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317 Results Found

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
32 Citations
16,790 Views
21 Pages

Cooling Benefits of Urban Tree Canopy: A Systematic Review

  • Yihan Yin,
  • Song Li,
  • Xiaoyi Xing,
  • Xinyi Zhou,
  • Yujie Kang,
  • Qi Hu and
  • Yanjing Li

10 June 2024

As an important part of urban ecosystems, trees can effectively alleviate the urban heat island effect. Tree canopies cool and humidify through shading and evapotranspiration, regulating the urban thermal environment. So far, many studies have analyz...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,219 Views
13 Pages

Comparison between Artificial and Human Estimates in Urban Tree Canopy Assessments

  • Eden F. Clymire-Stern,
  • Richard J. Hauer,
  • Deborah R. Hilbert,
  • Andrew K. Koeser,
  • Dan Buckler,
  • Laura Buntrock,
  • Eric Larsen,
  • Nilesh Timilsina and
  • Les P. Werner

18 December 2022

Urban tree canopy (UTC) is commonly used to assess urban forest extent and has traditionally been estimated using photointerpretation and human intelligence (HI). Artificial intelligence (AI) models may provide a less labor-intensive method to estima...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,294 Views
14 Pages

Rapid urbanization has led to a series of environmental problems that are harmful to the physical and mental health of residents. Not only can increasing urban tree canopy (UTC) improve sustainable city development, but it can also effectively promot...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,425 Views
14 Pages

30 April 2021

Urban forest is a dynamic urban ecosystem that provides critical benefits to urban residents and the environment. Accurate mapping of urban forest plays an important role in greenspace management. In this study, we apply a deep learning model, the U-...

  • Article
  • Open Access
543 Views
12 Pages

14 November 2025

In this cross-sectional, ecological study of Los Angeles County ZIP codes, we evaluated the association between tree canopy coverage and asthma prevalence. Urban tree canopy has been promoted as a way to improve air quality and mitigate urban heat, b...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,653 Views
16 Pages

As the world’s urban population increases to the predicted 70% of the total population, urban infrastructure and built-up land will continue to grow as well. This growth will continue to have an impact on the urban heat island effect in all of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,658 Views
21 Pages

Deep Learning for Urban Tree Canopy Coverage Analysis: A Comparison and Case Study

  • Grayson R. Morgan,
  • Danny Zlotnick,
  • Luke North,
  • Cade Smith and
  • Lane Stevenson

14 November 2024

Urban tree canopy (UTC) coverage, or area, is an important metric for monitoring changes in UTC over large areas within a municipality. Several methods have been used to obtain these data, but remote sensing image classification is one of the fastest...

  • Article
  • Open Access
122 Views
19 Pages

18 January 2026

Urban heat and hardscapes increase cooling electricity demand, stressing power grids and disproportionately burdening deprived neighborhoods. While previous studies have documented the cooling benefits of urban tree canopy, most analyses remain at co...

  • Article
  • Open Access
92 Citations
14,969 Views
29 Pages

22 December 2014

The benefits of tree canopy in urban and suburban landscapes are increasingly well known: stormwater runoff control, air-pollution mitigation, temperature regulation, carbon storage, wildlife habitat, neighborhood cohesion, and other social indicator...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,134 Views
22 Pages

2 March 2022

The National Land Cover Database (NLCD) provides time-series data characterizing the land surface for the United States, including land cover and tree canopy cover (NLCD-TC). NLCD-TC was first published for 2001, followed by versions for 2011 (releas...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,968 Views
16 Pages

A Spatial Analysis of Urban Tree Canopy Using High-Resolution Land Cover Data for Chattanooga, Tennessee

  • Charles Mix,
  • Nyssa Hunt,
  • William Stuart,
  • A.K.M. Azad Hossain and
  • Bradley Wade Bishop

4 June 2024

Urban tree canopy (UTC) provides urban residents with numerous benefits, including positive mental and physical health, the mitigation and prevention of urban heat islands, and a sense of place. Numerous studies have shown that as the wealth of a com...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,945 Views
22 Pages

8 December 2024

This study aimed to determine whether canopy and air temperature difference (ΔT) as an existing simple normalizing index can be used to detect an increase in canopy temperature induced by soil drought in urban parks, regardless of the unique en...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,487 Views
17 Pages

Very High Resolution Images and Superpixel-Enhanced Deep Neural Forest Promote Urban Tree Canopy Detection

