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Applied Sciences
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Software Approaches to Improve the Performance of IoT Systems
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Software Approaches to Improve the Performance of IoT Systems

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Computing and Artificial Intelligence".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2021) | Viewed by 13504

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. KeeHyun Park

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Keimyung University, 1035 Dalgubeol-daero, Sindang-dong, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, Korea
Interests: IoT systems; remote monitoring system; healthcare management system; performance evaluation/monitoring

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the IoT (Internet of Things), we can obtain much more information more easily than ever before, and control devices in a much more seamless manner. However, compared to conventional systems, IoT systems have distinct characteristics and require multiple problems be solved in order to make the systems efficient and usable. These distinct characteristics include the heterogeneous nature of the connected devices, the huge number of devices in the network, the lightweight security system, the fact that such devices may have different communication protocols and message characteristics, various security levels, diverse management authorities and policies, etc.

As an example, the main purpose of Fog computing is to provide IoT/cloud services, which were originally provided by the system server, directly in the vicinity of the things. By doing so, not only is the amount of data transmitted to the system server reduced, but latency and privacy problems can also be solved in certain application areas. Fog/Edge computing is just one of many attempts proposed to solve the problems involved in the IoT.

It is quite evident that software plays a key role in overcoming the obstacles mentioned above. For this reason, it is meaningful to discuss what kinds of software solutions are needed for better IoT systems.

Topics of interest include (but are not limited to):

  • Fog/Edge computing middleware for IoT systems
  • Efficient IoT system frameworks from a software perspective
  • Software for reliable IoT systems in hostile surroundings
  • Efficient IoT software for specific application areas (i.e., Healthcare, Smart city, Transportation, etc.)
  • Efficient software for managing a large number of heterogeneous devices/communication protocols for IoT systems
  • Efficient security-related software for IoT systems
  • Performance monitoring or Performance enhancement software for IoT systems
  • Other topics related to the issue

Prof. Dr. KeeHyun Park
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Performance of IoT systems
  • Fog/Edge computing middleware
  • Efficient IoT system frameworks
  • Reliable IoT systems
  • Efficient security-related software
  • Efficient IoT software for specific application areas
  • Performance enhancement software

