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  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,074 Views
10 Pages

A Digital Grayscale Generation Equipment for Image Display Standardization

  • Yiqin Jiang,
  • Zilong Liu,
  • Yuxiao Li,
  • Jin Li,
  • Yusheng Lian,
  • Ningfang Liao,
  • Zhuoran Li and
  • Zhidan Zhao

27 March 2020

The standardization of grayscale display is essentially significant for image signal communication, transmission, and terminal reading. The key step of this standardization is establishing a traceable equipment of grayscale. As a relative value, gray...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,773 Views
9 Pages

Grayscale Image Display Based on Nano-Polarizer Arrays

  • Xinxin Pu,
  • Xueping Sun,
  • Shaobo Ge,
  • Jin Cheng,
  • Shun Zhou and
  • Weiguo Liu

11 November 2022

Optical metasurfaces have shown unprecedented capabilities to control the two-dimensional distributions of phase, polarization, and intensity profiles of optical waves. Here, a TiO2 nanostructure functioning as a nano-polarizer was optimized consider...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
1,964 Views
15 Pages

High-Performance Multi-Level Grayscale Conversion by Driving Waveform Optimization in Electrowetting Displays

  • Wanzhen Xu,
  • Zichuan Yi,
  • Mouhua Jiang,
  • Jiashuai Wang,
  • Zhengxing Long,
  • Liming Liu,
  • Feng Chi,
  • Li Wang and
  • Qiming Wan

16 January 2024

As a new type of reflective display, electrowetting display (EWD) has excellent dynamic display performance, which is based on polymer coatings. However, there are still some issues which can limit its performance, such as oil backflow and the hyster...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,858 Views
16 Pages

Optimizing Bipolar Reset Waveform to Improve Grayscale Stability in Active Matrix Electrowetting Displays

  • Taiyuan Zhang,
  • Li Wang,
  • Linwei Liu,
  • Wei Li,
  • Shipeng Wu,
  • Jianyang Guo and
  • Guofu Zhou

11 October 2024

The electrowetting display (EWD) device is a new type of electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) equipment that can achieve a paper-like display effect under the control of an electric field. In this microfluidic system, the stability of grayscale can be...

  • Article
  • Open Access
36 Citations
3,792 Views
15 Pages

29 October 2019

The gray-scale display which is driven by PWM (pulse width modulation) in TFT (thin film transistor) electrowetting displays (EWDs) has some shortcomings, such as large amplitude of oil oscillation in pixels and slow response speed for displaying gra...

  • Article
  • Open Access
34 Citations
7,653 Views
15 Pages

Driving Waveform Design of Electrophoretic Display Based on Optimized Particle Activation for a Rapid Response Speed

  • Wenyao He,
  • Zichuan Yi,
  • Shitao Shen,
  • Zhenyu Huang,
  • Linwei Liu,
  • Taiyuan Zhang,
  • Wei Li,
  • Li Wang,
  • Lingling Shui and
  • Guofu Zhou
  • + 1 author

Electrophoretic displays (EPDs) have excellent paper-like display features, but their response speed is as long as hundreds of milliseconds. This is particularly important when optimizing the driving waveform for improving the response speed. Hence,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,811 Views
11 Pages

Design of Driving Waveform for Shortening Response Time of Black Particles and White Particles in Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays

  • Hu Zhang,
  • Zichuan Yi,
  • Simin Ma,
  • Shaoning Deng,
  • Weibiao Zhou,
  • Wenjun Zeng,
  • Liming Liu,
  • Feng Chi,
  • Yunfeng Hu and
  • Jitao Zhang
  • + 2 authors

25 October 2021

The shortage of color in traditional electrophoretic displays (EPDs) can be compensated by three-color EPDs. However, the response time of black particles and white particles is increased. A new driving waveform based on the principle of three-color...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
1,991 Views
14 Pages

Stability Study of Multi-Level Grayscales Based on Driving Waveforms for Electrowetting Displays

  • Wanzhen Xu,
  • Zichuan Yi,
  • Zhengxing Long,
  • Hu Zhang,
  • Jiaquan Jiang,
  • Liming Liu,
  • Feng Chi,
  • Ding Tan and
  • Huan Wang

26 May 2023

Electrowetting Display (EWD) is a new reflective display with an outstanding performance of color video playback. However, some problems still exist and affect its performance. For instance, oil backflow, oil splitting, and charge trapping phenomena...

