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  • Article
  • Open Access
1,028 Views
16 Pages

23 January 2026

The practices followed in the preservation of medieval castles in Latvia during the Soviet occupation period have not yet been comprehensively examined. This article seeks to elucidate this issue by considering a single case study—Turaida Castl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
15,263 Views
34 Pages

6 May 2019

Corvin Castle, located in Hunedoara County (Transylvania), is an important Romanian cultural site. Originally, a fort constructed in the 14th century, it was first converted into a castle by Ioan de Hunedoara in the 15th century, frequently changing...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,977 Views
26 Pages

Zooarchaeological Evidence from Medieval Ojców Castle, Lesser Poland

  • Joanna Religa-Sobczyk,
  • Krzysztof Wertz,
  • Lembi Lõugas,
  • Michał Wojenka,
  • Anna Lemanik and
  • Piotr Wojtal

28 December 2022

Archaeological research at Ojców castle has yielded important information about life in that medieval castle. The results of zooarchaeological analyses presented in this paper complement the archaeological research, adding to our knowledge of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,233 Views
19 Pages

5 February 2023

Historic gardens are often seen in the context of botanical heritage, which emphasizes their aesthetic and botanical value. Yet, their architectural importance as an integral part of the architectural heritage of the bastion castle ensemble is ignore...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,052 Views
29 Pages

Parametric Modelling Techniques for Rhine Castle Models in Blender

  • Etienne Sommer,
  • Mathieu Koehl and
  • Pierre Grussenmeyer

16 January 2025

Recent advances in 3D modelling have greatly improved the digital reconstruction of historic buildings. Traditional 3D modelling methods, while accurate, are very time-consuming and require a detailed focus on complex architectural features. The use...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10,789 Views
31 Pages

Color in Medieval Castle Architecture in Present-Day Poland and Czech Republic

  • Dagmara Adamska,
  • Przemysław Nocuń,
  • Tomasz Ratajczak and
  • František Záruba

7 February 2022

Colors were ubiquitous in the medieval world, and castles were no exception. While in the eyes of most people their rich color schemes manifested power and wealth, some could also read the more nuanced messages these colors conveyed. The main objecti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,881 Views
16 Pages

Preliminary Observations on Historical Castle Trakošćan (Croatia) Performance under Recent ML ≥ 5.5 Earthquakes

  • Snježana Markušić,
  • Davor Stanko,
  • Davorin Penava,
  • Domagoj Trajber and
  • Radmila Šalić

9 November 2021

Trakošćan Castle, built on a rocky peak in the late 13th century, is a cultural heritage site protected as a historical entity by the Republic of Croatia. The Castle is constructed as a highly irregular masonry structure with timber or shallow masonr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
5,061 Views
16 Pages

Potential of Marketing Communication as a Sustainability Tool in the Context of Castle Museums

  • Michal Lukáč,
  • Katarína Stachová,
  • Zdenko Stacho,
  • Gabriela Pajtinková Bartáková and
  • Katarína Gubíniová

22 July 2021

Based on the OECD research from 2020, tourism is one of the biggest and fast-growing sectors of the world economy. Tourism plays a key role in job creation as well as in added value creation. In 2018, the revenue from tourism in Slovakia totaled EUR...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,975 Views
20 Pages

6 April 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the volumetric stability around immediate implants, in which a 360-degree socket-shield was retained using the CastleWall Surgical Technique (CWST). Material and methods: This retrospective stud...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,519 Views
20 Pages

Shoho Castle Maps are maps of castle towns throughout Japan drawn by Kano School painters on the order of the shogun in 1644. The Shoho Castle Map of Takada, Joetsu City, Niigata Prefecture was used to visualize local distortions in historical maps a...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,521 Views
11 Pages

Integrated GPR and ERT Surveys for the Investigation of the External Sectors of the Castle of Melfi (Potenza, Italy)

  • Giovanni Leucci,
  • Ilaria Miccoli,
  • Dora Francesca Barbolla,
  • Lara De Giorgi,
  • Ivan Ferrari,
  • Francesco Giuri and
  • Giuseppe Scardozzi

12 February 2023

The Castle of Melfi is placed on a hilltop overlooking the modern town and it includes many buildings that have been modified and expanded over time. Its Norman-era core was probably built between the end of the 11th and the start of the 12th century...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,279 Views
24 Pages

This study investigates the subsurface remains of Jaundole Castle, a 14th-century medieval fortress located on Dole Island near Riga, Latvia. The castle, which has left no visible surface ruins, is known only from historical documents and maps. To as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
5,690 Views
17 Pages

22 December 2020

Mondújar Castle is an Andalusi fortress located in the Valle de Lecrín (Granada, Spain). It had strategic importance in the final years of the Kingdom of Granada. The king Muley Hacén lived there before passing away, resulting in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,183 Views
18 Pages

