World

Agriculture plays an important role in maintaining rural livelihoods and landscapes, but agricultural development can also increase pressure on natural land cover. This article investigates this relationship in Chile by considering three dimensions of agricultural development: commercial agricultural area, agricultural output per unit of land, and public support to small-scale producers. Annual data for the period 2000–2022 are analysed using fully modified cointegrating polynomial regression and an error-correction model. The results show that commercial agricultural area is negatively associated with natural land cover, while agricultural output per unit of land presents a positive association. Public support for small-scale producers presents a U-shaped association with natural land cover: increases in support are associated with lower natural land cover below the estimated turning point and with higher natural land cover above it. The error-correction coefficient is negative (λ = −0.534) and statistically significant at the 5% level under conventional standard errors (p = 0.0127), although significance is retained only at the 10% level under HC3 robust standard errors (p = 0.0506). This suggests conditional evidence of adjustment towards the estimated long-run relationship, subject to the inconclusive cointegration tests. Complementary tests provide inconclusive evidence of cointegration, implying that the estimated long-run relationships should be interpreted as conditional associations rather than causal effects. These results show that dimensions of agricultural development can be associated with natural land cover differently, suggesting that productive, social and environmental objectives need to be considered jointly in designing and evaluating agricultural and rural development policies.

To analyze the relationship between attitudes, emotions, and socially responsible identity among Generation Z consumers living in Mexico City, considering the mediating role of emotions in responsible food consumption. The study employed a cross-sectional design with 514 young participants from Generation Z. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire based on previously validated instruments. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied to analyze the data. The findings revealed that favorable attitudes toward socially responsible food consumption were significantly associated with emotions and with the development of a socially responsible identity. In addition, emotions statistically mediated the association between attitudes and identity. The results underscore the importance of understanding the role of emotional factors in consumer decision-making within the framework of socially responsible identity among Generation Z consumers. The study presents limitations related to its cross-sectional design and the geographic scope of the sample, which was limited to participants from Mexico City. These findings underscore the importance of furthering the debate on the relationships among the study variables in other Mexican contexts and emerging economies.

This study examines pro-environmental orientation (PEO) among tourism enterprises in the Visegrad countries and its potential methodological relevance to digital tourism passportization, defined as a structured inventory of tourism entities and attributes. A cross-sectional survey covered 894 enterprises in Slovakia, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary, of which 892 records yielded valid PEOI scores, with a mean of 63.18 (SD = 14.51). The Pro-Environmental Orientation Index (PEOI) comprised six environmental-practice domains measured by 24 items. A pooled six-factor confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using complete-item records showed acceptable fit under a continuous-indicator maximum-likelihood specification. Domain-level Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.806 to 0.835. Welch’s ANOVA indicated differences in observed PEOI between countries. Certified enterprises had higher observed scores than non-certified enterprises (73.87 versus 61.64; Welch’s t = 8.89, p < 0.001). Regression analyses indicated positive associations with certification, financial-incentive access and digital resource monitoring. Enterprise size was not a significant independent predictor in the final model. These findings identify candidate sustainability attributes for future digital tourism inventories.