  • Article
  • Open Access
36 Citations
4,181 Views
12 Pages

Driving Waveform Design of Electrowetting Displays Based on an Exponential Function for a Stable Grayscale and a Short Driving Time

  • Zichuan Yi,
  • Zhenyu Huang,
  • Shufa Lai,
  • Wenyao He,
  • Li Wang,
  • Feng Chi,
  • Chongfu Zhang,
  • Lingling Shui and
  • Guofu Zhou

16 March 2020

The traditional driving waveform of the electrowetting display (EWD) has many disadvantages, such as the large oscillation of the target grayscale aperture ratio and a long time for achieving grayscale. Therefore, a driving waveform based on the expo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,839 Views
14 Pages

29 February 2024

In most liquid crystal display (LCD) backlight modules (BLMs), diffuser plates (DPs) play the essential role in blurring the backlight. A common BLM consists of multiple superimposed optical films. In a vision-based automated assembly system, to ensu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,451 Views
12 Pages

A Fast-Response Driving Waveform Design Based on High-Frequency Voltage for Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays

  • Hu Zhang,
  • Zichuan Yi,
  • Liming Liu,
  • Feng Chi,
  • Yunfeng Hu,
  • Sida Huang,
  • Yu Miao and
  • Li Wang

30 December 2021

Three-color electrophoretic displays (EPDs) have the characteristics of colorful display, reflection display, low power consumption, and flexible display. However, due to the addition of red particles, response time of three-color EPDs is increased....

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,232 Views
18 Pages

8 July 2025

See-through augmented reality glasses, such as HoloLens 2, are increasingly adopted in medical settings; however, their efficacy as medical display devices remains unclear, as current evaluation protocols are designed for traditional monitors. This s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
394 Views
10 Pages

A Fast-Response Vertical-Alignment In-Plane-Switching-Mode Liquid Crystal Display

  • Feng Jiang,
  • Jiangang Lu,
  • Yi Li,
  • Jing Wang,
  • Kefeng Chen and
  • Wei Li

22 January 2026

Fast-response liquid crystal (LC) displays have attracted attention for use as gaming displays with high frame rate and field-sequential displays. This work presents an LC display mode with vertical alignment and horizontal electric field driving, wh...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
1 Citations
901 Views
11 Pages

Chiral Grayscale Imaging Based on a Versatile Metasurface of Spin-Selective Manipulation

  • Yue Cao,
  • Yi-Fei Sun,
  • Zi-Yang Zhu,
  • Qian-Wen Luo,
  • Bo-Xiong Zhang,
  • Xiao-Wei Sun and
  • Ting Song

5 July 2025

Metasurface display, a kind of unique imaging technique with subwavelength scale, plays a key role in data storage, information processing, and optical imaging due to the superior performance of high resolution, miniaturization, and integration. Rece...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
3,327 Views
12 Pages

27 April 2021

The electrowetting display (EWD) is a kind of reflective paper-like display. Flicker and grayscale distortion are caused by oil backflow, which is one of the important factors restricting the wide application of EWDs. The charge embedding caused by t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
530 Views
15 Pages

25 December 2025

Color-to-grayscale conversion is a fundamental preprocessing task with widespread applications in digital printing, electronic ink displays, medical imaging, and artistic photo stylization. A primary challenge in this domain is to simultaneously pres...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
9,939 Views
17 Pages

Fully Differential Touch Screen Controller with Wide Input Dynamic Range for Thin Displays

  • Chang-Ju Lee,
  • Jong Kang Park,
  • Han-Eol Seo,
  • Junho Huh and
  • Jung-Hoon Chun

4 February 2020

As today’s smartphone displays become thinner, the coupling capacitance between the display electrodes and touch screen panel (TSP) electrodes is increasing significantly. The increased capacitance easily introduces time-varying display signals...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,717 Views
13 Pages