  • Yang Liu,
  • Huaiqing Zhang,
  • Zeyu Cui,
  • Kexin Lei,
  • Yuanqing Zuo,
  • Jiansen Wang,
  • Xingtao Hu and
  • Hanqing Qiu

15 January 2023

Urban tree canopy (UTC) area is an important index for evaluating the urban ecological environment; the very high resolution (VHR) images are essential for improving urban tree canopy survey efficiency. However, the traditional image classification m...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
7,487 Views
20 Pages

9 May 2020

This study presents a methodology for developing a high-resolution (2 m) urban tree canopy leaf area inventory in different tree phenological seasons and a subsequent application of the methodology to a 625 km2 urban area in Tokyo. Satellite remote s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,424 Views
30 Pages

7 August 2023

Urbanization transforms simple two-dimensional natural spaces into complex three-dimensional (3D) artificial spaces through intense land use. Hence, urbanization continuously transforms vertical urban settings and the corresponding sky view area. As...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,107 Views
30 Pages

28 August 2025

Accurately estimating aboveground carbon storage (AGC) of urban vegetation remains a major challenge, due to the heterogeneity and vertical complexity of urban environments, where traditional forest-based remote sensing models often perform poorly. T...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
5,082 Views
19 Pages

25 May 2020

As more land area than ever is covered with impermeable surfaces causing problems in the environment, urban trees are effective not only in mitigating environmental problems in the built environment and reducing buildings’ energy use, but also...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
6,529 Views
16 Pages

Historic Urban Tree Canopy Cover of Great Britain

  • Kieron J. Doick,
  • Annabel Buckland and
  • Toni-Kim Clarke

28 September 2020

Research Highlights: Historic trend analysis of urban tree canopy cover change, while growing in popularity, remains uncommon and concentrated to just a handful of countries. Background and Objectives: Tree canopy cover is a relatively quick, easy to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
4,934 Views
18 Pages

8 August 2023

Understanding the thermal effects of different urban patterns that constitute today’s urban landscapes is critical to the development of urban resilience to climate change. This article aims to assess the efficiency of urban green spaces in the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,603 Views
21 Pages

Change Analysis of Urban Tree Canopy in Miami-Dade County

  • Hartwig H. Hochmair,
  • Adam Benjamin,
  • Daniel Gann,
  • Levente Juhász,
  • Paulo Olivas and
  • Zhaohui J. Fu

17 June 2022

This study mapped and analyzed urban tree canopy change between 2014 and 2019 within the Urban Development Boundary of Miami-Dade County, Florida. The goal was to identify local areas of tree canopy gain or loss over this 5-year period. The compariso...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,914 Views
20 Pages

22 February 2024

The benefits of the urban tree and tree canopy (UTC) are increasingly crucial in addressing urban sustainability. Yet, increasingly evident from earlier research is the distributional inequities of UTC and active efforts to expand tree plantings. Les...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,809 Views
11 Pages

Tree Species Establishment in Urban Forest in Relation to Vegetation Composition, Tree Canopy Gap Area and Soil Factors

  • Ilze Jankovska,
  • Guntis Brūmelis,
  • Oļģerts Nikodemus,
  • Raimonds Kasparinskis,
  • Vita Amatniece and
  • Gustavs Straupmanis

4 December 2015

The study of density and growth of pine, birch and oak seedlings and saplings in canopy gaps in the urban boreal forest in Riga, Latvia, indicates that natural regeneration can increase diversity in small gaps caused by tree mortality, and can ensure...

  • Technical Note
  • Open Access
61 Citations
8,627 Views
19 Pages

Semantic Segmentation of Tree-Canopy in Urban Environment with Pixel-Wise Deep Learning

  • José Augusto Correa Martins,
  • Keiller Nogueira,
  • Lucas Prado Osco,
  • Felipe David Georges Gomes,
  • Danielle Elis Garcia Furuya,
  • Wesley Nunes Gonçalves,
  • Diego André Sant’Ana,
  • Ana Paula Marques Ramos,
  • Veraldo Liesenberg and
  • José Marcato Junior
  • + 2 authors

4 August 2021

Urban forests are an important part of any city, given that they provide several environmental benefits, such as improving urban drainage, climate regulation, public health, biodiversity, and others. However, tree detection in cities is challenging,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
49 Citations
8,673 Views
17 Pages

24 May 2021

Estimation of urban tree canopy parameters plays a crucial role in urban forest management. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have been widely used for many applications particularly forestry mapping. UAV-derived images, captured by an onboard camera, p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,375 Views
24 Pages

