolis can reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and fatty-acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2), suggesting the significance of the inflammatory response in alcoholic depression. Collectively, our findings indicate that propolis exerted an improving effect on alcohol-induced depressive symptoms by ameliorating brain gut dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beneficial Effects of Saw Palmetto Fruit Extract on Urinary Symptoms in Japanese Female Subjects by a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

by Shizuo Yamada, Michiyo Shirai, Ken Ono and Shinji Kageyama

Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061190 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6532

Abstract

Saw palmetto berry extract (SPE) is the most commonly consumed supplement by men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The oral administration of SPE was previously shown to significantly attenuate urodynamic symptoms in the hyperactive bladders of female rats by increasing bladder capacity and [...] Read more.

Saw palmetto berry extract (SPE) is the most commonly consumed supplement by men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The oral administration of SPE was previously shown to significantly attenuate urodynamic symptoms in the hyperactive bladders of female rats by increasing bladder capacity and prolonging the micturition interval. The amelioration of urodynamic symptoms by SPE may be partly attributed to its binding to muscarinic receptors in the urinary bladder and its inhibition of vanilloid receptors on afferent nerves. Therefore, SPE may be pharmacologically effective at mitigating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in women. The efficacy and safety of a 12-week treatment with SPE in adult women with urinary symptoms were examined herein. The daytime frequency score in the core lower urinary symptom score (CLSS) questionnaire was significantly lower in women with LUTS treated with SPE for 12 weeks than in the placebo group. A subgroup analysis revealed that SPE alleviated the symptoms of daytime frequency (CLSS Q1) and nocturia (CLSS Q2) in a subset of subjects with a CLSS Q5 score of 1 or higher. The daytime frequency of urination in overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) Q1 was also significantly improved by the SPE treatment. In conclusion, the present study is the first to demonstrate the potential of SPE to mitigate LUTS in adult women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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17 pages, 2030 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Exploratory Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Panax Genus Plant Ingestion Evaluation in Exercise Endurance

by Shingo Ikeuchi, Mika Minamida, Touma Nakamura, Masatoshi Konishi and Hiroharu Kamioka

Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061185 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3600

Abstract

Background: Many studies that use food containing Panax genus plants (PGPs) have been conducted but most of them have not mentioned the effective compounds ginsenosides and their composition. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of time to exhaustion as an index [...] Read more.

Background: Many studies that use food containing Panax genus plants (PGPs) have been conducted but most of them have not mentioned the effective compounds ginsenosides and their composition. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of time to exhaustion as an index of exercise endurance with ingestion of PGPs or ginsenosides to reveal their effects. Methods: We performed a systematic review with a comprehensive and structured literature search using seven literature databases, four clinical trial databases, and three general web search engines during 15–22 March 2021. A random-effects model was applied to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) as the difference between the mean in the treatment and placebo groups. We evaluated the risk of bias of individual studies along with the risk of bias tool in the Cochrane handbook. This study was funded by Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (Hiroshima, Japan). The protocol for this study was registered with the UMIN-CTR (No. UMIN000043341). Results: Five studies met the inclusion criteria. The number of total participants was 90, with 59 in the ingestion-PGPs group and 64 in the control group, because three studies were crossover-design trials. We found that ingestion of PGPs or ginsenosides significantly improved exercise endurance (SMD [95% CI]: 0.58 [0.22–0.95], I² = 0%). It was suggested that ginsenoside Rg₁ (Rg₁) and PGPs extract containing Rg₁ were significantly effective in improving exercise endurance (SMD [95% CI]: 0.70 [0.14–1.27], I² = 30%) by additional analysis. Conclusions: This systematic review suggests that the ingestion of PGPs or ginsenosides, especially Rg₁, is effective in improving exercise endurance in healthy adults. However, further high-quality randomized controlled trials are required because imprecision and publication bias cannot be ignored in this systematic review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 1949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials Evaluating Effectiveness of a Multivitamin Supplementation against Oxidative Stress in Healthy Subjects

by Seoyoung Lee, Iksoo Huh, Seunghee Kang, Yea-eun Nam, Youngseo Cho, Md Kamruzzaman, Jina Hong, Oran Kwon and Taesung Park

Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061170 - 10 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 8188

Abstract

A meta-analysis has been widely applied to draw general conclusions using a set of studies with similar purposes and designs. This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis of six randomized placebo-controlled trials, independently conducted for the relationship between a plant-based multivitamin/mineral supplementation (PMS) [...] Read more.

A meta-analysis has been widely applied to draw general conclusions using a set of studies with similar purposes and designs. This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis of six randomized placebo-controlled trials, independently conducted for the relationship between a plant-based multivitamin/mineral supplementation (PMS) and oxidative stress for 6 to 8 weeks, to provide overall estimates of those effects. In detail, linear mixed model analysis was first conducted on each study to obtain individual estimates; then, two types of meta-analysis were applied to combine the individual estimates from all available studies (overall meta-analysis) and region-specific studies (subgroup meta-analysis). In the meta-analysis, we selected 19 biomarker variables that overlapped in at least two studies and found 6 variables significant in at least one meta-analysis. The overall estimates of beta coefficients were 0.17 for vitamin C, 0.80 for vitamin B₆, 0.46 for vitamin B₁₂, 0.81 for folate, 0.36 for β-carotene, and −0.17 for oxidized LDL (ox-LDL). Subsequent association analysis revealed significant negative correlations between plasma free radical scavenging nutrients and plasma ox-LDL levels, indicating a general benefit of PMS in alleviating oxidative stress by providing exogenous oxidant scavengers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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27 pages, 1048 KiB

Open AccessReview

Genesis and Mechanism of Some Cancer Types and an Overview on the Role of Diet and Nutrition in Cancer Prevention

by Nurkhalida Kamal, Muna Abdulsalam Ilowefah, Ayah Rebhi Hilles, Nurul Adlina Anua, Tahani Awin, Hussah Abdullah Alshwyeh, Sahar Khamees Aldosary, Najla Gooda Sahib Jambocus, Areej A. Alosaimi, Azizur Rahman, Syed Mahmood and Ahmed Mediani

Molecules 2022, 27(6), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061794 - 9 Mar 2022

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 14323

Abstract

Cancer is a major disease with a high mortality rate worldwide. In many countries, cancer is considered to be the second most common cause of death after cardiovascular disease. The clinical management of cancer continues to be a challenge as conventional treatments, such [...] Read more.

Cancer is a major disease with a high mortality rate worldwide. In many countries, cancer is considered to be the second most common cause of death after cardiovascular disease. The clinical management of cancer continues to be a challenge as conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, have limitations due to their toxicity profiles. Unhealthy lifestyle and poor dietary habits are the key risk factors for cancer; having a healthy diet and lifestyle may minimize the risk. Epidemiological studies have shown that a high fruit and vegetable intake in our regular diet can effectively reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancers due to the high contents of antioxidants and phytochemicals. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that phytochemicals exert significant anticancer effects due to their free radical scavenging capacity potential. There has been extensive research on the protective effects of phytochemicals in different types of cancers. This review attempts to give an overview of the etiology of different types of cancers and assesses the role of phytonutrients in the prevention of cancers, which makes the present review distinct from the others available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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16 pages, 5196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Active Peptides from Camellia vietnamensis and Their Metabolic Effects in Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury Cells

by Lu Feng, Jian Chen, Wuping Yan, Zhouchen Ye, Jing Yu, Guanglong Yao, Yougen Wu, Junfeng Zhang and Dongmei Yang

Molecules 2022, 27(6), 1790; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061790 - 9 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2740

Abstract

Liver damage seriously affects human health. Over 35% of cases of acute liver damage are caused by alcohol damage. Thus, finding drugs that can inhibit and effectively treat this disease is necessary. This article mainly focuses on the effect of the metabolome physical [...] Read more.

Liver damage seriously affects human health. Over 35% of cases of acute liver damage are caused by alcohol damage. Thus, finding drugs that can inhibit and effectively treat this disease is necessary. This article mainly focuses on the effect of the metabolome physical activity of active peptides in Camellia vietnamensis active peptide (CMAP) and improving liver protection. DEAE Sepharose FF ion-exchange column chromatography was used in separating and purifying crude peptides from Camellia vietnamensis Two components, A1 and A2, were obtained, and the most active A1 was selected. Sephadex G-100 gel column chromatography was used in A1 separation and purification. Three components, Al-1, Al-2, and Al-3, were obtained. Through antioxidant activity in vitro as an index of inspection, the relatively active component A1-2 was removed. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography showed that the purity of component A1-2 was 93.45%. The extracted CMAPs acted on alcoholic liver injury cells. Metabolomics studies revealed that the up-regulated metabolites were ribothymidine and xanthine; the down-regulated metabolites were hydroxyphenyllactic acid, creatinine, stearoylcarnitine, and inosine. This study provides an effective theoretical support for subsequent research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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20 pages, 5839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum Suppresses the Development of Sarcopenic Obesity

by Takuro Okamura, Masahide Hamaguchi, Jun Mori, Mihoko Yamaguchi, Katsura Mizushima, Aya Abe, Makoto Ozeki, Ryoichi Sasano, Yuji Naito and Michiaki Fukui

Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061157 - 9 Mar 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5646

Abstract

Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) is a soluble dietary fiber derived through controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of guar gum, a highly viscous galactomannan derived from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Here, we examined the therapeutic potential of dietary supplementation with PHGG against sarcopenic [...] Read more.

Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) is a soluble dietary fiber derived through controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of guar gum, a highly viscous galactomannan derived from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Here, we examined the therapeutic potential of dietary supplementation with PHGG against sarcopenic obesity using Db/Db mice. Db/Db mice fed a normal diet alone or a fiber-free diet, or supplemented with a diet containing PHGG (5%), were examined. PHGG increased grip strength and the weight of skeletal muscles. PHGG increased the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration in feces and sera. Concerning innate immunity, PHGG decreased the ratio of inflammatory cells, while increasing the ratio of anti-inflammatory cells in the small intestine. The present study demonstrated the preventive effect of PHGG on sarcopenic obesity. Changes in nutrient absorption might be involved through the promotion of an anti-inflammatory shift of innate immunity in the intestine accompanied by an increase in SCFA production by PHGG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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16 pages, 1893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Modelling of Convective Drying Variables’ Effects on the Functional Properties of Sliced Sweet Potatoes

by Elif Savas

Foods 2022, 11(5), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050741 - 2 Mar 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4135

Abstract

Drying is a commonly used technology that provides a long post-harvest storage time for produce such as sweet potatoes. Convective drying (CD) is a method that, when conditions are optimized, provides produce with a better appearance and improved textural properties. In this study, [...] Read more.

Drying is a commonly used technology that provides a long post-harvest storage time for produce such as sweet potatoes. Convective drying (CD) is a method that, when conditions are optimized, provides produce with a better appearance and improved textural properties. In this study, changes in water activity (a_w), moisture content (MC), rehydration capacity (R_c), shrinkage (S_b) and color attributes were modelled for the optimization of drying factors (temperature, thickness and time) using response surface methodology (RSM). The total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant activity of CD samples (63.79 °C, 4.78 h, 3 mm) were investigated as functional aspects and compared with results for FD samples (−45 °C, one term). Optimum convective drying conditions caused an increase in general antioxidant properties, such as total phenol (TPC), total anthocyanin (TAC), DPPH and CUPRAC. The TPC was 190.94 mgGAE/100 g, the DPPH scavenging activity was 12.05%, the TAC was 11.37 mg/100 g, and the CUPRAC was 0.469 mmolTR/g in convectively dried samples under optimum conditions. Although improved appearance and textural properties are obtained by freeze drying, it is possible to produce sweet potatoes with good appearance and functional properties by optimizing the variables of the convective drying process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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20 pages, 4083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Highly Substituted Sulfated Alfalfa Polysaccharides and Evaluation of Their Biological Activity

by Zhiwei Li, Yuanhao Wei, Yawen Wang, Ran Zhang, Chuanjie Zhang, Caixing Wang and Xuebing Yan

Foods 2022, 11(5), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050737 - 2 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2972

Abstract

Alfalfa polysaccharides (AP) receive wide attention in the field of medicine, because of their anti-inflammatory property. However, AP has high molecular weight and poor water solubility, resulting in low biological activity. We wanted to obtain highly bioactive alfalfa polysaccharides for further research. Herein, [...] Read more.

Alfalfa polysaccharides (AP) receive wide attention in the field of medicine, because of their anti-inflammatory property. However, AP has high molecular weight and poor water solubility, resulting in low biological activity. We wanted to obtain highly bioactive alfalfa polysaccharides for further research. Herein, we successfully synthesized highly substituted sulfated alfalfa polysaccharides (SAP) via the chlorosulfonic acid (CSA)-pyridine (Pyr) method, which was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Under the best reaction conditions, that is, the reaction temperature, time, and ratio of CSA to Pyr being 55 °C, 2.25 h, and 1.5:1, respectively, the maximum degree of substitution of SAP can reach up to 0.724. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy also confirmed the existence of sulfonic acid groups on SAP. Despite the increased average molecular weight of SAP, its water solubility is improved, which is beneficial for its biological activity. Further in vitro results showed that SAP exhibited better antioxidant activity and antibacterial ability than AP. Besides, the former can efficiently enhance the viability of oxidatively stressed intestinal epithelial cells compared with the latter. Furthermore, SAP has the potential to inhibit obesity. It is concluded that sulfation modification could improve the antioxidant, antibacterial, bovine intestinal epithelial cells’ proliferation-promoting, and the obesity inhibition abilities of AP. The improvement of AP biological activity may provide references for the utilization of plant extracts that have weaker biological activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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18 pages, 5140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coffee Silverskin as a Functional Ingredient in Vegan Biscuits: Physicochemical and Sensory Properties and In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Bioactive Compounds

by Carolina Cantele, Martina Tedesco, Daniela Ghirardello, Giuseppe Zeppa and Marta Bertolino

Foods 2022, 11(5), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050717 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4241

Abstract

Coffee silverskin (CS), a by-product obtained by the coffee industry after the roasting process, is scientifically known to be a source of fiber and polyphenols, which could contribute to human health. In this work, the production of CS-enriched biscuits is proposed, where the [...] Read more.

Coffee silverskin (CS), a by-product obtained by the coffee industry after the roasting process, is scientifically known to be a source of fiber and polyphenols, which could contribute to human health. In this work, the production of CS-enriched biscuits is proposed, where the CS from Arabica and Robusta type and a decaffeinated blend of the two were used at three different levels as a replacement for wheat flour. The biscuits were analyzed for their physicochemical properties, consumer acceptability, and the bioaccessibility of polyphenols after in vitro digestion was estimated in order to identify the formulation most appreciated by consumers and most promising in terms of nutritional and biofunctional potential. From the results, CS-based biscuits represent an interesting possibility to create a more sustainable coffee chain, thanks to the valorization of the silverskin, especially if a decaffeinated CS is considered. In fact, a 4% replacement of the wheat flour with decaffeinated CS is able to give a final product with a high content of accessible polyphenols and a biscuit appreciated by the consumer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 5727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Antiviral Effects of Jasminin via Endogenous TNF-α and the Underlying TNF-α-Inducing Action

by Xiaohong Zhu, Ziwei Hu, Tian Yu, Hao Hu, Yunshi Zhao, Chenyang Li, Qinchang Zhu, Mingzhong Wang, Peng Zhai, Longxia He, Muhammad Shahid Riaz Rajoka, Xun Song and Zhendan He

Molecules 2022, 27(5), 1598; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051598 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2911

Abstract

Previous studies have reported that recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α has powerful antiviral activity but severe systematic side effects. Jasminin is a common bioactive component found in Chinese herbal medicine beverage “Jasmine Tea”. Here, we report that jasminin-induced endogenous TNF-α showed antiviral activity [...] Read more.

