Digital substations, also referred to as modern power grid substations, utilize the IEC 61850 station and process bus in conjunction with IP-based communication. This includes communication with switch yard equipment within the substation as well as...
Interoperability of charging infrastructures is a key success factor for E-Mobility. Standards like ISO/IEC 15118 and IEC 61851-1 are developed to ensure base level interoperability of front-end com- munication and signaling processes for smart charg...
The aim of this paper is to determine the conversion accuracy of the Danisense DC200IF (Danisense A/S, Taastrup, Denmark) wideband current transducer for its possible application to test electromagnetic compatibility requirements of the standards IEC...
Process bus communication has an important role to digitalize substations. The IEC 61850-9-2 standard specifies the requirements to transmit digital data over Ethernet networks. The paper analyses the impact of IEC 61850-9-2LE on physical protections...
Due to the high penetration of distributed energy resources (DER) and emerging DER interconnection and interoperability requirements, fast and standardized information exchange is essential for stable, resilient, and reliable operations in microgrids...
As micro grids are gradually being deployed in many areas, communication technology is becoming important for collecting data and controlling devices in micro grids. In a micro grid, various devices are distributed and perform their respective functi...
Communication plays a key role in the effective management of virtual power plants (VPPs). For effective and stable operation of VPPs, a reliable, secure, and standardized communication infrastructure is required. In the literature, efforts were made...
Automatically identifying the new equipment after its integration and adjusting operation strategy to realize “plug and play” functionality are becoming essential for micro-grid operations. In order to improve and perfect the micro-grid “plug and pla...
The increasing adoption of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has led to significant improvements in operational efficiency but has also brought new challenges for cybersecurity. To address these challenges, a number of standards have been intr...
The development of time-critical Distributed Avionics Applications (DAAs) pushes beyond the limit of existing modeling methodologies to design dependable systems. Aerospace and industrial automation entail high-integrity applications where execution...
IEC 61131-3 is an international standard for developing standardized software for automation and control systems. Machine vision systems are a prominent technology in the field of computer vision and are widely used in various industries, such as man...
The open-platform communication (OPC) unified architecture (UA) (IEC62541) is introduced as a key technology for realizing a variety of smart grid (SG) use cases enabling relevant automation and control tasks. The OPC UA can expand interoperability b...
Current industry must improve the day-to-day control and industrial communications of its processes in order to bring itself closer to the Industry 4.0 paradigm. To attain these improvements, which aim towards obtaining agile and intelligent manufact...
Reactive power management in microgrids with high penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) is challenging. The intermittent generation of DRES makes the power management cumbersome. Generally, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS...
This paper proposes an IEC 61850-based centralized busbar differential protection scheme, in which data desynchronization between intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) leads to differential current errors. As the differential current errors could res...
This paper presents the architecture and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of a 32-bit central processing unit (CPU) dedicated to programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The CPU instruction set directly matches the instructions of th...
Standardized communication plays an important role in substation automation system (SAS). IEC 61850 is a de-facto standard in SAS. It facilitates smooth communication between different devices located in the substation by achieving interoperability....
This study was designed to explore the beneficial effect and mechanism of Ganoderma atrum (G. atrum) polysaccharide (PSG-1) on acrolein-induced IEC-6 cells. Our results indicated that PSG-1 significantly reduced the impairment of acrolein on cell via...
IEC 61850 is a standard for the design and operation of electrical Substation Automation Systems (SAS) that defines how data may be transferred among Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). The defined data models can be mapped into application protoc...
IEC 61850 is one of the most prominent communication standards adopted by the smart grid community due to its high scalability, multi-vendor interoperability, and support for several input/output devices. Generic Object-Oriented Substation Events (GO...
Considerable efforts are currently being made by several international working groups focused on the development of generic, also known as simplified or standard, wind turbine models for power system stability studies. In this sense, the first editio...
Forecasts for 2023 position wind energy as the third-largest renewable energy source in the world. This rapid growth brings with it the need to conduct transient stability studies to plan network operation activities and analyze the integration of wi...
Distributed energy resources (DERs) are being widely interconnected to electrical power grids. The dispersed and intermittent generational mixes bring technical and economic challenges to the power systems in terms of stability, reliability, and inte...
In this paper, it is argued that some low-level aspects of the usual IEC 61850 mapping to Ethernet are not well suited to microgrids due to their dynamic nature and geographical distribution as compared to substations. It is proposed that the integra...
In the broader context of quality management, testing and calibration laboratories are increasingly adopting ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation as a key benchmark for achieving operational excellence. This management system standard outlines the essential r...
