Cerebellar dysfunction can be associated with ataxia, dysarthria, dysmetria, nystagmus and cognitive deficits. While cerebellar dysfunction can be caused by vascular, traumatic, metabolic, genetic, inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic events, the...
The choroid plexus (CP) is a structure in the brain ventricles that produces the main part of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is covered with specialized cells which show epithelial characteristics and are the site of the blood–CSF barrier. T...
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important emerging neurotropic virus, responsible for increasingly severe encephalitis outbreaks in humans and horses worldwide. However, the mechanism by which the virus gains entry to the brain (neuroinvasion) remains po...
The Gram-negative diplococcus Neisseria meningitidis, also called meningococcus, exclusively infects humans and can cause meningitis, a severe disease that can lead to the death of the afflicted individuals. To cause meningitis, the bacteria have to...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) known for the manifestation of demyelinated lesions throughout the CNS, leading to neurodegeneration. To date, not all pathological mechanisms that drive disease p...
Background/Objectives: The blood–brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier limit the uptake of CNS-targeted therapeutics, warranting utilization of intra-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drug delivery. Here we review and compare the safety and distribution...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by wide phenotypic heterogeneity. Despite efforts to carefully define and stratify ALS patients according to their clinical and genetic features, prognosis pred...
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) microcirculation refers to CSF flow through brain or spinal parenchyma. CSF enters the tissue along the perivascular spaces of the penetrating arteries where it mixes with the interstitial fluid circulating through the extra...
Background: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is, by definition, of unknown cause. Davson’s equation indicates that the increased intracranial pressure (ICP) found in IIH could be due to an increase in the CSF formation rate (CSFfr), t...
Background: In normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) there is blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, which should increase the CSF formation rate (CSFfr) and, therefore, also increase the intracranial pressure (ICP). However, the ICP is normal in...
Early treatment with glucocorticoids could help reduce both cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, leading to improved clinical outcome after stroke. In our previous study, isosteviol sodium (STVNA) demonstrated neuroprotective effects in an in vitro stroke...
In recent years, various drug delivery systems circumventing the blood–brain barrier have emerged for treating brain tumors. This study aimed to improve the efficacy of brain tumor treatment in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) using cerebro...
Glucose delivery to the brain requires transporters at the blood–brain barrier (BBB), whose downregulation may be associated with neuronal deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Whether this downregulation is due to reduced demand or prima...
The central nervous system (CNS) may be considered as a sanctuary site, protected from systemic chemotherapy by the meninges, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Consequently, parenchymal and CSF exposure of most antineop...
The choroid plexus (CP) plays significant roles in secreting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forming circadian rhythms. A monolayer of epithelial cells with tight and adherens junctions of CP forms the blood–CSF barrier to control the movement of...
Background: Dysregulation of adipokines is considered a key mechanism of chronic inflammation in metabolic syndrome. Some adipokines affect food intake by crossing the blood/brain barrier. The adipokine chemerin is associated with metabolic syndrome,...
The yak (Bos grunniens) is a valuable livestock animal endemic to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China with low reproductive rates. Cryptorchidism is one of the primary causes of infertility in male yaks. Compared with normal testes, the tight ju...
Manganese (Mn) is a trace nutrient necessary for life but becomes neurotoxic at high concentrations in the brain. The brain is a “privileged” organ that is separated from systemic blood circulation mainly by two barriers. Endothelial cells within the...
Background: Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a multifunctional peptide with vasoregulatory, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Its stable fragment, mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), is a validated biomarker in sepsis and systemic infe...
Age is associated with altered immune functions that may affect the brain. Brain barriers, including the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–CSF barrier (BCSFB), are important interfaces for neuroimmune communication, and are affected by...
The glycosylation of proteins plays an important role in neurological development and disease. Glycoproteomic studies on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are a valuable tool to gain insight into brain glycosylation and its changes in disease. However, it is...
Understanding antibiotic concentration-time profiles in the central nervous system (CNS) is crucial to treat severe life-threatening CNS infections, such as nosocomial ventriculitis or meningitis. Yet CNS distribution is likely to be altered in patie...
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common factor known to be involved in the pathogenesis of a number of neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Given the importance of co...
The identification of CSF biomarkers for bacterial meningitis can potentially improve diagnosis and understanding of pathogenesis, and the differentiation from viral CNS infections is of particular clinical importance. Considering that substantial ch...
The choroid plexus (CP) plays central roles in regulating the microenvironment of the central nervous system by secreting the majority of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and controlling its composition. A monolayer of epithelial cells of CP plays a signifi...