Previous studies have reported that recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α has powerful antiviral activity but severe systematic side effects. Jasminin is a common bioactive component found in Chinese herbal medicine beverage “Jasmine Tea”. Here, we report that jasminin-induced endogenous TNF-α showed antiviral activity in vitro. The underlying TNF-α-inducing action of jasminin was also investigated in RAW264.7 cells. The level of endogenous TNF-α stimulated by jasminin was first analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from the cell culture supernatant of RAW264.7 cells. The supernatants were then collected to investigate the potential antiviral effect against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The antiviral effects of jasminin alone or its supernatants were evaluated by a plaque reduction assay. The potential activation of the PI3K–Akt pathway, three main mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and nuclear factor (NF)–κB signaling pathways that induce TNF-α production were also investigated. Jasminin induces TNF-α protein expression in RAW264.7 cells without additional stimuli 10-fold more than the control. No significant up-expression of type I, II, and III interferons; interleukins 2 and 10; nor TNF-β were observed by the jasminin stimuli. The supernatants, containing jasminin-induced-TNF-α, showed antiviral activity against HSV-1. The jasminin-stimulated cells caused the simultaneous activation of the Akt, MAPKs, and NF–κB signal pathways. Furthermore, the pretreatment of the cells with the Akt, MAPKs, and NF–κB inhibitors effectively suppressed jasminin-induced TNF-α production. Our research provides evidence that endogenous TNF-α can be used as a strategy to encounter viral infections. Additionally, the Akt, MAPKs, and NF–κB signaling pathways are involved in the TNF-α synthesis that induced by jasminin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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14 pages, 316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Processing on the Nutritional Quality of Ilex paraguariensis

by Maria Rosana Ramirez, Leandro Mohamad, Lilian Celeste Alarcon-Segovia and Ignacio Rintoul

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2487; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052487 - 27 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2541

Abstract

Ilex paraguariensisA.St.-Hil. (IP) is a South American plant. IP-dried leaves have been consumed in the form of infusion by indigenous peoples since pre-Hispanic times. In recent years, IP has gained many beverage markets and new ways of consumption, reaching [...] Read more.

Ilex paraguariensisA.St.-Hil. (IP) is a South American plant. IP-dried leaves have been consumed in the form of infusion by indigenous peoples since pre-Hispanic times. In recent years, IP has gained many beverage markets and new ways of consumption, reaching the category of a global consumer product. A side consequence is the increase in IP crops for the specification of human consumption. This situation is the driving force for the investigation of new uses of IP, including feed supplements for livestock and functional food for human consumption. A deep understanding of the influence of processing on the nutritional value of IP is crucial for the development of these alternative products. It is known that the quality and quantity of nutritional compounds occurring in IP depend on the origin, plant condition, and harvest time. However, the effects of the drying method of the leaves and the ageing time of dried leaves on the final IP products deserve further investigation. The present work presents the variation of the nutritional, digestibility, energy, and mineral assets of IP submitted to three different processes: open-air dried and crushed; dried under direct fire and grounded; and dried under direct fire, grounded, and aged for 6 months under controlled conditions. The presence of agrochemical residues and antinutritional factors were also studied. Processing widely influenced the nutritional and digestibility assets of IP leaves. The inorganic content (K, Mg, Ca, P, Zn, B and Fe) significantly varied among leaves treated using different processes. IP samples dried in open air resulted in the highest % of crude protein, Mg, K, S, and Mn. IP samples dried under direct fire resulted in the highest % of carbohydrates and Fe. IP samples dried under direct fire and aged for 6 months resulted in the highest % of digestible matter, Ca, P, Zn, and B. The results also showed quality protein levels between 10.03 and 19.06% of dry matter. The digestibility values showed that IP leaves are suitable for human functional foods and for enriched supplements for livestock feeds. No traces of agrochemicals or antinutritional factors were found. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

13 pages, 273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical and Storage Characteristics of Pork Tteokgalbi Treated with Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Powder

by Jae-Joon Lee, Jungseok Choi and Jung-Heun Ha

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2425; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052425 - 25 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2057

Abstract

This study investigates the physicochemical and storage characteristics of Tteokgalbi treated with various concentrations of Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) powder (BP). BP is constituted mainly of carbohydrates (77.9%), possesses free-radical scavenging activity due to the presence of polyphenol and flavonoids, and is slightly acidic [...] Read more.

This study investigates the physicochemical and storage characteristics of Tteokgalbi treated with various concentrations of Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) powder (BP). BP is constituted mainly of carbohydrates (77.9%), possesses free-radical scavenging activity due to the presence of polyphenol and flavonoids, and is slightly acidic (pH 5.99). Five Tteokgalbi samples were treated with 0 (CON), 0.5% (B1), 1.0% (B2), or 2.0% (B3) of BP or 0.05% of ascorbic acid (REF). Compared to CON, BP-treated Tteokgalbi demonstrated significantly higher carbohydrate content and water-holding capacity and decreased cooking loss (%). BP-treated Tteokgalbi had significantly altered Hunter color properties, with decreased L* and increased b* values. Additionally, BP treatment significantly changed the textural properties by increasing the hardness (B3) and chewiness (B2 and B3) and decreasing the springiness (B3) of Tteokgalbi. Owing to the increased total polyphenol and flavonoid content, BP addition significantly enhanced the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of Tteokgalbi during vacuum-packed cold storage (0–14 days) at 5 °C. BP-treated Tteokgalbi maintained a higher pH compared to CON, and BP-treatment significantly suppressed 2-thiobarbituric acid, volatile basic nitrogen, and total microbial count during the cold storage period (7 and 14 days). Therefore, BP is a natural, edible antioxidant that may be applied to Tteokgalbi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

15 pages, 2922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agavins Impact on Gastrointestinal Tolerability-Related Symptoms during a Five-Week Dose-Escalation Intervention in Lean and Obese Mexican Adults: Exploratory Randomized Clinical Trial

by María Blanca Silva-Adame, Arlen Martínez-Alvarado, Víctor Armando Martínez-Silva, Virginia Samaniego-Méndez and Mercedes G. López

Foods 2022, 11(5), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050670 - 24 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2287

Abstract

Agavins are prebiotics and functional fiber that modulated the gut microbiota and metabolic status in obese mice. Here, we designed a placebo-controlled, double-blind, exploratory study to assess fluctuations in gastrointestinal (GI) tolerability-related symptoms to increasing doses of agavins in 38 lean and obese [...] Read more.

Agavins are prebiotics and functional fiber that modulated the gut microbiota and metabolic status in obese mice. Here, we designed a placebo-controlled, double-blind, exploratory study to assess fluctuations in gastrointestinal (GI) tolerability-related symptoms to increasing doses of agavins in 38 lean and obese Mexican adults for five weeks and their impact on subjective appetite, satiety, metabolic markers, and body composition. All GI symptoms showed higher scores than placebo at almost every dose for both lean and obese groups. Flatulence caused an intense discomfort in the lean-agavins group at 7 g/day, while obese-agavins reported a mild-to-moderate effect for all five symptoms: no significant differences among 7, 10, and 12 g/day for flatulence, bloating, and diarrhea. Ratings for any GI symptom differed between 10 and 12 g/day in neither group. The inter-group comparison demonstrated a steady trend in GI symptoms scores in obese participants not seen for lean volunteers that could improve their adherence to larger trials. Only body weight after 10 g/day reduced from baseline conditions in obese-agavins, with changes in triglycerides and very-low-density lipoproteins compared to placebo at 5 g/day, and in total cholesterol for 10 g/day. Altogether, these results would help design future trials to evaluate agavins impact on obese adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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25 pages, 4013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chicory: Understanding the Effects and Effectors of This Functional Food

by Céline L. Pouille, Souad Ouaza, Elise Roels, Josette Behra, Melissa Tourret, Roland Molinié, Jean-Xavier Fontaine, David Mathiron, David Gagneul, Bernard Taminiau, Georges Daube, Rozenn Ravallec, Caroline Rambaud, Jean-Louis Hilbert, Benoit Cudennec and Anca Lucau-Danila

Nutrients 2022, 14(5), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14050957 - 23 Feb 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 9350

Abstract

Industrial chicory has been the subject of numerous studies, most of which provide clinical observations on its health effects. Whether it is the roasted root, the flour obtained from the roots or the different classes of molecules that enter into the composition of [...] Read more.

Industrial chicory has been the subject of numerous studies, most of which provide clinical observations on its health effects. Whether it is the roasted root, the flour obtained from the roots or the different classes of molecules that enter into the composition of this plant, understanding the molecular mechanisms of action on the human organism remains incomplete. In this study, we were interested in three molecules or classes of molecules present in chicory root: fructose, chlorogenic acids, and sesquiterpene lactones. We conducted experiments on the murine model and performed a nutrigenomic analysis, a metabolic hormone assay and a gut microbiota analysis, associated with in vitro observations for different responses. We have highlighted a large number of effects of all these classes of molecules that suggest a pro-apoptotic activity, an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effect and also an important role in appetite regulation. A significant prebiotic activity was also identified. Fructose seems to be the most involved in these activities, contributing to approximately 83% of recorded responses, but the other classes of tested molecules have shown a specific role for these different effects, with an estimated contribution of 23–24%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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15 pages, 3137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenol from Rosaroxburghii Tratt Fruit Ameliorates the Symptoms of Diabetes by Activating the P13K/AKT Insulin Pathway in db/db Mice

by Chao Chen, Shuming Tan, Tingyuan Ren, Hua Wang, Xiaotong Dai and Hui Wang

Foods 2022, 11(5), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050636 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3677

Abstract

About 4% of the world’s population has type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the available hypoglycemic drugs for treating diabetes have some side effects. Therefore, research on the extraction of hypoglycemic components from plants has gradually become popular. This study aimed to investigate [...] Read more.

About 4% of the world’s population has type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the available hypoglycemic drugs for treating diabetes have some side effects. Therefore, research on the extraction of hypoglycemic components from plants has gradually become popular. This study aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of polyphenol-rich Rosa roxburghii Tratt extract (RP) isolated from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit and of four constituents (IRP 1–4 ) isolated from RP on db/db mice. The results indicated that the oral administration of RP and IRP 1–4 could markedly decrease the food intake, water intake, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and serum insulin levels in the db/db mice. Glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress were ameliorated in the RP and IRP 1–4 groups. Histopathological observation revealed that RP and IRP 1–4 could effectively protect the liver fat against damage and dysfunction. RP and IRP 1–4 also increased the hepatic and muscle glycogen contents by increasing the phosphorylation and reducing the expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). The activities of glucokinase (GCK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) and their respective mRNA expression levels in the liver of db/db mice were simultaneously increased and decreased in the intervention groups. RP and IRP 1–4 significantly increased the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (P13K) and the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT). These results indicate that RP and IRP 1–4 exhibit good hypoglycemic effects by activating the P13K/AKT signaling pathway and regulating the expression of FOXO1 and p-GSK3β proteins, controlling hepatic gluconeogenesis and improving hepatic glycogen storage insulin resistance. Therefore, RP and IRP 1–4 could be utilized as the hypoglycemic functional component to alleviate the symptoms of T2DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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14 pages, 2311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antihypertensive Mechanism of Orally Administered Acetylcholine in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

by Shohei Yamaguchi, Yuzumi Hayasaka, Miho Suzuki, Wenhao Wang, Masahiro Koyama, Yasuko Nagasaka and Kozo Nakamura

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040905 - 21 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3581

Abstract

Acetylcholine (ACh) acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. A small dose of eggplant powder rich in ACh (equivalent to 22 g fresh eggplant/d) has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP) in individuals with higher BP. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the [...] Read more.

Acetylcholine (ACh) acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. A small dose of eggplant powder rich in ACh (equivalent to 22 g fresh eggplant/d) has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP) in individuals with higher BP. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effects of low-dose orally administered ACh in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The effects of ACh on BP and sympathetic nervous activity (SNA), including lumbar SNA (LSNA) and renal SNA (RSNA), were evaluated by subjecting conscious SHRs to a telemetry method. Single oral administration of ACh decreased LSNA and lowered BP. Repeated oral administration of ACh for 30 d decreased RSNA and suppressed the elevated BP. Noradrenaline levels in the urine also decreased. However, vagotomy and co-administration of M3 muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist reversed the BP-lowering effect; the dynamics of non-absorbable orally administered ACh was revealed using stable isotope-labeled ACh. In conclusion, ACh acts on the gastrointestinal M3 muscarinic ACh receptor to increase afferent vagal nerve activity, which decreases SNA by autonomic reflex, suppressing noradrenaline release and lowering BP. This study suggests the use of exogenous ACh as an antihypertensive food supplement for controlling the autonomic nervous system, without absorption into the blood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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19 pages, 8903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dosage of Dual-Protein Nutrition Differentially Impacts the Formation of Atherosclerosis in ApoE^−/− Mice

by Yingchun Huang, Kun Zhang, Li Zhang, Juhui Qiu, Lin Fu, Tieying Yin, Jing Wang, Rui Qin, Jingjie Zhang, Xianwen Dong and Guixue Wang

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040855 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3394

Abstract

Atherosclerosis (AS) is recognized as the original cause of most cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The dual-protein (DP) nutrition that consists of soy protein and whey protein is reported to be associated with a reduction in AS; however, the relationship between DP and AS [...] Read more.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is recognized as the original cause of most cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The dual-protein (DP) nutrition that consists of soy protein and whey protein is reported to be associated with a reduction in AS; however, the relationship between DP and AS remains ambiguous. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the effect of DP on AS and explore the optimal DP intake to improve AS. ApoE^−/− mice were administrated with low- (LDP), middle- (MDP), and high-dose (HDP) DP. The MDP group exhibited significant improvements in AS. In terms of lipid metabolism, the levels of plasma total triglyceride and LDL-C and the mRNA expression levels of Cyp7a1 and PCSK9 were markedly tuned in the MDP group. In addition, the MDP treatment group had a substantially lower inflammatory response and better intestinal barrier function than LDP and HDP groups. The species richness demonstrated by the Chao1 index was distinctly increased in the MDP group, and the relative abundance of intestinal-permeability-protective microbes Blautia and Akkermansia was significantly elevated. In summary, an adequate intake of DP was able to counteract atherosclerosis development in ApoE^−/− mice, and this study provides a scientific theoretical basis for the application of DP in the food and pharmaceutical fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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15 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessReview

Benefits of Fermented Papaya in Human Health

by Mariana Leitão, Tatiana Ribeiro, Pablo A. García, Luisa Barreiros and Patrícia Correia

Foods 2022, 11(4), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040563 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 10938

Abstract

Fermented foods have been used for several years all over the world, due to their unique nutritional characteristics and because fermentation promotes conservation and food security. Moreover, fermented foods and beverages have a strong impact on human gut microbiota. Papaya is the fruit [...] Read more.

