The Influence of Greenery and Landscape Design on Solar Radiation and UHI Mitigation: A Case Study of a Boulevard in a Hot Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Urban Heat Island and the Atmospheric Layers
1.2. Types of Urban Heat Island UHI
1.3. Vegetation and the Impact of the Urban Heat Island UHI on the Microclimate
1.4. Solar Radiation and Greenery Impact
1.5. The Study Contribution
2. Methodology
2.1. Microclimate Simulation Software: ENVI-met 4.4.5
2.2. The Case Study Area
2.3. The Case Study Area Weather Characteristics
2.4. The ENVI-met Software Validation
2.5. Model Description and Parametric Design Scenarios
2.6. Outcome Parameters and Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The impact of Greenery on UHI and Microclimate Parameters at the Pedestrian Level
3.2. Canopy Layer and the Most Affected Microclimate Parameters
3.3. Boundary Layer and the Effect of Different Greenery Scenarios
3.4. Urban Greenery and Cooling Effect in the UAE and Gulf Region Climate Conditions
3.5. The Impact of the Developed Scenarios on Cooling Parameters
3.6. The Optimized Proposal for the Case Study Boulevard
4. Conclusions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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---|---|---|---|
Mushtaha et al. (2021) Wong and Yu (2005) | Sharjah, UAE Singapore | Vertical greenery (LAI = 1) Green areas reduce the average of air temperature compared with urban areas with no green pavement | 0.5 1.3 |
Wang, Berardi, and Akbari (2015) | Toronto, Canada | Increasing 10% of urban vegetation coverage | 0.5 |
Berardi (2016) | Toronto, Canada | Extensive green roof (LAI = 1) Extensive green roof (LAI = 2) | 0.7 1.1 |
Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2015) | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | 100% courtyard covered with grass Courtyard canopy tree increased by 25–75% | negligible 3.0 |
Berardi, Jandaghian, and Graham (2020) | Toronto, Canada | Appling moderate and intensive greenery within canopy layer | 0.5–1.4 |
Santamouris et al. (2018) | Sydney, Australia | Increasing ground greenery by 55% 100% green roof | 1.4 0.5 |
Lobaccaro and Acero (2015) | Bilbao, Spain | Adding grass 50 cm to canyon Adding tree 5 m to the street canyon Green roof | negligible 0.6 negligible |
Ma et al. (2018) | Sydney, Australia | 100% 50 cm green roof | 0.75–1.5 |
Ng et al. (2012) | Hong Kong, China | Increase tree canopy coverage by 8% and 56% Increasing grass on streets 8% and 56% | 1.8 0.9 |
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Wang, Berardi, and Akbari (2016) | Toronto, Canada | Increasing tree coverage by 10% with in canopy layer Increasing roads, roofs and vegetation | 0.8 0.75 |
Sun et al. (2016) | Beijing, China | 100% coverage of vegetation over roofs | 2.5 |
Site Measurements | Points | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Measure 1 | Time | 14:00 | 14:15 | 14:30 |
Temp. | 38.6 | 38.5 | 38.1 | |
Measure 2 | Time | 15:00 | 15:15 | 15:30 |
Temp. | 38.8 | 38.6 | 38.3 | |
Average Temp. | 38.70 | 38.55 | 38.15 | |
ENVI-met results | 38.4 | 38 | 38 | |
Variation from Ave.Temp. | Variation | −0.30 | −0.55 | −0.20 |
% Variance | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.01 |
Greenery-Type ENVI-met Description | LAD | Implementation Area | The UAE-Type Specifications | Greenery-Type Photos | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Existing Base | Tree 4 m | Medium | Pedestrian | Delonix regia or Royal Poinciana | |
1 | Green Grass 50 cm | High | Pedestrian Median Strip | Dense grass 50 cm | |
2 | Tree 10 m | High | Pedestrian Median Strip | Sidr tree 10 m very dense, leafless base | |
3 | Tree 12 m | High | Pedestrian Median Strip | Ghaf tree 12 m dense, distinct layer | |
4 | Façade Greenery Ficus | High | Façade | Ficus tree | |
5 | Green Roof Grass 50 cm | Medium | Roof | High dense grass | |
6 | Green Roof Ruellia | High | Roof | Ruellia | |
7 | Water | N/A | Median Strip | Water fountain | |
8 | Cylindrical Tree 15 m | High | Pedestrian | Cylindrical, large trunk, dense, 15 m Royal Poinciana/Delonix regia | |
9 | Palm 15 m | Medium | Pedestrian | Palm tree, large trunk, dense, large 15 m | |
10 | Palm Large 5 m | Medium | Pedestrian | Palm tree, large trunk, small 5 m |
Location | |
Weather file | Dubai Airport Station |
Climate Zone | Hot Climate |
GRID | |
Grid dimensions | 500 × 500 |
Each cell size | dY = 5, dX = 5, dZ = 2 |
Results collection at z | 1.4 m from ground |
Road/Building Fabric | |
Road albedo | 0.25 (reflects 25% of incoming radiation) |
Wall albedo | 0.3 (reflects 30% of incoming radiation) |
Roof albedo | 0.3 (reflects 30% of incoming radiation) |
Initial Meteorological Condition | |
Simulation Day | 21 June 2021 |
Start Time | 05:00:00 |
Duration | 24 h |
Save Model State each | 30 min |
Resolution | 1:5 |
Wind Speed at 10 m | 3 m/s |
Wind direction | N-W 315° |
Roughness Length z0 | 0.01 |
RH | 65% |
Cloud | Clear |
Solar Factor | |
Shortwave factor a | 1.0 |
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Shareef, S. The Influence of Greenery and Landscape Design on Solar Radiation and UHI Mitigation: A Case Study of a Boulevard in a Hot Climate. World 2022, 3, 175-205. https://doi.org/10.3390/world3020010
Shareef S. The Influence of Greenery and Landscape Design on Solar Radiation and UHI Mitigation: A Case Study of a Boulevard in a Hot Climate. World. 2022; 3(2):175-205. https://doi.org/10.3390/world3020010
Chicago/Turabian StyleShareef, Sundus. 2022. "The Influence of Greenery and Landscape Design on Solar Radiation and UHI Mitigation: A Case Study of a Boulevard in a Hot Climate" World 3, no. 2: 175-205. https://doi.org/10.3390/world3020010