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  • Technical Note
  • Open Access
15 Citations
9,155 Views
13 Pages

OpenDroneMap: Multi-Platform Performance Analysis

  • Augustine-Moses Gaavwase Gbagir,
  • Kylli Ek and
  • Alfred Colpaert

This paper analyzes the performance of the open-source OpenDroneMap image processing software (ODM) across multiple platforms. We tested desktop and laptop computers as well as high-performance cloud computing and supercomputers. Multiple machine con...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
7,996 Views
21 Pages

Can Commercial Low-Cost Drones and Open-Source GIS Technologies Be Suitable for Semi-Automatic Weed Mapping for Smart Farming? A Case Study in NE Italy

  • Pietro Mattivi,
  • Salvatore Eugenio Pappalardo,
  • Nebojša Nikolić,
  • Luca Mandolesi,
  • Antonio Persichetti,
  • Massimo De Marchi and
  • Roberta Masin

11 May 2021

Weed management is a crucial issue in agriculture, resulting in environmental in-field and off-field impacts. Within Agriculture 4.0, adoption of UASs combined with spatially explicit approaches may drastically reduce doses of herbicides, increasing...

  • Abstract
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,093 Views
2 Pages

Applicability of Remote Sensing Workflow in Kubernetes-Managed On-premise Cluster Environment

  • Hemang Narendra Vithlani,
  • Dogotari Marcel,
  • Bethany Melville,
  • Moritz Prüm,
  • Olee Hoi Ying Lam,
  • Rolf Becker and
  • Frank Zimmer

The acquisition, storage, and processing of huge amounts of data and their fast analysis to generate information is not a new approach, but it becomes challenging through smart decision-making on the choice of hardware and software improvements. In t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,058 Views
21 Pages

16 October 2024

Uncrewed aerial system (UAS) structure from motion (SfM) monitoring strategies for individual trees has rapidly expanded in the early 21st century. It has become common for studies to report accuracies for individual tree heights and DBH, along with...

  • Article
  • Open Access
37 Citations
10,415 Views
21 Pages

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are a rapidly evolving tool in geosciences and are increasingly deployed for studying the dynamic processes of the earth’s surface. To assess the potential of autonomous low-cost UAVs for the mapping and monitorin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
10,116 Views
48 Pages

How to Build a 2D and 3D Aerial Multispectral Map?—All Steps Deeply Explained

  • André Vong,
  • João P. Matos-Carvalho,
  • Piero Toffanin,
  • Dário Pedro,
  • Fábio Azevedo,
  • Filipe Moutinho,
  • Nuno Cruz Garcia and
  • André Mora

13 August 2021

The increased development of camera resolution, processing power, and aerial platforms helped to create more cost-efficient approaches to capture and generate point clouds to assist in scientific fields. The continuous development of methods to produ...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,139 Views
12 Pages

25 December 2022

In this paper, we propose an aerial images stitching method based on an as-projective-as-possible (APAP) algorithm, aiming at the problem artifacts, distortions, or stitching failure due to fewer feature points for multispectral aerial image with cer...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,620 Views
26 Pages

Rapid-DEM: Rapid Topographic Updates through Satellite Change Detection and UAS Data Fusion

  • Corey T. White,
  • William Reckling,
  • Anna Petrasova,
  • Ross K. Meentemeyer and
  • Helena Mitasova

2 April 2022

As rapid urbanization occurs in cities worldwide, the importance of maintaining updated digital elevation models (DEM) will continue to increase. However, due to the cost of generating high-resolution DEM over large spatial extents, the temporal reso...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,067 Views
19 Pages

Harnessing Digital Twins for Agriculture 5.0: A Comparative Analysis of 3D Point Cloud Tools

  • Paula Catala-Roman,
  • Enrique A. Navarro,
  • Jaume Segura-Garcia and
  • Miguel Garcia-Pineda

20 February 2024

Digital twins are essential in Agriculture 5.0, providing an accurate digital representation of agricultural objects and processes, enabling data-driven decision-making, the simulation of future scenarios, and innovation for a more efficient and sust...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,960 Views
18 Pages

UAV-Based Characterization of Tree-Attributes and Multispectral Indices in an Uneven-Aged Mixed Conifer-Broadleaf Forest

  • Eduardo D. Vivar-Vivar,
  • Marín Pompa-García,
  • José A. Martínez-Rivas and
  • Luis A. Mora-Tembre