Fermented foods have been used for several years all over the world, due to their unique nutritional characteristics and because fermentation promotes conservation and food security. Moreover, fermented foods and beverages have a strong impact on human gut microbiota. Papaya is the fruit of the Carica papaya plant, traditionally used as a medicinal fruit, but there are also references to the use of the fermented form of this fruit. The main purpose of this review is to provide an improved understanding of fermented papaya nutritional and health applications. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were included. According to the retrieved studies, fermented papaya has proven to be an excellent antioxidant and an excellent nutraceutical adjuvant in combined therapies against several diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, allergic reactions, anticancer activity, and anemias. Therefore, it is concluded that fermented papaya has many benefits for human health and can be used as prevention or aid in the treatment of various diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

19 pages, 28236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bamboo Leaf Flavonoids Suppress Oxidative Stress-Induced Senescence of HaCaT Cells and UVB-Induced Photoaging of Mice through p38 MAPK and Autophagy Signaling

by Yanpei Gu, Fan Xue, Hongrui Xiao, Lihuan Chen and Ying Zhang

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040793 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4821

Abstract

With the global escalation of the aging process, the research on aging mechanisms and anti-aging strategies has become a hot spot. As the most external organ of the human body, skin can be used as an ideal organ for the study of endogenous [...] Read more.

With the global escalation of the aging process, the research on aging mechanisms and anti-aging strategies has become a hot spot. As the most external organ of the human body, skin can be used as an ideal organ for the study of endogenous and exogenous aging. Bamboo leaf flavonoids (BLF) possess a variety of biological effects such as antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, anti-radiation, and anti-aging. However, it is still unclear whether they can delay skin aging. This study aimed to analyze the inhibitory effect of BLF on skin aging and explore their molecular mechanisms. We found that 10–40 μg/mL BLF significantly inhibited the senescence of HaCaT cells induced by AAPH, which might be related to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities. Further mechanism studies showed that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), especially the p38 MAPK pathway, was the key to BLF to alleviate the senescence of HaCaT cells. In addition, autophagy was also involved in the anti-senescence effect of BLF. The results were also verified in UVB-induced photoaging mice. Therefore, BLF can be used as a potential therapeutic agent to intervene skin aging in vitro and in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on Volatile Compounds and Taste Components of Different Durian Cultivars Based on GC-MS, UHPLC, HPAEC-PAD, E-Tongue and E-Nose

by Zuobing Xiao, Minxing Niu and Yunwei Niu

Molecules 2022, 27(4), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041264 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6071

Abstract

In order to comprehensively evaluate the aroma-active substances and taste components of durian, solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) were used to test the key components of [...] Read more.

In order to comprehensively evaluate the aroma-active substances and taste components of durian, solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) were used to test the key components of three popular durian cultivars. A total of 27 volatile compounds, 5 sugars, 27 organic acids and 19 free amino acids were detected in Black Thorn (BT) durian. A total of 38 volatile compounds, 4 sugars, 27 organic acids and 19 free amino acids were detected in Monthong (MT) durian. A total of 36 volatile compounds, 4 sugars, 27 organic acids and 20 free amino acids were detected in Musang King (MK) durian. Finally, the flavor differences of the three durians were evaluated using electronic nose (e-nose) and electronic tongue (e-tongue), and different cultivars were classified through principal component analysis (PCA). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 3007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of β-Glucosidase Activity of Lentilactobacillus buchneri URN103L and Its Potential to Convert Ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng

by Gereltuya Renchinkhand, Urgamal Magsar, Hyoung Churl Bae, Suk-Ho Choi and Myoung Soo Nam

Foods 2022, 11(4), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040529 - 12 Feb 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3524

Abstract

Lentilactobacillus buchneri isolated from Korean fermented plant foods produces β-glucosidase, which can hydrolyze ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng to yield ginsenoside Rd. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms underlying the extracellular β-glucosidase activity obtained from Lentilactobacillus buchneri URN103L. Among [...] Read more.

Lentilactobacillus buchneri isolated from Korean fermented plant foods produces β-glucosidase, which can hydrolyze ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng to yield ginsenoside Rd. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms underlying the extracellular β-glucosidase activity obtained from Lentilactobacillus buchneri URN103L. Among the 17 types of lactic acid bacteria showing positive β-glucosidase activity in the esculin iron agar test, only URN103L was found to exhibit high hydrolytic activity on ginsenoside Rb1. The strain showed 99% homology with Lentilactobacillus buchneri NRRLB 30929, whereby it was named Lentilactobacillus buchneri URN103L. Supernatants of selected cultures with β-glucosidase activity were examined for hydrolysis of the major ginsenoside Rb1 at 40 °C, pH 5.0. Furthermore, the β-glucosidase activity of this strain showed a distinct ability to hydrolyze major ginsenoside Rb1 into minor ginsenosides Rd and Rg3. Lentilactobacillus buchneri URN103L showed higher leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, α-galactosidass, β–galactosidase, and β-glucosidase activities than any other strain. We conclude that β-glucosidase from Lentilactobacillus buchneri URN103L can effectively hydrolyze ginsenoside Rb1 into Rd and Rg3. The converted ginsenoside can be used in functional foods, yogurts, beverage products, cosmetics, and other health products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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14 pages, 1795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial, Antiradical and Antiproliferative Potential of Green, Roasted, and Spent Coffee Extracts

by Gema C. Díaz-Hernández, Patricia Alvarez-Fitz, Yanik I. Maldonado-Astudillo, Javier Jiménez-Hernández, Isela Parra-Rojas, Eugenia Flores-Alfaro, Ricardo Salazar and Mónica Ramírez

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12041938 - 12 Feb 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7811

Abstract

The phytochemical compositions of green coffee beans (GB), roasted coffee (RC), and the solid residue known as spent coffee grounds (SCG) have been associated with beneficial physiological effects. The objective of this study was to analyze the total phenolic compounds, antiradical scavenging ability, [...] Read more.

The phytochemical compositions of green coffee beans (GB), roasted coffee (RC), and the solid residue known as spent coffee grounds (SCG) have been associated with beneficial physiological effects. The objective of this study was to analyze the total phenolic compounds, antiradical scavenging ability, antibacterial activity, and antiproliferative activity on cancer cells of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of GB, RC, and SCG samples. The total phenolic content was quantified by Folin–Ciocalteu assay, while the antiradical activity was evaluated by ABTS^●+ and DPPH radical assays, antibacterial activity was determined using the microtiter broth dilution method, and antiproliferative activity was evaluated by MTT assay in lung carcinoma cells (A549) and cervical cancer cells (C33A); furthermore, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were evaluated by flow cytometry. Ethanolic extracts of RC and SCG showed the highest content of total phenols. The SCG ethanolic extract exhibited the lowest inhibitory capacity 50 (IC₅₀) values for free radicals. The SCG extracts also had the lowest MIC values in bacteria. In antiproliferative assays, SCG extracts exhibited a significant decrease in viability in both cell lines, as well as increased apoptotic cells and promoted cell cycle arrest. The higher content of total phenols and antiradical activity of SCG ethanolic extracts was related to their antiproliferative activity in cancer cells, as well as their antibacterial activity against clinical isolates; therefore, the utilization of SCG adds value to an abundant and inexpensive residue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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15 pages, 2402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Bioactive Peptides Obtained from Cornus officinalis

by Xin Zhang, Hao Zhang, Pengfei Jiao, Mengrong Xia and Bo Tang

Molecules 2022, 27(4), 1232; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041232 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2599

Abstract

The present study is a preparation of bioactive peptides from Cornus officinalis proteins by the compound enzymatic hydrolysis method. Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Box–Behnken design (BBD) is used to optimize the preparation process of Cornus officinalis peptides. The effects of independent [...] Read more.

The present study is a preparation of bioactive peptides from Cornus officinalis proteins by the compound enzymatic hydrolysis method. Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Box–Behnken design (BBD) is used to optimize the preparation process of Cornus officinalis peptides. The effects of independent variables, such as the amount of enzyme, pH value, time, extraction times and the ratio of material to liquid on the yield of peptides, are also investigated. The analysis results of the RSM model show that the optimum conditions for the extraction of Cornus officinalis peptides were a pH value of 6.76, temperature of 48.84 °C and the amount of enzyme of 0.19%. Under optimal conditions, the yield of peptides was 36.18 ± 0.26 %, which was close to the predicted yield by the RSM model. Additionally, the prepared Cornus officinalis peptides showed significant antioxidant activity; the scavenging rates of the peptides for DPPH and ·OH were 48.47% and 29.41%, respectively. The results of the cell proliferation assay revealed that the prepared Cornus officinalis peptides could promote embryo fibroblast cells proliferation and repair oxidative damage cells. These results have a practical application value in the design of novel functional food formulations by using Cornus officinalis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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11 pages, 1707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Fermented Okara Broth Started with the Strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SY07

by Yifang Gao, Wenhui Bian, Yuanyuan Fang, Peng Du, Xueting Liu, Xueru Zhao and Fengjuan Li

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031127 - 8 Feb 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2969

Abstract

In this work, a new strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SY07 isolated from a traditional fermented soybean food was reported to possess remarkable α-glucosidase inhibitor-producing ability. Different culture media were applied for the proliferation of B. amyloliquefaciens SY07, and it was found that fermented [...] Read more.

In this work, a new strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SY07 isolated from a traditional fermented soybean food was reported to possess remarkable α-glucosidase inhibitor-producing ability. Different culture media were applied for the proliferation of B. amyloliquefaciens SY07, and it was found that fermented okara broth presented the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, while Luria-Bertani medium showed a negative effect. The extract from fermented okara broth acted in a dose-dependent manner to inhibit α-glucosidase activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 0.454 mg/mL, and main inhibitors in the fermentation extract presented a reversible, uncompetitive pattern according to Lineweaver–Burk plots. Moreover, 1-deoxynojirimycin, a recognized α-glucosidase inhibitor, was found in the extract. Results indicated that B. amyloliquefaciens SY07 could utilize okara, a by-product from the soy processing industry, to generate α-glucosidase inhibitors effectively, and be regarded as a novel excellent microbial candidate for safe, economical production of potential functional foods or ingredients with hypoglycemic effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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16 pages, 657 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecular Basis of Resveratrol-Induced Resensitization of Acquired Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells

by Chul Yung Choi, Sung-Chul Lim, Tae-Bum Lee and Song Iy Han

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030699 - 7 Feb 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4262

Abstract

Multidrug resistance (MDR) to anticancer drugs remains a serious obstacle to the success of cancer chemotherapy. Resveratrol, a polyphenol, present in natural products exerts anticancer activity and acts as a potential MDR inhibitor in various drug-resistant cancer cells. In the process of resensitization [...] Read more.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) to anticancer drugs remains a serious obstacle to the success of cancer chemotherapy. Resveratrol, a polyphenol, present in natural products exerts anticancer activity and acts as a potential MDR inhibitor in various drug-resistant cancer cells. In the process of resensitization of drug-resistant cancer cells, resveratrol has been shown to interfere with ABC transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes, increase DNA damage, inhibit cell cycle progression, and induce apoptosis and autophagy, as well as prevent the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs). This review summarizes the mechanisms by which resveratrol counteracts MDR in acquired drug-resistant cancer cell lines and provides a critical basis for understanding the regulation of MDR as well as the development of MDR-inhibiting drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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10 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Effect of Nutritional Supplementation with Whey Protein and Vitamin D on Muscle Mass and Muscle Quality in Subacute Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Patients: A Randomized, Single-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Kaoru Honaga, Naoki Mori, Tomonori Akimoto, Masahiro Tsujikawa, Michiyuki Kawakami, Tomoyuki Okamoto, Yasuyuki Sakata, Hirokazu Hamano, Yasuhiro Takeda and Kunitsugu Kondo

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030685 - 6 Feb 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5542

Abstract

In post-stroke hemiparesis patients, the skeletal muscle mass decrease rapidly with the histological degradation. We investigated the effect of nutritional supplementation with whey protein and vitamin D on the muscle mass and muscle quality, in post-stroke convalescent rehabilitation patients in a randomized, single-blinded, [...] Read more.

In post-stroke hemiparesis patients, the skeletal muscle mass decrease rapidly with the histological degradation. We investigated the effect of nutritional supplementation with whey protein and vitamin D on the muscle mass and muscle quality, in post-stroke convalescent rehabilitation patients in a randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Fifty patients were randomly assigned to two groups; HP group received supplemental jelly (100 kcal; whey protein 10 g; vitamin D 20 μg) twice a day throughout up to 16-week period, the control group received placebo jelly. Cross-sectional area (CSA) of thigh muscle, skeletal muscle index (SMI), muscle strength, activity of daily living (ADL), and some nutritional indicators in blood were measured. Although no significant difference was observed in CSA and SMI between the groups, fat infiltration into the thighs muscle was singnificantly lower in the HP group. There were no significant difference in muscle strength and ADL between the groups. Blood urea nitrogen and serum 25(OH)D at endpoint were significantly higher in the HP group but physiological normal ranges. Supplementation with whey protein and vitamin D in post-stroke patients led to suppression of fat infiltration into the muscle. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to verify whether this nutritional intervention provides substantial benefits for the prognosis of stroke survivors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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15 pages, 12940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoparticles of Costus speciosus Ameliorate Diabetes-Induced Structural Changes in Rat Prostate through Mediating the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines IL 6, IL1β and TNF-α

by Duaa Bakhshwin, Khadija Abdul Jalil Faddladdeen, Soad Shaker Ali, Samar Mohammed Alsaggaf and Nasra Naeim Ayuob

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031027 - 2 Feb 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2656

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a common global health problem. Among the complications that are frequently associated with DM are the alternation of sexual function and fertility, especially in young men. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of nanoparticles of Costus speciosus (C. [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus is a common global health problem. Among the complications that are frequently associated with DM are the alternation of sexual function and fertility, especially in young men. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of nanoparticles of Costus speciosus (C. speciosus) in preserving the prostatic structure of diabetic rats and to explore the mechanism behind this effect. A model of DM was induced in male albino rats by a single intraperitoneally injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg body weight). Five groups (n = 10 each) of rats were included in this study: the control, C. speciosus gold nanoparticles-treated (150 mg/kg body weight through gastric intubation for 30 days), untreated diabetic, metformin-treated diabetic (500 mg/kg/day gastric intubation for 30 days) and the C. speciosus-treated diabetic group. The blood glucose, insulin and testosterone levels as well as oxidants/antioxidants status were assessed in the serum. Gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL1β and IL-6 were assessed in the prostate homogenate. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed and the prostate was dissected out and prepared for histopathological and immunohistochemistry study using Ki67 and Bcl-2. C. Speciosus nanoparticles significantly decreased (p = 0.03) the blood glucose level while significantly increasing insulin (p = 0.01) and testosterone (p = 0.04) levels compared to the untreated diabetic rats. Oxidants/antioxidants status was markedly improved after administration of C. speciosus. Prostatic expression of the mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL1β and TNF-α was down-regulated in metformin- and C. speciosus-treated rats. The histological structure of the ventral prostate was preserved in metformin- and C. speciosus-treated diabetic rats with a significantly thicker epithelial cell layer and significant increase immunoexpression in Bcl-2 and Ki67. In conclusion, the protective effect induced by C. speciosus nanoparticles on the prostate of diabetic rats might be directly mediated through the down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and the up-regulation of antioxidant activity and indirectly mediated through the anti-hyperglycemic effect through enhancing insulin secretion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 1274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Catalytic Transformation of Triglycerides to Biodiesel with SiO₂-SO₃H and Quaternary Ammonium Salts in Toluene or DMSO

by Sandro L. Barbosa, Adeline C. Pereira Rocha, David Lee Nelson, Milton S. de Freitas, Antônio A. P. Fulgêncio Mestre, Stanlei I. Klein, Giuliano C. Clososki, Franco J. Caires, Danilo L. Flumignan, Letícia Karen dos Santos, Alexandre P. Wentz, Vânya M. Duarte Pasa and Regiane D. Fernandes Rios

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030953 - 30 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3697

Abstract

SiO₂-SO₃H, with a surface area of 115 m²·g⁻¹, pore volumes of 0.38 cm³·g⁻¹ and 1.32 mmol H⁺/g, was used as a transesterification catalyst. Triglycerides of waste cooking oil reacted with [...] Read more.