The Recent Discovery, Research, and Restoration of Medieval and Renaissance Frescoes in Riga Castle—A Treasure to the Baltic Region

  • Madara Rasiņa,
  • Ojārs Spārītis,
  • Jiřina Přikrylová,
  • Martin Racek,
  • Ivana Kopecká,
  • Eva Svobodová and
  • Richard Přikryl

23 February 2023

One of the most important castles of the medieval Teutonic Order—Riga Castle in Latvia—is currently undergoing extensive reconstruction work. This study attempts to summarize recent information about the medieval fresco in the chapel and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,888 Views
18 Pages

6 June 2023

The castle on Kozlov Rob above Tolmin is one of the most important historical sites in western Slovenia. Over the years, large quantities of finds dating from the late medieval and early modern periods have been recovered from the castle ruins in the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,335 Views
19 Pages

History and Archaeology in Discourse on the Dernberg–Reconstructing the Historical Landscape of a Medieval Motte-and-Bailey Castle and Deserted Village

  • Roland Filzwieser,
  • David Ruß,
  • Matthias Kucera,
  • Michael Doneus,
  • Gerhard Hasenhündl,
  • Geert J. Verhoeven,
  • Georg Zotti,
  • Andreas Lenzhofer,
  • Gerhard Stüttler and
  • Wolfgang Neubauer
  • + 1 author

8 August 2022

Investigating deserted medieval castles and villages in remote rural areas paired with a scarcity of meaningful written sources is a challenging task that can be significantly enhanced by the use of non-invasive archaeological prospection methods. Fu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,855 Views
15 Pages

A Roman Fortlet and Medieval Lowland Castle in the Upper Rhine Graben (Germany): Archaeological and Geoarchaeological Research on the Zullestein Site and the Fluvioscape of Lorsch Abbey

  • Roland Prien,
  • Elena Appel,
  • Thomas Becker,
  • Olaf Bubenzer,
  • Peter Fischer,
  • Bertil Mächtle,
  • Timo Willershäuser and
  • Andreas Vött

This study examines the Roman burgus and medieval lowland castle ‘Zullestein’ near Biblis (Bergstraße district/Hessen/Germany) and its surrounding fluvio-scape. The aim of the study is to reassess the appearance of the fortification...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,863 Views
24 Pages

Although HBIM (Historical Building Information Modeling) excels in geometric data acquisition and modeling within Scan-to-BIM (Building Information Modeling) workflows, its application in digital documentation faces persistent challenges, such as bal...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
6,869 Views
24 Pages

Multi-Analytical Characterization of Corvins’ Castle—Deserted Tower. Construction Materials and Conservation Tests

  • Rodica Mariana Ion,
  • Lorena Iancu,
  • Madalina Elena David,
  • Ramona Marina Grigorescu,
  • Bogdan Trica,
  • Raluca Somoghi,
  • Sorina Florentina Vasile,
  • Ioana Daniela Dulama,
  • Anca Irina Gheboianu and
  • Sorin Tincu

20 August 2020

The aim of this paper is to analyze the construction materials (mortars) of an architectural monument (Deserted Tower (Lilly Tower) from Corvins’ Castle, Romania). The mortars were characterized following a multidisciplinary approach, combining...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
8,242 Views
21 Pages

With the increasing demands to use remote sensing approaches, such as aerial photography, satellite imagery, and LiDAR in archaeological applications, there is still a limited number of studies assessing the differences between remote sensing methods...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
4,625 Views
21 Pages

1 February 2023

The structural analysis of degraded historical buildings requires an adequate 3D model of the object. Structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry and laser scanning geomatics techniques can satisfy this request by providing geometrically affordable da...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,131 Views
23 Pages

4 September 2025

Castles situated in rural areas occupy a distinctive position within the European heritage landscape, serving economic, residential and symbolic functions. While the great urban royal residences have benefited from constant attention, conservation an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,783 Views
23 Pages

Do Medieval Castles Drive Heritage-Based Development in Low-Density Areas?

  • Isabel Vaz de Freitas,
  • Paulo Jorge Reis Mourão and
  • Helena Albuquerque

Historical monuments enrich lives by connecting people to their community and heritage. They are key to understanding population movements and local development. This study analyzes how the presence of castles classified as National Monuments or of P...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,371 Views
29 Pages

Revealing Elegance and Enchantment: Analysis of Travelers’ Reviews of Romanian Palaces and Castles

  • Marius-Răzvan Surugiu,
  • Valentina Vasile,
  • Camelia Surugiu,
  • Cristina Raluca Mazilescu and
  • Răzvan Vasile

11 February 2025

This paper focuses on analyzing online visitor reviews of Romanian palaces and castles because these comments could represent the starting point for improving tourist offerings. Additionally, expert evaluations were included in analyzing the relevanc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,005 Views
20 Pages

Defensive Strongholds and Fortified Castles in Poland—From the Art of Fortifications to Tourist Attractions

  • Jacek Kulpiński,
  • Beata Prukop,
  • Paweł Rut,
  • Aneta Rejman,
  • Paweł Świder and
  • Wojciech J. Cynarski

9 March 2022

The scientific problem undertaken is the importance of castles for the functioning of cultural tourism in the opinion of the inhabitants of Central Europe. What is the use of medieval monuments for the art of fortifications today? The main method of...