Enhancing a Display’s Sunlight Readability with Tone Mapping

  • Yizhou Qian,
  • Sung-Chun Chen,
  • En-Lin Hsiang,
  • Hajime Akimoto,
  • Chih-Lung Lin and
  • Shin-Tson Wu

The sunlight readability of display devices, such as notebook computers, transparent displays, vehicle displays, and augmented reality, is a significant technical challenge due to degraded image quality. To mitigate this problem, by fitting the human...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,713 Views
13 Pages

A Compensation Method for Full-Field-of-View Energy Nonuniformity in Dark-and-Weak-Target Simulators

  • Fenghuan Quan,
  • Shi Liu,
  • Gaofei Sun,
  • Jian Zhang,
  • Yu Zhang,
  • Bin Zhao and
  • Jierui Zhang

26 June 2024

Dark-and-weak-target simulators are used as ground-based calibration devices to test and calibrate the performance metrics of star sensors. However, these simulators are affected by full-field-of-view energy nonuniformity. This problem impacts the qu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,271 Views
14 Pages

29 October 2022

Digital microfluidic technology based on the principle of electrowetting is developing rapidly. As an extension of this technology, electro-fluidic displays (EFDs) have gradually become a novel type of display devices, whose grayscales can be display...

  • Article
  • Open Access
413 Views
20 Pages

A High-Frame-Rate Display Method for Multiple Synergistic Digital Micromirror Devices Involving Large Target Surfaces

  • Zheng Liu,
  • Yingjie Wang,
  • Jie Li,
  • Xiayang Huang,
  • Pengxi Liu,
  • Wennan Cui and
  • Tao Zhang

30 January 2026

This study proposed a large-target-surface and high-frame-rate display method using multiple Digital Micromirror Devices (DMDs) for high-resolution, high-frame-rate aerospace applications. DMDs offer high frame rates and contrast ratios, but their su...

  • Review
  • Open Access
94 Citations
16,588 Views
21 Pages

Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals: Physics and Applications

  • Qi Guo,
  • Kexin Yan,
  • Vladimir Chigrinov,
  • Huijie Zhao and
  • Michael Tribelsky

9 September 2019

Electrooptic modes with fast response and high contrast ratio are highly desirable in modern photonics and displays. Ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) are especially promising for fulfilling these demands by employing photoalignment technology in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,461 Views
13 Pages

Inhibiting Oil Splitting and Backflow in Electrowetting Displays by Designing a Power Function Driving Waveform

  • Lixia Tian,
  • Hu Zhang,
  • Zichuan Yi,
  • Bingsong Zhang,
  • Rui Zhou,
  • Guofu Zhou and
  • Jianlong Gong

Electrowetting display (EWD) is one of the latest and most promising reflective displays. However, some defects are easily caused in a driving process. For example, the aperture ratio of pixels can be reduced due to oil splitting, and the grayscale c...

  • Review
  • Open Access
82 Citations
12,317 Views
13 Pages

16 May 2019

Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) is one of the most widely used devices for phase modulation. It has been successfully applied in the field with requirements of precision phase modulation such as holographic display, optical tweezers, lithogr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,431 Views
16 Pages

Toward Suppressing Oil Backflow Based on a Combined Driving Waveform for Electrowetting Displays

  • Zhengxing Long,
  • Zichuan Yi,
  • Hu Zhang,
  • Jinpu Lv,
  • Liming Liu,
  • Feng Chi,
  • Lingling Shui and
  • Chongfu Zhang

15 June 2022

Electrowetting display (EWD) is a new type of paper-like reflective display based on colored oil, which has gradually become one of the most potential electronic papers with low power consumption, fast response, and full color. However, oil backflow...

