Ecologies

Although extensive interventions are being made to protect forests, many developing countries, including Ethiopia, face persistent forest conservation challenges, particularly where local communities heavily rely on forests for their livelihoods. Recognizing the urgency of this issue, the government of Ethiopia introduced Participatory Forest Management (PFM) and devolved forest management responsibilities to enhance forest conservation. Therefore, investigating the impacts of PFM on forest covers is important. To this end, our research is based on an analysis of the land use/land cover changes (LULCCs) over the last 23 years in selected forest sites of Adaba–Dodola and their implications for the implementation of REDD+. This study examines the difference in forest cover changes between PFM and non-PFM sites within and between the study periods. Landsat images from 2000, 2012, and 2023 were analysed to detect LULCCs. Overall, the results from the comparison analysis indicate that in the period of 2000–2023, forest lands decreased by 5.22% in non-PFM sites, while they increased by 5.89% in PFM sites. On the other hand, agricultural lands experienced a notable increase of 9.64% in non-PFM sites but decreased by 1.65% in PFM sites. The increase in the forest cover is attributed to the effectiveness of PFM in halting deforestation and promoting forest conservation compared to non-PFM sites. Thus, the PFM approach is a tool for preserving forest ecosystems and mitigating the adverse effects of deforestation and forest degradation; therefore, this strategy could be used as a driving wheel for the implementation of REDD+. Full article

The Mar Piccolo is a transitional water system located in Taranto city (Southern Italy); it is a semi-enclosed basin affected by severe pollution issues due to the presence of various industrial, agricultural and other anthropic activities that require careful monitoring and management. The pollution levels reached over time have harmed marine biodiversity and human health, repeatedly requiring timely actions for its mitigation. Characterization methodologies and techniques today play a fundamental role in supporting the decision-making phase, processing large quantities of data and identifying complex patterns and correlations. An approach focused on gaining detailed knowledge of complex environmental contexts through clustering map techniques enables highly precise results, capturing even the smallest variations in the features of the study object and strongly correlating them with possible sources of pollution. The use of these techniques improves the precision of the analyses and can significantly contribute to improving the understanding of the environmental state in the Mar Piccolo area. This study addresses the issue of pollution in Mar Piccolo due to marine litter, which has led to the formation of synanthropic habitats on the seabed. It also highlights the value of clustering maps and other characterization techniques for achieving detailed insights at various levels of analysis. Data processing through the proposed methodology can generate very detailed mapping useful for planning precision reclamation interventions that also include species conservation actions, as well as a better understanding of how synanthropic habitats are distributed and evolve. In summary, this study demonstrates how it is possible to improve the precision of data processing, providing crucial details for the management and conservation of highly threatened marine ecosystems. Full article

Mink farming has seen a resurgence in Bulgaria since 2013, and this has led to a high risk of American mink escaping and establishing feral populations. The largest active commercial farm in the country has a capacity of nearly 130,000 animals. The aims of this study were to gather first-hand evidence of the presence of mink in the wild around the farm, assess their level of establishment, and document the native species and local communities for future impact assessment. Surveys were conducted using camera traps within a 3.7 km radius around the farm in the period 2020–2021 at ten stations with 1943 realised trap-nights. Some early signs of the establishment of the American mink in Bulgaria were documented. A large number of registrations was made, as frequently as the Eurasian otter and golden jackal and more frequently than other mustelids in the study area. Mink were observed throughout the two-year study, and escaped mink have been registered in the region as early as 2017. These factors are interpreted as signs of the early stages of establishment. When considering environmental, economic, public health, and social factors, we recommend that mink farming should be banned in Bulgaria and further monitoring and management actions must be undertaken for the individuals in the wild. Full article

The role of keystone species in maintaining ecosystem stability is a crucial aspect of ecology. Identifying key mammalian species within an ecosystem requires a systematic approach, utilizing criteria and indicators derived from species characteristic variables. This study presents a framework to identify key mammalian species based on various ecological, structural, and functional factors. By developing a mechanistic model of energy flow in food webs and trophic levels, the model aims to pinpoint each species’ role in the stability and sustainability of biomass flow within the ecosystem. Known as KVT version 1.0, the model explains the role of each characteristic variable of mammalian species, predicts population growth, elucidates species interactions at trophic levels, and assesses species-specific dietary compositions, including food requirements, reproduction, and activity. Factor analysis of model outputs has produced equations to determine the value of keystone species (K_v), indicating the role of mammalian species in the stability and sustainability of biomass flow in the ecosystem. Keystone species, as identified by this model, are primarily small mammals of the families Muridae, Sciuridae, Tupaiidae, Ptilocercidae, Hystricidae, Viverridae, and Herpestidae, demonstrating omnivorous and herbivorous trophic levels. This model can serve as a valuable framework for conservation management of biodiversity in an ecosystem, with potential for expansion to include characteristics of non-mammalian species in future research. Full article

