The Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is a widely used method for managing energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). However, it has limitations that affect network longevity and performance. This paper presents a...
The usually constrained resources and lossy links scenarios of Internet of Things (IoT) applications require specific protocol suite, as the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). Due to its flexibility, RPL can support efficie...
Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are severely energy constrained, and how to improve the energy efficiency so as to prolong the network lifetime as long as possible is one of the most important goals of WBAN research. Low data-rate WBANs are promi...
Compact, energy-efficient, and autonomous wireless sensor nodes offer incredible versatility for various applications across different environments. Although these devices transmit and receive real-time data, efficient energy storage (ES) is crucial...
1 September 2026
Battery-powered IoT sensor nodes require energy-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols to extend network lifetime while supporting priority-sensitive traffic. This paper proposes a Priority-Aware Packet Aggregation/Piggybacking-Based (Priori...
LoRaWAN is one of the most promising standards for long-range sensing applications. However, the high number of end devices expected in at-scale deployment, combined with the absence of an effective synchronization scheme, challenge the scalability o...
Although the number of Internet of Things devices increases every year, efforts to decrease hardware energy demands and to improve efficiencies of the energy-harvesting stages have reached an ultra-low power level. However, no current standard of wir...
Deploying and effectively utilizing wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in underwater habitats remains a challenging task. In underwater wireless sensors networks (UWSNs), the availability of a continuous energy source for communicating with nodes is eit...
The paper concerns the design and development of large electric energy storage systems made of lithium cells. Most research advances in the development of lithium-ion battery management systems focus solely on safety, functionality, and improvement o...
The standard Bluetooth Low-Energy mesh networks assume the use of flooding for multihop communications. The flooding approach causes network overheads and delays due to continuous message broadcasting in the absence of a routing mechanism. Among the...
Clustering strategy in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) affects the lifetime, adaptability, and energy productivity of the wireless network system. The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is a convention used to improve the lifet...
Energy-efficient wireless connectivity plays an important role in scaling both battery-less and battery-powered Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. The power consumption in these devices is dominated by the wireless transceivers which limit the battery...
Wireless Sensor Networks are formed by tiny, self-contained, battery-powered computers with radio links that can sense their surroundings for events of interest and store and process the sensed data. Sensor nodes wirelessly communicate with each othe...
This article presents a study of the energy efficiency of a wireless sensor network for measuring the main physicochemical parameters of soil. The main physicochemical parameters of soil are measured—acidity and electrical conductivity. The stu...
A novel wake-up receiver for wireless sensor networks is introduced. It operates with a modified medium access protocol (MAC), allowing low-energy consumption and practical latency. The ultra-low-power wake-up receiver operates with enhanced duty-cyc...
Clustering in wireless sensor networks has been widely discussed in the literature as a strategy to reduce power consumption. However, aspects such as cluster formation and cluster head (CH) node assignment strategies have a significant impact on qua...
This study presents a new wireless measurement system for outdoor fire experiments based on an OCARI wireless sensor network (WSN). The open-source radio communication OCARI stack (‘Open Communication Protocol for Ad Hoc Reliable Industrial Ins...
Cluster-based hierarchical routing protocols play an essential role in decreasing the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) has been proposed as an application-specific protocol arch...
As sensors are distributed among wireless sensor networks (WSNs), ensuring that the batteries and processing power last for a long time, to improve energy consumption and extend the lifetime of the WSN, is a significant challenge in the design of net...
Numerous protocols have emerged to address the energy depletion problem in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Among these protocols, the Dynamic Multi-Hop Routing (DMR) protocol adopts a dynamic technique for routing data across the network. The use of...
Efficient energy utilization and network life prolongation are primary objectives to be considered when designing a Wireless Sensor Network. Cluster-based routing protocols are most suitable for achieving such goals. Energy and Optimal Inter Cluster...
The concept of the internet of things (IoT) motivates us to connect bulk isolated heterogeneous devices to automate report generation without human interaction. Energy-efficient routing algorithms help to prolong the network lifetime of these energy-...
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), efficient energy conservation is required to prolong the lifetime of the network. In this work, we have given emphasis on balanced energy consumption and energy holes avoidance. This paper proposes a multi-gateway-...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are among the most popular wireless technologies for sensor communication purposes nowadays. Usually, WSNs are developed for specific applications, either monitoring purposes or tracking purposes, for indoor or outdoor...