9 June 2022

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have contributed considerably to forest monitoring. However, gaps in the knowledge still remain, particularly for natural forests. Species diversity, stand heterogeneity, and the irregular spatial arrangement of trees...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,684 Views
29 Pages

Post-Hurricane Debris and Community Flood Damage Assessment Using Aerial Imagery

  • Diksha Aggarwal,
  • Suyog Gautam,
  • Daniel Whitehurst and
  • Kevin Kochersberger

12 September 2025

Natural disasters often result in significant damage to infrastructure, generating vast amounts of debris in towns and water bodies. Timely post-disaster damage assessment is critical for enabling swift cleanup and recovery efforts. This study presen...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
6,266 Views
42 Pages

A Multi-Drone System Proof of Concept for Forestry Applications

  • André G. Araújo,
  • Carlos A. P. Pizzino,
  • Micael S. Couceiro and
  • Rui P. Rocha

21 January 2025

This study presents a multi-drone proof of concept for efficient forest mapping and autonomous operation, framed within the context of the OPENSWARM EU Project. The approach leverages state-of-the-art open-source simultaneous localisation and mapping...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
7,192 Views
14 Pages

3D AQI Mapping Data Assessment of Low-Altitude Drone Real-Time Air Pollution Monitoring

  • Sarun Duangsuwan,
  • Phoowadon Prapruetdee,
  • Mallika Subongkod and
  • Katanyoo Klubsuwan

29 July 2022

Air pollution primarily originates from substances that are directly emitted from natural or anthropogenic processes, such as carbon monoxide (CO) gas emitted in vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide (SO2) released from factories. However, a major air po...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
8,552 Views
19 Pages

16 April 2021

Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea or holothurians) are a valuable fishery and are also crucial nutrient recyclers, bioturbation agents, and hosts for many biotic associates. Their ecological impacts could be substantial given their high abundance in some...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,318 Views
22 Pages

Potential of Lightweight Drones and Object-Oriented Image Segmentation in Forest Plantation Assessment

  • Jitendra Dixit,
  • Ashok Kumar Bhardwaj,
  • Saurabh Kumar Gupta,
  • Suraj Kumar Singh,
  • Gowhar Meraj,
  • Pankaj Kumar,
  • Shruti Kanga,
  • Saurabh Singh and
  • Bhartendu Sajan

27 April 2024

Forests play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and provide numerous benefits. The monitoring and managing of large-scale forest plantations can be challenging and expensive. In recent years, advancements in remote sensing technologies, s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
34 Citations
9,321 Views
13 Pages

Drone-Based Identification of Erosive Processes in Open-Pit Mining Restored Areas

  • Joan-Cristian Padró,
  • Johnsson Cardozo,
  • Pau Montero,
  • Roger Ruiz-Carulla,
  • Josep Maria Alcañiz,
  • Dèlia Serra and
  • Vicenç Carabassa

29 January 2022

Unmanned Aerial Systems, or drones, are very helpful tools for managing open-pit mining operations and developing ecological restoration activities. This article presents a method for identifying water erosion processes in active quarries by means of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
55 Citations
17,527 Views
13 Pages

28 August 2020

While coral reef ecosystems hold immense biological, ecological, and economic value, frequent anthropogenic and environmental disturbances have caused these ecosystems to decline globally. Current coral reef monitoring methods include in situ surveys...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
7,154 Views
15 Pages

An Application of IoT in a Drone Inspection Service for Environmental Control

  • Muriel Cabianca,
  • Maria Laura Clemente,
  • Gianluca Gatto,
  • Carlo Impagliazzo,
  • Lidia Leoni,
  • Martino Masia and
  • Riccardo Piras

30 August 2022

This paper presents an exploratory activity with a drone inspection service for environmental control. The aim of the service is to provide technical support to decision-makers in environmental risk management. The proposed service uses IoT for the i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,722 Views
14 Pages

Complexity Level of People Gathering Presentation on an Animated Map—Objective Effectiveness Versus Expert Opinion

  • Beata Medyńska-Gulij,
  • Łukasz Wielebski,
  • Łukasz Halik and
  • Maciej Smaczyński

The aim of the following study was to present three alternative methods of visualization on animated maps illustrating the movement of people gathered at an open-air event recorded on photographs taken by a drone. The effectiveness of an orthorectifi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
40 Citations
7,297 Views
18 Pages

Fusion of Drone-Based RGB and Multi-Spectral Imagery for Shallow Water Bathymetry Inversion

  • Evangelos Alevizos,
  • Dimitrios Oikonomou,
  • Athanasios V. Argyriou and
  • Dimitrios D. Alexakis

24 February 2022

Shallow bathymetry inversion algorithms have long been applied in various types of remote sensing imagery with relative success. However, this approach requires that imagery with increased radiometric resolution in the visible spectrum be available....