SiO₂-SO₃H, with a surface area of 115 m²·g⁻¹, pore volumes of 0.38 cm³·g⁻¹ and 1.32 mmol H⁺/g, was used as a transesterification catalyst. Triglycerides of waste cooking oil reacted with methanol in refluxing toluene to yield mixtures of diglycerides, monoglycerides and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in the presence of 20% (w/w) catalyst/oil using the hydrophilic sulfonated silica (SiO₂-SO₃H) catalyst alone or with the addition of 10% (w/w) co-catalyst/oil [(Buⁿ₄N)(BF₄) or Aliquat 336]. The addition of the ammonium salts to the catalyst lead to a decrease in the amounts of diglycerides in the products, but the concentrations of monoglycerides increased. Mixtures of (Buⁿ₄N)(BF₄)/catalyst were superior to catalyst alone or Aliquat 336/catalyst for promoting the production of mixtures with high concentrations of FAMEs. The same experiments were repeated using DMSO as the solvent. The use of the more polar solvent resulted in excellent conversion of the triglycerides to FAME esters with all three-catalyst media. A simplified mechanism is presented to account for the experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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36 pages, 2907 KiB

Open AccessReview

Medicine-Food Herbs against Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of Their Traditional Functional Features, Substance Basis, Clinical Practices and Mechanisms of Action

by Pengfei Guo, Baoyue Zhang, Jun Zhao, Chao Wang, Zhe Wang, Ailin Liu and Guanhua Du

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030901 - 28 Jan 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6286

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that currently has reached epidemic proportions among elderly populations around the world. In China, available traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) that organically combine functional foods with medicinal values are named “Medicine Food Homology (MFH)”. In this [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that currently has reached epidemic proportions among elderly populations around the world. In China, available traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) that organically combine functional foods with medicinal values are named “Medicine Food Homology (MFH)”. In this review, we focused on MFH varieties for their traditional functional features, substance bases, clinical uses, and mechanisms of action (MOAs) for AD prevention and treatment. We consider the antiAD active constituents from MFH species, their effects on in vitro/in vivo AD models, and their drug targets and signal pathways by summing up the literature via a systematic electronic search (SciFinder, PubMed, and Web of Science). In this paper, several MFH plant sources are discussed in detail from in vitro/in vivo models and methods, to MOAs. We found that most of the MFH varieties exert neuroprotective effects and ameliorate cognitive impairments by inhibiting neuropathological signs (Aβ-induced toxicity, amyloid precursor protein, and phosphorylated Tau immunoreactivity), including anti-inflammation, antioxidative stress, antiautophagy, and antiapoptosis, etc. Indeed, some MFH substances and their related phytochemicals have a broad spectrum of activities, so they are superior to simple single-target drugs in treating chronic diseases. This review can provide significant guidance for people’s healthy lifestyles and drug development for AD prevention and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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11 pages, 3342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities of Newly Synthesized Hesperetin Derivatives

by Guanlin Zhong, Jiayi Shen, Zhengwang Chen, Zunxian Lin, Lipeng Long, Jiaying Wu, Chenhuan Long, Siyu Huang, Ping Lian and Guotian Luo

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030879 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3988

Abstract

Hesperetin is a class of natural products with a wide range of sources and remarkable biological activities. In this study, we described the synthesis of a series of novel hesperetin derivatives and evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and antitumor activity of these compounds. [...] Read more.

Hesperetin is a class of natural products with a wide range of sources and remarkable biological activities. In this study, we described the synthesis of a series of novel hesperetin derivatives and evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and antitumor activity of these compounds. Eleven novel compounds were synthesized in moderate yields. The compounds synthesized in this work exhibited antioxidant activities against DPPH and ABTS free radicals in a dose-dependent manner. Among them, compound 3f had the best antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ of 1.2 μM and 24 μM for DPPH and ABTS, respectively. The antitumor activity of the compounds against human cancer cell lines, such as breast MCF-7, liver HepG2, and cervical Hela, was determined by a standard 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Three compounds had moderate IC₅₀ values. Interestingly, compound 3f had better biological activity than hesperetin, which matches the prediction by Maestro from Schrödinger. Therefore, the new hesperidin derivative is a promising drug for the treatment of cancer due to its effective antitumor activity. The results also suggested that the antitumor activities of hesperetin derivatives may be related to their antioxidant activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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14 pages, 3123 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhanced Stability and Oral Bioavailability of Cannabidiol in Zein and Whey Protein Composite Nanoparticles by a Modified Anti-Solvent Approach

by Ce Wang, Jia Wang, Yonghai Sun, Kalev Freeman, Monique Alyssa Mchenry, Cuina Wang and Mingruo Guo

Foods 2022, 11(3), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030376 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5428

Abstract

Wide applications of cannabidiol (CBD) in the food and pharmaceutical industries are limited due to its low bioavailability, sensitivity to environmental pressures and low water solubility. Zein nanoparticles were stabilized by whey protein (WP) for the delivery of cannabidiol (CBD) using a modified [...] Read more.

Wide applications of cannabidiol (CBD) in the food and pharmaceutical industries are limited due to its low bioavailability, sensitivity to environmental pressures and low water solubility. Zein nanoparticles were stabilized by whey protein (WP) for the delivery of cannabidiol (CBD) using a modified anti-solvent approach. Particle size, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency, and re-dispersibility of nanoparticles were influenced by the zein to WP ratio. Under optimized conditions at 1:4, zein–WP nanoparticles were fabricated with CBD (200 μg/mL) and further characterized. WP absorbed on zein surface via hydrogen bond, hydrophobic forces, and electrostatic attraction. The zein–WP nanoparticles showed excellent storage stability (4 °C, dark) and effectively protected CBD degradation against heat and UV light. In vivo pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that CBD in zein–WP nanoparticles displayed 2-times and 1.75-fold enhancement in maximum concentration (C max) and the area under curve (AUC) as compared to free-form CBD. The data indicated the feasibility of developing zein–WP based nanoparticles for the encapsulation, protection, and delivery of CBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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20 pages, 2354 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antioxidant Activity, Probiotic Survivability, and Sensory Properties of a Phenolic-Rich Pulse Snack Bar Enriched with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum

by Yolanda Victoria Rajagukguk, Marcellus Arnold, Andrzej Sidor, Bartosz Kulczyński, Anna Brzozowska, Marcin Schmidt and Anna Gramza-Michałowska

Foods 2022, 11(3), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030309 - 24 Jan 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6207

Abstract

Pulse-based snack bars incorporated with probiotics were developed to provide an overview for the preparation of simple functional food concerning the antioxidant load and iron status improvement. The study focused on the application of microencapsulated probiotics in dry matrices, such as chickpeas and [...] Read more.

Pulse-based snack bars incorporated with probiotics were developed to provide an overview for the preparation of simple functional food concerning the antioxidant load and iron status improvement. The study focused on the application of microencapsulated probiotics in dry matrices, such as chickpeas and green lentils, in snack bars. The study aims to analyse the products’ antioxidative activities, chemical and sensory properties, as well as the probiotic survivability in the dry matrices. The basic chemical composition showed that 100 g of product can fulfil up to 4.4% and 3.3% of the daily iron value from chickpeas and green lentils, respectively (assuming the iron bioavailability is 23%). Sensory evaluation and hedonic analysis of the fresh pulse snack bar showed that panelists preferred the chickpea snack bar over the green lentil snack bar. For storage analysis, snack bars were stored at 20 °C and were vacuum packaged in sealed low density polyethylene (LDPE) pouches with no light exposure for two months. Hedonic analysis during storage showed significant differences in the aroma of the snack bars (p < 0.05). Generally, the antioxidant activities decreased during the two months of storage. A strong correlation was observed between total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity assays: ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt), PCL (Photochemiluminescence). Moreover, after two months of storage, a 1-log decrease of probiotic viable cells was observed in both snack bars. To meet the dietary requirement of probiotics, it is suggested that people consume five portions and 9.4 portions of the chickpea and green lentil snack bars, respectively. The resulting products have promising properties with respect to probiotics and antioxidant potential in an unconventional way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 4243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food-Borne Nanocarriers for Calcium Delivery: A New Choice for Nutrient Supplements

by Nanying Wang, Yannan Chen, Yukun Song, Deyang Yu and Mingqian Tan

Foods 2022, 11(3), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030308 - 24 Jan 2022

Viewed by 2835

Abstract

Calcium is considered as an important nutrient element for the maintenance of human health, and food-borne nanoparticles (FNs) produced during food processing may have potential as nanocarriers for calcium ion delivery. Beef is an important source of animal protein that has high protein [...] Read more.

Calcium is considered as an important nutrient element for the maintenance of human health, and food-borne nanoparticles (FNs) produced during food processing may have potential as nanocarriers for calcium ion delivery. Beef is an important source of animal protein that has high protein and low fat content and is rich in a variety of amino acids; thus, beef may be a suitable material for the development of calcium nanocarriers. In this paper, FNs were synthesized from beef by one-step hydrothermal synthesis. The FNs had a spherical shape with a size of about 3.0 nm and emitted a bright blue fluorescence under 365 nm ultraviolet irradiation. The amino nitrogen atom and carboxyl oxygen atom of the functional groups on the surface of the FNs were the main binding sites for the chelation of Ca(II). The size of the FNs-Ca(II) complex was about 4.75 nm, and the specific signal peak of calcium at 3.7 keV was observed in its energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy spectrum. The viability of cells treated with FNs-Ca(II) was more than 65%, while viability was only 60% after treatment with CaCl₂. The results showed that the FNs from beef have great potential in calcium delivery for the development of a calcium supplement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 3127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation of Bioactive Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Acids from Olive Tree Leaves with Flash Chromatography

by Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin, Vladimir Gegechkori, Ehtesham U. R. Mohammed, Heng Ku and David W. Morton

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12030996 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3615

Abstract

The present study reports on the use of the flash chromatography for the isolation and purification of oleanolic and maslinic acids from olive leaf extracts. Although the separation and identification of these acids is considered challenging due to the similarity in their structure, [...] Read more.

The present study reports on the use of the flash chromatography for the isolation and purification of oleanolic and maslinic acids from olive leaf extracts. Although the separation and identification of these acids is considered challenging due to the similarity in their structure, oleanolic and maslinic acids were detected, identified, and separated. Solubility prediction was used to help to match compatibility of extraction solvent with targeted triterpenoid acids. Aqueous washing was used, to first selectively remove unwanted interferents from the extraction solvent. The extracts obtained with different solvents and solvent mixtures were fractionated using flash chromatography and then analyzed. HPTLC chromatography was used to assess collected fractions as either semi-pure or pure, and to identify the fractions containing oleanolic and maslinic acids. The yields of oleanolic and maslinic acids reported here are significantly higher than yields obtained in previously reported isolations. The presence and purity of oleanolic and maslinic acid in collected fractions was confirmed by ATR-FTIR and NMR spectrometry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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16 pages, 4057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Three Raspberry Cultivar (Rubus idaeus L.) Leaves Metabolites: Metabolome Profiling and Antioxidant Activities

by Shunbin Zhang, Zhao Liu, Xu Li, Mohamed Aamer Abubaker, Xiaoxiao Liu, Zhengdou Li, Xueqi Wang, Xinliang Zhu, Ji Zhang and Xuelin Chen

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12030990 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3221

Abstract

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), known as one of the famous healthy fruits an d are consumed fresh or processed products all over the world. The antioxidation activity of raspberry fruits as well as leaves have been widely investigated. To better understand the [...] Read more.

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), known as one of the famous healthy fruits an d are consumed fresh or processed products all over the world. The antioxidation activity of raspberry fruits as well as leaves have been widely investigated. To better understand the metabolite accumulation mechanisms and to develop different functional cultivars, we performed a non-targeted metabolomics analysis using LC-MS/MS to investigate the contents of existing components from three raspberry cultivars, Autumn Britten, Autumn Bliss, and Red Autumn leaves, respectively. The results show multiple differentially accumulated metabolites among three cultivars, especially for the lipids (α-linolenic acid and eicosatetraenoic acid), amino acids and their derivatives (L-cysteine, Phenylalanine), flavonoids (Kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside, Quercetin 3-glucoside), and vitamins (Biotin, Thiamine, Vitamin K2), etc. The in vitro cellular antioxidant activities of three raspberry cultivars leaves ethanol extracts (RLEE) were also characterized. Through comparison the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels before or after RLEE protection of L929 fibroblast cells upon excessive UVB exposure, we evaluated the antioxidation potentials for all three cultivar RLEEs. It turns out the raspberry Autumn Britten leaf extract holds the greatest potential for protecting the L929 fibroblast cells from UVB induced damage. Our study provides theoretical support for screening of active metabolites from three raspberry cultivars leaves, spanning metabolites’ accumulation to cell damage protection, which could be used to refine bioactivity assessment for different raspberry cultivars suitable for antioxidant products extraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 1645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Xenogeneic-Free Human Intestinal Organoids for Assessing Intestinal Nutrient Absorption

by Makoto Inoue, Yuichi Tanaka, Sakiko Matsushita, Yuri Shimozaki, Hirohito Ayame and Hidenori Akutsu

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030438 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4639

Abstract

Since many nutrients, including the three major ones of glucose, dipeptides, and cholesterol, are mainly absorbed in the small intestine, the assessment of their effects on intestinal tissue is important for the study of food absorption. However, cultured intestinal cell lines, such as [...] Read more.