Designing an efficient wireless sensor network (WSN) system is considered a challenging problem due to the limited energy supply per sensor node. In this paper, the performance of several bi-objective optimization algorithms in providing energy-effic...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are sophisticated monitoring systems that gather environmental data via wireless sensors. Numerous wireless sensors that have been placed to monitor and gather data on a particular environment make up these networks. T...
In mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN), the lifetime of the network largely depends on energy efficient routing protocol. In the literature, cluster leader (CL) is selected based on remaining energy of mobile sensor nodes to enhance sensor network...
This paper proposes a distributed energy-efficient clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Based on low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol, the proposed LEACH-eXtended Message-Passing (LEACH-XMP) substantially impr...
Data delivery in harsh underwater channels consumes a higher transmission power than that in terrestrial networks. However, due to the complexity of the underwater environment, the energy supply of the nodes in underwater wireless sensor networks is...
Due to increasing demand for the exploration of marine resources, underwater optical wireless sensor networks (UOWSNs) have emerged as a promising solution by offering higher bandwidth and lower latency compared to traditional underwater acoustic wir...
With the continuous development of wireless communication technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) is being used in a wide range of fields. The IoT collects and exchanges large amounts of data with objects, either tangible or intangible, such as sens...
Currently, underwater sensor networks are extensively applied for environmental monitoring, disaster prediction, etc. Nevertheless, owing to the complicacy of the underwater environment, the limited energy of underwater sensor nodes, and the high lat...
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a modern technology in radio communication. A WSN comprises a number of sensors that are randomly spread in a specific area for sensing and monitoring physical attributes that are difficult to monitor by humans, suc...
This paper proposes a wireless sensor device for the real-time acquisition of bioelectrical signals such as electromyography (EMG) and electrocardiography (ECG), coupled with an inertial sensor, to provide a comprehensive stream of data suitable for...
Satellite–ground integrated networks (SGIN) are in line with 6th generation wireless network technology (6G) requirements. However, security and privacy issues are challenging with heterogeneous networks. Specifically, although 5G authenticatio...
The emergence of modern technologies, such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the Internet-of-Things (IoT), and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications, involves the use of batteries, which pose a serious environmental risk, with billions of batteri...
Routing protocols based on topology control are significantly important for improving network longevity in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Traditionally, some WSN routing protocols distribute uneven network traffic load to sensor nodes, which is not...
Recent developments in electronics and wireless communications have enabled the improvement of low-power and low-cost wireless sensors networks (WSNs). One of the most important challenges in WSNs is to increase the network lifetime due to the limite...
In remote areas where sugar beets are grown on a large scale, inadequate ground-based communication networks can easily lead to information silos in farmland, as well as technical challenges such as uneven node power consumption and short lifespans d...
Energy Harvesting techniques are increasingly seen as the solution for freeing the wireless sensor nodes from their battery dependency. However, it remains evident that network performance features, such as network size, packet length, and duty cycle...
Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is a typical routing protocol that effectively reduces transmission energy consumption by forming a hierarchical structure between nodes. LEACH on Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been widely studied...
Extending the lifetime and stability of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) through efficient energy consumption remains challenging. Though clustering has improved energy efficiency through cluster-head selection, its application is still complicated. I...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are fundamental to the Internet of Things (IoT) and are widely used in environmental, industrial, and healthcare applications. However, their operational lifetime is constrained by the limited energy resources of senso...
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have applications in several fields, such as disaster management, underwater navigation, and environment monitoring. Since the nodes in UWSNs are restricted to inbuilt batteries, the effective utilization o...
In industrial monitoring and control applications, a server often has to send a command to a node or group of nodes in wireless sensor networks. Flooding achieves high reliability of message delivery by allowing nodes to take the redundancy of receiv...
Energy efficiency remains a major challenge in IoT-enabled wireless sensor networks because sensor nodes operate with limited battery capacity and are often deployed in environments where battery replacement is impractical. Existing clustering and ro...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have proven to be incredibly useful for forest applications that rely on sensing technologies for event detection and monitoring. This radical sensing technology has revolutionized data gathering, analysis, and applica...
Reliable and energy-efficient wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are important for continuous monitoring in nuclear facilities, where limited battery resources, restricted maintenance access, and safety-critical operation require stable and efficient co...
Quality monitoring is important for farmland protection. Here, high-resolution remote sensing data obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and long-term ground sensing data, obtained by wireless sensor networks (WSNs), are uniquely suited for ass...
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been adopted in various environmental pollution monitoring applications. As an important environmental field, water quality monitoring is a vital process to ensure the sustainable, important feeding of and as a li...
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