  • Article
  • Open Access
571 Views
14 Pages

Gamut Boundary Distortion Arises from Quantization Errors in Color Conversion

  • Jingxu Li,
  • Xifeng Zheng,
  • Deju Huang,
  • Fengxia Liu,
  • Junchang Chen,
  • Yufeng Chen,
  • Hui Cao and
  • Yu Chen

21 October 2025

This paper undertakes an in-depth exploration into the issue of quantization errors that occur during color gamut conversion within LED full-color display systems. To commence, a CIE-xyY colorimetric framework, which is customized to the unique chara...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,868 Views
12 Pages

23 October 2022

This paper focuses on the hardware components of smartphones, namely, the use of displays and cameras in mobile devices as transmitters and receivers to establish a near-field multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) visible light communication (V...

  • Article
  • Open Access
812 Views
14 Pages

Influence of Oil Viscosity on Hysteresis Effect in Electrowetting Displays Based on Simulation

  • Wei Li,
  • Linwei Liu,
  • Taiyuan Zhang,
  • Lixia Tian,
  • Li Wang,
  • Cheng Xu,
  • Jianwen Lu,
  • Zichuan Yi and
  • Guofu Zhou

18 April 2025

As the most promising new reflective display technology, electrowetting displays (EWDs) have the advantages of a simple structure, fast response, high contrast, and rich colors. However, due to the hysteresis effect, the grayscales of EWDs cannot be...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,897 Views
13 Pages

8 February 2023

Using color Doppler flow imaging or high-definition flow imaging with three-dimensional volume or spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) in the glass-body mode allows displaying both gray-scale and color information of the heart cycle-related flow...

  • Review
  • Open Access
45 Citations
8,259 Views
13 Pages

6 July 2023

Polymer-stabilized liquid crystals (PSLCs) are multi-functional materials consisting of polymer networks in a continuous phase of liquid crystals (LCs), of which polymer networks provide anchoring energy to align the LCs. A number of improvements are...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
6,052 Views
15 Pages

16 December 2022

Mid-infrared imaging systems are widely applied in gas-leak detection. However, infrared images generally suffer from low contrast and poor quality. In this paper, an image-enhancement method based on Gaussian filtering and adaptive histogram segment...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,912 Views
19 Pages

24 May 2024

Currently, many fault diagnosis methods for rolling bearings based on deep learning are facing two main challenges. Firstly, the deep learning model exhibits poor diagnostic performance and limited generalization ability in the presence of noise sign...

  • Article
  • Open Access
502 Views
15 Pages

Inverse Design of Optical Color Routers with Improved Fabrication Compatibility

  • Sushmit Hossain,
  • Zerui Liu,
  • Nishat Tasnim Hiramony,
  • Tinghao Hsu,
  • Himaddri Roy,
  • Hongming Zhang and
  • Wei Wu

14 February 2026

We present a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based inverse design framework for creating a single-layer, fabrication-compatible dielectric nano-patterned surface that enables efficient color routing in both transmissive and reflective optical systems. Unlike...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,413 Views
13 Pages

12 September 2023

Short-pulse laser is popular for its advantages like less pain. However, its effectiveness is still debated. The aim of this study was to compare fundus autofluorescence (FAF) luminosity changes of laser photocoagulation scars between the conventiona...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,063 Views
10 Pages

Diffractive Achromat with Freeform Slope for Broadband Imaging over a Long Focal Depth

  • Donghui Yi,
  • Fengbin Zhou,
  • Jianyu Hua,
  • Linsen Chen and
  • Wen Qiao

9 July 2023

We propose a method for designing a long-focal-depth diffractive achromat (LFDA). By applying rotational symmetric parameterization, an LFDA with a diameter of 10.89 mm is designed over three wavelengths at six focal planes. The smoothly changed slop...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,514 Views
18 Pages

To address susceptibility to noise interference in Micro-LED displays, a deep convolutional dictionary learning denoising method based on distributed image patches is proposed in this paper. In the preprocessing stage, the entire image is partitioned...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,882 Views
18 Pages

24 February 2024

A detection and classification machine-learning model to inspect Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display (TFT-LCD) Mura is proposed in this study. To improve the capability of the machine-learning model to inspect panels’ low-contrast grays...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,753 Views
19 Pages

22 August 2025

The effect of Lonicera japonica Thunb. (LJT) extract on melanosis and quality deterioration of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during cold storage was evaluated, using 4-hexylresorcinol (4-HR), a commercial melanosis inhibitor, as a posit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
40 Citations
5,663 Views
16 Pages

21 March 2020

In the case of marine accidents, monitoring marine oil spills can provide an important basis for identifying liabilities and assessing the damage. Shipborne radar can ensure large-scale, real-time monitoring, in all weather, with high-resolution. It...

