Toxics

21 pages, 8851 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Real-Time Exposure to 3D-Printing Emissions Elicits Metabolic and Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Human Airway Epithelial Cells

by Xiaojia He, Lillie Marie Barnett, Jennifer Jeon, Qian Zhang, Saeed Alqahtani, Marilyn Black, Jonathan Shannahan and Christa Wright

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010067 - 13 Jan 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3927

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printer usage in household and school settings has raised health concerns regarding chemical and particle emission exposures during operation. Although the composition of 3D printer emissions varies depending on printer settings and materials, little is known about the impact that emissions [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional (3D) printer usage in household and school settings has raised health concerns regarding chemical and particle emission exposures during operation. Although the composition of 3D printer emissions varies depending on printer settings and materials, little is known about the impact that emissions from different filament types may have on respiratory health and underlying cellular mechanisms. In this study, we used an in vitro exposure chamber system to deliver emissions from two popular 3D-printing filament types, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), directly to human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) cultured in an air–liquid interface during 3D printer operation. Using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an optical particle sizer (OPS), we monitored 3D printer particulate matter (PM) emissions in terms of their particle size distribution, concentrations, and calculated deposited doses. Elemental composition of ABS and PLA emissions was assessed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Finally, we compared the effects of emission exposure on cell viability, inflammation, and metabolism in SAEC. Our results reveal that, although ABS filaments emitted a higher total concentration of particles and PLA filaments emitted a higher concentration of smaller particles, SAEC were exposed to similar deposited doses of particles for each filament type. Conversely, ABS and PLA emissions had distinct elemental compositions, which were likely responsible for differential effects on SAEC viability, oxidative stress, release of inflammatory mediators, and changes in cellular metabolism. Specifically, while ABS- and PLA-emitted particles both reduced cellular viability and total glutathione levels in SAEC, ABS emissions had a significantly greater effect on glutathione relative to PLA emissions. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, MMP-9, and RANTES were significantly increased due to ABS emissions exposure. While IL-6 and IL-8 were stimulated in both exposure scenarios, VEGF was exclusively increased due to PLA emissions exposures. Notably, ABS emissions induced metabolic perturbation on amino acids and energy metabolism, as well as redox-regulated pathways including arginine, methionine, cysteine, and vitamin B3 metabolism, whereas PLA emissions exposures caused fatty acid and carnitine dysregulation. Taken together, these results advance our mechanistic understanding of 3D-printer-emissions-induced respiratory toxicity and highlight the role that filament emission properties may play in mediating different respiratory outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Latest Advances in Air Pollution and Human Health)

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17 pages, 1971 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils: Sources, Influencing Factors, and Remediation Strategies

by Yanan Wan, Jiang Liu, Zhong Zhuang, Qi Wang and Huafen Li

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010063 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 16316

Abstract

Soil heavy metal pollution is a global environmental challenge, posing significant threats to eco-environment, agricultural development, and human health. In recent years, advanced and effective remediation strategies for heavy metal-contaminated soils have developed rapidly, and a systematical summarization of this progress is important. [...] Read more.

Soil heavy metal pollution is a global environmental challenge, posing significant threats to eco-environment, agricultural development, and human health. In recent years, advanced and effective remediation strategies for heavy metal-contaminated soils have developed rapidly, and a systematical summarization of this progress is important. In this review paper, first, the anthropogenic sources of heavy metals in agricultural soils, including atmospheric deposition, animal manure, mineral fertilizers, and pesticides, are summarized. Second, the accumulation of heavy metals in crops as influenced by the plant characteristics and soil factors is analyzed. Then, the reducing strategies, including low-metal cultivar selection/breeding, physiological blocking, water management, and soil amendment are evaluated. Finally, the phytoremediation in terms of remediation efficiency and applicability is discussed. Therefore, this review provides helpful guidance for better selection and development of the control/remediation technologies for heavy metal-contaminated agricultural soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Heavy Metal Contamination on Soil Environment and Advances in Remediation Strategies)

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14 pages, 2248 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modulatory Role of Biochar Properties and Environmental Risk of Heavy Metals by Co-Pyrolysis of Fenton Sludge and Biochemical Sludge

by Yujian Li, Mengen Kang, Yuting Wang, Xue Bai and Zhengfang Ye

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010057 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1662

Abstract

Recent studies have reported that Fenton sludge and biochemical sludge contain high concentrations of toxic substances and heavy metals (HMs), whereas improper treatment can pose serious threats to environmental safety. Pyrolysis is considered an efficient technology to replace conventional sludge treatment. This study [...] Read more.

