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  • Article
  • Open Access
45 Citations
5,208 Views
15 Pages

Mental Workload Classification Method Based on EEG Independent Component Features

  • Hongquan Qu,
  • Yiping Shan,
  • Yuzhe Liu,
  • Liping Pang,
  • Zhanli Fan,
  • Jie Zhang and
  • Xiaoru Wanyan

27 April 2020

Excessive mental workload will reduce work efficiency, but low mental workload will cause a waste of human resources. It is very significant to study the mental workload status of operators. The existing mental workload classification method is based...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,966 Views
17 Pages

Sensitive Channel Selection for Mental Workload Classification

  • Lin Jin,
  • Hongquan Qu,
  • Liping Pang and
  • Zheng Zhang

29 June 2022

Mental workload (MW) assessment has been widely studied in various human–machine interaction tasks. The existing researches on MW classification mostly use non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) caps to collect EEG signals and identify MW le...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
4,599 Views
17 Pages

11 January 2022

Research studies on EEG-based mental workload detection for a passive BCI generally focus on classifying cognitive states associated with the performance of tasks at different levels of difficulty, with no other aspects of the user’s mental sta...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
8,875 Views
20 Pages

Mental Workload Classification and Tasks Detection in Multitasking: Deep Learning Insights from EEG Study

  • Miloš Pušica,
  • Aneta Kartali,
  • Luka Bojović,
  • Ivan Gligorijević,
  • Jelena Jovanović,
  • Maria Chiara Leva and
  • Bogdan Mijović

31 January 2024

While the term task load (TL) refers to external task demands, the amount of work, or the number of tasks to be performed, mental workload (MWL) refers to the individual’s effort, mental capacity, or cognitive resources utilized while performin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
2,432 Views
16 Pages

A Mental Workload Classification Method Based on GCN Modified by Squeeze-and-Excitation Residual

  • Zheng Zhang,
  • Zitong Zhao,
  • Hongquan Qu,
  • Chang’an Liu and
  • Liping Pang

28 February 2023

In some complex labor production and human–machine interactions, such as subway driving, to ensure both the efficient and rapid completion of work and the personal safety of staff and the integrity of operating equipment, the level of mental wo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,447 Views
14 Pages

30 May 2022

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are sensitive to the level of Mental Workload (MW). However, the random non-stationarity of EEG signals will lead to low accuracy and a poor generalization ability for cross-session MW classification. To solve this...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,998 Views
23 Pages

20 July 2019

In a human–machine cooperation system, assessing the mental workload (MW) of the human operator is quite crucial to maintaining safe operation conditions. Among various MW indicators, electroencephalography (EEG) signals are particularly attrac...

  • Article
  • Open Access
394 Views
17 Pages

Decision Tree-Based Pilot Workload Prediction Through Optimized HRV Features Selection

  • Carmelo Rosario Vindigni,
  • Giuseppe Iacolino,
  • Antonio Esposito,
  • Calogero Orlando and
  • Andrea Alaimo

This research explores the use of physiological signals derived from heart activity to assess mental effort during flight-related tasks. Data were collected through wearable sensors during simulations with varying cognitive demands. Specific indicato...

  • Article
  • Open Access
50 Citations
4,756 Views
24 Pages

Classification of Drivers’ Mental Workload Levels: Comparison of Machine Learning Methods Based on ECG and Infrared Thermal Signals

  • Daniela Cardone,
  • David Perpetuini,
  • Chiara Filippini,
  • Lorenza Mancini,
  • Sergio Nocco,
  • Michele Tritto,
  • Sergio Rinella,
  • Alberto Giacobbe,
  • Giorgio Fallica and
  • Arcangelo Merla
  • + 2 authors

26 September 2022

Mental workload (MW) represents the amount of brain resources required to perform concurrent tasks. The evaluation of MW is of paramount importance for Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems, given its correlation with traffic accidents risk. In the pres...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
5,333 Views
24 Pages

12 October 2017

Many people suffer from high mental workload which may threaten human health and cause serious accidents. Mental workload estimation is especially important for particular people such as pilots, soldiers, crew and surgeons to guarantee the safety and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
4,474 Views
17 Pages

Research of HRV as a Measure of Mental Workload in Human and Dual-Arm Robot Interaction

  • Shiliang Shao,
  • Ting Wang,
  • Yongliang Wang,
  • Yun Su,
  • Chunhe Song and
  • Chen Yao

17 December 2020

Robots instead of humans work in unstructured environments, expanding the scope of human work. The interactions between humans and robots are indirect through operating terminals. The mental workloads of human increase with the lack of direct percept...

