92 Results Found

Serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) are key monoamine neurotransmitters regulating behaviors, mood, and cognition. 5-HT affects early brain development, and its dysfunction induces brain vulnerability to stress, raising the risk...

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) is a neurotransmitter in both the central nervous system and peripheral structures, acting also as a hormone in platelets. Although its concentration in the gut covers >90% of all organism resources, serotonin...

Biogenic amines dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) are among the most significant monoaminergic neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS). Separately, the physiological roles of DA and 5-HT have been studied in detail, and progress has be...

Neurotransmission is the basis of neuronal communication and is critical for normal brain development, behavior, learning, and memory. Exposure to drugs and chemicals can alter neurotransmission, often through unknown pathways and mechanisms. The zeb...

Sleep bruxism (SB) and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) are two prevalent conditions that significantly impact overall health. Studies suggest that up to 49.7% of individuals with SDB also exhibit symptoms of SB. This review aims to provide a compreh...

Background: Patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) present with cognitive impairments. Serotonergic neurotransmission plays a critical role in regulating cognitive processes, and its dysfunction may contribute to SAE-related deficits. H...

Insect phonotaxis is influenced by various external and internal factors related to the environment and to the inner states of an organism. Previously, we found that flight, a natural behavior common among insects, significantly enhances the subseque...

Pain is a complex, multifaceted sensory–emotional state. It still poses a significant challenge in clinical treatment, especially in cases of chronic pain. Concerns associated with the use of opioids as analgesics have led to the search for new...

The essential oil obtained by the fresh fruit of Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau is used worldwide in aromatherapy to reduce pain, facilitate sleep induction, and/or minimize the effects of stress-induced anxiety. Preclinical pharmacological data de...

L-dopa is used to treat the motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease, a neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by a loss of dopamine neurons. L-dopa is the precursor to dopamine and crosses the blood-brain barrier to increase do...

The norepinephrine (= noradrenaline) transporter (NET) belongs besides serotonin and dopamine transporters to the family of monoamine transporters and mediates the re-uptake of norepinephrine released from neurons. Therefore, it is an important regul...

Serotonin (5-HT), a versatile signaling molecule, plays a variety of roles in both neurotransmission and tissue regulation. The influence of serotonin on early development was first studied in marine invertebrate embryos and has since been documented...

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are less efficacious in treating depression in children than in adults. SSRIs block serotonin uptake via the high-affinity, low-capacity serotonin transporter. However, the low-affinity, high-capacity o...

The human serotonin transporter (hSERT), embedded in the presynaptic membrane, is responsible for the reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft, thus terminating neurotransmission. The structure of the SERT has not yet been resolved by experiment...

Serotoninomics is an expanding field that focuses on the comprehensive study of the serotoninergic system, including serotonin’s biosynthesis, metabolism, and regulation, as well as related scientific methodologies 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). T...

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the mood and mental well-being. Its pathophysiology remains elusive due to the complexity and heterogeneity of this disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwid...

Cerebellar ataxia is a neurodegenerative disorder with no definitive treatment. Although previous study demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of Hericium erinaceus (H.E.), the mechanisms of H.E. treatment on the neuroinflammatory response, neurotr...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a pervasive public health crisis that severely impacts the quality of life of affected individuals. Like peripheral forms of trauma, TBI results from extraordinarily heterogeneous environmental forces being imparted on...

Fluoxetine is an antidepressant widely used to treat depressive and anxiety states. Due to its mode of action in the central nervous system (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)), it becomes toxic to non-target organisms, leading to changes...

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid whose metabolites play key roles in diverse physiological processes. Due to low reserves in the body, especially under various catabolic conditions, tryptophan deficiency manifests itself rapidly, and both the se...

Ethyl acetate (EA), methanol (MeOH), and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Anthemis tinctoria var. pallida (ATP) and A. cretica subsp. tenuiloba (ACT) were investigated for their phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant, and key enzyme inhibitory...

Atypical antipsychotic drugs were introduced in the early 1990s. Unlike typical antipsychotics, which are effective only against positive symptoms of schizophrenia, atypical antipsychotics are effective against negative and cognitive symptoms as well...

Autism spectrum disorder is a complex and diverse neurobiological condition. Understanding the mechanisms and causes of the disorder requires an in-depth study and modeling of the immune, mitochondrial, and neurological systems. Computational neurosc...

Linagliptin is a selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that indirectly elevates the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) level. The aim of the present study was to check whether linagliptin has an influence on neurotransmission in rat brain....