The genus Zephyranthes is widely represented in Mexico, with 37 species of ornamental and medical importance. However, basic aspects of the genus, such as the environmental variables that determine its presence in certain sites, have not yet been addressed, which limits the knowledge of its ecology, potential applications and possible conservation strategies. Potential distribution models were generated with data on the presence of 13 species of the genus Zephyranthes, using 28 bioclimatic and edaphic variables with the maximum entropy method (Maxent). Of these variables, the most important and least correlated for each species were chosen by principal component analysis (PCA); the occurrence data were obtained from digital platforms and filtered to reduce spatial autocorrelation. The resulting models, had AUC values > 0.90 and Kappa index values > 0.6, in addition to being significant according to the results of the binomial test applied (p < 0.05). Maximum temperatures and humidity, as well as annual precipitation, are relevant environmental variables for the niche models. Most species are distributed in the biogeographic province of the Transmexican Volcanic Belt. Zephyranthes concolor and Zephyranthes lindleyana were the species with the largest potential range. The species with the most restricted potential distribution were Zephyranthes citrina and Zephyranthes sessilis. The most determinant variables for species with neotropical affinity are different from those identified for Nearctic species, reflecting niche differentiation, congruent with the evolutionary history of Zephyranthes. Full article

The fish fauna of Rio de Janeiro has been extensively studied, resulting in a comprehensive database of species collected over more than three centuries. This study aimed to provide a checklist of species, to identify patterns of diversity and the distribution of freshwater ichthyofauna, to delineate biogeographic units, and to explore changes in faunal composition among different areas. Analyzing data from ichthyological collections and the literature on original species descriptions revealed 206 freshwater fish species: 183 native and 23 allochthonous. The checklist includes updated species names. The sampling effort in Rio de Janeiro is extensive, especially in coastal lowlands. The findings indicate that inventory work is still needed in some areas, particularly within the Rio Paraíba do Sul basin. Seven bioregions of freshwater ichthyofauna were identified, including a major region of higher species richness and smaller areas with higher endemism of restricted-range species. This biogeographic assessment underscores the diverse and distinctive freshwater fish fauna in the basins of Rio de Janeiro, with well-defined biogeographic units. Full article

Urbanization degrades natural habitats and creates new urban ecosystems like domestic gardens. The plant composition of these gardens varies with socio-economic factors and urban planning levels. However, the diversity and impact of introduced species are often poorly assessed, causing potential ecological imbalances (disruptions in the natural functioning and stability of ecosystems), particularly in Lubumbashi (DR Congo). The objective was to analyze the spatial structure, plant diversity, propagation strategies, and ecological functions of domestic gardens. Three distinct neighborhoods were selected: a planned, unplanned, and residential neighborhood. Twenty avenues (with five plots per avenue) were chosen to represent the diversity within each neighborhood, and stratified random sampling of plots was conducted to analyze gardening practices. Gardens were classified into types, and their vegetation was evaluated based on species origin and ecological impact. The analysis of domestic gardens in Lubumbashi reveals significant variations across different neighborhood types. Residential neighborhoods exhibit larger average garden sizes (315.1 m²), higher species richness (22 species), and larger plot sizes (1032 m²) compared to unplanned and planned neighborhoods, where garden areas and species richness are notably lower. Rectangular gardens dominate in unplanned areas, while planned neighborhoods feature more intentional landscaping elements, such as flowerbeds and hedges. The use of gardens for food production is prominent in planned areas (40.7%), whereas residential neighborhoods prioritize ornamentation (51.4%). The study identified 232 taxa across 68 families, with a predominance of exotic species (80%) in all neighborhoods, particularly in unplanned areas (82.25%). The data revealed that Mangifera indica and Persea americana are abundant in all neighborhoods, illustrating their adaptability to different urban contexts. Herbaceous species are most common, followed by woody plants, with vines being sparse. Species dispersal is primarily driven by human activities (anthropochory), accounting for over 85% in all neighborhoods. These findings highlight the strong human influence on the composition and structure of domestic gardens in Lubumbashi, emphasizing the dominance of exotic species and the importance of anthropogenic factors in shaping urban green spaces. Urban policies should incorporate strategies to minimize the negative impacts of exotic species on native flora. Full article

