Prevalence Rate and Associated Risk Factors of Anaemia among under Five Years Children in Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Data
2.2. Response and Explanatory Variables
2.3. Independent Variables
2.4. Statistical Model
2.5. Cumulative Logit Model
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Summary
3.2. Cumulative Logit Model for Anaemia Status of under Five Years Age Children
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Amhara | Oromiya | SNNP | Total | |
Age (years) | mean (SD) | 2.617 (1.216) | 2.671 (1.222) | 2.742 (1.181) | 2.677 (1.211) |
Household size | mean (SD) | 5.526 (1.902) | 5.832 (1.987) | 5.905 (2.090) | 5.781 (1.999) |
Median alt. | mean (SD) | 2033.12 (408.83) | 1904.56 (377.62) | 1931.27 (366.9) | 1940.44 (385.74) |
Child malaria RDT | Positive, N (%) | 27 (2.72) | 24 (1.05) | 52 (4.83) | 103 (2.36) |
Negative, N (%) | 965 (97.28) | 2263 (98.95) | 1025 (95.17) | 4253 (97.64) | |
Gender | Male, N (%) | 495 (49.50) | 1155 (50.50) | 540 (50.14) | 2190 (50.28) |
Female, N (%) | 497 (50.10) | 1132 (49.50) | 337 (49.86) | 1966 (49.72) | |
Main source of drinking water | Unprotected, N (%) | 505 (50.91) | 1438 (62.88) | 586 (54.41) | 2529 (58.06) |
Protected, N (%) | 246 (24.80) | 346 (15.13) | 214 (19.87) | 806 (18.50) | |
Piped water, N (%) | 241 (24.29) | 503 (21.99) | 277 (25.72) | 1021 (23.44) | |
Type of toilet facility | Others, N (%) | 379 (38.21) | 1036 (45.30) | 130 (12.07) | 1545 (35.47) |
Pit latrine, N (%) | 360 (36.29) | 1055 (46.13) | 572 (53.11) | 1987 (45.62) | |
Flush and hanging toilets, N (%) | 253 (25.50) | 196 (8.57) | 375 (34.82) | 824 (18.92) | |
Household used mosquito nets | No, N (%) | 241 (24.29) | 1462 (63.93) | 627 (58.22) | 2330 (53.49) |
Yes, N (%) | 751 (75.71) | 825 (36.07) | 450 (41.78) | 2026 (46.51) | |
Household wealth status | Poorest, N (%) | 166 (16.73) | 675 (29.51) | 133 (12.35) | 974 (22.36) |
Second, N (%) | 227 (22.88) | 491 (22.47) | 254 (23.58) | 972 (22.31) | |
Middle, N (%) | 173 (17.44) | 357 (15.61) | 274 (25.44) | 804 (18.46) | |
Fourth, N (%) | 231 (23.29) | 376 (16.44) | 196 (18.20) | 803 (18.43) | |
Richest, N (%) | 195 (19.66) | 388 (16.97) | 220 (20.43) | 803 (18.43) | |
Child anaemia status | No anaemia, N (%) | 717 (72.28) | 1555 (67.99) | 793 (73.63) | 3065 (70.36) |
Mild, N (%) | 158 (15.93) | 308 (13.47) | 146 (13.56) | 612 (14.05) | |
Moderate, N (%) | 109 (10.99) | 357 (15.61) | 122 (11.33) | 588 (13.50) | |
Severe, N (%) | 8 (0.81) | 67 (2.93) | 16 (1.49) | 91 (2.09) |
Predictor | Category | Df | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 2 | 1.69 | 0.4300 | |
Malaria RDT outcome | Positive | 2 | 10.24 | 0.0060 |
Mosquito net use | Yes | 2 | 1.60 | 0.4490 |
Household size | 2 | 5.77 | 0.0560 | |
Type of toilet facility | Pit latrine | 2 | 1.33 | 0.5160 |
Flush & hanging toilets | 2 | 4.31 | 0.1160 | |
Household wealth status | Second | 2 | 1.23 | 0.5400 |
Middle | 2 | 1.89 | 0.3890 | |
Fourth | 2 | 1.50 | 0.4720 | |
Richest | 2 | 2.58 | 0.2750 | |
Region | Amhara | 2 | 21.84 | <0.0001 |
SNNP | 2 | 3.68 | 0.1580 | |
Median altitude | 2 | 3.90 | 0.1430 | |
All predictors model | 26 | 64.24 | <0.0001 |
Predictor | Category | t-Value | OR | 95% CI for OR | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 1–2 | −2.4136 | 1.3922 | −173.367 | <0.0001 | ||