The mTORC1 nutrient-sensing pathway integrates metabolic and endocrine signals into the brain to evoke physiological responses to food deprivation, such as autophagy. Nevertheless, the impact of neuronal mTORC1 activity on neuronal circuits and organ...

Statins are among the most widely used drug classes in the world. Apart from their basic mechanism of action, which is lowering cholesterol levels, many pleiotropic effects have been described so far, such as anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic...

Tryptophan metabolism and gut microbiota form an integrated regulatory axis that impacts immunity, metabolism, and cancer. This review consolidated current knowledge on the bidirectional interactions between microbial tryptophan processing and the ho...

Neurons rely on mitochondrial energy metabolism for essential functions like neurogenesis, neurotransmission, and synaptic plasticity. Mitochondrial dysfunctions are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the...

Despite accumulating data showing the various neurological actions of vitamin D (VD), its effects on brain neurochemistry are still far from fully understood. To further investigate the neurochemical influence of VD, we assessed neurotransmitter syst...

Adolescence is a developmental phase characterized by emotional turmoil and coincides with the emergence of affective disorders. Inherited serotonin transporter (5-HTT) downregulation in humans increases sensitivity to these disorders. To reveal whet...

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and alterations in neurotransmitters...

Agomelatine (AGM) is one of the latest atypical antidepressants, prescribed exclusively for the treatment of depression in adults. AGM belongs to the pharmaceutical class of melatonin agonist and selective serotonin antagonist (“MASS”), a...

Vortioxetine is a multimodal antidepressant drug that affects several brain neurochemicals and has the potential to induce various pharmacological effects on the central nervous system. Therefore, we investigated the centrally mediated analgesic effi...

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders: F20-F29 according to International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10)) are considered highly heritable heterogeneous p...

The insular cortex (IC) is a brain region that both receives relevant sensory information and is responsible for emotional and cognitive processes, allowing the perception of sensory information. The IC has connections with multiple sites of the pain...

Substituted thiadiazines exert a reliable therapeutic effect in treating stress, and a schematic description of their ability to influence all aspects of a stress response has been depicted. This study was conducted to pharmacologically evaluate comp...

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 700,000 people die per year due to suicide. Suicide risk factors include a previous suicide attempt and psychiatric disorders. The highest mortality rate in suicide worldwide is due to depre...

Although a number of mood-stabilising atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants modulate serotonin type 7 receptor (5-HT7), the detailed contributions of 5-HT7 function to clinical efficacy and pathophysiology have not been fully understood. The mo...

Numerous scientific findings indicate that excess adipose tissue, particularly visceral fat, is associated with a chronic inflammatory state manifested by elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and an imbalance in the T helper type 1/type 2 (Th...

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is sudden, unexpected, witnessed or unwitnessed, nontraumatic, non-drowning death that occurs in a person with epilepsy. SUDEP is the leading cause of epilepsy-related death in adults with epilepsy, with an...

The conformational landscape of 3-indoleacetamide, a key intermediate in plant hormone biosynthesis, has been comprehensively investigated using state-of-the-art laser-ablation chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave (LA-CP-FTMW) and laser-ablation...

Psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (magic mushrooms), and mescaline exhibit intense effects on the human brain and behaviour. In recent years, there has been a surge in studies investigating these drugs because clinical...

Dry eye disease (DED) is a highly prevalent multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface that extends beyond local tear film pathology to involve systemic immune, neuroendocrine, and neurosensory mechanisms. Increasing evidence reveals a strong and...

Background: Alexithymia is a trait involving difficulties in processing emotions. Genetic association studies have investigated candidate genes involved in alexithymia’s pathogenesis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to perform a sys...

Background: physiological differences between males and females could contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Here, we examined metabolic pathways that may lead to precision medicine initiatives. Methods: We explored whether...

The pathophysiology of depression is related to the reduced volume of the hippocampus and amygdala and hypertrophy of the nucleus accumbens. The mechanism of these changes is not well understood; however, clinical studies have shown that the administ...

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of betanin—a bioactive, natural pigment found in beetroot and prickly pear—on cognitive function, motor performance, and neurotransmission in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Aged mic...

Almost 25% of schizophrenia patients suffer from obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) considered a transdiagnostic clinical continuum. The presence of symptoms pertaining to both schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may complicate pha...

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex psychiatric disorder of multifactorial origin, in which both genetic and environmental factors have an impact on its onset, course, and outcome. Large variability in response and tolerability of medication among indiv...

Dietary interventions for people suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) are an ongoing field of research. In this article, we present a comprehensive background for understanding the possibility of using edible medicinal mushrooms as an adjun...