  • Article
  • Open Access
46 Citations
4,907 Views
23 Pages

A Novel Mutual Information Based Feature Set for Drivers’ Mental Workload Evaluation Using Machine Learning

  • Mir Riyanul Islam,
  • Shaibal Barua,
  • Mobyen Uddin Ahmed,
  • Shahina Begum,
  • Pietro Aricò,
  • Gianluca Borghini and
  • Gianluca Di Flumeri

13 August 2020

Analysis of physiological signals, electroencephalography more specifically, is considered a very promising technique to obtain objective measures for mental workload evaluation, however, it requires a complex apparatus to record, and thus, with poor...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
49 Citations
6,486 Views
22 Pages

Automated Classification of Mental Arithmetic Tasks Using Recurrent Neural Network and Entropy Features Obtained from Multi-Channel EEG Signals

  • Abhishek Varshney,
  • Samit Kumar Ghosh,
  • Sibasankar Padhy,
  • Rajesh Kumar Tripathy and
  • U. Rajendra Acharya

The automated classification of cognitive workload tasks based on the analysis of multi-channel EEG signals is vital for human–computer interface (HCI) applications. In this paper, we propose a computerized approach for categorizing mental-arithmetic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
6,675 Views
20 Pages

8 March 2024

The main contribution of this study was the concurrent application of EEG and eye tracking techniques during n-back tasks as part of the methodology for addressing the problem of mental workload classification through machine learning algorithms. The...

  • Article
  • Open Access
461 Views
24 Pages

A Feasibility Study of Using an In-Ear EEG System for a Quantitative Assessment of Stress and Mental Workload

  • Zhibo Fu,
  • Kam Pang So,
  • Xiaoli Wu,
  • Arthit Khotsaenlee,
  • Savio W. H. Wong,
  • Chung Tin and
  • Rosa H. M. Chan

9 January 2026

While electroencephalography (EEG) is effective for assessing stress and mental workload, its widespread adoption is currently hindered by the complex setup of most existing EEG systems. This article presents a new in-ear EEG system and investigates...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,572 Views
18 Pages

Mental workload is an important predisposing factor for mental illnesses such as depression and is closely related to individual mental health. However, the suboptimal accuracy of utilizing photoplethysmography (PPG) exclusively for mental workload c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
82 Citations
11,088 Views
26 Pages

Using Psychophysiological Sensors to Assess Mental Workload During Web Browsing

  • Angel Jimenez-Molina,
  • Cristian Retamal and
  • Hernan Lira

3 February 2018

Knowledge of the mental workload induced by a Web page is essential for improving users’ browsing experience. However, continuously assessing the mental workload during a browsing task is challenging. To address this issue, this paper leverages the c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
3,549 Views
11 Pages

Cognitive Reorganization Due to Mental Workload: A Functional Connectivity Analysis Based on Working Memory Paradigms

  • Georgios N. Dimitrakopoulos,
  • Ioannis Kakkos,
  • Athanasios Anastasiou,
  • Anastasios Bezerianos,
  • Yu Sun and
  • George K. Matsopoulos

7 February 2023

Mental workload has a major effect on the individual’s performance in most real-world tasks, which can lead to significant errors in critical operations. On this premise, the analysis and assessment of mental workload attain high research inter...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,831 Views
20 Pages

9 April 2025

Monitoring the mental workload of construction workers is effective in detecting risky subjects because cognitive overload may threaten their safety. This study aimed to measure workers’ mental workload caused by heat exposure using heart rate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,516 Views
23 Pages