  • Article
  • Open Access
53 Citations
16,411 Views
24 Pages

23 July 2021

Object detection in uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) images has been a longstanding challenge in the field of computer vision. Specifically, object detection in drone images is a complex task due to objects of various scales such as humans, buildings, w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,976 Views
21 Pages

UAV-OVD: Open-Vocabulary Object Detection in UAV Imagery via Multi-Level Text-Guided Decoding

  • Lijie Tao,
  • Guoting Wei,
  • Zhuo Wang,
  • Zhaoshuai Qi,
  • Ying Li and
  • Haokui Zhang

14 July 2025

Object detection in drone-captured imagery has attracted significant attention due to its wide range of real-world applications, including surveillance, disaster response, and environmental monitoring. Although the majority of existing methods are de...

  • Article
  • Open Access
494 Views
12 Pages

Drone-Based Assessment of Sea Turtle Habitat Utilization in the Diani-Chale National Marine Reserve, Kenya

  • Brian Omwoyo,
  • Joana M. Hancock,
  • Leah Mainye,
  • Jane R. Lloyd,
  • Stephanie Köhnk,
  • Mumini Dzoga and
  • Cosmas Munga

31 January 2026

Globally, sea turtles face significant threats from human activities, yet detailed information on their habitat use and specific anthropogenic impacts remains limited, particularly in key marine protected areas like Kenya’s Diani-Chale National...

  • Article
  • Open Access
46 Citations
6,628 Views
20 Pages

A Practical Methodology for Generating High-Resolution 3D Models of Open-Pit Slopes Using UAVs: Flight Path Planning and Optimization

  • Rushikesh Battulwar,
  • Garrett Winkelmaier,
  • Jorge Valencia,
  • Masoud Zare Naghadehi,
  • Bijan Peik,
  • Behrooz Abbasi,
  • Bahram Parvin and
  • Javad Sattarvand

16 July 2020

High-resolution terrain models of open-pit mine highwalls and benches are essential in developing new automated slope monitoring systems for operational optimization. This paper presents several contributions to the field of remote sensing in surface...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
7,464 Views
26 Pages

Gunshot Airborne Surveillance with Rotary Wing UAV-Embedded Microphone Array

  • Felipe Gonçalves Serrenho,
  • José Antonio Apolinário,
  • António Luiz Lopes Ramos and
  • Rigel Procópio Fernandes

1 October 2019

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are growing in popularity, and recent technological advances are fostering the development of new applications for these devices. This paper discusses the use of aerial drones as a platform for deploying a gunshot surve...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
8,839 Views
37 Pages

Drone-Assisted Confined Space Inspection and Stockpile Volume Estimation

  • Ahmad Alsayed,
  • Akilu Yunusa-Kaltungo,
  • Mark K. Quinn,
  • Farshad Arvin and
  • Mostafa R. A. Nabawy

24 August 2021

The accuracy of stockpile estimations is of immense criticality to process optimisation and overall financial decision making within manufacturing operations. Despite well-established correlations between inventory management and profitability, safe...

  • Review
  • Open Access
73 Citations
20,243 Views
29 Pages

Drones for Flood Monitoring, Mapping and Detection: A Bibliometric Review

  • Umair Iqbal,
  • Muhammad Zain Bin Riaz,
  • Jiahong Zhao,
  • Johan Barthelemy and
  • Pascal Perez

1 January 2023

Floods are one of the most often occurring and damaging natural hazards. They impact the society on a massive scale and result in significant damages. To reduce the impact of floods, society needs to keep benefiting from the latest technological inno...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,148 Views
43 Pages

24 October 2025

This study combined virtual reality technology with drone aerial imagery of Smangus, a remote Atayal tribe situated 1500 m above sea level in Hsinchu County, Taiwan, to develop a virtual drone system. This study aims to investigate the learning effec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,097 Views
33 Pages

23 November 2021

Mapping coastal bathymetry from remote sensing becomes increasingly more attractive for the coastal community. It is facilitated by a rising availability of drone and satellite data, advances in data science, and an open-source mindset. Coastal bathy...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
856 Views
40 Pages