Recent studies have reported that Fenton sludge and biochemical sludge contain high concentrations of toxic substances and heavy metals (HMs), whereas improper treatment can pose serious threats to environmental safety. Pyrolysis is considered an efficient technology to replace conventional sludge treatment. This study investigated the pyrolysis and kinetic processes of Fenton sludge and biochemical sludge, revealed the physicochemical properties of sludge biochar, and highlighted the role of co-pyrolysis in sludge immobilization of HMs and environmental risks. Results showed that Fenton sludge and biochemical sludge underwent three stages of weight loss during individual pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis, especially co-pyrolysis, which increased the rate of sludge pyrolysis and reduced the decomposition temperature. The kinetic reaction indicated that the activation energies of Fenton sludge, biochemical sludge, and mixed sludge were 11.59 kJ/mol, 8.50 kJ/mol, and 7.11 kJ/mol, respectively. Notably, co-pyrolysis reduced the activation energy of reactions and changed the specific surface area and functional group properties of the biochar produced from sludge. Meanwhile, co-pyrolysis effectively immobilized Cu, Pb, and Zn, increased the proportion of metals in oxidizable and residual states, and mitigated the environmental risks of HMs in sludge. This study provided new insights into the co-pyrolysis properties of sludge biochar and the risk assessment of HMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Radioactive Substances)

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13 pages, 2606 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Particulate Matter Induced Adverse Effects on Eye Development in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos

by Dalawalla G. Charith E. Priyadarshana, Jayeon Cheon, Yoonsung Lee and Seon-Heui Cha

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010059 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2714

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) can cause human diseases, particularly respiratory diseases. Since eyes are directly exposed to the air, they might be directly adversely affected by PM. Therefore, we determined the toxicity caused to eye development by PM using zebrafish (Danio rerio) [...] Read more.

Particulate matter (PM) can cause human diseases, particularly respiratory diseases. Since eyes are directly exposed to the air, they might be directly adversely affected by PM. Therefore, we determined the toxicity caused to eye development by PM using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. The PM-induced embryo toxicity was dependent on dose and time and caused significant morphological defects, reducing the total body length and the total eye area. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction was confirmed in the PM treatment group, and antioxidant genes (cat and sod2), photoreceptor cell development, pigmentation genes (atoh8, vsx1, and rho), eye-embryogenesis genes (pax6a and pax6b), and eye-lens-development genes (cryaa) were downregulated, while eye-development genes (crybb1) were upregulated. In conclusion, PM had a direct adverse effect on the eyes, and zebrafish embryos can be used as a model to evaluate PM-induced eye toxicity in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aerosol Exposure and Inhalation Toxicity from Emerging Sources)

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17 pages, 23854 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Water Quality Assessment and Decolourisation of Contaminated Ex-Mining Lake Water Using Bioreactor Dye-Eating Fungus (BioDeF) System: A Real Case Study

by Zarimah Mohd Hanafiah, Ammar Radzi Azmi, Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar, Fabrizio Olivito, Giovanni Golemme, Zul Ilham, Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nadzmin Razali, Sarina Abdul Halim-Lim and Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010060 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2801

Abstract

The environmental conditions of a lake are influenced by its type and various environmental forces such as water temperature, nutrients content, and longitude and latitude to which it is exposed. Due to population growth and development limits, former mining lakes are being converted [...] Read more.