Since many nutrients, including the three major ones of glucose, dipeptides, and cholesterol, are mainly absorbed in the small intestine, the assessment of their effects on intestinal tissue is important for the study of food absorption. However, cultured intestinal cell lines, such as Caco-2 cells, or animal models, which differ from normal human physiological conditions, are generally used for the evaluation of intestinal absorption and digestion. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an alternative in vitro method for more accurate analyses. In this study, we demonstrate inhibitory effects on nutrient absorption through nutrient transporters using three-dimensional xenogeneic-free human intestinal organoids (XF-HIOs), with characteristics of the human intestine, as we previously reported. We first show that the organoids absorbed glucose, dipeptide, and cholesterol in a transporter-dependent manner. Next, we examine the inhibitory effect of natural ingredients on the absorption of glucose and cholesterol. We reveal that glucose absorption was suppressed by epicatechin gallate or nobiletin, normally found in green tea catechin or citrus fruits, respectively. In comparison, cholesterol absorption was not inhibited by luteolin and quercetin, contained in some vegetables. Our findings highlight the usefulness of screening for the absorption of functional food substances using XF-HIOs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 1521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Prebiotic and Anti-Obesity Effects of Codium fragile Extract

by Suwon Oh, Sungkeun Kim, Kyoojin Jung, Thi Ngoc Anh Pham, Seunghwan Yang and Byungjae Ahn

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12030959 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3330

Abstract

Polysaccharides from marine algae exhibit beneficial biological activities. In this study, we examined the effect of Codium fragile extract (CFE) on prebiotic and anti-obesity activity through in vitro experiments. CFE increases the growth of specific beneficial microbial populations with concomitant decrease in pathogenic [...] Read more.

Polysaccharides from marine algae exhibit beneficial biological activities. In this study, we examined the effect of Codium fragile extract (CFE) on prebiotic and anti-obesity activity through in vitro experiments. CFE increases the growth of specific beneficial microbial populations with concomitant decrease in pathogenic microbes. Further, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH activity) after fermentation with CFE as the carbon source were higher than for glucose as the control. Moreover, CFE inhibited adipocyte differentiation by inducing differentiation-related factors when the induction of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes was induced. Therefore, we suggest that CFE can be used as a prebiotic material with an anti-obesity effect for human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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19 pages, 4259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Anti-Adiposity Mechanisms of Ampelopsin and Vine Tea Extract in High Fat Diet and Alcohol-Induced Fatty Liver Mouse Models

by Jianbo Wu, Kenchi Miyasaka, Wakana Yamada, Shogo Takeda, Norihito Shimizu and Hiroshi Shimoda

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030607 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3534

Abstract

Ampelopsis grossedentata (AG) is an ancient medicinal plant that is mainly distributed and used in southwest China. It exerts therapeutic effects, such as antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities, reductions in blood pressure and cholesterol and hepatoprotective effects. Researchers in China recently reported the [...] Read more.

Ampelopsis grossedentata (AG) is an ancient medicinal plant that is mainly distributed and used in southwest China. It exerts therapeutic effects, such as antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities, reductions in blood pressure and cholesterol and hepatoprotective effects. Researchers in China recently reported the anti-obesity effects of AG extract in diet-induced obese mice and rats. To verify these findings, we herein investigated the effects of AG extract and its principal compound, ampelopsin, in high-fat diet (HFD)- and alcohol diet-fed mice, olive oil-loaded mice, and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. The results obtained showed that AG extract and ampelopsin significantly suppressed increases in the weights of body, livers and abdominal fat and also up-regulated the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A in HFD-fed mice. In olive oil-loaded mice, AG extract and ampelopsin significantly attenuated increases in serum triglyceride (TG) levels. In differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, AG extract and ampelopsin promoted TG decomposition, which appeared to be attributed to the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase. In alcohol diet-fed mice, AG extract and ampelopsin reduced serum levels of ethanol, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and liver TG. An examination of metabolic enzyme expression patterns revealed that AG extract and ampelopsin mainly enhanced the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase and suppressed that of cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e1. In conclusion, AG extract and ampelopsin suppressed diet-induced intestinal fat accumulation and reduced the risk of fatty liver associated with HFD and alcohol consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 4734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of an Ionic Calcium Fiber Supplement and Its Impact on Bone Health Preservation in a Dietary Calcium Deficiency Mice Model

by Sara Elisa Herrera-Rodríguez, Eristeo García-Márquez, Eduardo Padilla-Camberos and Hugo Espinosa-Andrews

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030422 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3824

Abstract

Ionic calcium can help in the prevention of the process of osseous decalcification. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and toxic effects of ionic calcium-fiber supplement (ICa⁺) and its impact on bone health preservation in mice C57/BL6 fed [...] Read more.

Ionic calcium can help in the prevention of the process of osseous decalcification. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and toxic effects of ionic calcium-fiber supplement (ICa⁺) and its impact on bone health preservation in mice C57/BL6 fed a calcium-deficient diet. Physicochemical properties include FTIR, apparent calcium solubility estimated by the calcium ratio obtained by ionization chromatography and atomic absorption. In vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the ICa⁺ were assessed. Twenty-five 7-week-old C57/BL6 mice were fed calcium-free diet (CFD) or CFD plus CaCO₃ (1.33 mg Ca) or CFD plus ICa⁺ (1.33–6.66 mg Ca) for six weeks. After that, bone mass and microstructure parameters were assessed. Histological staining was performed to determine calcium deposits. ICa⁺ (100%) exhibited an apparent calcium solubility higher than CaCO₃ (12.3%). ICa⁺ showed no cytotoxic and genotoxic in vitro activities. Histomorphometry analysis showed that the ICa⁺ treated group displayed a higher trabecular number than the trabecular space. Also, the ratio BV/TV was increased compared with all treatments. Ionic calcium-fiber supplementation prevents bone deterioration compared to mice fed a calcium-deficient diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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15 pages, 4191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

d-Allulose Improves Endurance and Recovery from Exhaustion in Male C57BL/6J Mice

by Bingyang Liu, Yang Gou, Takamasa Tsuzuki, Takako Yamada, Tetsuo Iida, Sixian Wang, Ryoichi Banno, Yukiyasu Toyoda and Teruhiko Koike

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030404 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4213

Abstract

d-Allulose, a rare sugar, improves glucose metabolism and has been proposed as a candidate calorie restriction mimetic. This study aimed to investigate the effects of d-allulose on aerobic performance and recovery from exhaustion and compared them with the effects of exercise [...] Read more.

d-Allulose, a rare sugar, improves glucose metabolism and has been proposed as a candidate calorie restriction mimetic. This study aimed to investigate the effects of d-allulose on aerobic performance and recovery from exhaustion and compared them with the effects of exercise training. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to exercise and allowed to run freely on a wheel. Aerobic performance was evaluated using a treadmill. Glucose metabolism was analyzed by an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (ipGTT). Skeletal muscle intracellular signaling was analyzed by Western blotting. Four weeks of daily oral administration of 3% d-allulose increased running distance and shortened recovery time as assessed by an endurance test. d-Allulose administration also increased the maximal aerobic speed (MAS), which was observed following treatment for >3 or 7 days. The improved performance was associated with lower blood lactate levels and increased liver glycogen levels. Although d-allulose did not change the overall glucose levels as determined by ipGTT, it decreased plasma insulin levels, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity. Finally, d-allulose enhanced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α. Our results indicate that d-allulose administration enhances endurance ability, reduces fatigue, and improves insulin sensitivity similarly to exercise training. d-Allulose administration may be a potential treatment option to alleviate obesity and enhance aerobic exercise performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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11 pages, 798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab Fruit) Effect on Postprandial Glycemia in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Keyla Rita, Maria Alexandra Bernardo, Maria Leonor Silva, José Brito, Maria Fernanda Mesquita, Ana Maria Pintão and Margarida Moncada

Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020398 - 17 Jan 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4372

Abstract

Baobab fruits have been traditionally used in Africa due to their therapeutic properties attributed to their high polyphenol content. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of baobab fruit on postprandial glycaemia in healthy adults and to measure its bioactive [...] Read more.

Baobab fruits have been traditionally used in Africa due to their therapeutic properties attributed to their high polyphenol content. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of baobab fruit on postprandial glycaemia in healthy adults and to measure its bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. The study (NCT05140629) was conducted on 31 healthy subjects. The participants were randomly allocated in the control group (oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); n = 16) and in the intervention group (OGTT, followed by administration of 250 mL baobab aqueous extract (BAE); n = 15). Total phenols, proanthocyanins, hydrolyzable tannins, and antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH, ABTS, and inhibition of O2^•⁻ and NO^• methods) were quantified. Repeated measures ANOVA of mixed type and independent samples t-test were used. Glycemia incremental area under the curve (p = 0.012) and glucose maximum concentration (p = 0.029) was significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group. The BAE revealed high total contents of phenols, proanthocyanins, and hydrolyzable tannins, as well as a strong capacity to scavenge superoxide anions and nitric oxide radicals and a high antioxidant activity. In conclusion, this study encourages the use of this food component as a promising source of natural antioxidants and a hypoglycemic agent under glucose load acute conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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10 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Potentials and Phytochemical Constituents of Raw and Roasted Nigella arvensis and Nigella sativa

by Hussah Abdullah Alshwyeh, Sahar Khamees Aldosary, Muna Abdulsalam Ilowefah, Raheem Shahzad, Adeeb Shehzad, Saqib Bilal, In-Jung Lee, Jannah Ahmed Al Mater, Fatima Najf Al-Shakhoari, Waad Abdulrahman Alqahtani, Nurkhalida Kamal and Ahmed Mediani

Molecules 2022, 27(2), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020550 - 16 Jan 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3212

Abstract

Nigella species are widely used to cure various ailments. Their health benefits, particularly from the seed oils, could be attributed to the presence of a variety of bioactive components. Roasting is a critical process that has historically been used to facilitate oil extraction [...] Read more.

Nigella species are widely used to cure various ailments. Their health benefits, particularly from the seed oils, could be attributed to the presence of a variety of bioactive components. Roasting is a critical process that has historically been used to facilitate oil extraction and enhance flavor; it may also alter the chemical composition and biological properties of the Nigella seed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the roasting process on the composition of the bioactive components and the biological activities of Nigella arvensis and Nigella sativa seed extracts. Our preliminary study showed that seeds roasted at 50 °C exhibited potent antimicrobial activities; therefore, this temperature was selected for roasting Nigella seeds. For extraction, raw and roasted seed samples were macerated in methanol. The antimicrobial activities against Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Klebsiella oxytoca were determined by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition. The cell viability of extracts was tested in a colon carcinoma cell line, HCT-116, by using a microculture tetrazolium technique (MTT) assay. Amino acids were extracted and quantified using an automatic amino acid analyzer. Then, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was performed to identify the chemical constituents and fatty acids. As a result, the extracts of raw and roasted seeds in both Nigella species showed strong inhibition against Klebsiella oxytoca, and the raw seed extract of N.arvensis demonstrated moderate inhibition against S. pyogenes. The findings of the MTT assay indicated that all the extracts significantly decreased cancer cell viability. Moreover, N. sativa species possessed higher contents of the measured amino acids, except tyrosine, cystine, and methionine. The GC–MS analysis of extracts showed the presence of 22 and 13 compounds in raw and roasted N. arvensis, respectively, and 9 and 11 compounds in raw and roasted N. sativa, respectively. However, heat treatment decreased the detectable components to 13 compounds in roasted N. arvensis and increased them in roasted N. sativa. These findings indicate that N. arvensis and N. sativa could be potential sources of anticancer and antimicrobials, where the bioactive compounds play a pivotal role as functional components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

16 pages, 5700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilizing the DNA Aptamer to Determine Lethal α-Amanitin in Mushroom Samples and Urine by Magnetic Bead-ELISA (MELISA)

by Jiale Gao, Nuoya Liu, Xiaomeng Zhang, En Yang, Yuzhu Song, Jinyang Zhang and Qinqin Han

Molecules 2022, 27(2), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020538 - 15 Jan 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3461

Abstract

Amanita poisoning is one of the most deadly types of mushroom poisoning. α-Amanitin is the main lethal toxin in amanita, and the human-lethal dose is about 0.1 mg/kg. Most of the commonly used detection techniques for α-amanitin require expensive instruments. In this study, [...] Read more.

Amanita poisoning is one of the most deadly types of mushroom poisoning. α-Amanitin is the main lethal toxin in amanita, and the human-lethal dose is about 0.1 mg/kg. Most of the commonly used detection techniques for α-amanitin require expensive instruments. In this study, the α-amanitin aptamer was selected as the research object, and the stem-loop structure of the original aptamer was not damaged by truncating the redundant bases, in order to improve the affinity and specificity of the aptamer. The specificity and affinity of the truncated aptamers were determined using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and the affinity and specificity of the aptamers decreased after truncation. Therefore, the original aptamer was selected to establish a simple and specific magnetic bead-based enzyme linked immunoassay (MELISA) method for α-amanitin. The detection limit was 0.369 μg/mL, while, in mushroom it was 0.372 μg/mL and in urine 0.337 μg/mL. Recovery studies were performed by spiking urine and mushroom samples with α-amanitin, and these confirmed the desirable accuracy and practical applicability of our method. The α-amanitin and aptamer recognition sites and binding pockets were investigated in an in vitro molecular docking environment, and the main binding bases of both were T3, G4, C5, T6, T7, C67, and A68. This study truncated the α-amanitin aptamer and proposes a method of detecting α-amanitin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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15 pages, 3460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Optimization of Extraction Process, Antioxidant, Whitening and Antibacterial Effects of Fengdan Peony Flavonoids

by Jie Lu, Zhiqiang Huang, Yusheng Liu, Huimin Wang, Min Qiu, Yinghui Qu and Wenpeng Yuan

Molecules 2022, 27(2), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020506 - 14 Jan 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3555

Abstract

Flavonoids have important biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and whitening, which is a potential functional food raw material. However, the biological activity of Fengdan peony flavonoid is not particularly clear. Therefore, in this study, the peony flavonoid was extracted from Fengdan [...] Read more.