Marine turtles are iconic, globally distributed large reptiles with a largely oceanic life history that makes it difficult to characterize population demography and dynamics. This is significant because all marine turtle species are currently considered vulnerable or endangered. Knowledge of the age of individuals is central to our understanding of the life history of a species and an important consideration in the design of management and conservation strategies. Herein, we review different methods used to estimate the absolute, relative and physiological age of marine turtles, as well as their underlying hypotheses and challenges in their interpretation. We conclude that, at present, there is no validated method that establishes the absolute age of an individual from field studies. Full article

Age is a critical intrinsic factor that influences the probability of survival of organisms on Earth. In many animals, the lifestyles and habitat occupancy of males and females are so different that the effect of age could be sex-dependent. To reveal such patterns in wild animal populations, we here use a natural population of the Mediterranean demoiselle Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis Vander Linden (Calopterygidae: Zygoptera) in Northeast Algeria to analyze the influence of age and sex on survival probability using daily capture–mark–recapture. We used stepwise model selection on Cormack–Jolly–Seber models that explain recapture and survival probability, including age and sex as covariates. We marked a total of 214 adults throughout the study period (41 days). The sex ratio did not deviate from unity. Recapture probability depended on sex and time, with a slightly higher recapture probability in males (0.30 [95% CI: 0.27–0.35]) than females (0.26 [0.22–0.30]). The survival probability was slightly higher in females (0.89 [0.86–0.91]) than males (0.86 [0.82–0.88]). The best model for the survival probability included an additive effect of sex and age, indicating that the survival probability of both sexes declined with age. Interestingly, the lifespan of some individuals reached 119–130 days, which is surprisingly long compared to other temperate damselflies. Full article

Effective forest management and conservation are increasingly critical in addressing the challenges posed by climate change. Advances in remote sensing technologies, such as terrestrial laser scanning, offer promising tools for more accurate assessments in forestry research. This study explores the application of TLS in biomass estimation by conducting a bibliometric analysis of scientific articles indexed in Scopus and the Web of Science. By examining the literature from 2010 to 2024, the study identifies key trends, knowledge gaps, and emerging research opportunities, as well as practical applications in forest management and conservation. The analysis reveals a significant rise in scientific output on TLS, with an average annual growth rate of 8.16%. The most cited works address biomass estimation at the individual tree level using laser scanning data. China and the United States lead in the publication volume with 11 articles. The collaboration network highlights research disparities among regions such as Latin America. Overall, TLS has proven effective for the non-destructive measurement of forest variables and biomass. Full article

Plant species in Mediterranean ecosystems are expected to exhibit diverse responses to environmental stresses such as climate aridity and challenging soil conditions by adopting various functional strategies. However, intraspecific variability at the local scale has received insufficient attention in the study of CSR strategies. This study aims to evaluate intraspecific variability in leaf traits and CSR strategies of seven woody species growing on ultramafic and non-ultramafic soils in the Beni Bousera region of Northern Morocco. We first conducted a physicochemical analysis to assess differences in soil composition between the two sites. Subsequently, we measured leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, and leaf area and calculated CSR strategies for 10 individuals per species. The results revealed significant differences between the two soil types, primarily driven by a moderate serpentine effect characterized by a Ca:Mg ratio <1 in the ultramafic site, along with distinct soil texture. In response to these challenging conditions, we observed substantial intraspecific variability in leaf traits, accompanied by shifts in CSR strategies for certain species. At the ultramafic site, Quercus coccifera adopted an S strategy, while Cistus salviifolius exhibited an S/SC strategy. Lavandula stoechas and Teucrium fruticans displayed notable interindividual variability, whereas Cistus atriplicifolius, Phillyrea latifolia, and Erica arborea maintained consistent strategies across both sites. Our research contributes to the enrichment of CSR databases and highlights the applicability of the CSR strategy framework at the local, intraspecific level, offering a valuable foundation for future ecological studies and plant conservation efforts. Moreover, investigating intraspecific variability in leaf traits and CSR strategies enhances our understanding of plant adaptation mechanisms in extreme environments such as Mediterranean serpentine soils. Full article