15 July 2024

Air traffic controllers’ mental workload significantly impacts their operational efficiency and safety. Detecting their mental workload rapidly and accurately is crucial for preventing aviation accidents. This study introduces a mental workload...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,298 Views
16 Pages

17 January 2025

Remote assistance for highly automated vehicles (HAVs), i.e., third-party assistance from support staff outside the vehicle in times of the need for assistance, presents a solution to extend the capabilities of HAVs by integrating a third party for d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,392 Views
18 Pages

A Study on Sensitive Bands of EEG Data under Different Mental Workloads

  • Hongquan Qu,
  • Zhanli Fan,
  • Shuqin Cao,
  • Liping Pang,
  • Hao Wang and
  • Jie Zhang

22 July 2019

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals contain a lot of human body performance information. With the development of the brain–computer interface (BCI) technology, many researchers have used the feature extraction and classification algorithms in va...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,851 Views
11 Pages

Psychophysiological state monitoring provides a promising way to detect stress and accurately assess wellbeing. The purpose of the present work was to investigate the advantages of utilizing a new unobtrusive multi-transceiver system on the accuracy...

  • Article
  • Open Access
53 Citations
8,958 Views
17 Pages

8 October 2022

There is high demand for techniques to estimate human mental workload during some activities for productivity enhancement or accident prevention. Most studies focus on a single physiological sensing modality and use univariate methods to analyse mult...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,680 Views
13 Pages

On the Improvement of Eye Tracking-Based Cognitive Workload Estimation Using Aggregation Functions

  • Monika Kaczorowska,
  • Paweł Karczmarek,
  • Małgorzata Plechawska-Wójcik and
  • Mikhail Tokovarov

2 July 2021

Cognitive workload, being a quantitative measure of mental effort, draws significant interest of researchers, as it allows to monitor the state of mental fatigue. Estimation of cognitive workload becomes especially important for job positions requiri...

  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
5,399 Views
22 Pages

9 February 2021

The paper is focussed on the assessment of cognitive workload level using selected machine learning models. In the study, eye-tracking data were gathered from 29 healthy volunteers during examination with three versions of the computerised version of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,439 Views
12 Pages

Quantifying Cognitive Workload Using a Non-Contact Magnetocardiography (MCG) Wearable Sensor

  • Zitong Wang,
  • Keren Zhu,
  • Archana Kaur,
  • Robyn Recker,
  • Jingzhen Yang and
  • Asimina Kiourti

24 November 2022

Quantifying cognitive workload, i.e., the level of mental effort put forth by an individual in response to a cognitive task, is relevant for healthcare, training and gaming applications. However, there is currently no technology available that can re...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
1,890 Views
14 Pages

A person’s present mental state is closely associated with the frequency and temporal domain features of spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) impulses, which directly reflect neurophysiological signals of brain activity. EEG signals are emplo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
793 Views
16 Pages

Inferring Mental States via Linear and Non-Linear Body Movement Dynamics: A Pilot Study

  • Tad T. Brunyé,
  • Kana Okano,
  • James McIntyre,
  • Madelyn K. Sandone,
  • Lisa N. Townsend,
  • Marissa Marko Lee,
  • Marisa Smith and
  • Gregory I. Hughes

15 November 2025

Stress, workload, and uncertainty characterize occupational tasks across sports, healthcare, military, and transportation domains. Emerging theory and empirical research suggest that coordinated whole-body movements may reflect these transient mental...

  • Article
  • Open Access
70 Citations
7,911 Views
15 Pages

A Three-Class Classification of Cognitive Workload Based on EEG Spectral Data

  • Małgorzata Plechawska-Wójcik,
  • Mikhail Tokovarov,
  • Monika Kaczorowska and
  • Dariusz Zapała

6 December 2019

Evaluation of cognitive workload finds its application in many areas, from educational program assessment through professional driver health examination to monitoring the mental state of people carrying out jobs of high responsibility, such as pilots...