Flavonoids have important biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and whitening, which is a potential functional food raw material. However, the biological activity of Fengdan peony flavonoid is not particularly clear. Therefore, in this study, the peony flavonoid was extracted from Fengdan peony seed meal, and the antioxidant, antibacterial and whitening activities of the peony flavonoid were explored. The optimal extraction conditions were methanol concentration of 90%, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:35 g:mL, temperature of 55 °C and time of 80 min; under these conditions, the yield of Fengdan peony flavonoid could reach 1.205 ± 0.019% (the ratio of the dry mass of rutin to the dry mass of peony seed meal). The clearance of Fengdan peony total flavonoids to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, hydroxyl radical and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical could reach 75%, 70% and 97%, respectively. Fengdan peony flavonoid could inhibit the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Fengdan peony flavonoid on S. aureus, B. anthracis, B. subtilis and C. perfringens were 0.0293 mg/mL, 0.1172 mg/mL, 0.2344 mg/mL and 7.500 mg/mL, respectively. The inhibition rate of Fengdan peony flavonoid on tyrosinase was 8.53–81.08%. This study intensely illustrated that the antioxidant, whitening and antibacterial activity of Fengdan peony total flavonoids were significant. Fengdan peony total flavonoids have a great possibility of being used as functional food materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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11 pages, 601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Method for Obtaining a Bioactive Essence Extracted from Iberian Ham Fat Rich in MUFA and Antioxidants

by Eva Bruna-García, Beatriz Isabel Redondo and Marta Miguel Castro

Molecules 2022, 27(2), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020428 - 10 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2052

Abstract

Iberian ham is one of the most representative Spanish products and presents an excellent nutritional and sensory quality. Iberian ham trimming fat is considered a by-product and to give a new use to this remaining part could represent a healthy and innovative option [...] Read more.

Iberian ham is one of the most representative Spanish products and presents an excellent nutritional and sensory quality. Iberian ham trimming fat is considered a by-product and to give a new use to this remaining part could represent a healthy and innovative option for obtaining sustainable foods. The purpose of this work was to obtain a new bioactive ingredient from Iberian ham trimming fat with the highest amount of antioxidants and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), using a new non-invasive solvent-free method. To obtain the essence, two different extraction procedures were carried out. After fatty acid characterization, degree of acidity, peroxide index and a basic sensory analysis were performed. Antioxidant in vitro activity and total phenolic compounds (TPC) were also determined. This new ingredient showed a better sensory profile than raw ham fat, a lower degree of acidity, a higher content of MUFAs, and also showed a higher antioxidant capacity and an increase in phenolic compounds compared to the raw material. This bioactive essence could be used as a food, a cosmetic or a nutraceutical ingredient to prevent certain diseases related to oxidative stress and could also contribute to the maintenance of the circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precision Nutrition Model Predicts Glucose Control of Overweight Females Following the Consumption of Potatoes High in Resistant Starch

by Joy V. Nolte Fong, Derek Miketinas, Linda W. Moore, Duc T. Nguyen, Edward A. Graviss, Nadim Ajami and Mindy A. Patterson

Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020268 - 9 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4541

Abstract

Individual glycemic responses following dietary intake result from complex physiological processes, and can be influenced by physical properties of foods, such as increased resistant starch (RS) from starch retrogradation. Predictive equations are needed to provide personalized dietary recommendations to reduce chronic disease development. [...] Read more.

Individual glycemic responses following dietary intake result from complex physiological processes, and can be influenced by physical properties of foods, such as increased resistant starch (RS) from starch retrogradation. Predictive equations are needed to provide personalized dietary recommendations to reduce chronic disease development. Therefore, a precision nutrition model predicting the postprandial glucose response (PPGR) in overweight women following the consumption of potatoes was formulated. Thirty overweight women participated in this randomized crossover trial. Participants consumed 250 g of hot (9.2 g RS) or cold (13.7 g RS) potatoes on two separate occasions. Baseline characteristics included demographics, 10-day dietary records, body composition, and the relative abundance (RA) and α-diversity of gut microbiota. Elastic net regression using 5-fold cross-validation predicted PPGR after potato intake. Most participants (70%) had a favorable PPGR to the cold potato. The model explained 32.2% of the variance in PPGR with the equation: 547.65 × (0 [if cold, high-RS potato], ×1, if hot, low-RS potato]) + (BMI [kg/m²] × 40.66)—(insoluble fiber [g] × 49.35) + (Bacteroides [RA] × 8.69)—(Faecalibacterium [RA] × 73.49)—(Parabacteroides [RA] × 42.08) + (α-diversity × 110.87) + 292.52. This model improves the understanding of baseline characteristics that explain interpersonal variation in PPGR following potato intake and offers a tool to optimize dietary recommendations for a commonly consumed food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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18 pages, 2717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Baicalein and Chrysin on the Structure and Functional Properties of β-Lactoglobulin

by Ang Li, Lei Chen, Weijie Zhou, Junhui Pan, Deming Gong and Guowen Zhang

Foods 2022, 11(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11020165 - 9 Jan 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2555

Abstract

Two flavonoids with similar structures, baicalein (Bai) and chrysin (Chr), were selected to investigate the interactions with β-lactoglobulin (BLG) and the influences on the structure and functional properties of BLG by multispectral methods combined with molecular docking and dynamic (MD) simulation techniques. The [...] Read more.

Two flavonoids with similar structures, baicalein (Bai) and chrysin (Chr), were selected to investigate the interactions with β-lactoglobulin (BLG) and the influences on the structure and functional properties of BLG by multispectral methods combined with molecular docking and dynamic (MD) simulation techniques. The results of fluorescence quenching suggested that both Bai and Chr interacted with BLG to form complexes with the binding constant of the magnitude of 10⁵ L·mol⁻¹. The binding affinity between BLG and Bai was stronger than that of Chr due to more hydrogen bond formation in Bai–BLG binding. The existence of Bai or Chr induced a looser conformation of BLG, but Chr had a greater effect on the secondary structure of BLG. The surface hydrophobicity and free sulfhydryl group content of BLG lessened due to the presence of the two flavonoids. Molecular docking was performed at the binding site of Bai or Chr located in the surface of BLG, and hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bond actuated the formation of the Bai/Chr–BLG complex. Molecular dynamics simulation verified that the combination of Chr and BLG decreased the stability of BLG, while Bai had little effect on it. Moreover, the foaming properties of BLG got better in the presence of the two flavonoids compounds and Bai improved its emulsification stability of the protein, but Chr had the opposite effect. This work provides a new idea for the development of novel dietary supplements using functional proteins as flavonoid delivery vectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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14 pages, 758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Greenness Assessment of HPLC Method for Studying the Pharmacokinetics of Co-Administered Metformin and Papaya Extract

by Mohamed A. Abdelgawad, Mohammed Elmowafy, Arafa Musa, Mohammad M. Al-Sanea, AbdElAziz A. Nayl, Mohammed M. Ghoneim, Yasmine M. Ahmed, Hossam M. Hassan, Asmaa M. AboulMagd, Heba F. Salem and Nada S. Abdelwahab

Molecules 2022, 27(2), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020375 - 7 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2875

Abstract

Foods with medical value have been proven to be beneficial, and they are extensively employed since they integrate two essential elements: food and medication. Accordingly, diabetic patients can benefit from papaya because the fruit is low in sugar and high in antioxidants. An [...] Read more.

Foods with medical value have been proven to be beneficial, and they are extensively employed since they integrate two essential elements: food and medication. Accordingly, diabetic patients can benefit from papaya because the fruit is low in sugar and high in antioxidants. An RP-HPLC method was designed for studying the pharmacokinetics of metformin (MET) when concurrently administered with papaya extract. A mobile phase of 0.5 mM of KH₂PO₄ solution and methanol (65:35, v/v), pH = 5 ± 0.2 using aqueous phosphoric acid and NaOH, and guaifenesin (GUF) were used as an internal standard. To perform non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis, the Pharmacokinetic program (PK Solver) was used. The method’s greenness was analyzed using two tools: the Analytical GREEnness calculator and the RGB additive color model. Taking papaya with MET improved the rate of absorption substantially (time for reaching maximum concentration (T_max) significantly decreased by 75% while maximum plasma concentration (C_max) increased by 7.33%). The extent of absorption reduced by 22.90%. Furthermore, the amount of medication distributed increased (30.83 L for MET concurrently used with papaya extract versus 24.25 L for MET used alone) and the clearance rate rose by roughly 13.50%. The results of the greenness assessment indicated that the method is environmentally friendly. Taking papaya with MET changed the pharmacokinetics of the drug dramatically. Hence, this combination will be particularly effective in maintaining quick blood glucose control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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27 pages, 2040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) and Its Bioactive Compounds Protect Human Lung Epithelial A549 Cells from Oxidative Injury Induced by Particulate Matter via Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

by Chin-Chen Chu, Shih-Ying Chen, Charng-Cherng Chyau, Shu-Chen Wang, Heuy-Ling Chu and Pin-Der Duh

Molecules 2022, 27(1), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010253 - 31 Dec 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3045

Abstract

The protective effects of water extracts of djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) (WECF) and their bioactive compounds on particulate matter (PM)-induced oxidative injury in A549 cells via the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling were investigated. WECF at 50–300 µg/mL protected A549 [...] Read more.

The protective effects of water extracts of djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) (WECF) and their bioactive compounds on particulate matter (PM)-induced oxidative injury in A549 cells via the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling were investigated. WECF at 50–300 µg/mL protected A549 cells from PM-induced cytotoxicity. The cytoprotection of WECF was associated with decreases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) contents. WECF increased Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in A549 cells exposed to PM. SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) and U0126 (an ERK inhibitor) attenuated the WECF-induced Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. According to the HPLC-MS/MS analysis, rutin (2219.7 µg/g) and quercetin derivatives (2648.2 µg/g) were the most abundant bioactive compounds present in WECF. Rutin and quercetin ameliorated PM-induced oxidative stress in the cells. Collectively, the bioactive compounds present in WECF can protect A549 cells from PM-induced oxidative injury by upregulating Nrf2 and HO-1 via activation of the ERK and JUN signaling pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 2586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Herbal Concoction of Cinnamomum cassia and Artemisa annua Extracts Ameliorates Allergic Rhinitis in OVA-Induced Balb/C Mice by Inhibiting Th2 Signaling

by Chuhyun Bae, Jisoo Kim, Soodong Park, Jaejung Shim and Junglyoul Lee

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010340 - 30 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2080

Abstract

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory airway disease (IAD) that is characterized by itching, nasal obstruction, and sneezing. AR is induced by Th-2 inflammatory responses such as those mediated by IgE and IL-4. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of an [...] Read more.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory airway disease (IAD) that is characterized by itching, nasal obstruction, and sneezing. AR is induced by Th-2 inflammatory responses such as those mediated by IgE and IL-4. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of an herbal concoction, which is a combination of Cinnamomum cassia and Artemisa annua extracts (CIAR) against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic rhinitis in a Balb/C mouse model. The effect of CIAR on the Th-2 mediated inflammatory response in the AR mouse model was studied by analyzing blood or nasal fluid samples. Experimental results revealed that OVA inhalation increased IgE, IL-4, IL-33, and TSLP levels, leading to Th2-type cytokine response. CIAR was found to significantly reduce the Th-2 response and levels of cytokines, including IL-4, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). CIAR also down-regulated eosinophil (EOS) and basophil (BASO) levels in the blood. Histological analyses demonstrated decreased OVA-induced thickness of the respiratory epithelium in the CIAR-treated group. Collectively, our results suggest that the herbal concoction CIAR can effectively ameliorate the development of allergic rhinitis through the inhibition of Th-2 mediated responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 2059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of High-Intensity Ultrasound Pretreatment on Structure, Properties, and Enzymolysis of Walnut Protein Isolate

by Fei Zhao, Xiaosong Zhai, Xuemei Liu, Meng Lian, Guoting Liang, Jingxiang Cui, Haizhou Dong and Wentao Wang

Molecules 2022, 27(1), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010208 - 30 Dec 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3011

Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of high-intensity ultrasonication (HIU) pretreatment before enzymolysis on structural conformations of walnut protein isolate (WPI) and antioxidant activity of its hydrolysates. Aqueous WPI suspensions were subjected to ultrasonic processing at different power levels [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of high-intensity ultrasonication (HIU) pretreatment before enzymolysis on structural conformations of walnut protein isolate (WPI) and antioxidant activity of its hydrolysates. Aqueous WPI suspensions were subjected to ultrasonic processing at different power levels (600–2000 W) and times (5–30 min), and then changes in the particle size, zeta (ζ) potential, and structure of WPI were investigated, and antioxidant activity of its hydrolysates was determined. The particle size of the particles of aqueous WPI suspensions was decreased after ultrasound, indicating that sonication destroyed protein aggregates. The ζ-potential values of a protein solution significantly changed after sonication, demonstrating that the original dense structure of the protein was destroyed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated a change in the secondary structure of WPI after sonication, with a decrease in β-turn and an increase in α-helix, β-sheet, and random coil content. Two absorption peaks of WPI were generated, and the fluorescence emission intensity of the proteins decreased after ultrasonic treatment, indicating that the changes in protein tertiary structure occurred. Moreover, the degree of hydrolysis and the antioxidant activity of the WPI hydrolysates increased after sonication. These results suggest that HIU pretreatment is a potential tool for improving the functional properties of walnut proteins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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15 pages, 1893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibitory Effect and Potential Mechanism of Lactobacillus plantarum YE4 against Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4

by Jia Sha, Jiajia Song, Yechuan Huang, Yuhong Zhang, Hongwei Wang, Yu Zhang and Huayi Suo

Foods 2022, 11(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11010080 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2220

Abstract

This study investigated the inhibitory effect and mechanism of 12 LAB strains isolated from Chinese fermented foods on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) using the Caco-2 cell model. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of cell-free extracts (CFEs) collected from each LAB strain on [...] Read more.

This study investigated the inhibitory effect and mechanism of 12 LAB strains isolated from Chinese fermented foods on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) using the Caco-2 cell model. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of cell-free extracts (CFEs) collected from each LAB strain on DPP-4 was higher than that of the cell-free excretory supernatants. The CFEs from Lactobacillus plantarum YE4 (YE4-CFE) exhibited the strongest DPP-4 inhibitory activity (24.33% inhibition). Furthermore, YE4-CFE altered the TNF and MAPK signaling pathways. Additionally, the YE4-CFE ultrafiltration fraction (<3 kDa) displayed a similar DPP-4 inhibitory activity to YE4-CFE. UHPLC-MS/MS identified 19 compounds with a relative proportion of more than 1% in the <3 kDa fraction, and adenine, acetylcholine, and L-phenylalanine were the top three substances in terms of proportion. Altogether, the inhibitory effect of YE4-CFE on DPP-4 was associated with the TNF and MAPK signaling pathways, and with the high proportion of adenine, acetylcholine, and L-phenylalanine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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14 pages, 2913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trapa japonica Flerov Extract Prevents Obesity by Regulating Adipogenesis and Lipolysis in Differentiated 3T3-L1 Cells

by Soo-Jeung Park, Minhee Lee, Ki-Young Kim, Su Shin, Min-Woo Choi, Eun-Jin Hong and Jeongmin Lee

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010290 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2370

Abstract

Our study investigated that the anti-obesity effect of the Trapa japonica Flerov extract (TJ) in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To this end, 3T3-L1 cells were treated with TJ during their differentiation period. On the last day of the cell culture, we tested intracellular cAMP, [...] Read more.