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 7798 KiB  
Article
Prototyping IoT-Based Virtual Environments: An Approach toward the Sustainable Remote Management of Distributed Mulsemedia Setups
by Telmo Adão, Tatiana Pinho, Luís Pádua, Luís G. Magalhães, Joaquim J. Sousa and Emanuel Peres
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 8854; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198854 - 23 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1867
Abstract
Business models built upon multimedia/multisensory setups delivering user experiences within disparate contexts—entertainment, tourism, cultural heritage, etc.—usually comprise the installation and in-situ management of both equipment and digital contents. Considering each setup as unique in its purpose, location, layout, equipment and digital contents, monitoring [...] Read more.
Business models built upon multimedia/multisensory setups delivering user experiences within disparate contexts—entertainment, tourism, cultural heritage, etc.—usually comprise the installation and in-situ management of both equipment and digital contents. Considering each setup as unique in its purpose, location, layout, equipment and digital contents, monitoring and control operations may add up to a hefty cost over time. Software and hardware agnosticity may be of value to lessen complexity and provide more sustainable management processes and tools. Distributed computing under the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm may enable management processes capable of providing both remote control and monitoring of multimedia/multisensory experiences made available in different venues. A prototyping software to perform IoT multimedia/multisensory simulations is presented in this paper. It is fully based on virtual environments that enable the remote design, layout, and configuration of each experience in a transparent way, without regard of software and hardware. Furthermore, pipelines to deliver contents may be defined, managed, and updated in a context-aware environment. This software was tested in the laboratory and was proven as a sustainable approach to manage multimedia/multisensory projects. It is currently being field-tested by an international multimedia company for further validation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Software Approaches to Improve the Performance of IoT Systems)
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18 pages, 2608 KiB  
Article
A Lightweight Blockchain Scheme for a Secure Smart Dust IoT Environment
by Joonsuu Park and KeeHyun Park
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 8925; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248925 - 14 Dec 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2429
Abstract
Since a smart dust Internet of Things (IoT) system includes a very large number of devices sometimes deployed in hard-access areas, it is very difficult to prevent security attacks and to alleviate bottleneck phenomena. In this paper, we propose a lightweight blockchain scheme [...] Read more.
Since a smart dust Internet of Things (IoT) system includes a very large number of devices sometimes deployed in hard-access areas, it is very difficult to prevent security attacks and to alleviate bottleneck phenomena. In this paper, we propose a lightweight blockchain scheme that helps device authentication and data security in a secure smart dust IoT environment. To achieve our goals, (1) we propose the structure of the lightweight blockchain and the algorithm of processing the blockchain. In addition, (2) we reorganize the linear block structure of the conventional blockchain into the binary tree structure in such a way that the proposed blockchain is more efficient in a secure smart dust IoT environment. Experiments show that the proposed binary tree-structured lightweight blockchain scheme can greatly reduce the time required for smart dust device authentication, even taking into account the tree transformation overhead. Compared with the conventional linear-structured blockchain scheme, the proposed binary tree-structured lightweight blockchain scheme achieves performance improvement by up to 40% (10% in average) with respect to the authentication time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Software Approaches to Improve the Performance of IoT Systems)
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13 pages, 413 KiB  
Article
A Node Virtualization Scheme for Structured Overlay Networks Based on Multiple Different Time Intervals
by Tomoya Kawakami
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(23), 8596; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238596 - 30 Nov 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1424
Abstract
Sensor data which relate to the specific geographical positions, areas, and time are strongly expected in IoT. The author has studied overlay networks to efficiently process interval queries which have specific time intervals and the actual users tend to request. However, unfairness and [...] Read more.
Sensor data which relate to the specific geographical positions, areas, and time are strongly expected in IoT. The author has studied overlay networks to efficiently process interval queries which have specific time intervals and the actual users tend to request. However, unfairness and a concentration of the loads occur for the specific processing computer (node) in the previous method because the density of data or those generators/providers is different from those related values. In this paper, the author proposes the enhanced scheme for structured overlay networks based on multiple different time intervals. The proposed method uses node virtualization to equalize the loads of each real (physical) node. The simulation results showed that the proposed method can increase the fairness of the number of the assigned data among physical nodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Software Approaches to Improve the Performance of IoT Systems)
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10 pages, 2609 KiB  
Article
An Intelligent and Cost-Efficient Resource Consolidation Algorithm in Nanoscale Computing Environments
by MeSuk Kim, ALam Han, TaeYoung Kim and JongBeom Lim
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6494; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186494 - 17 Sep 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1693
Abstract
Because the Internet of things (IoT) and fog computing are prevalent, an efficient resource consolidation scheme in nanoscale computing environments is urgently needed. In nanoscale environments, a great many small devices collaborate to achieve a predefined goal. The representative case would be the [...] Read more.