The environmental conditions of a lake are influenced by its type and various environmental forces such as water temperature, nutrients content, and longitude and latitude to which it is exposed. Due to population growth and development limits, former mining lakes are being converted to more lucrative land uses like those of recreational zones, agriculture, and livestock. The fungus Ganoderma lucidum has the potential to be utilised as a substitute or to perform synergistic bacteria-coupled functions in efficient contaminated lake water treatment. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the water quality and water quality index (WQI) of an ex-mining lake named Main Lake in the Paya Indah Wetland, Selangor. Furthermore, the current work simulates the use of a Malaysian fungus in decolourising the contaminated ex-mining lake by the BioDeF system in a 300 mL jar inoculated with 10% (v/v) of pre-grown Ganoderma lucidum pellets for 48 h. According to the results, the lake water is low in pH (5.49 ± 0.1 on average), of a highly intense dark brownish colour (average reading of 874.67 ± 3.7 TCU), and high in iron (Fe) content (3.2422 ± 0.2533 mg/L). The water quality index of the lake was between 54.59 and 57.44, with an average value of 56.45; thus, the water was categorized as Class III, i.e., under-polluted water, according to the Malaysian Department of Environment Water Quality Index (DOE-WQI, DOE 2020). The batch bioreactor BioDeF system significantly reduced more than 90% of the water’s colour. The utilization of Ganoderma lucidum as an adsorbent material offers a variety of advantages, as it is easily available and cultivated, and it is not toxic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies to Decontaminate Pollutants in Water 2.0)

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19 pages, 13001 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Toxicity Assessment of Mixed Exposure of Nine Perfluoroalkyl Substances at Concentrations Relevant to Daily Intake

by Kazuki Takeda, Taki Saito, Sakura Sasaki, Akifumi Eguchi, Makoto Sugiyama, Saeka Eto, Kio Suzuki and Ryo Kamata

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010052 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3447

Abstract

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exhibit high persistence in the environment and accumulate within the human body, warranting a thorough assessment of their toxicity. In this study, we exposed mice (male C57BL/6J mice aged 8 weeks) to a composite of nine PFAS, encompassing [...] Read more.

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exhibit high persistence in the environment and accumulate within the human body, warranting a thorough assessment of their toxicity. In this study, we exposed mice (male C57BL/6J mice aged 8 weeks) to a composite of nine PFAS, encompassing both long-chain PFAS (e.g., perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid) and short-chain PFAS (e.g., perfluorobutanoic acid and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid). The exposure concentrations of PFAS were equivalent to the estimated daily human intake in the composition reported (1 µg/L (sum of the nine compounds), representing the maximum reported exposure concentration). Histological examination revealed hepatocyte vacuolization and irregular hepatocyte cord arrangement, indicating that exposure to low levels of the PFAS mixture causes morphological changes in liver tissues. Transcriptome analysis revealed that PFAS exposure mainly altered a group of genes related to metabolism and chemical carcinogenesis. Machine learning analysis of the liver metabolome showed a typical concentration-independent alteration upon PFAS exposure, with the annotation of substances such as glutathione and 5-aminovaleric acid. This study demonstrates that daily exposure to PFAS leads to morphological changes in liver tissues and alters the expression of metabolism- and cancer-related genes as well as phospholipid metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue PFAS Toxicology and Metabolism)

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17 pages, 3113 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bifenthrin Diminishes Male Fertility Potential by Inducing Protein Defects in Mouse Sperm

by Jeong-Won Bae, Ju-Mi Hwang, Minjung Yoon and Woo-Sung Kwon

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010053 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1704

Abstract

A synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, bifenthrin, has been commonly used as an effective exterminator, although the rise in its usage has raised concerns regarding its effects on the environment and public health, including reproduction, globally. The current study investigated the function-related molecular disparities and [...] Read more.

A synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, bifenthrin, has been commonly used as an effective exterminator, although the rise in its usage has raised concerns regarding its effects on the environment and public health, including reproduction, globally. The current study investigated the function-related molecular disparities and mechanisms in bifenthrin-exposed sperm cells and the underlying mechanism. Therefore, epididymal spermatozoa were released, and various concentrations of bifenthrin were treated (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM) to evaluate their effects on sperm. The findings showed that although bifenthrin had no effect on sperm viability, various other sperm functions (e.g., motility, spontaneous acrosome reaction, and capacitation) related to male fertility were decreased, commencing at a 1 µM treatment. Molecular studies revealed nine differentially expressed sperm proteins that were implicated in motile cilium assembly, sperm structure, and metabolic processes. Furthermore, bifenthrin affected sperm functions through abnormal diminution of the expression of specific sperm proteins. Collectively, these findings provide greater insights into how bifenthrin affects male fertility at the molecular level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity)

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13 pages, 2364 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Degradation of Butylated Hydroxyanisole by the Combined Use of Peroxymonosulfate and Ferrate(VI): Reaction Kinetics, Mechanism and Toxicity Evaluation

by Peiduan Shi, Xin Yue, Xiaolei Teng, Ruijuan Qu, Ahmed Rady, Saleh Maodaa, Ahmed A. Allam, Zunyao Wang and Zongli Huo

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010054 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2352

Abstract

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a synthetic phenolic antioxidant (SPA), is now widely present in natural waters. To improve the degradation efficiency of BHA and reduce product toxicity, a combination of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and Ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)) was used in this study. We systematically investigated the [...] Read more.

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a synthetic phenolic antioxidant (SPA), is now widely present in natural waters. To improve the degradation efficiency of BHA and reduce product toxicity, a combination of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and Ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)) was used in this study. We systematically investigated the reaction kinetics, mechanism and product toxicity in the degradation of BHA through the combined use of PMS and Fe(VI). The results showed that PMS and Fe(VI) have synergistic effects on the degradation of BHA. The effects of operational factors, including PMS dosage, pH and coexisting ions (Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HCO₃⁻, K⁺, NH₄⁺ and Mg²⁺), and different water matrices were investigated through a series of kinetic experiments. When T = 25 °C, the initial pH was 8.0, the initial BHA concentration was 100 μM, the initial concentration ratio of [PMS]₀:[Fe(VI)]₀:[BHA]₀ was 100:1:1 and the degradation rate could reach 92.4% within 30 min. Through liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) identification, it was determined that the oxidation pathway of BHA caused by PMS/Fe(VI) mainly includes hydroxylation, ring-opening and coupling reactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that ^•OH was most likely to attack BHA and generate hydroxylated products. The comprehensive comparison of product toxicity results showed that the PMS/Fe(VI) system can effectively reduce the environmental risk of a reaction. This study contributes to the development of PMS/Fe(VI) for water treatment applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Advanced Oxidation Processes of Organic Contaminants)

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27 pages, 979 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Emerging Contaminants: An Emerging Risk Factor for Diabetes Mellitus

by Huixia Niu, Manjin Xu, Pengcheng Tu, Yunfeng Xu, Xueqing Li, Mingluan Xing, Zhijian Chen, Xiaofeng Wang, Xiaoming Lou, Lizhi Wu and Shengzhi Sun

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010047 - 8 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4143

Abstract

Emerging contaminants have been increasingly recognized as critical determinants in global public health outcomes. However, the intricate relationship between these contaminants and glucose metabolism remains to be fully elucidated. The paucity of comprehensive clinical data, coupled with the need for in-depth mechanistic investigations, [...] Read more.

Emerging contaminants have been increasingly recognized as critical determinants in global public health outcomes. However, the intricate relationship between these contaminants and glucose metabolism remains to be fully elucidated. The paucity of comprehensive clinical data, coupled with the need for in-depth mechanistic investigations, underscores the urgency to decipher the precise molecular and cellular pathways through which these contaminants potentially mediate the initiation and progression of diabetes mellitus. A profound understanding of the epidemiological impact of these emerging contaminants, as well as the elucidation of the underlying mechanistic pathways, is indispensable for the formulation of evidence-based policy and preventive interventions. This review systematically aggregates contemporary findings from epidemiological investigations and delves into the mechanistic correlates that tether exposure to emerging contaminants, including endocrine disruptors, perfluorinated compounds, microplastics, and antibiotics, to glycemic dysregulation. A nuanced exploration is undertaken focusing on potential dietary sources and the consequential role of the gut microbiome in their toxic effects. This review endeavors to provide a foundational reference for future investigations into the complex interplay between emerging contaminants and diabetes mellitus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Environmental Organic Pollutants on Environment and Human Health: The Latest Updates)