2–3 | −1.5254 | 0.0365 | −41.759 | <0.0001 | |||
3–4 | 0.7218 | 1.0605 | 6.8060 | <0.0001 | |||
Age (years) | −0.3255 | 0.0271 | −12.0330 | 0.7222 | (0.6848,0.7615) | <0.0001 | |
Mosquito net use | Yes | −0.2253 | 0.0706 | −3.1920 | 0.7983 | (0.6952,0.9168) | 0.0014 |
Malaria RDT outcome | Positive | 1.4967 | 0.0069 | 217.4010 | 4.4668 | (4.4069,4.5274) | <0.0001 |
Household size | −0.0292 | 0.0157 | −1.8660 | 0.9712 | (0.9418,1.0015) | 0.0620 | |
Type of toilet facility | Pit latrine Flush& hanging toilet | −0.1613 −0.1946 | 0.0692 0.0923 | −2.3300 −2.1090 | 0.8231 0.8510 | (0.6869,0.9864) (0.7430,0.9748) | 0.0198 0.0349 |
Household wealth status | Second Middle | −0.0776 −0.0891 | 0.0684 0.0733 | −1.1350 −1.2150 | 0.9253 0.9148 | (0.8091,1.0581) (0.7923,1.0562) | 0.2565 0.2243 |
Fourth Richest | −0.4051 −0.2937 | 0.0761 0.0701 | −5.3260 −4.1920 | 0.6669 0.7455 | (0.5745,0.7741) (0.6498,0.8553) | <0.0001 <0.0001 | |
Region | Amhara SNNPR | −0.1192 −0.2335 | 0.0929 0.0880 | −1.2820 −2.6520 | 0.8876 0.7918 | (0.7397,1.0651) (0.6663,0.9409) | 0.1997 0.0079 |
Median altitude | −0.0009 | 0.0001 | −15.8580 | 0.9990 | (0.9989,0.9992) | <0.0001 |
Predictor | Category | t-Value | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 1–2 | −2.8125 | 0.3391 | −8.2950 | <0.0001 | ||
2–3 | −1.9268 | 0.3559 | −5.4140 | <0.0001 | |||
3–4 | 0.3469 | 0.4024 | 0.8620 | 0.3887 | |||
Age (years) | −0.3829 | 0.0420 | −9.1160 | 0.6820 | (0.6280,0.7410) | <0.0001 | |
Gender Age Gender Mosquito net use | Female Yes | −0.3308 0.0963 −0.2684 | 0.1469 0.0512 0.1047 | −2.2510 1.8820 −2.5640 | 0.7180 1.1010 0.7650 | (0.5380,0.9590) (0.9960,1.2180) (0.6220,0.9390) | 0.0244 0.0598 0.0103 |
Malaria RDT outcome | Positive | 1.5075 | 0.2468 | 6.1090 | 4.5150 | (2.7790,7.3380) | <0.0001 |
Household size | −0.0293 | 0.0211 | −1.3890 | 0.9710 | (0.9320,1.0120) | 0.1647 | |
Type of toilet facility | Pit latrine Flush& hanging toilet | −0.2165 −0.2972 | 0.1134 0.1408 | −1.9080 −2.1110 | 0.8050 0.7430 | (0.6440,1.0070) (0.5630,0.9800) | 0.0564 0.0347 |
Household wealth status | Second Middle | −0.0359 −0.0224 | 0.1295 0.1254 | −0.2770 −0.1790 | 0.9650 0.9780 | (0.7480,1.2450) (0.7640,1.2510) | 0.7818 0.8582 |
Fourth Richest | −0.3189 −0.1994 | 0.1499 0.1400 | −2.1280 −1.4240 | 0.7270 0.8190 | (0.5410,0.9760) (0.6220,1.0790) | 0.0334 0.1544 | |
Region | Amhara SNNPR | −0.1558 −0.2873 | 0.1258 0.1217 | −1.2380 −2.3600 | 0.8560 0.7500 | (0.6680,1.0960) (0.5900,0.9530) | 0.2157 0.0183 |
Median altitude | −0.0010 | 0.0002 | −5.7200 | 0.9980 | (0.9986,0.9993) | <0.0001 |
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Zewude, B.T.; Debusho, L.K. Prevalence Rate and Associated Risk Factors of Anaemia among under Five Years Children in Ethiopia. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2693. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132693
Zewude BT, Debusho LK. Prevalence Rate and Associated Risk Factors of Anaemia among under Five Years Children in Ethiopia. Nutrients. 2022; 14(13):2693. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132693
Chicago/Turabian StyleZewude, Bereket Tessema, and Legesse Kassa Debusho. 2022. "Prevalence Rate and Associated Risk Factors of Anaemia among under Five Years Children in Ethiopia" Nutrients 14, no. 13: 2693. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132693