Because the Internet of things (IoT) and fog computing are prevalent, an efficient resource consolidation scheme in nanoscale computing environments is urgently needed. In nanoscale environments, a great many small devices collaborate to achieve a predefined goal. The representative case would be the edge cloud, where small computing servers are deployed close to the cloud users to enhance the responsiveness and reduce turnaround time. In this paper, we propose an intelligent and cost-efficient resource consolidation algorithm in nanoscale computing environments. The proposed algorithm is designed to predict nanoscale devices’ scheduling decisions and perform the resource consolidation that reconfigures cloud resources dynamically when needed without interrupting and disconnecting the cloud user. Because of the large number of nanoscale devices in the system, we developed an efficient resource consolidation algorithm in terms of complexity and employed the hidden Markov model to predict the devices’ scheduling decision. The performance evaluation shows that our resource consolidation algorithm is effective for predicting the devices’ scheduling decisions and efficiency in terms of overhead cost and complexity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Software Approaches to Improve the Performance of IoT Systems)
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19 pages, 2119 KiB  
Article
Data Transmission Direction Based Routing Algorithm for Improving Network Performance of IoT Systems
by Kyeong Mi Noh, Jong Hyuk Park and Ji Su Park
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 3784; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113784 - 29 May 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2441
Abstract
With the continuous development of wireless communication technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) is being used in a wide range of fields. The IoT collects and exchanges large amounts of data with objects, either tangible or intangible, such as sensors or physical devices, [...] Read more.
With the continuous development of wireless communication technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) is being used in a wide range of fields. The IoT collects and exchanges large amounts of data with objects, either tangible or intangible, such as sensors or physical devices, connected to the Internet. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are components of IoT systems. WSNs are used in various IoT systems, such as monitoring, tracking, and detection systems, to extract relevant information and deliver it to users. WSNs consist of sensor nodes with low power, low cost, and multiple functions. Because sensor nodes have limited resources, such as power and memory, a reduction in the energy efficiency of the sensor nodes in WSNs will lead to a decrease in wireless network performance and an increase in packet loss, which affects IoT system performance. Therefore, this study aimed to find an energy-efficient routing method that extends the lifetime of WSNs by minimizing the battery use of sensor nodes to improve the network performance of IoT systems. Conserving energy from sensor nodes and increasing network throughput in WSNs involves having protocols. The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH ) protocol is a well-known hierarchical routing protocol in WSNs that constructs clusters and transmits data. LEACH increases energy efficiency by transmitting data from sensor nodes to the base station (BS) through the cluster head. It is widely adopted in the WSN network field, and many protocols are being studied to improve cluster header selection and data transmission to increase the energy efficiency of sensor nodes. In this study, we attempted to improve energy efficiency by removing unnecessary energy from LEACH. In LEACH, when the sensor node is located between the BS and the cluster head, the sensor node transmits data to the cluster head in the opposite direction of the BS. The data sent to the cluster head are transmitted in the direction of the BS. Thus, transmission in the opposite direction consumes unnecessary energy and affects the WSN performance of IoT systems. In this study, we propose a D-LEACH (direction-based LEACH) protocol based on the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) that improves the efficiency of transmission energy considering the data transmission direction of sensor nodes. D-LEACH aims to balance the energy of the sensor nodes and improve the performance of WSNs in the IoT system by reducing unnecessary energy consumption caused by reverse transmission considering the data transmission direction of the sensor nodes. In the course of the paper, we refer to the routing protocol of WSNs to improve network performance and describe LEACH. We also explain the D-LEACH protocol proposed in this paper and confirm the performance improvement of WSNs in an IoT system through simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Software Approaches to Improve the Performance of IoT Systems)
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17 pages, 3064 KiB  
Article
Edge Computing-Based Self-Organized Device Network for Awareness Activities of Daily Living in the Home
by Seong Su Keum, Yu Jin Park and Soon Ju Kang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2475; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072475 - 03 Apr 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2794
Abstract
Activities of daily living (ADL) are important indicators for awareness of brain health in the elderly, and hospitals use ADL as a standard test for diagnosing chronic brain diseases such as dementia. However, since it is difficult to judge real-life ADL in hospitals, [...] Read more.
Activities of daily living (ADL) are important indicators for awareness of brain health in the elderly, and hospitals use ADL as a standard test for diagnosing chronic brain diseases such as dementia. However, since it is difficult to judge real-life ADL in hospitals, doctors typically predict ADL ability through interviews with patients or accompanying caregivers. Recently, many studies have attempted to diagnose accurate brain health by collecting and analyzing the real-life ADL of patients in their living environments. However, most of these were conducted by constructing and implementing expensive smart homes with the concept of centralized computing, and ADL data were collected from simple data about patients’ home appliance usage and the surrounding environment. Despite the high cost of building a smart home, the collected ADL data are inadequate for predicting accurate brain health. In this study, we developed and used three types of portable devices (wearable, tag, and stationary) that can be easily installed and operated in typical existing houses. We propose a self-organized device network structure based on edge computing that can perform user perception, location perception, and behavioral perception simultaneously. This approach enables us to collect user activity data, analyze ADL in real-time to determine if the user’s behavior was successful or abnormal, and record the physical ability of the user to move between fixed spaces. The characteristics of this proposed system enable us to distinguish patients from other family members and provide real-time notifications after a forgetful or mistaken action. We implemented devices that constitute the edge network of the smart home scenario and evaluated the performance of this system to verify its usefulness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Software Approaches to Improve the Performance of IoT Systems)
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