The decline of oak canopies in Iberian woodlands is strongly influenced by abiotic and biotic stress factors, such as the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi which has the capacity to infect a wide range of plant species. Understory plant diversity plays an important role in the epidemiology of P. cinnamomi in these ecosystems. This study aimed to identify a set of woody and herbaceous plants that can impact oak decline. Twenty-two herbaceous plant species from three families, and nineteen woody plants (trees and shrubs) from seven families were assessed for their response to infection by P. cinnamomi. Most of the herbaceous species did not show evident susceptibility, only a few exhibited significant biomass root reduction and just seven were identified as hosts. Yellow lupin was the only herbaceous species showing high susceptibility. Among the woody plant species, only two shrub and two tree species exhibited disease symptoms. The other ones, mostly hosts, ranged between low susceptible and tolerant. These results highlight the possibility that many of these species can maintain the pathogen active in the soil or even increase its population. In this context, the findings of this study can contribute to effective management strategies to mitigate Phytophthora infection in woodland soils. Full article

The Skaftafellsjökull is an outlet glacier in southern Iceland that has been retreating since 1890. While multiple studies have examined primary succession on the foreland of this glacier, no study has examined the distribution of woody biomass on the outwash plain. We investigated the distribution of one species, Betula pubescens, that grows on the foreland moraines and outwash plain of this glacier. The topography of the outwash plain is heterogeneous, consisting of broad bars of outwash gravel and boulders that are separated by narrow incised channels and broader swales. Vegetation on the outwash plain is primarily a moss–heath community. Birch are sparse on the outwash bar tops, but are more abundant and larger in the channels and swales between the bars. Although the area of the channels on the outwash plain is much less than that of the bar surfaces, the woody biomass of the outwash plain is dominated by the birch within these channels. Consequently, the mean woody biomass of the outwash plain exceeds that of the moraines. We propose that the microhabitat of the outwash plain channels provides a favorable environment for the growth of birch, primarily by providing a fine-grained substrate that promotes successful seeding and growth. Full article

Species distribution models (SDMs) have been used to forecast the impact of climate change on species’ potential distribution, with results that might support decisions for conservation and biodiversity management. Despite their vulnerability to parameterization and data quality input, SDM use has been increasing in the last decades. In fact, inappropriate inputs and the lack of awareness about the effects of methodological decisions on results can lead to potential unreliability in results, a problem that might gain relevance when SDMs are used to predict climate change impacts on species-suitable areas. Aiming to assess how far such a topic is considered, an analysis of the calibration data and methodological decisions was conducted for recent publications (2018 to 2022) that include SDMs in this context, aiming to identify putative deviations from the consensual best practices. Results show that the parameters presented more consistently are the algorithm in use (MaxEnt was used in 98% of the studies), the accuracy measures, and the time windows. But many papers fail to specify other parameters, limiting the reproducibility of the studies. Some papers fail to provide information about calibration procedures, others consider only a fraction of the species’ range, and others provide no justification for including specific variables in the model. These options can decrease reliability in predictions under future scenarios, since data provided to the model are inaccurate from the start or there is insufficient information for output discussion. Full article

The extreme conditions linked with abiotic stresses have greatly affected soil and plant health. The diverse biochemical activities occurring in the soil environment have been attributed to shaping the dynamics of plant–soil microbiomes by contributing to microbial lifestyles and enhancing microbial functional properties to boost plant tolerance to abiotic-induced stresses. Soil microbiomes play crucial roles in enhancing plant nutrition and abiotic stress management through diverse mechanisms. With the current insights into the use of engineered soil microbes as single or combined inoculants, their use has contributed to plant fitness and stability under different environmental stress conditions by activating plant defense mechanisms, enzyme production (lowering free radicals resulting in plant oxidative stress), protein regulation, and the production of growth factors. The detection of certain genes involved in the growth factors can underline microbial functions in mitigating plant stress. Hence, the projections for sustainable eco-friendly agriculture with the possible exploration of beneficial rhizosphere microbes to manage the effect of abiotic stress on plant nutrition remain critical points of discussion recently, with prospects for ensuring food security. Therefore, this review focuses on the impacts of soil microbiomes in abiotic stress mitigation for enhancing plant nutrition. Full article

