This paper presents the concept of the impact of harmonic distortion on a digital protection relay. The aim is to verify and determine the reasons of a mal-trip or failure to trip the protection relays; the suggested solution of the harmonic distorti...
In case of an error in the power system, it is the duty of the protection relays to isolate the faulty part from the rest of the system as soon as possible. Overcurrent and distance relays are usually used to protect the transmission and super distri...
Protective relays play a crucial role in defining the dynamic responses of power systems during and after faults. Therefore, modeling protective relays in stability studies is crucial for enhancing the accuracy of these studies. Modeling all the rela...
Deep learning of artificial neural networks (ANNs) is creating highly functional processes that are, unfortunately, nearly as hard to interpret as their biological counterparts. Identification of functional modules in natural brains plays an importan...
The increasing digitalization of power systems has revolutionized the functionality and efficiency of electrical protection relays. These digital relays enhance fault detection, monitoring, and response mechanisms, ensuring the reliability and stabil...
The efficient deployment of fifth generation and beyond networks relies upon the seamless combination of recently introduced transmission techniques. Furthermore, as multiple network nodes exist in dense wireless topologies, low-complexity implementa...
In this paper, we consider a coded cooperative communication network with multiple energy-harvesting (EH) relays. In order to adequately address the problem of error propagation due to the erroneous decoding at the relays, as in the case of conventio...
The condition of electromagnetic relays is crucial to the safe and normal operation of the high-speed train (HST). At present, there are no proper testing and assessment methods for the condition of electromagnetic relays. Electromagnetic relays expe...
Engineering laboratories are key elements in engineering learning and are essential for a concrete understanding of engineering topics and experiments. These key laboratories are no longer just hardware-dependent, they are a creative combination of p...
Penetration of the power grid by renewable energy sources, distributed storage, and distributed generators is becoming increasingly common. Increased utilization of these distributed energy resources (DERs) has given rise to additional protection coo...
In the electrical power system, the coordination of directional overcurrent protection relays (DOPR) plays a preeminent role in protecting the electrical power system with the help of primary and back up protection to keep the system vigorous and to...
Due to fault currents occurring in electrical installations, high electromagnetic force values may be induced in current paths of low-voltage electromagnetic relays. This force may lead to an electromagnetic bounce that will further result in an elec...
With the increasing size and complexity of power systems, it is crucial to have an effective protection system in place to ensure its reliability. One of the important components of the protection system are relays. It is important for a relay to ope...
In power systems, distance relays are commonly employed as the primary protection for transmission lines, and their operation is of utmost importance. Power swings are a type of phenomenon that can lead to improper functioning of conventional distanc...
The relay optimization expresses quite a challenge for smooth and optimal operation of power system networks. The relay optimization is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear problem and is highly constrained. Furthermore, a reliable relaying syste...
Molecular communication is a bioinspired communication that enables macro-scale, micro-scale and nano-scale devices to communicate with each other. The molecular communication system is prone to severe signal attenuation, dispersion and delay, which...
As one of the key components of the circuit breaker operating mechanism, the relay can experience performance degradation due to harsh environmental factors, such as salt spray, during operation, which can ultimately affect the normal operation of th...
This paper proposes an adaptive protection scheme (APS) based on the original heap-based optimization (HBO) and a modified HBO (MHBO). APS is used to solve protection relays coordination problems that include directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) as...
The upcoming fifth generation (5G) wireless networks making use of higher-frequency spectrum bands suffer from serious propagation issues due to high path loss and beam directivity requirements. This promotes the device-to-device communications to bo...
Microgrids (MGs) are revolutionizing modern power systems by enabling decentralized energy production, renewable energy integration, and enhanced grid resilience. However, the increasing complexity of MGs, particularly with the integration of Distrib...
A two-fold adaptive dynamic quadrilateral relay is developed in this research for protecting Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)-compensated transmission lines (TLs). By investigating a new tilt angle and modifying the Takagi method to rec...
The ever increasing presence of renewable distributed generation (DG) in microgrids is imposing new challenges in protection coordination. The high penetration of renewable DG enables microgrids to operate under different topologies, giving rise to b...
The hybridization of PSO for the Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Protection Relays (DOPR) of the IEEE bus system proposes a new method for coordinating directional overcurrent protection relays in power systems. The method combines th...
Protection relays are important equipment used for protection, control, and metering functions in the power grid. These relays are used to protect critical and difficult-to-replace equipment, like generators, transformers, and capacitor banks. Once t...
In this paper, an integrated optimization model based on Gradient-Based Optimizer (GBO) for overcurrent relays coordination along with the challenging practical constraints is proposed. The current proposed effort aims to facilitate the coordination...