The aim was to evaluate the performance of the latest quantitative marker for intrathecal IgG synthesis and to compare it with other established markers used for the same purpose. We retrospectively applied Auer’s and Reiber’s intrathecal...
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a fluid critical to brain development, function, and health. It is actively secreted by the choroid plexus, and it emanates from brain tissue due to osmolar exchange and the constant contribution of brain metabolism and a...
The active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), is essential for human metabolism. The brain is dependent on vitamin B6 for its neurotransmitter balance. To obtain insight into the genetic determinants of vitamin B6 homeostasis, we conducte...
Background: The presence of intrathecal total IgG production is a hallmark of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics in multiple sclerosis (MS). Herein, we systematically analyze how the intensity (instead of mere presence) of intrathecal total Ig...
We have previously proposed a radical change in the current strategy to clear pathogenic proteins from the central nervous system (CNS) based on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-sink therapeutic strategy, whereby pathogenic proteins can be removed direc...
Recently, exploitation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation has become increasingly recognized as a feasible strategy to solve the challenges involved in drug delivery for treating brain tumors. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) also faces cha...
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic agent causing meningitis in pigs and humans. Neutrophils, as the first line of defense against S. suis infections, release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to entrap pathogens. In this study, we investigated the...
Donepezil (DNPZ) is a cholinesterase inhibitor used for the management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is dependent on membrane transporters such as ABCG2 to actively cross brain barriers and reach its target site of action in the brain. Locate...
(1) Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that mainly affects young adults and females more than males. The detection of intrathecal IgG synthesis (IIS) on cerebrospina...
Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is a devastating complication caused by seeding malignant cells to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the leptomeningeal membrane. LMD is diagnosed in 5–15% of patients with systemic malignancy. Management of LMD is...
Visceral canine leishmaniasis (CanL) can cause several clinical manifestations, including neurological lesions. Few reports have characterized the lesions observed in the central nervous system (CNS) during CanL; however, its pathogenesis remains unc...
The β-Coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-A59)-RSA59 has a patent stretch of fusion peptide (FP) containing two consecutive central prolines (PP) in the S2 domain of the Spike protein. Our previous studies compared the PP-containing fusogenic...
The choroid plexus (ChP) is a complex structure in the human brain that is responsible for the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forming the blood–CSF barrier (B-CSF-B). Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have shown promisin...
Cerebral complications in preeclampsia are leading causes of maternal mortality. Animal models suggest that an injured blood–brain barrier and neuroinflammation may be important but there is paucity of data from human studies. Therefore, we aimed to...
Background: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and advanced oxidation protein products, or AOPP (a type of MPO-derived chlorinated adducts), have been implicated in Parkinson´s disease (PD). Human MPO also show sex-based differences in PD. The objective was...
(1) Background: Bile acids, known as aids in intestinal fat digestion and as messenger molecules in serum, can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), although the blood–brain barrier is generally an insurmountable obstacle for bile acids. Th...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a heterogeneous disease, both in its onset phenotype and in its rate of progression. The aim of this study was to establish whether the dysfunction of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–spinal c...
Neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injuries, and strokes are accompanied by the development of secondary damage—a long-term pathological cascade in which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays a key role. Unlike primary damage, which is acute...
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace mineral for brain function, but excessive accumulation can cause irreversible nervous system damage, highlighting the need for proper Mn balance. ZIP14, ZnT10, and ZIP8 are key transporters involved in maintaining...
Central nervous system (CNS) drug disposition is dictated by a drug’s physicochemical properties and its ability to permeate physiological barriers. The blood–brain barrier (BBB), blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and centrally located drug transpor...
The central nervous system (CNS) is an immune-privileged compartment that is separated from the circulating blood and the peripheral organs by the blood–brain and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers. Transmigration of lymphocyte...
Caffeine, a common ingredient in energy drinks, crosses the blood–brain barrier easily, but the kinetics of caffeine across the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) has not been investigated. Therefore, 127 autopsy cases (Group A, 30...
The choroid plexus (CP), located in each of the four ventricles of the brain, is formed by a monolayer of epithelial cells that surrounds a highly vascularized connective tissue with permeable capillaries. These cells are joined by tight junctions fo...
The accumulation of soluble proteins and metabolites during wakefulness and their clearance during sleep via the glymphatic system occurs in healthy adults and is disturbed in some neurological conditions. Such diurnal variations in the cerebrospinal...
Background: Abnormal accumulation of lipids is found in dopamine neurons and resident microglia in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The accumulation of lipids is an important risk factor for PD. Previous studies have ma...
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