  • Article
  • Open Access
62 Citations
6,288 Views
25 Pages

21 October 2021

Physiological signals are immediate and sensitive to neurological changes resulting from the mental workload induced by various driving environments and are considered a quantifying tool for understanding the association between neurological outcomes...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,478 Views
22 Pages

9 April 2025

In the field of neuroeconomics, the assessment of cognitive workload is a crucial issue with significant implications for real-world applications. Previous research has made progress in task-based germane cognitive load classification, but decentrali...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,834 Views
19 Pages

The multi-robot system (MRS) and relevant control strategy are a potential and effective approach to assist people with weak motion capability for various forms of assisted living. However, the rising transfer, a frequent and strenuous behavior, and...

  • Viewpoint
  • Open Access
102 Citations
22,648 Views
13 Pages

Occupational stress and high workload are being increasingly recognized as significant contributors to the diseases and disorders constituting major components of the global burden of disease. A more detailed definition of burn-out was recently inclu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,835 Views
16 Pages

19 December 2022

Background: It is well understood that surgical skills largely define patient outcomes both in Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) and Robot-Assisted MIS (RAMIS). Non-technical surgical skills, including stress and distraction resilience, decision-makin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
6,285 Views
16 Pages

Effects of Neuro-Cognitive Load on Learning Transfer Using a Virtual Reality-Based Driving System

  • Usman Alhaji Abdurrahman,
  • Shih-Ching Yeh,
  • Yunying Wong and
  • Liang Wei

Understanding the ways different people perceive and apply acquired knowledge, especially when driving, is an important area of study. This study introduced a novel virtual reality (VR)-based driving system to determine the effects of neuro-cognitive...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,728 Views
17 Pages

Your Eyes Under Pressure: Real-Time Estimation of Cognitive Load with Smooth Pursuit Tracking

  • Pierluigi Dell’Acqua,
  • Marco Garofalo,
  • Francesco La Rosa and
  • Massimo Villari

Understanding and accurately estimating cognitive workload is crucial for the development of adaptive, user-centered interactive systems across a variety of domains including augmented reality, automotive driving assistance, and intelligent tutoring...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
11 Citations
5,336 Views
17 Pages

A Systematic Review for Cognitive State-Based QoE/UX Evaluation

  • Edgar Bañuelos-Lozoya,
  • Gabriel González-Serna,
  • Nimrod González-Franco,
  • Olivia Fragoso-Diaz and
  • Noé Castro-Sánchez

14 May 2021

Traditional evaluation of user experience is subjective by nature, for what is sought is to use data from physiological and behavioral sensors to interpret the relationship that the user’s cognitive states have with the elements of a graphical interf...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,034 Views
13 Pages

Modeling of Brain Cortical Activity during Relaxation and Mental Workload Tasks Based on EEG Signal Collection

  • Katarzyna Zemla,
  • Grzegorz M. Wojcik,
  • Filip Postepski,
  • Krzysztof Wróbel,
  • Andrzej Kawiak and
  • Grzegorz Sedek

31 March 2023

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused everything from daily hassles, relationship issues, and work pressures to health concerns and debilitating phobias. Relaxation techniques are one example of the many methods used to address stress, and t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,163 Views
20 Pages

Real-Time Mobile Robot Obstacles Detection and Avoidance Through EEG Signals

  • Karameldeen Omer,
  • Francesco Ferracuti,
  • Alessandro Freddi,
  • Sabrina Iarlori,
  • Francesco Vella and
  • Andrea Monteriù

Background/Objectives: The study explores the integration of human feedback into the control loop of mobile robots for real-time obstacle detection and avoidance using EEG brain–computer interface (BCI) methods. The goal is to assess the possib...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
7 Citations
9,079 Views
21 Pages

A Systematic Literature Review of Eye-Tracking and Machine Learning Methods for Improving Productivity and Reading Abilities

  • Lewis Arnold,
  • Soniya Aryal,
  • Brandon Hong,
  • Mahiethan Nitharsan,
  • Anaya Shah,
  • Waasiq Ahmed,
  • Zakariya Lilani,
  • Wanzi Su and
  • Davide Piaggio