The present work focused on the development and evaluation of a compact electrocoagulation (EC) reactor, combined between EC and clarifier processes in continuous modes for decolorization and turbidity removal, named the integrated electrocoagulation...
The photovoltaic literature contains a wide range of methods for translating the I–V curves of a solar device to other conditions of irradiance and cell temperature, different from those under which the measurements were performed. Some of thes...
This article deals with the implementation of the P-Class PMU compliant with IEC/IEEE Standard 60255-118-1:2018 by usage of a multiple-resonator (MR)-based approach for harmonic analysis having been proposed recently. In previously published articles...
The participation of wind power in the energy mix of current power systems is progressively increasing, with variable-speed wind turbines being the leading technology in recent years. In this line, dynamic models of wind turbines able to emulate thei...
The electrical power system is susceptible to several faults, which can cause the system to malfunction. Among these, the ones that occur in the busbars of substations stand out. The main bus of a substation can concentrate a large amount of power an...
In the classic energy sector, as well as in the manufacturing and process industries, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) systems are used for electrical substation control. However, PLCs frequently do not support the communication protocols defined...
This paper analyzes the response under voltage dips of a Type 3 wind turbine topology based on IEC 61400-27-1. The evolution of both active power and rotational speed is discussed in detail when some of the most relevant control parameters, included...
Designs of timer function blocks (FBs) are presented in the article. The developed modules are IEC 61131-3. An analysis of IEC 61131-3 in terms of timer functionality and implementation options is presented. Three types are presented, timer-on, timer...
This paper presents the evaluation of tested inductive CTs’ accuracy for distorted current harmonics in accordance with the optional accuracy class WB1 introduced by the new edition of the standard IEC 61869-1 published in the year 2023. The te...
Operation control is a vital and complex issue for microgrids. The objective of this paper is to explore the practical means of applying decentralized control by using a multi agent system in actual microgrids and devices. This paper presents a hiera...
Increased connectivity is required to implement novel coordination and control schemes. IEC 61850-based communication solutions have become popular due to many reasons—object-oriented modeling capability, interoperable connectivity and strong communi...
Recent studies have demonstrated that wheat peptides protected rats against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-induced small intestinal epithelial cells damage, but the mechanism of action is unclear. In the present study, an indomethacin-induced...
Standardization in smart grid communications is necessary to facilitate complex operations of modern power system functions. However, the strong coupling between the cyber and physical domains of the contemporary grid exposes the system to vulnerabil...
The recent advances of novel methodologies such as non-targeted and suspect screening based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) have paved the way to a new paradigm for exposure assessment. These methodologies allow to profile simultaneously...
Wind power plants depend greatly on weather conditions, thus being considered intermittent, uncertain and non-dispatchable. Due to the massive integration of this energy resource in the recent decades, it is important that transmission and distributi...
In a cyberphysical production system, the connectivity between the physical entities of a production system with the digital component that controls and monitors that system takes fundamental importance. This connectivity has been increasing from the...
The article discusses counters defined in the IEC 61131-3 standard. The possible implementations of standard counters function blocks in FPGAs are presented. First, counters are implemented as classical hardware-based modules. Second, counters are de...
Organizations and laboratories tend to integrate systems based on risk management. Risk management helps to optimize laboratory processes and information flow, increase valid and reliable results, and make better decisions. This paper describes the d...
Modern power grids face increasing stress from volatile, high-dynamics loads, such as Electric Vehicle (EV) charging clusters and intermittent renewable energy sources. Accurate transformer thermal monitoring via the International Electrotechnical Co...
Off-site hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) handle large volumes of high-pressure hydrogen, requiring precise and systematic risk-reduction strategies. In this study, a Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis was performed for an off-site HRS, and Lay...
Smart Grids are electricity networks that use digital technology to co-ordinate the needs and capabilities of all generators, grid operators, end users and electricity market stakeholders in such a way that it can optimize asset utilization and opera...
This study approaches cyber security in industrial environments focusing on hydro power plants, since they are part of the critical infrastructure and are the main source of renewable energy in some countries. The theoretical study case follows the s...
In the midst of an increasingly competitive software industry, very small entities (VSEs) have inevitably faced many challenges. High user expectations, frequent changes of user requirements, and the need for rapid deployment are classic examples of...
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are special embedded computers that are widely used in industrial control systems. To ensure the safety of industrial control systems, it is necessary to verify the correctness of PLCs. Formal verification is con...
In this paper, a data-centric communication framework is proposed for multicast routable generic object-oriented substation event (GOOSE) messages (MRGM) over the wide area network (WAN) for effective substation-to-substation (SS2SS) and substation t...
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