Our study investigated that the anti-obesity effect of the Trapa japonica Flerov extract (TJ) in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To this end, 3T3-L1 cells were treated with TJ during their differentiation period. On the last day of the cell culture, we tested intracellular cAMP, FA, glycerol release, TG, and performed Oil Red O staining and Western blot assays. On the part of adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis mechanism, TJ increased the cAMP (maximum 125.4%) levels and glycerol release (maximum four times) and decreased FA (maximum 35.1%) and TG (maximum 35.7%) levels. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of each mechanism-related factor were regulated in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that TJ reduced lipid accumulation by max 53.6% and 47.9%, respectively, in adipogenesis and lipolysis mechanisms. We expect this effect of TJ to be due to its component, ellagic acid. In conclusion, we found that TJ inhibits TG synthesis during adipogenesis and lipogenesis, promotes lipolysis, and thus, indicating its potential as a functional food for obesity prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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8 pages, 248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mothers in Need of Lactation Support May Benefit from Early Postnatal Galactagogue Administration: Experience from a Single Center

by Eleni Karapati, Alma Sulaj, Adamantia Krepi, Abraham Pouliakis, Nicoletta Iacovidou, Stella Paliatsiou, Rozeta Sokou, Paraskevi Volaki, Theodora Boutsikou and Zoi Iliodromiti

Nutrients 2022, 14(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010140 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3246

Abstract

Background: Galactagogues are substances that promote lactation, although data on their effects on humans remain limited. We investigated the efficacy of Silitidil to increase milk supply and duration of breastfeeding of a specific subgroup of mothers in need of lactation support. Methods: 161 [...] Read more.

Background: Galactagogues are substances that promote lactation, although data on their effects on humans remain limited. We investigated the efficacy of Silitidil to increase milk supply and duration of breastfeeding of a specific subgroup of mothers in need of lactation support. Methods: 161 mothers from November 2018 until January 2021 were the study subjects in this retrospective study; during their hospitalization, due to neonatal or maternal factors that inhibited lactation, they were prescribed galactagogues. Mothers were surveyed by telephone interview via a 13-item questionnaire. Results: 73.91%, were primigravidas, 78.26% gave birth by cesarean section (CS) and 72.05% continued to take galactagogues after hospital discharge. Of the neonates, 24.22% were preterm ≤37 weeks of gestation, and 55.9% had birth weight (BW) between 2500 and 3500 g. With respect to breastfeeding rates, 100% were breastfed during their first week, 98.8% breastfed during the first month, 87% during the first 4 months, dropping to 56.5% at 6 months, 41% at 1 year and 19.3% over 1 year of age. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that administration of a galactagogue containing Silitidil (Piulatte-Humana) improves breastfeeding rates at from 1 until 12 months of life in mothers with low milk supply during their hospital stay. Further studies are needed to generate evidence-based strategies to improve breastfeeding outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

14 pages, 4812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Germination Black Soy Milk Fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 on Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Melanogenesis

by Te-Hua Liu, Wei-Ting Chiang, Meng-Chun Cheng and Tsung-Yu Tsai

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010277 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3224

Abstract

Black soybean germination or fermentation increases active ingredient bioavailability and anti-oxidative activity. This study investigated the effects of fermented and germinated black soy milk on anti-oxidation and melanogenesis inhibition. The total phenolic content (TPC; 42.66 ± 1.65 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and total [...] Read more.

Black soybean germination or fermentation increases active ingredient bioavailability and anti-oxidative activity. This study investigated the effects of fermented and germinated black soy milk on anti-oxidation and melanogenesis inhibition. The total phenolic content (TPC; 42.66 ± 1.65 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and total flavonoid content (TFC; 5.43 ± 0.54 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g) in ethanol extracts from Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 (TWK10)-fermented nongermination black soy milk (FNGB) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in ethanol extracts from nonfermented-nongermination black soy milk (NNGB). Although the TPC of ethanol extracts from nonfermented-germination black soy milk (NGB) and fermented-germination black soy milk (FGB) were not significantly different (p > 0.05), the TFC of FGB (1.79 ± 0.08 mg QE/g) was significantly higher than that of NGB (p < 0.05). The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of ethanol extracts from NNGB, FNGB, NGB, and FGB was significantly higher than that of water extracts at 10 mg/mL (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ethanol extracts from both FNGB and FGB significantly reduced the melanin content in zebrafish embryos at 100 µg/mL (p < 0.05) without causing death, malformation or bradycardia. Overall, the antioxidant activity of black soy milk significantly increased after TWK10 fermentation; moreover, ethanol extracts from FNGB and FGB could inhibit melanogenesis, indicating their potential as whitening ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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21 pages, 1833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ethnopharmacological Survey and Comparative Study of the Healing Activity of Moroccan Thyme Honey and Its Mixture with Selected Essential Oils on Two Types of Wounds on Albino Rabbits

by Mouna Mekkaoui, Hamza Assaggaf, Ahmed Qasem, Adel El-Shemi, Emad M. Abdallah, El Houcine Bouidida, Hanae Naceiri Mrabti, Yahya Cherrah and Katim Alaoui

Foods 2022, 11(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11010028 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4608

Abstract

Wound healing consists of several continuous phases involving various cells and chemical intermediates. As a rich source of nutrition elements, honey has proved to have potential benefits in the treatment of various diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the healing effect [...] Read more.

Wound healing consists of several continuous phases involving various cells and chemical intermediates. As a rich source of nutrition elements, honey has proved to have potential benefits in the treatment of various diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the healing effect of a honey mixture with selected essential oils on chemical and thermal wound models in rabbits. Dressing mixtures of Thymus vulgaris honey with three essential oils (Origanum vulgare, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Thymus vulgaris) were prepared and applied daily in the treatment groups. These essential oils were rich in phytochemicals and had significant antibacterial activity against four selected ATCC bacterial strains. Madecasol ointment was used as a standard control. The healing effect of the mixtures was evaluated by measuring wound surface area and comparing healing time. The results showed that the healing rate in the treatment groups was significantly higher than that of the untreated group and standard group. The best healing effect for burns was seen in the mixture of honey and Thymus vulgaris essential oil, which had wound closure rates of 85.21% and 82.14% in thermal- and chemical-induced burns, respectively, and showed the shortest healing time (14 days) in comparison to other groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that honey mixtures have significant beneficial effects on skin wound healing and, thus, they may be used as a healing agent in different types of wounds in humans after specific clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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14 pages, 5562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effect of Food Products Containing Prebiotics and Bacillus subtilis HU58 on the Gut Microbial Community Activity and Community Composition Using an In Vitro M-SHIME^® Model

by Massimo Marzorati, Sarah Bubeck, Thomas Bayne, Kiran Krishnan and Aicacia Young

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11963; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411963 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5368

Abstract

GoodBiome™ Foods is a collection of foods infused with prebiotics, including inulin and xylooligosaccharides, and the probiotic Bacillus subtilis HU58. The effects of repeated intake of three predigested GoodBiome™ Foods products and one comparator product on microbial community activity and composition were assessed [...] Read more.

GoodBiome™ Foods is a collection of foods infused with prebiotics, including inulin and xylooligosaccharides, and the probiotic Bacillus subtilis HU58. The effects of repeated intake of three predigested GoodBiome™ Foods products and one comparator product on microbial community activity and composition were assessed using the mucosal simulator of the human intestinal microbial system (M-SHIME^®) platform with proximal colon (PC) and distal colon (DC) compartments and conducted under healthy gut conditions. Treatment with all test products increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) versus the control period in both the PC and DC. The highest increases were seen with the GoodBiome™ Foods products. Ammonium and branched SCFA levels were also increased (versus the control period) in both compartments. Treatment with all test products enhanced the Simpson diversity index (versus the control period), reaching significance for all test products in the PC (p < 0.05). Treatment with all test products resulted in changes in the microbial community composition. The relative abundance increased for Proteobacteria and decreased for Actinobacteria in the PC and DC. Repeated intake of GoodBiome™ Food products increased SCFA production and microbial diversity in an M-SHIME^® model of the human intestinal microbiome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Addition of Dried Dandelion Roots (Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg.) on Wheat Dough and Bread Properties

by Grażyna Cacak-Pietrzak, Dariusz Dziki, Urszula Gawlik-Dziki, Alicja Sułek, Stanisław Kalisz and Katarzyna Sujka

Molecules 2021, 26(24), 7564; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247564 - 14 Dec 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3923

Abstract

Dried and crushed dandelion roots (Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg.) (TO) were used as a formulation additive (at the amount of 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 g 100 g⁻¹ flour) to wheat bread. The farinographic properties of the dough [...] Read more.

Dried and crushed dandelion roots (Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg.) (TO) were used as a formulation additive (at the amount of 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 g 100 g⁻¹ flour) to wheat bread. The farinographic properties of the dough and the physical and chemical properties of the bread were evaluated. It was found that the addition of dried flour caused a significant decrease in water absorption by the flour (1% and higher TO level), an increase in the development time (from 2% to 5% TO addition) and dough stability (3% and 4% TO level), and an increase in dough softening (4% and higher TO level). As the substitution of TO for wheat flour increased, there was a gradual decrease in loaf volume, an increase in specific weight and crumb hardness, and a darkening of the crumb color. The total polyphenol content increased linearly with the percentage increase of dried root additions TO from 0.290 to 0.394 mg GAE g⁻¹ d.m_., which translated into an increase in the antioxidant activity of the bread. It was found that dried crushed roots of Taraxacum officinale can be a recipe additive for wheat bread; however, due to their specific smell and bitter aftertaste, the level of this additive should not exceed 3 g 100 g⁻¹ flour. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 1985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Overexpression of YALI0B07117g Results in Enhanced Erythritol Synthesis from Glycerol by the Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

by Mateusz Szczepańczyk, Dorota A. Rzechonek, Adam Dobrowolski and Aleksandra M. Mirończuk

Molecules 2021, 26(24), 7549; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247549 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3091

Abstract

The unconventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is used to produce erythritol from glycerol. In this study, the role of the erythrose reductase (ER) homolog YALI0B07117g in erythritol synthesis was analyzed. The deletion of the gene resulted in an increased production of mannitol (308%) and [...] Read more.

The unconventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is used to produce erythritol from glycerol. In this study, the role of the erythrose reductase (ER) homolog YALI0B07117g in erythritol synthesis was analyzed. The deletion of the gene resulted in an increased production of mannitol (308%) and arabitol (204%) before the utilization of these polyols began. The strain overexpressing the YALI0B07117g gene was used to increase the erythritol yield from glycerol as a sole carbon source in batch cultures, resulting in a yield of 0.4 g/g. The specific consumption rate (qs) increased from 5.83 g/g/L for the WT strain to 8.49 g/g/L for the modified strain and the productivity of erythritol increased from 0.28 g/(L h) for the A101 strain to 0.41 g/(L h) for the modified strain. The application of the research may prove positive for shortening the cultivation time due to the increased rate of consumption of the substrate combined with the increased parameters of erythritol synthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 1916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Water Extracts from Oxidation-Treated Leaves and Branches of Hovenia dulcis Has Anti-Hangover and Liver Protective Effects in Binge Alcohol Intake of Male Mice

by Jihyun Je, Miyoung Song, Ji Hyeong Baek, Jae Soon Kang, Hye Jin Chung, Kwonsu Lee, Sang Won Park and Hyun Joon Kim

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4404; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124404 - 9 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4839

Abstract

Hovenia dulcis, known as the oriental raisin tree, is used for food supplements and traditional medicine for the liver after alcohol-related symptoms. However, little information exists about the use of its leaves and branches. In this study, we established a method to [...] Read more.

Hovenia dulcis, known as the oriental raisin tree, is used for food supplements and traditional medicine for the liver after alcohol-related symptoms. However, little information exists about the use of its leaves and branches. In this study, we established a method to use the leaves and branches to develop anti-hangover treatment and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Oxidation-treated leaves (OL) exhibited high antioxidant content comparable to that of the peduncles and showed an anti-hangover effect in male mice. The branch extract (BE) was enriched in the flavonoid catechin, approximately five times more than OL extract. The mixture of OL and BE (OLB) was formulated in a 2:1 ratio with frozen-dried extract weight and was tested for anti-hangover effects and protective properties against binge alcohol-induced liver injury. OLB showed better anti-hangover effect than OL. In addition to this anti-hangover effect, OLB protected the liver from oxidative/nitrosative damage induced by binge alcohol intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 1846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Major Flavonoids among Parts of Lactuca indica during Different Growth Periods

by Junfeng Hao, Yuyu Li, Yushan Jia, Zhijun Wang, Rong Rong, Jian Bao, Muqier Zhao, Zhihui Fu and Gentu Ge

Molecules 2021, 26(24), 7445; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247445 - 8 Dec 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3757

Abstract

L. indica L. cv. Mengzao, a medicinal plant of the Ixeris genus, is rich in flavonoids. In order to thoroughly analyze the the distribution and dynamic change of major flavonoids in its various parts from different growth periods, the flavonoids extracted from L. [...] Read more.

L. indica L. cv. Mengzao, a medicinal plant of the Ixeris genus, is rich in flavonoids. In order to thoroughly analyze the the distribution and dynamic change of major flavonoids in its various parts from different growth periods, the flavonoids extracted from L. indica L. cv. Mengzao were identified and quantitatively analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Results indicated that 15 flavonoids were identified from L. indica L. cv. Mengzao, and rutin, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, and apigenin are the major flavonoids in L. indica L. cv. Mengzao. In general, the total flavonoids’ content in different parts of L. indica L. cv. Mengzao followed the order flowers > leaves > stems > roots. Flowers and leaves are the main harvesting parts of L. indica L. cv. Mengzao, and the flowering period is the most suitable harvesting period. This study provides valuable information for the development and utilization of L. indica L. cv. Mengzao and determined the best part to harvest and the optimal time for harvesting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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15 pages, 3667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strain-Specific Identification and In Vivo Immunomodulatory Activity of Heat-Killed Latilactobacillus sakei K040706

by Kyung-Sook Chung, Jae Woong Choi, Ji-Sun Shin, Seo-Yeon Kim, Hee-Soo Han, Su-Yeon Kim, Kwang-Young Lee, Joo-Yeon Kang, Chang-Won Cho, Hee-Do Hong, Young Kyoung Rhee and Kyung-Tae Lee

Foods 2021, 10(12), 3034; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10123034 - 7 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3354

Abstract

We previously reported that the immunostimulatory activity of heat-killed Latilactobacillus sakei K040706 in macrophages and cyclophosphamide (CTX)-treated mice. However, identification of heat-killed L. sakei K040706 (heat-killed LS06) using a validated method is not yet reported. Further, the underlying molecular mechanisms for its immunostimulatory [...] Read more.