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12 pages, 1654 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Phosphate Enhanced Procoagulant Activity through Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Phosphatidylserine Exposure in Platelets

by Ju Hee Choi and Keunyoung Kim

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010050 - 8 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2192

Abstract

Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p) is a common biocidal disinfectant that is widely used in industry and household products. However, PHMG-p was misused as a humidifier disinfectant (HD) in South Korea, which had fatal health effects. Various health problems including cardiovascular diseases were observed [...] Read more.

Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p) is a common biocidal disinfectant that is widely used in industry and household products. However, PHMG-p was misused as a humidifier disinfectant (HD) in South Korea, which had fatal health effects. Various health problems including cardiovascular diseases were observed in HD-exposed groups. However, the potential underlying mechanism of HD-associated cardiovascular diseases is poorly understood. Here, we examined the procoagulant activity of platelets caused by PHMG-p and clarified the underlying mechanism. PHMG-p enhanced phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure through alteration of phospholipid transporters, scramblase, and flippase. Intracellular calcium elevation, intracellular ATP depletion, and caspase-3 activation appeared to underlie phospholipid transporter dysregulation caused by PHMG-p, which was mediated by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, antioxidant enzyme catalase and calcium chelator EGTA reversed PHMG-p-induced PS exposure and thrombin generation, confirming the contributive role of oxidative stress and intracellular calcium in the procoagulant effects of PHMG-p. These series of events led to procoagulant activation of platelets, which was revealed as enhanced thrombin generation. Collectively, PHMG-p triggered procoagulant activation of platelets, which may promote prothrombotic risks and cardiovascular diseases. These findings improve our understanding of HD-associated cardiovascular diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)

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56 pages, 11907 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Binding Affinity and Mechanism of Six PFAS with Human Serum Albumin: Insights from Multi-Spectroscopy, DFT and Molecular Dynamics Approaches

by Mingguo Peng, Yang Xu, Yao Wu, Xuewen Cai, Weihua Zhang, Lu Zheng, Erdeng Du and Jiajun Fu

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010043 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3893

Abstract

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) bioaccumulate in the human body, presenting potential health risks and cellular toxicity. Their transport mechanisms and interactions with tissues and the circulatory system require further investigation. This study investigates the interaction mechanisms of six PFAS with Human Serum [...] Read more.

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) bioaccumulate in the human body, presenting potential health risks and cellular toxicity. Their transport mechanisms and interactions with tissues and the circulatory system require further investigation. This study investigates the interaction mechanisms of six PFAS with Human Serum Albumin (HSA) using multi-spectroscopy, DFT and a molecular dynamics approach. Multi-spectral analysis shows that perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) has the best binding capabilities with HSA. The order of binding constants (298 K) is as follows: “Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA, 7.81 × 10⁶ L·mol⁻¹) > Perfluoro-2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dioxanonanoic Acid (HFPO-TA, 3.70 × 10⁶ L·mol⁻¹) > Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA, 2.27 × 10⁵ L·mol⁻¹) > Perfluoro-3,6,9-trioxadecanoic Acid (PFO3DA, 1.59 × 10⁵ L·mol⁻¹) > Perfluoroheptanoic Acid (PFHpA, 4.53 × 10³ L·mol⁻¹) > Dodecafluorosuberic Acid (DFSA, 1.52 × 10³ L·mol⁻¹)”. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that PFNA and PFO3DA’s interactions with HSA are exothermic, driven primarily by hydrogen bonds or van der Waals interactions. PFHpA, DFSA, PFOA, and HFPO-TA’s interactions with HSA, on the other hand, are endothermic processes primarily driven by hydrophobic interactions. Competitive probe results show that the main HSA–PFAS binding site is in the HSA structure’s subdomain IIA. These findings are also consistent with the findings of molecular docking. Molecular dynamics simulation (MD) analysis further shows that the lowest binding energy (−38.83 kcal/mol) is fund in the HSA–PFNA complex, indicating that PFNA binds more readily with HSA. Energy decomposition analysis also indicates that van der Waals and electrostatic interactions are the main forces for the HSA–PFAS complexes. Correlation analysis reveals that DFT quantum chemical descriptors related to electrostatic distribution and characteristics like ESP and ALIE are more representative in characterizing HSA–PFAS binding. This study sheds light on the interactions between HSA and PFAS. It guides health risk assessments and control strategies against PFAS, serving as a critical starting point for further public health research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)