18 March 2025

Deteriorating eyesight is increasingly prevalent in the digital age due to prolonged screen exposure and insufficient eye care, leading to reduced productivity and difficulties in maintaining focus during extended reading sessions. This systematic li...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,755 Views
26 Pages

27 July 2025

Manual assembly remains essential in modern manufacturing, yet the increasing complexity of customised production imposes significant cognitive burdens and error rates on workers. Existing Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR) systems often operate passive...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,467 Views
28 Pages

22 February 2019

Augmented Reality (AR) is a class of “mediated reality” that artificially modifies the human perception by superimposing virtual objects on the real world, which is expected to supplement reality. In visual-based augmentation, text and graphics, i.e....

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
219 Citations
30,390 Views
44 Pages

Neural Decoding of EEG Signals with Machine Learning: A Systematic Review

  • Maham Saeidi,
  • Waldemar Karwowski,
  • Farzad V. Farahani,
  • Krzysztof Fiok,
  • Redha Taiar,
  • P. A. Hancock and
  • Awad Al-Juaid

18 November 2021

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive technique used to record the brain’s evoked and induced electrical activity from the scalp. Artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, are increasingly...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
726 Views
26 Pages

Background/Objectives: Teacher burnout represents a complex cognitive-emotional syndrome characterized by the interplay between mental exhaustion and emotional dysregulation, threatening educational sustainability during crisis periods. This study em...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
5,483 Views
25 Pages

BioPyC, an Open-Source Python Toolbox for Offline Electroencephalographic and Physiological Signals Classification

  • Aurélien Appriou,
  • Léa Pillette,
  • David Trocellier,
  • Dan Dutartre,
  • Andrzej Cichocki and
  • Fabien Lotte

26 August 2021

Research on brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) has become more democratic in recent decades, and experiments using electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCIs has dramatically increased. The variety of protocol designs and the growing interest in physiolog...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,386 Views
6 Pages

Multi-Level Cloud Datacenter Security Using Efficient Hybrid Algorithm

  • Koushik Chakraborty,
  • Amrita Parashar,
  • Pawan Bhambu,
  • Durga Prasad Tripathi,
  • Pratap Patil and
  • Gaurav Kumar Srivastav

14 December 2023

Security is currently the main boundary for cloud-based administrations. It is not adequate to just consolidate the cloud by adding a couple of additional controls or component answers for your current organization security programming. Businesses mu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,404 Views
21 Pages

Enhancing Cognitive Workload Classification Using Integrated LSTM Layers and CNNs for fNIRS Data Analysis

  • Mehshan Ahmed Khan,
  • Houshyar Asadi,
  • Mohammad Reza Chalak Qazani,
  • Adetokunbo Arogbonlo,
  • Siamak Pedrammehr,
  • Adnan Anwar,
  • Hailing Zhou,
  • Lei Wei,
  • Asim Bhatti and
  • Saeid Nahavandi
  • + 2 authors

17 February 2025

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is employed as a non-invasive method to monitor functional brain activation by capturing changes in the concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR). Various machine lea...

  • Article
  • Open Access
349 Views
16 Pages

Psychosocial and Body Image Variations in Professional Dancers: A Prospective Longitudinal Observational Study

  • Marina Creazzo Maruschi,
  • Gabriel de Souza Zanini,
  • Pedro Luiz Santorsula de Paula Oliveira,
  • Deivide Telles de Lima,
  • Evandro Antônio Correa,
  • Carlos Eduardo Lopes Verardi,
  • Cátia Caldeira Ferreira,
  • Víctor Hernández-Beltrán,
  • José M. Gamonales and
  • Dalton Muller Pessoa Filho
  • + 1 author

3 March 2026

Introduction: Psychosocial functioning and body image are key dimensions of mental well-being and performance. Among professional dancers, competitive environments, aesthetic demands, and physical–emotional overload contribute to increased anxi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
2,652 Views
33 Pages

15 November 2024

Air Traffic Management (ATM) has become complicated mainly due to the increase and variety of input information from Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance (CNS) systems as well as the proliferation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) requiring U...