28 January 2023

Accurate knowledge of urban forest patterns contributes to well-managed urbanization, but accurate urban tree canopy mapping is still a challenging task because of the complexity of the urban structure. In this paper, a new method that combines doubl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,652 Views
19 Pages

23 October 2020

Trees in urban settings are becoming increasingly important as mediators to emerging challenges that transect social, environmental, and economic factors. Trees provide shade; absorb and store atmospheric carbon and other pollutants; reduce local tem...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,888 Views
22 Pages

24 February 2025

(1) Background: Urban tree species mapping is crucial for ecosystem service evaluation and sustainable urban strategy development. However, due to the spectral similarity among dominant urban tree species, spectral data alone are insufficient for hig...

  • Article
  • Open Access
210 Views
12 Pages

Impervious Surfaces Do Not Impact Urban Tree Crown Growth

  • Peter Cybula,
  • Patricia R. Torquato,
  • Amy Hahs and
  • Stefan K. Arndt

14 January 2026

Tree canopies in urban areas have many important ecosystem functions, and councils have targets to increase urban tree canopy area, which has proved challenging. Urban centres have large areas of impervious surfaces, and there is a perception that im...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,700 Views
20 Pages

1 January 2024

Street trees are essential to urban ecological benefits and human well-being. The canopy morphology relates to the green view index (GVI), which needs to be calculated based on specific tree species. This study conducts a field study on 760 street tr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,643 Views
20 Pages

23 October 2024

Cities are significantly warmer than their surrounding rural environments. Known as the ‘urban heat island effect’, it can affect the health of urban residents and lead to increased energy use, public health impacts, and damage to infrast...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,355 Views
11 Pages

Differential Stomatal Responses to Surface Permeability by Sympatric Urban Tree Species Advance Novel Mitigation Strategy for Urban Heat Islands

  • Anette Shekanino,
  • Avaleen Agustin,
  • Annette Aladefa,
  • Jason Amezquita,
  • Demetri Gonzalez,
  • Emily Heldenbrand,
  • Alyssa Hernandez,
  • Maximus May,
  • Anthony Nuno and
  • Víctor D. Carmona-Galindo
  • + 11 authors

3 August 2023

As urbanization draws more people to metropolitan areas, a steadfast increase in impervious surfaces ultimately contributes to a pronounced urban heat island effect. While city greening strategies to mitigate urban thermal effects often tout street-t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,563 Views
18 Pages

Perceptions of Tree Risks and Benefits in a Historically African American Neighborhood

  • Alexis Martin,
  • Jason Gordon,
  • John Schelhas and
  • Tawana Smith Mattox

7 May 2024

An expansive body of research demonstrates the social and ecological benefits of urban forests, although urban tree canopy density tends to be lower than average in areas occupied by marginalized populations. Non-profit organizations and local govern...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,069 Views
29 Pages

Views Rather than Radiosity: A Study on Urban Cover View Factor Mapping and Utilization

  • Seung Man An,
  • Byungsoo Kim,
  • Ho-Yeong Lee,
  • Chae-Yeon Yi,
  • Neelakshi Joshi and
  • Wolfgang Wende

10 December 2024

Urban tree canopies are a vital component of green infrastructure, especially in the context of the accelerating urban heat island effect and global climate change. Quantifying urban canopy cover in relation to land use and land cover changes is ther...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,612 Views
19 Pages

Urban Green Development and Resilient Cities: A First Insight into Urban Forest Planning in Italy

  • Luca Battisti,
  • Fabrizio Aimar,
  • Giovanni Giacco and
  • Marco Devecchi

7 August 2023

The research proposes an application of a modification of the 3–30–300 rule to identify areas that require Urban Forestry implementation in small and medium-sized Roman and/or medieval urban areas. The selected case study is that of Asti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,102 Views
19 Pages

A Multi-Layer Model for Transpiration of Urban Trees Considering Vertical Structure

  • Seok Hwan Yun,
  • Chae Yeon Park,
  • Eun Sub Kim and
  • Dong Kun Lee

31 October 2020

As the intensity of the urban heat island effect increases, the cooling effect of urban trees has become important. Urban trees cool surfaces during the day via shading, increasing albedo and transpiration. Many studies are being conducted to calcula...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,266 Views
20 Pages

Characterization of Urban Greening in a District of Lecce (Southern Italy) for the Analysis of CO2 Storage and Air Pollutant Dispersion