  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
4,817 Views
23 Pages

9 September 2021

Infrared thermography is the science of measuring the infrared energy emitted by an object, translating it to apparent temperature variance, and displaying the result as an infrared image. Significantly, acquiring thermal images delivers distinctive...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,696 Views
13 Pages

Classification of Imbalanced Data Represented as Binary Features

  • Kunti Robiatul Mahmudah,
  • Fatma Indriani,
  • Yukiko Takemori-Sakai,
  • Yasunori Iwata,
  • Takashi Wada and
  • Kenji Satou

25 August 2021

Typically, classification is conducted on a dataset that consists of numerical features and target classes. For instance, a grayscale image, which is usually represented as a matrix of integers varying from 0 to 255, enables one to apply various clas...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,667 Views
11 Pages

A Novel Method for the Generation of Realistic Lung Nodules Visualized Under X-Ray Imaging

  • Ahmet Peker,
  • Ayushi Sinha,
  • Robert M. King,
  • Jeffrey Minnaard,
  • William van der Sterren,
  • Torre Bydlon,
  • Alexander A. Bankier and
  • Matthew J. Gounis

5 December 2024

Objective: Image-guided diagnosis and treatment of lung lesions is an active area of research. With the growing number of solutions proposed, there is also a growing need to establish a standard for the evaluation of these solutions. Thus, realistic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
5,914 Views
18 Pages

In this research, drones were used to capture thermal images and detect different types of failure of solar modules, and MATLAB® image analysis was also conducted to evaluate the health of the solar modules. The processes included image acquisiti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,338 Views
22 Pages

3 July 2025

Polyethylene storage tanks are widely used for storing water and chemicals due to their lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties. Despite these advantages, their structural performance under seismic conditions remains a concern, mainly because...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,766 Views
13 Pages

Quantifying “Medical Renal Disease”: A Pediatric Pilot Study Using Ultrasound Radiomics for Differentiating Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

  • Laura De Leon-Benedetti,
  • Laith R. Sultan,
  • Hansel J. Otero,
  • Tatiana Morales-Tisnés,
  • Joya Sims,
  • Kate Fitzpatrick,
  • Julie C. Fitzgerald,
  • Susan Furth,
  • Benjamin L. Laskin and
  • Bernarda Viteri

21 August 2025

Background: Differentiating acute kidney injury (AKI) from chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children remains a critical unmet need due to the limitations of current clinical and biochemical markers. Conventional ultrasound lacks the sensitivity to dis...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,218 Views
13 Pages

Thyroid Multimodal Ultrasound Evaluation—Impact on Presurgical Diagnosis of Intermediate Cytology Cases

  • Andreea Borlea,
  • Dana Stoian,
  • Laura Cotoi,
  • Ioan Sporea,
  • Fulger Lazar and
  • Ioana Mozos

16 May 2020

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is recommended as the final evaluation in diagnosing thyroid nodules. Intermediate cytology is observed in about 15%–25% of the FNA results and has divergent recommendations: follow-up or surgery, either hemi- or to...

  • Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,189 Views
48 Pages

From Innovation to Application: Can Emerging Imaging Techniques Transform Breast Cancer Diagnosis?

  • Honda Hsu,
  • Kun-Hua Lee,
  • Riya Karmakar,
  • Arvind Mukundan,
  • Rehan Samirkhan Attar,
  • Ping-Hung Liu and
  • Hsiang-Chen Wang

27 October 2025

Background/Objectives: Breast cancer (BC) has emerged as a significant threat among female malignancies, resulting in approximately 670,000 fatalities. The capacity to identify BC has advanced over the past two decades because of deep learning (DL),...