A Review of Drones in Smart Agriculture: Issues, Models, Trends, and Challenges

  • Javier Gamboa-Cruzado,
  • Jhon Estrada-Gutierrez,
  • Cesar Bustos-Romero,
  • Cristina Alzamora Rivero,
  • Jorge Nolasco Valenzuela,
  • Carlos Andrés Tavera Romero,
  • Juan Gamarra-Moreno and
  • Flavio Amayo-Gamboa

4 January 2026

This systematic literature review examines the rapid growth of research on the use of drones applied to smart agriculture, a key field for the digital and sustainable transformation of the agricultural sector. The study aimed to synthesize the curren...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,322 Views
29 Pages

Blasthole Location Detection Using Support Vector Machine and Convolutional Neural Networks on UAV Images and Photogrammetry Models

  • Jorge Valencia,
  • Ebrahim Emami,
  • Rushikesh Battulwar,
  • Ankit Jha,
  • Jose A. Gomez,
  • Amin Moniri-Morad and
  • Javad Sattarvand

Identifying the as-drilled location of blastholes is crucial for achieving optimal blasting results. This research proposes a novel integrated methodology to control drilling accuracy in open-pit mines. This approach is developed by combining aerial...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
8,457 Views
9 Pages

The simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) market is growing rapidly with advances in Machine Learning, Drones, and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies. However, due to the absence of an open source-based SLAM library for developing AR content,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
297 Views
28 Pages

Edge Detection on a 2D-Mesh NoC with Systolic Arrays: From FPGA Validation to GDSII Proof-of-Concept

  • Emma Mascorro-Guardado,
  • Susana Ortega-Cisneros,
  • Francisco Javier Ibarra-Villegas,
  • Jorge Rivera,
  • Héctor Emmanuel Muñoz-Zapata and
  • Emilio Isaac Baungarten-Leon

9 January 2026

Edge detection is a key building block in real-time image-processing applications such as drone-based infrastructure inspection, autonomous navigation, and remote sensing. However, its computational cost remains a challenge for resource-constrained e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
971 Views
23 Pages

In facility horticultural production, intelligent disease recognition and precise intervention are vital for crop health and economic efficiency. We construct a multi-source dataset from Bayan Nur, Weifang, and Honghe that integrates handheld camera...

  • Article
  • Open Access
236 Views
15 Pages

10 February 2026

Seagrass meadows are essential coastal ecosystems that provide key ecological services, including carbon sequestration, sediment stabilization, and shoreline protection. Increasing threats from natural and anthropogenic stressors highlight the need f...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
6,717 Views
14 Pages

Drone Geologic Mapping of an Active Sand and Gravel Quarry, Desoto County, Mississippi

  • Caroline Behrman,
  • Roy Van Arsdale,
  • Youngsang Kwon,
  • Kerry Stockslager,
  • Dave Leverett and
  • David Lumsden

15 July 2019

Aerial drone photography of an active pit within a sand and gravel quarry in DeSoto County, Mississippi, was conducted to better understand the Upland Complex, which is a high-level Pliocene terrace of the Mississippi River. The Upland Complex is of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
7,045 Views
22 Pages

UAV Geo-Localization Dataset and Method Based on Cross-View Matching

  • Yuwen Yao,
  • Cheng Sun,
  • Tao Wang,
  • Jianxing Yang and
  • Enhui Zheng

28 October 2024

The stable flight of drones relies on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). However, in complex environments, GNSS signals are prone to interference, leading to flight instability. Inspired by cross-view machine learning, this paper introduces...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,888 Views
38 Pages

CoastalWQL: An Open-Source Tool for Drone-Based Mapping of Coastal Turbidity Using Push Broom Hyperspectral Imagery

  • Hui Ying Pak,
  • Hieu Trung Kieu,
  • Weisi Lin,
  • Eugene Khoo and
  • Adrian Wing-Keung Law

17 February 2024

Uncrewed-Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and hyperspectral sensors are emerging as effective alternatives for monitoring water quality on-demand. However, image mosaicking for largely featureless coastal water surfaces or open seas has shown to be challenging...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
6,044 Views
18 Pages

Dense Small Object Detection Based on an Improved YOLOv7 Model

  • Xun Chen,
  • Linyi Deng,
  • Chao Hu,
  • Tianyi Xie and
  • Chengqi Wang

30 August 2024

Detecting small and densely packed objects in images remains a significant challenge in computer vision. Existing object detection methods often exhibit low accuracy and frequently miss detection when identifying dense small objects and require large...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,243 Views
19 Pages

14 March 2024

Onboard, real-time object detection in unmaned aerial vehicle remote sensing (UAV-RS) has always been a prominent challenge due to the higher image resolution required and the limited computing resources available. Due to the trade-off between accura...