Ornamental gardens are probably the most important source of invasive alien plants. However, the role of roadside shrines as a source of alien plant introductions remains unexplored. Herein, we are reporting the cultivated alien flora of a roadside shrine (devoted to the ‘Difunta Correa’) in south-eastern Spain, while making a prior assessment of the risk of spreading in the surroundings. In an area of less than 50 m², up to 20 plant taxa were identified, with the vast majority of them being alien. Some of the observed alien taxa can be very problematic (e.g., Kalanchoe × houghtonii) and are even included in the Spanish catalogue of invasive species (such as Opuntia ficus-indica). Although the shrine is not affecting the local biodiversity yet (though a few taxa are showing the first signs of spread), it is located just 1 km away from a valuable protected area (included within the Natura 2000 network of the European Union and also recognized as a Ramsar site). Roadside shrines and similar places (e.g., memorials or calvaries) should be, thus, regarded as a potential source of alien plant introductions; thus, monitoring is recommended, particularly when close to protected areas. Full article

The environmental risk assessment (ERA) of plant protection products (PPPs) is commonly conducted for a number of standard laboratory species, though its scope includes all species, especially those that are vulnerable or endangered. This begs the question of how the eco-physiological and life history traits of those data-rich species compare to those of less documented species. This paper investigates the utility of a database of such traits, the Add-my-Pet collection of Dynamic Energy Budget theory, for the ERA of North American birds. We identified 72 bird species in the collection that have a federal listing status or are otherwise of interest for the ERA of PPPs and compared their eco-physiological and life history traits in relation to body size, feeding guild, and taxonomic identity to those of 446 terrestrial Holarctic birds, as well as those of standard lab species, notably the northern bobwhite, mallard, and zebra finch. The properties of standard lab species generally align with those of a similar taxonomy and size, with the notable exception of the relatively high reproductive capacity of the northern bobwhite and mallard due to the unique properties of laboratory study data. In addition, taxonomy appears to be a better predictor of eco-physiological traits than feeding guild. We conclude that, to identify representative species for the ERA of PPPs, more traits need to be included, such as those directly linked to the likelihood of exposure and those related to reproductive behavior. Full article

The Panchthar–Ilam–Taplejung Corridor in Eastern Nepal, managed through community forestry, is a crucial habitat for the Himalayan red panda, an endangered carnivore threatened by forest degradation and illegal trade. We deployed the altitude line intercept and ten-tree plotless methods to evaluate the distribution of Himalayan red pandas and the environmental factors affecting them within four community forests, namely Singhadevi, Chitre-Hile, Chhipchhipe, and Kalikhop-Dadehli, of the corridor. We established a total of 23 transects and 92 plots, identifying 41 plots with evidence of the Himalayan red panda’s presence. The sign occurrence revealed a clumped distribution of the species across all four community forests. The Himalayan red panda signs were observed between 2200 m and 2700 m above sea level (asl) and the majority of them were from habitats with a moderate slope within elevations of 2400 m to 2500 m asl. The primary sites for the defecation were large horizontal tree branches (78.12%), followed by forest ground (15.62%) and rocks (6.25%). The dominant tree species in their habitats included Lithocarpus pachyphylla (Importance value index, IVI = 45.05), Symplocus theifolia (IVI = 37.19), Symplocos pyrifolia (IVI = 20.99), Quercus lamellosa (IVI = 19.25), and Magnolia campbellii (IVI = 17.25). Among the thirteen environmental variables examined, proximity to water, distance to road, bamboo density, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index were identified as the major factors influencing the Himalayan red panda’s distribution. This research provides crucial insights to develop site-specific habitat management plans for community forestry. Full article

The altitude of the habitat is one of the important regulators of species survival. Kaçkar Mountains National Park is located in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. This is the first study on the benthic diatom flora of the high mountain lakes in Kaçkar Mountains National Park, which is situated between 2782 and 3075 m a.s.l. A total of 84 diatom species were identified from benthic communities of 15 habitats in summer (19 July, 28 August) and autumn (10 September) months of 2020. The genus Pinnularia (thirteen species) formed the basis of the taxonomic list, followed by Eunotia (five species), Navicula (five species), and Frustulia (four species) genera, respectively. The waters in all the studied lakes were fresh, low-saline, with low-alkaline or circumneutral pH and organically uncontaminated, as evidenced by prevailed bioindicator groups. Statistical methods and comparative floristic results confirm the role of the lake altitude for the diatom species distribution. The species richness of the studied lakes was higher in lakes with lower altitudes. The statistical approach also revealed the potential for an increase in the number of species in high mountain lakes if the study of the diatom flora of the Kachkar Mountains National Park is continued and the species composition of the lakes is replenished. Further studies will be needed to continue exploring this pattern. To protect studied high mountain lakes, their ecological conditions must be constantly monitored in the Kaçkar Mountains National Park. Full article