  • Case Report
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,434 Views
7 Pages

Thyroid Carcinoma Showing Thymus-like Differentiation (CASTLE): A Case Report

  • Mihaela Stanciu,
  • Ruxandra Paula Ristea,
  • Mihaela Popescu,
  • Corina Maria Vasile and
  • Florina Ligia Popa

26 August 2022

Background and Objectives: Carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) is a low-grade thyroid carcinoma, with an indolent clinical course and usually a favorable prognosis. The clinical and imagistic features are not specific for CASTLE bu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,725 Views
24 Pages

8 October 2023

The Frinco Castle (AT-Italy) was the focus of a critical requalification and restoration project and historical knowledge. The initial medieval nucleus was modified and enriched by other architectural parts giving the current shape over the centuries...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,436 Views
24 Pages

2 February 2025

The Castle of Lanjarón is a 16th century stronghold located in Andalucía, Spain. After losing its military function, the castle was abandoned, leading to significant decay. Designated a national heritage site in 1985, recent efforts hav...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
5,198 Views
12 Pages

29 April 2019

This article explores local perceptions towards an archaeological site on the Greek island of Antikythera, known as ‘Castle’, within the context of recent calls for the development of the island through heritage tourism. As the identifica...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,577 Views
21 Pages

31 March 2021

This paper presents the results of a research that was carried out in a castle in Prószków, a town near Opole, Poland. The investigations were based on the conducted architectural research, including iconographic studies and the analysis of the techn...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,473 Views
23 Pages

Force-Based Seismic Evaluation of Retrofitting Interventions of Historic Masonry Castles by 3D Rigid Block Limit Analysis

  • Lucrezia Cascini,
  • Giuseppe Brando,
  • Francesco P. A. Portioli,
  • Morena Rita Forgione,
  • Claudio Mazzanti and
  • Marcello Vasta

22 July 2020

This paper deals with the force-based assessment of collapse mechanisms and strengthening interventions of the historic masonry castle “Bussi sul Tirino” (Abruzzi, Italy) using rigid block limit analysis (RBLA). The structure, which is a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,083 Views
24 Pages

1 September 2021

Beas de Segura is an ancient village located in the valley of the Sierra de Segura, at the gateway to the Sierra de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas (Jaén, Spain). This territory has been inhabited by different cultures, from the Palaeolithic to the pres...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,175 Views
24 Pages

Unraveling the Mysteries of Sleep: Exploring Phylogenomic Sleep Signals in the Recently Characterized Archaeal Phylum Lokiarchaeota near Loki’s Castle

  • Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal,
  • Konda Mani Saravanan,
  • Sayan Paul,
  • David Warren Spence and
  • Saravana Babu Chidambaram

Sleep is a universally conserved behavior whose origin and evolutionary purpose are uncertain. Using phylogenomics, this article investigates the evolutionary foundations of sleep from a never before used perspective. More specifically, it identifies...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
3,501 Views
16 Pages

Petrographic and Chemical–Mineralogical Characterization of Mortars from the Cistern at Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain)

  • Graciela Ponce-Antón,
  • Maria Cruz Zuluaga,
  • Luis Angel Ortega and
  • Juantxo Agirre Mauleon

31 March 2020

Mortars from the cistern in Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain) were analysed to assess the mortar manufacturing process and application techniques. To this end, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray flu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,443 Views
23 Pages

14 April 2023

The Antonine Wall Distance Sculptures are iconic and unique sculptural reliefs that marked Rome’s most north-westerly frontier across central Scotland. Their inscribed texts and iconography depict graphic tales of frontier life, and recent non-...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
8,423 Views
21 Pages

7 December 2018

Loki’s Castle on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR) is an area of possible seafloor massive sulphide (SMS)-style mineralisation under Norwegian jurisdiction, which, due to mounting social pressure, may be a strategic future source of base and pr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,582 Views
18 Pages

19 December 2023

The city center of Erzurum in the east of Turkey, Erzurum province, has structures with origins from the Anatolian Seljuk and Ilkhanid Periods to the present day, including the “Erzurum Castle”, “Ulu Mosque”, “Double Min...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,523 Views
19 Pages