We previously reported that the immunostimulatory activity of heat-killed Latilactobacillus sakei K040706 in macrophages and cyclophosphamide (CTX)-treated mice. However, identification of heat-killed L. sakei K040706 (heat-killed LS06) using a validated method is not yet reported. Further, the underlying molecular mechanisms for its immunostimulatory effects in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice remain unknown. In this study, we developed strain-specific genetic markers to detect heat-killed L. sakei LS06. The lower detection limit of the validated primer set was 2.1 × 10⁵ colony forming units (CFU)/mL for the heat-killed LS06 assay. Moreover, oral administration of heat-killed LS06 (10⁸ or 10⁹ CFU/day, p.o.) effectively improved the body loss, thymus index, natural killer cell activity, granzyme B production, and T and B cell proliferation in CTX-treated mice. In addition, heat-killed LS06 enhanced CTX-reduced immune-related cytokine (interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-12) production and mRNA expression. Heat-killed LS06 also recovered CTX-altered microbiota composition, including the phylum levels of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria and the family levels of Muribaculaceae, Prevotellaceae, Tannerellaceae, Christensenellaceae, Gracilibacteraceae, and Hungateiclostridiaceae. In conclusion, since heat-killed L. sakei K040706 ameliorated CTX-induced immunosuppression and modulated gut microbiota composition, they have the potential to be used in functional foods for immune regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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16 pages, 17920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hesperidin Reduces Memory Impairment Associated with Adult Rat Hippocampal Neurogenesis Triggered by Valproic Acid

by Anusara Aranarochana, Soraya Kaewngam, Tanaporn Anosri, Apiwat Sirichoat, Wanassanun Pannangrong, Peter Wigmore and Jariya Umka Welbat

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4364; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124364 - 4 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3704

Abstract

Treatment with valproic acid (VPA) deteriorates hippocampal neurogenesis, which leads to memory impairment. Hesperidin (Hsd) is a plant-based bioflavonoid that can augment learning and memory. This study aimed to understand the effect of Hsd on the impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis and memory caused [...] Read more.

Treatment with valproic acid (VPA) deteriorates hippocampal neurogenesis, which leads to memory impairment. Hesperidin (Hsd) is a plant-based bioflavonoid that can augment learning and memory. This study aimed to understand the effect of Hsd on the impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis and memory caused by VPA. The VPA (300 mg/kg) was administered by intraperitoneal injection twice daily for 14 days, and Hsd (100 mg/kg/day) was administered by oral gavage once a day for 21 days. All rats underwent memory evaluation using the novel object location (NOL) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests. Immunofluorescent staining of Ki-67, BrdU/NeuN, and doublecortin (DCX) was applied to determine hippocampal neurogenesis in cell proliferation, neuronal survival, and population of the immature neurons, respectively. VPA-treated rats showed memory impairments in both memory tests. These impairments resulted from VPA-induced decreases in the number of Ki-67-, BrdU/NeuN-, and DCX-positive cells in the hippocampus, leading to memory loss. Nevertheless, the behavioral expression in the co-administration group was improved. After receiving co-administration with VPA and Hsd, the numbers of Ki-67-, BrdU/NeuN-, and DCX-positive cells were improved to the normal levels. These findings suggest that Hsd can reduce the VPA-induced hippocampal neurogenesis down-regulation that results in memory impairments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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15 pages, 1984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Phytochemical and Nutrimental Composition of Dark Chia Seed (Salvia hispánica L.)

by Avilene Rodríguez Lara, María Dolores Mesa-García, Karla Alejandra Damián Medina, Rosa Quirantes Piné, Rafael A. Casuso, Antonio Segura Carretero and Jesús Rodríguez Huertas

Foods 2021, 10(12), 3001; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10123001 - 4 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4538

Abstract

Chia seeds are rich sources of different macro and micronutrients associated with health benefits; thus, they may be considered as a functional food. However, the composition depends on the variety, origin, climate and soil. Here, we show a comprehensive characterization of extractable and [...] Read more.

Chia seeds are rich sources of different macro and micronutrients associated with health benefits; thus, they may be considered as a functional food. However, the composition depends on the variety, origin, climate and soil. Here, we show a comprehensive characterization of extractable and non-extractable phenolic compounds of dark chia seed Salvia hispanica L. using high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–quadrupole time-of-flight (HPLC-ESI-QTOF) and discuss potential health benefits associated with the presence of a number of nutritional and bioactive compounds. We report that dark chia from Jalisco is a high-fiber food, containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids (phenylalanine and tryptophan), and nucleosides (adenosine, guanidine and uridine), and rich in antioxidant phenolic compounds, mainly caffeic acid metabolites. Our data suggest that chia seeds may be used as ingredients for the development of functional foods and dietary supplements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 4895 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microalgae: Potential for Bioeconomy in Food Systems

by Elwi Machado Sierra, María C. Serrano, Anderson Manares, Abraham Guerra and Yani Aranguren Díaz

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11316; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311316 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4553

Abstract

The efficient use of natural resources is essential for the planet’s sustainability and ensuring food security. Colombia’s large availability of water resources in combination with its climatic characteristics allows for the development of many microalgae species. The use of microalgae can potentially contribute [...] Read more.

The efficient use of natural resources is essential for the planet’s sustainability and ensuring food security. Colombia’s large availability of water resources in combination with its climatic characteristics allows for the development of many microalgae species. The use of microalgae can potentially contribute to sustainable production in support of the agri-food sector. The nutritional composition (proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins, pigments, and antioxidants) of microalgae along with the ease of producing high biomass yields make them an excellent choice for human and animal nutrition and agriculture. Several species of microalgae have been studied seeking to develop food supplements for pigs, ruminants, poultry, fish, crustaceans, rabbits, and even bees. Important benefits to animal health, production, and improved bromatological and organoleptic characteristics of milk, meat, and eggs have been observed. Based on the functional properties of some microalgae species, foods and supplements have also been developed for human nutrition. Moreover, because microalgae contain essential nutrients, they can be utilized as biofertilizers by replacing chemical fertilizers, which are detrimental to the environment. In view of the above, the study of microalgae is a promising research area for the development of biotechnology and bioeconomy in Colombia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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14 pages, 1740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochar-Improved Growth and Physiology of Ehretia asperula under Water-Deficit Condition

by Thi-Lan-Huong Hoang, Dong-Cheol Jang, Quang-Tin Nguyen, Won-Ho Na, Il-Seop Kim and Ngoc-Thang Vu

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 10685; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210685 - 12 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2227

Abstract

Ehretia asperula’s physiological responses to growth performance following oak-wood biochar application under water stress conditions (WSC) and no water stress conditions (non-WSC) were investigated in a pot experiment. Biochar (WB) was incorporated into the soil at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, [...] Read more.

Ehretia asperula’s physiological responses to growth performance following oak-wood biochar application under water stress conditions (WSC) and no water stress conditions (non-WSC) were investigated in a pot experiment. Biochar (WB) was incorporated into the soil at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 tons ha⁻¹ before transplanting Ehretia asperula in the pots. One month after transplanting, Ehretia asperula plants were put under water stress by withholding water for ten days. Water stress significantly decreased the growth and physiology of Ehretia asperula. Under WSC, the application of WB at the concentrations of 15 and 20 tons ha⁻¹ to the soil increased the plant height; number of leaves; fresh and dry weight of the roots, shoots, and leaves; F_v/F_m; chlorophyll content; leaf relative water content; and soil moisture as well as decreased the relative ion leakage. The application of WB enhanced drought tolerance in Ehretia asperula plants by lowering the wilting point. The findings suggest that WB application at the concentration of 15 tons ha⁻¹ could be recommended for ensuring the best physiological responses and highest growth of Ehretia asperula plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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16 pages, 1582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Insights into the Antioxidant Compounds of Achenes and Sprouted Buckwheat Cultivated in the Republic of Moldova

by Caterina Dumitru, Rodica Mihaela Dinica, Gabriela-Elena Bahrim, Camelia Vizireanu, Liliana Baroiu, Alina Viorica Iancu and Miruna Draganescu

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10230; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110230 - 1 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2410

Abstract

It is well known that both Fagopyrum esculentum species, buckwheat achenes and buckwheat germs, contain flavonoids, and that they can be considered functional foods. In the present study we have analyzed the total content of polyphenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC), as well as [...] Read more.

It is well known that both Fagopyrum esculentum species, buckwheat achenes and buckwheat germs, contain flavonoids, and that they can be considered functional foods. In the present study we have analyzed the total content of polyphenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC), as well as the antioxidant activity of buckwheat ahcenes originating from the Balti region, Republic of Moldova, and also of the buckwheat sprouts over seven days of germination. The content of phytochemicals in achenes and germinated buckwheat after three and seven days was determined by HPLC–MS analysis. Using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, we recorded an increase in TPC of 360%, and of 436% in TFC after seven days of buckwheat ahcene germination. We aimed to investigate the free radical scavenging properties of methanolic extracts from ahcenes and sprouted buckwheat. We identified and quantified flavonoids and lignans such as rutin, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, quercetin, quercitrin, isorhamnetin, lutein, apigenin, catechins, coumestrol—which have countless beneficial effects on human health—using HPLC–MS. FTIR analysis also revealed the accumulation of phenolic compounds during germination. This is the first study on the identification and quantification of phytochemicals from buckwheat achenes and sprouts from the Balti region of the Republic of Moldova. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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17 pages, 33989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vibrations Analysis of the Fruit-Pedicel System of Coffea arabica var. Castillo Using Time–Frequency and Wavelets Techniques

by Carlos I. Cardona, Hector A. Tinoco, Luis Perdomo-Hurtado, Juliana López-Guzmán and Daniel A. Pereira

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9346; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199346 - 8 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3079

Abstract

Colombian coffee production is well-known, and selective manual harvesting plays a vital task in guaranteeing high ripe coffee fruit rates in this process, leading to its known worldwide aroma and flavor. To maintain this quality approach, selective harvesting methods based on mechanical vibrations [...] Read more.

Colombian coffee production is well-known, and selective manual harvesting plays a vital task in guaranteeing high ripe coffee fruit rates in this process, leading to its known worldwide aroma and flavor. To maintain this quality approach, selective harvesting methods based on mechanical vibrations are a promising alternative for developing technologies that could accomplish the challenging Colombian coffee production context. In this study, a vibrations analysis in coffee fruits at three ripening stages was carried out to evaluate the dynamic behavior at two frequency windows: 10 to 100 Hz and 100 to 1000 Hz. Two groups of fruits previously classified in the CIELab color space were chosen for the vibration test study samples. Time and frequency signals were characterized via FFT (fast Fourier transform), and bump wavelets were determined to obtain the frequency–time magnitude scalograms. The measurements were obtained in three degrees of freedom over the fruits: one for measuring the input force (computed in voltage way) and the other two measured by the velocity. The results revealed frequency ranges with specific resonant peaks between 24 and 45 Hz, and close to 700 Hz, where the ripe fruits presented higher magnitudes in the calculated parameters. FFT of the velocity and scaled mechanical impedance were used to estimate these frequency ranges. This work is an important step to identify a “vibrational fingerprint” of each Coffea arabica var. Castillo fruit-ripening stage. However, we consider that more experiments should be performed to reconstruct the modal shape in each resonance. In future studies, fatigue analysis could show which are the most effective frequency ranges to detach the ripe fruits from the perspective of a real selective coffee-harvesting scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 2136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Fraction of Aronia melanocarpa Fruit Inhibits Adipogenic Differentiation of Cultured 3T3-L1 Cells

by Hwa-Young Lee, Kwang Sik Suh, Young Il Kim, Bong-Keun Jang, Bo-Hyung Kim and Sung-Vin Yim

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9224; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199224 - 3 Oct 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2795

Abstract

Obesity is caused by excessive fat cells and the overgrowth of adipocytes and is a major risk factor for several chronic illnesses. Aronia melanocarpa fruit is rich in anthocyanins and polyphenols and has protective effects against various diseases. In this study, we examined [...] Read more.

Obesity is caused by excessive fat cells and the overgrowth of adipocytes and is a major risk factor for several chronic illnesses. Aronia melanocarpa fruit is rich in anthocyanins and polyphenols and has protective effects against various diseases. In this study, we examined the effect of Aronia extract (Aronia bioactive fraction, ABF^®) on the biomarkers of the adipogenic pathway during adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Lipid accumulation was verified by Oil Red O staining. mRNA and protein expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were assayed by RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses. Adiponectin and leptin secretion were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. ABF^® treatment downregulated lipid accumulation based on Oil Red O staining. ABF^®-treated cells exhibited decreased mRNA and protein expression of LPL, C/EBPα, PPARγ, FABP2, and FAS. Moreover, ABF^® treatment significantly increased adiponectin secretion and decreased leptin secretion. In conclusion, ABF^® has anti-adipogenic effects on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and may be used as an anti-obesity nutraceutical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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7 pages, 2951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Triggered Release Behavior of Eugenol from Tobacco Leaf

by Xuyan Song, Min Wei, Xi Pan, Yunlu He, Xinjiao Cui, Xiaodi Du and Junsheng Li

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8642; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188642 - 17 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2539

Abstract

Fragrance is a commonly used substance in a number of commercial products, and fine control over the release behavior of the fragrance is essential for its successful application. Understanding the release behavior of the fragrance is the key to realizing the control of [...] Read more.

Fragrance is a commonly used substance in a number of commercial products, and fine control over the release behavior of the fragrance is essential for its successful application. Understanding the release behavior of the fragrance is the key to realizing the control of its release. Herein, we use tobacco leaf as the model substrate and investigate the mechanism of eugenol release from tobacco leaf. Our results show that interaction between eugenol and tobacco leaf is weak physical adsorption, and the eugenol release from tobacco leaf substrate is a temperature-dependent process. Further analysis on the release behavior reveals that eugenol release is closely associated with the morphology change of tobacco leaves under heating conditions. Our results provide insight into the release mechanism of fragrance from polymer substrate and may be useful for the future design of fragrance release systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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12 pages, 9221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Cell Toxicity of Waxy and Normal Wheat Sprouts at Various Germination Time

by Inhwa Han

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7755; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167755 - 23 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2431

Abstract

Germination is an effective process to improve the bioactivities including antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of grains, but its effect on waxy wheat has not yet been actively studied. This study, therefore, examined the effect of germination time on the activities of Korean waxy [...] Read more.

Germination is an effective process to improve the bioactivities including antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of grains, but its effect on waxy wheat has not yet been actively studied. This study, therefore, examined the effect of germination time on the activities of Korean waxy and normal wheat sprouts. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities of the waxy and normal wheat sprouts increased with germination time. Flavonoid content and antioxidant activity were higher in waxy wheat sprouts than in normal ones, but the total phenolic content and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were not significantly different. The NO production ratio of MEF cells was higher for waxy wheat sprout than for normal ones, thereby indicating lower anti-inflammatory activity of waxy wheat sprouts. The viabilities of Caco-2 cells treated with waxy wheat sprouts was higher than that of cells treated with normal ones for the water extract. These results imply that waxy wheat sprouts exhibit better antioxidant activity and less cell toxicity for water extract, and therefore, could be used as a health-promoting food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)

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