  • Riccardo Buccolieri,
  • Elisa Gatto,
  • Michela Manisco,
  • Fabio Ippolito,
  • Jose Luis Santiago and
  • Zhi Gao

10 September 2020

This paper is devoted to the assessment of urban greening effects on two important ecosystem services, i.e., air quality and CO2 storage, including the corresponding economic impacts in a real urban area, i.e., a district located in the Mediterranean...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,189 Views
11 Pages

19 February 2025

This study explores environmental inequality through a novel quantitative approach, analyzing urban vegetation in two contrasting neighborhoods in Cleveland, Ohio—East Cleveland and Shaker Heights. Utilizing computer vision and Google Street Vi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,238 Views
30 Pages

30 June 2025

Urban forests have a definition that has developed over time. Initially defined as urban greenery or as a measure of human impacts from urbanisation on forest systems, urban forests have varying definitions and are more often referred to for urban gr...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
7,075 Views
19 Pages

Bird Diversity Unconsciously Increases People’s Satisfaction with Where They Live

  • Lauren Hepburn,
  • Adam C. Smith,
  • John Zelenski and
  • Lenore Fahrig

3 February 2021

There is growing evidence that exposure to nature increases human well-being, including in urban areas. However, relatively few studies have linked subjective satisfaction to objective features of the environment. In this study we explore the links a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,649 Views
23 Pages

29 April 2025

As the climate continues to warm, and municipal leaders look for cost-effective and timely approaches to urban sustainability, one increasingly sought-out approach is the use of tree canopy to cool neighborhoods. Despite widespread efforts to expand...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,503 Views
21 Pages

2 October 2021

Thermal regime warming and increased variability can result in human developed watersheds due to runoff over impervious surfaces and influence of stormwater pipes. This study quantified relationships between tree canopy, impervious surface, and water...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,192 Views
15 Pages

10 March 2023

(1) Background: With rapid urbanization, birds are facing a variety of challenges. Evaluating bird behaviour changes in response to urbanization can help us understand how to make them coexist sustainably with humans. We aimed to investigate whether...

  • Article
  • Open Access
553 Views
31 Pages

30 October 2025

Accurate and efficient delineation of individual tree crowns is crucial for urban forest inventories and ecosystem service assessments but is often limited by the manual selection of parameters for segmentation algorithms. This study investigates the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
112 Citations
16,172 Views
20 Pages

21 October 2011

Urban forest ecosystems provide a range of social and ecological services, but due to the heterogeneity of these canopies their spatial extent is difficult to quantify and monitor. Traditional per-pixel classification methods have been used to map ur...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,727 Views
26 Pages

3 June 2025

A simple statistical model capturing the degree to which different patterns of urban development intensify urban heat islands (UHIs) and stress human health would be useful but has remained elusive. Accurately predicting street-level urban air temper...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,590 Views
20 Pages

Evaluating Spherical Trees in the Urban Environment in Budapest (Hungary)

  • Krisztina Szabó,
  • Eszter Tőke and
  • Attila Gergely

15 January 2025

The world’s big cities, including Budapest, are becoming more crowded, with more and more people living in smaller and smaller spaces. There is an increasing demand for more green space and trees, with less vertical and less horizontal space. I...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,060 Views
17 Pages

10 October 2025

Transpiration and canopy shading are the main ways that trees cool urban environments; this is crucial to human survival and improving urban livability in the context of global warming and rapid urbanization. So far, most studies focus on the combine...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,779 Views
26 Pages

8 May 2024

The living vegetation volume (LVV) can accurately describe the spatial structure of greening trees and quantitatively represent the relationship between this greening and its environment. Because of the mostly line shape distribution and the complex...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,613 Views
21 Pages

With Great Ecosystem Services Comes Great Responsibility: Benefits Provided by Urban Vegetation in Brazilian Cities

  • Helder Marcos Nunes Candido,
  • Theodore A. Endreny and
  • Fabrício Alvim Carvalho

28 January 2025

Ecosystem services (ESs) are extremely important, specifically in urban areas. Urban forests, even representing a pivotal role in global sustainability, have been converted into different human-modified landscapes. This paper aims to analyze the ES p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,687 Views
31 Pages

24 March 2022

Greenery is one of the most influential factors in reducing the outdoor air temperature and enhancing the microclimate in hot areas. Previous studies focused on studying Urban Heat Islands (UHI) on a specific level; this research investigates the imp...

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