The study is focused on the analysis of black crust and soiling on the building materials of the medieval Lipowiec Castle in southern Poland. The castle was constructed using local, partly dolomitic limestones and dolomites, supplemented with other l...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
7,094 Views
18 Pages

24 May 2021

This article presents an in-depth study of Raphael’s drawing of Leda and the Swan (RCIN 912759), preserved at Windsor Castle. The research aims to make the paper’s physical properties accessible and extend the information on the watermark. The method...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
4,196 Views
13 Pages

28 February 2019

The latest results obtained through photogrammetric restitution enhanced by GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) survey achieved increased levels of accuracy. These survey solutions are used to rapidly obtain a detailed...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,316 Views
20 Pages

The Analysis of Fire Protection for Selected Historical Buildings as a Part of Crisis Management: Slovak Case Study

  • Jana Jaďuďová,
  • Linda Makovická Osvaldová,
  • Stanislava Gašpercová and
  • David Řehák

24 July 2025

Historical buildings are exposed to an increased risk of fire. The direct influence comes from the buildings’ structural design and the fire protection level. The fundamental principle for reducing the loss of heritage value in historical build...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,668 Views
17 Pages

Mineralogical, Textural and Physical Characterisation to Determine Deterioration Susceptibility of Irulegi Castle Lime Mortars (Navarre, Spain)

  • Graciela Ponce-Antón,
  • Anna Arizzi,
  • Maria Cruz Zuluaga,
  • Giuseppe Cultrone,
  • Luis Angel Ortega and
  • Juantxo Agirre Mauleon

15 February 2019

Archaeological lime mortars from the Tower Keep and West perimeter wall of Irulegi Castle (Navarre, Spain) were analysed to determine susceptibility to deterioration. Chemical, mineralogical, textural and physical characterisation was performed by di...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,461 Views
22 Pages

A Multilevel Approach for the Cultural Heritage Vulnerability and Strengthening: Application to the Melfi Castle

  • Cristina Cantagallo,
  • Enrico Spacone,
  • Daniele Perrucci,
  • Nicola Liguori and
  • Clara Verazzo

3 September 2020

This study outlines a procedure for the seismic safety evaluation of historical buildings for engineers and architects that commonly work on buildings belonging to cultural and architectural heritage. The procedure is characterized by two interrelate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,765 Views
24 Pages

This study investigates how augmented-reality (AR) technology can enhance the presentation and preservation of cultural heritage, using Kayseri Castle as a case study. Although previous studies have explored AR applications in heritage contexts, few...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,883 Views
17 Pages

14 September 2024

The objective of this study was to determine the authorship, provenance, and technology of the mudejar enamelled tiles from the Olite Castle (northern Spain, 14th century). According to previous knowledge, Olite’s enamelled tiles had been manuf...

  • Article
  • Open Access
39 Citations
6,834 Views
17 Pages

29 July 2018

Mortars from different stratigraphic units at Portilla Castle (Alava, North Spain) have been analyzed for mineralogical characterization before radiocarbon dating. The mortar binder at Portilla Castle is composed not only of neoformation calcite but...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,308 Views
20 Pages

Evaluation of 3D Models of Archaeological Remains of Almenara Castle Using Two UAVs with Different Navigation Systems

  • Juan López-Herrera,
  • Serafín López-Cuervo,
  • Enrique Pérez-Martín,
  • Miguel Ángel Maté-González,
  • Consuelo Vara Izquierdo,
  • José Martínez Peñarroya and
  • Tomás R. Herrero-Tejedor

10 January 2025

Improvements in the navigation systems incorporated into unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and new sensors are improving the quality of 3D mapping results. In this study, two flights were compared over the archaeological remains of the castle of Almena...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
46 Citations
6,859 Views
18 Pages

Rockfall Analysis for Preliminary Hazard Assessment of the Cliff of Taormina Saracen Castle (Sicily)

  • Simone Mineo,
  • Giovanna Pappalardo,
  • Michele Mangiameli,
  • Santo Campolo and
  • Giuseppe Mussumeci

6 February 2018

A rockfall analysis at one of the most relevant cultural heritage sites of northeastern Sicily (Italy) is presented herein with the aim of assessing the hazard arising from the unstable conditions of the rock cliff of Taormina city, upon which the Sa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,422 Views
14 Pages

Rare Earth Elements to Control Bone Diagenesis Processes at Rozafa Castle (Albania)

  • Daniel Román Navarro,
  • Gianni Gallello,
  • Janusz Recław,
  • Ginevra Panzarino,
  • M. Luisa Cervera and
  • Agustín Pastor

17 October 2024

Archaeological bone chemical composition is modified post-mortem by diagenesis processes, and over decades, several authors have proposed different protocols to avoid post-depositional contamination that can carry to misleading interpretations about...

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