  • Article
  • Open Access
66 Citations
12,307 Views
27 Pages

Drone-Borne Hyperspectral and Magnetic Data Integration: Otanmäki Fe-Ti-V Deposit in Finland

  • Robert Jackisch,
  • Yuleika Madriz,
  • Robert Zimmermann,
  • Markku Pirttijärvi,
  • Ari Saartenoja,
  • Björn H. Heincke,
  • Heikki Salmirinne,
  • Jukka-Pekka Kujasalo,
  • Louis Andreani and
  • Richard Gloaguen

5 September 2019

The technical evolution of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for mineral exploration advances rapidly. Recent sensor developments and improved UAS performance open new fields for research and applications in geological and geophysical exploration among o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,635 Views
24 Pages

Mask-Guided Teacher–Student Learning for Open-Vocabulary Object Detection in Remote Sensing Images

  • Shuojie Wang,
  • Yu Song,
  • Jiajun Xiang,
  • Yanyan Chen,
  • Ping Zhong and
  • Ruigang Fu

9 October 2025

Open-vocabulary object detection in remote sensing aims to detect novel categories not seen during training, which is crucial for practical aerial image analysis applications. While some approaches accomplish this task through large-scale data constr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,658 Views
26 Pages

16 August 2024

Object detection algorithms for open water aerial images present challenges such as small object size, unsatisfactory detection accuracy, numerous network parameters, and enormous computational demands. Current detection algorithms struggle to meet t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,423 Views
14 Pages

13 May 2024

Over the past few decades, there has been a notable surge in interest in green stormwater infrastructure (GSI). This trend is a result of the need to effectively address issues related to runoff, pollution, and the adverse effects of urbanization and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
6,492 Views
26 Pages

A Framework for Autonomous UAV Navigation Based on Monocular Depth Estimation

  • Jonas Gaigalas,
  • Linas Perkauskas,
  • Henrikas Gricius,
  • Tomas Kanapickas and
  • Andrius Kriščiūnas

23 March 2025

UAVs are vastly used in practical applications such as reconnaissance and search and rescue or other missions which typically require experienced operators. Autonomous drone navigation could aid in situations where the environment is unknown, GPS or...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,301 Views
19 Pages

TerrAInav Sim: An Open-Source Simulation of UAV Aerial Imaging from Map-Based Data

  • Seyedeh Parisa Dajkhosh,
  • Peter M. Le,
  • Orges Furxhi and
  • Eddie L. Jacobs

18 April 2025

Capturing real-world aerial images for vision-based navigation (VBN) is challenging due to limited availability and conditions that make it nearly impossible to access all desired images from any location. The complexity increases when multiple locat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,980 Views
17 Pages

Information Technologies for Real-Time Mapping of Human Well-Being Indicators in an Urban Historical Garden

  • Francesco Pirotti,
  • Marco Piragnolo,
  • Marika D’Agostini and
  • Raffaele Cavalli

29 September 2022

The post-pandemic era has raised awareness on the importance of physical and psychological well-being for decreasing the vulnerability of both individuals and populations. Citizens in urban areas are subject to numerous stress factors which can be mi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,341 Views
35 Pages

Mapping Areas Invaded by Pinus sp. from Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) Applied on RPAS (Drone) Color Images

  • Vinicius Paiva Gonçalves,
  • Eduardo Augusto Werneck Ribeiro and
  • Nilton Nobuhiro Imai

11 June 2022

Invasive alien species reduce biodiversity. In southern Brazil, the genus Pinus is considered invasive, and its dispersal by humans has resulted in this species reaching ecosystems that are more sensitive and less suitable for cultivation, as is the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
115 Citations
12,529 Views
18 Pages

9 March 2023

A multi-scale UAV aerial image object detection model MS-YOLOv7 based on YOLOv7 was proposed to address the issues of a large number of objects and a high proportion of small objects that commonly exist in the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) aerial ima...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,529 Views
26 Pages

Accuracy and Precision of Shallow-Water Photogrammetry from the Sea Surface

  • Elisa Casella,
  • Giovanni Scicchitano and
  • Alessio Rovere

19 November 2024

Mapping shallow-water bathymetry and morphology represents a technical challenge. In fact, acoustic surveys are limited by water depths reachable by boat, and airborne surveys have high costs. Photogrammetric approaches (either via drone or from the...

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