The article incorporates an analysis of the switching-on process of alternating current (AC), low-voltage (LV), and electromagnetic (EM) relays energized by harmonically polluted voltage sources. In the undertaken research, the dynamic parameters of...
This paper presents an integrated overcurrent relays coordination approach for an Egyptian electric power distribution system. The protection scheme suits all network topologies, including adding distribution generation units (DGs) and creating new p...
In this article, we first investigate secure communications for a two-hop interference channel relay system with imperfect channel estimation in the wireless Internet of Things (IoT), where K source-destination pairs communicate simultaneously when a...
Maintaining proper operation of adaptive protection schemes is one of the main challenges that must be considered for smart grid deployment. The use of reliable cyber detection and protection systems boosts the preparedness potential of the network a...
In an electrical power system, the coordination of the overcurrent relays plays an important role in protecting the electrical system by providing primary as well as backup protection. To reduce power outages, the coordination between these relays sh...
In power systems protection, the optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is of paramount importance. The coordination of DOCRs in a multi-loop power system is formulated as an optimization problem. The main objective of this pa...
This paper presents an adaptive protection scheme (APS) for solving the coordination problem that deals with coordination directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) and distance relays second zone time, in relation to coordination with DOCRs. The coordin...
This paper investigates a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) decode-and-forward (DF) relay network, where a source node transmits data to a destination node through the assistance of multi-hop passive relays. We employ the t...
In electrical power systems, ensuring a reliable, precise, and efficient relay strategy is crucial for safe and trustworthy operation, especially in multi-loop distribution systems. Overcurrent relays (OCRs) have emerged as effective solutions for th...
In this paper, we address several issues with existing methods for predicting the residual electrical life of railway relays. These issues include the difficulty of single feature prediction in characterizing the degradation process, the neglect of t...
Integration of distributed generators (DGs) into a distribution network (DN) can cause coordination challenges of overcurrent relays (OCRs) because of different fault-current contributions of DGs as well as the directional change in fault currents. T...
The use of a directional overcurrent protection relay (DOPR) to protect an electrical power system is a crucial instrument for keeping the system dynamic and avoiding undue interruption. The coordination of a DOPR’s primary and backup relays is...
In electrical engineering problems, bio- and nature-inspired optimization techniques are valuable ways to minimize or maximize an objective function. We use the root tree algorithm (RTO), inspired by the random movement of roots, to search for the gl...
Existing material identification for loose particles inside sealed relays focuses on the selection and optimization of classification algorithms, which ignores the features in the material dataset. In this paper, we propose a feature optimization met...
The built-in relay in a meter is a key control component of a smart meter, and its reliability determines whether the user can use electricity safely and smoothly. In this paper, the degradation characteristics of the arc-burning energy are enhanced...
Distributed, generation-based micro-grids are increasingly being used in the build-up of the modern power system. However, the protection of these micro-grids has many challenges. One of the important challenges is the coordination of directional ove...
Full-duplex relay (FDR) has attracted considerable interest in enhancing the performance of relay networks by utilizing resources more efficiently. In this paper, we propose a framework for full-duplex random relay networks (FDRRNs), where relay node...
Full-duplex relay networks have been studied to enhance network performance under the assumption that the number and positions of relay nodes are fixed. To account for the practical randomness in the number and locations of relays, this paper investi...
Contact resistance is an important maintenance parameter for electromagnetic switches, including low-voltage relays. The flow of significant current through electric contacts may influence the contact surface and thus the value of the electric contac...
The relative protective devices are cascaded in a proper sequence with a proper min/max coordination time margin (CTM) to minimize the outage area of the network in case of fault condition. This manuscript addresses a new methodology based on the gor...
Electrical utility substations are wired with intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), such as protective relays, power meters, and communication switches. Substation engineers commission these IEDs to assess the appropriate measurements for monitoring...
Microgrids constitute complex systems that integrate distributed generation (DG) and feature different operational modes. The optimal coordination of directional over-current relays (DOCRs) in microgrids is a challenging task, especially if topology...
The optimal coordination of overcurrent relays (OCRs) has recently become a major challenge owing to the ever-increasing participation of distributed generation (DG) and the multi-looped structure of modern distribution networks (DNs). Furthermore, t...
Protecting AC microgrids (MGs) is a challenging task due to their dual operating modes—grid-connected and islanded—which cause sudden variations in fault currents. Traditional protection methods may no longer ensure network security. This...
In this paper, we consider a three-node free space optical (FSO) decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative network. The relay is not connected to a permanent power supply and relies solely on the optical energy harvested (EH) from the source node. This ene...
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