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Article

Energy-Partitioned Routing Protocol Based on Advancement Function for Underwater Optical Wireless Sensor Networks

The College of Electronics and Information, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Photonics 2025, 12(9), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12090878 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 29 July 2025 / Revised: 28 August 2025 / Accepted: 29 August 2025 / Published: 30 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Communication and Network)

Abstract

Due to increasing demand for the exploration of marine resources, underwater optical wireless sensor networks (UOWSNs) have emerged as a promising solution by offering higher bandwidth and lower latency compared to traditional underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks (UAWSNs), with their existing routing protocols facing challenges in energy consumption and packet forwarding. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an energy-partitioned routing protocol based on an advancement function (EPAR) for UOWSNs. By dynamically classifying the nodes into high-energy and low-energy ones, the proposed EPAR algorithm employs an adaptive weighting strategy to prioritize the high-energy nodes in relay selection, thereby balancing network load and extending overall lifetime. In addition, a tunable advancement function is adopted by the proposed EPAR algorithm by comprehensively considering the Euclidean distance and steering angle toward the sink node. By adjusting a tunable parameter α, the function guides forwarding decisions to ensure energy-efficient and directionally optimal routing. Additionally, by employing a hop-by-hop neighbor discovery mechanism, the proposed algorithm enables each node to dynamically update its local neighbor set, thereby improving relay selection and mitigating the impact of void regions on the packet delivery ratio (PDR). Simulation results demonstrate that EPAR can obtain up to about a 10% improvement in PDR and up to about a 30% reduction in energy depletion, with a prolonged network lifetime when compared to the typical algorithms adopted in the simulations.
Keywords: underwater wireless optical communication; routing protocol; energy partitioning; advancement function; neighbor query; network lifetime underwater wireless optical communication; routing protocol; energy partitioning; advancement function; neighbor query; network lifetime

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Bu, T.; Yuan, M.; Ji, X.; Qiu, Y. Energy-Partitioned Routing Protocol Based on Advancement Function for Underwater Optical Wireless Sensor Networks. Photonics 2025, 12, 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12090878

AMA Style

Bu T, Yuan M, Ji X, Qiu Y. Energy-Partitioned Routing Protocol Based on Advancement Function for Underwater Optical Wireless Sensor Networks. Photonics. 2025; 12(9):878. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12090878

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bu, Tian, Menghao Yuan, Xulong Ji, and Yang Qiu. 2025. "Energy-Partitioned Routing Protocol Based on Advancement Function for Underwater Optical Wireless Sensor Networks" Photonics 12, no. 9: 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12090878

APA Style

Bu, T., Yuan, M., Ji, X., & Qiu, Y. (2025). Energy-Partitioned Routing Protocol Based on Advancement Function for Underwater Optical Wireless Sensor Networks. Photonics, 12(9), 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12090878

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