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13 pages, 5428 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Safe Disposal of Accident Wastewater in Chemical Industrial Parks Using Non-Thermal Plasma with ZnO-Fe₃O₄ Composites

by Aihua Li, Chaofei Wang, Chengjiang Qian, Jinfeng Wen and He Guo

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010040 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2029

Abstract

Chemical wastewater has a high concentration of toxic and hazardous antibiotic pollutants, which not only devastates the ecological environment and disrupts the ecological balance, but also endangers human health. This research proposed a non-thermal plasma (NTP) combined with a ZnO-Fe₃O₄ [...] Read more.

Chemical wastewater has a high concentration of toxic and hazardous antibiotic pollutants, which not only devastates the ecological environment and disrupts the ecological balance, but also endangers human health. This research proposed a non-thermal plasma (NTP) combined with a ZnO-Fe₃O₄ nano-catalyst system to achieve the efficient degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in chemical wastewater. Firstly, ZnO-Fe₃O₄ composite materials were prepared using hydrothermal method and characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc. With the sole NTP, NTP/ZnO, and NTP/ZnO-Fe₃O₄ systems, the removal efficiency of CIP can reach 80.1%, 88.2%, and 99.6%, respectively. The optimal doping amount of Fe₃O₄ is 14%. Secondly, the capture agent experiment verified that ·OH, ·O₂⁻, and ¹O₂ all have a certain effect on CIP degradation. Then, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to detect the intermediate and speculate its degradation pathway, which mainly included hydroxyl addition, hydroxyl substitution, and piperazine ring destruction. After treatment with the NTP/ZnO-Fe₃O₄ system, the overall toxicity of the product was reduced. Finally, a cyclic experiment was conducted, and it was found that the prepared ZnO-Fe₃O₄ catalyst has good reusability. The NTP/ZnO-Fe₃O₄ was also applied in practical pharmaceutical wastewater treatment and has practical applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Advanced Oxidation Processes of Organic Contaminants)

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26 pages, 5033 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Heavy Metals in the Sele River Estuary: An Overview of Pollution Indices in Southern Italy

by Fabiana Di Duca, Paolo Montuori, Elvira De Rosa, Bruna De Simone, Immacolata Russo, Raffaele Nubi and Maria Triassi

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010038 - 3 Jan 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2468

Abstract

Rapid industrialization, coupled with a historical lack of understanding in toxicology, has led in an increase in estuary pollution, frequently resulting in unexpected environmental situations. Therefore, the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs) constitutes a major environmental issue, posing a serious risk both to [...] Read more.

Rapid industrialization, coupled with a historical lack of understanding in toxicology, has led in an increase in estuary pollution, frequently resulting in unexpected environmental situations. Therefore, the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs) constitutes a major environmental issue, posing a serious risk both to aquatic ecosystems and public health. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of eight HMs (As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in water, suspended particles, and sediment near the Sele River estuary (Italy) in order to assess their environmental impacts on the sea and health risks for humans. The results revealed an increasing order of HM concentration according to the scheme suspended particulate matter (SPM) > sediment (SED) > dissolved phase (DP) and a moderate contamination status in sediment. The health risk assessment indicated that the non-carcinogenic risk was negligible. Carcinogenic risk, expressed as the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), was negligible for Cd and Ni and within tolerable limits for As, Pb, and Cr. The findings suggested that, even if there are currently no specific limits for chemical parameters in the transitional waters of Italy, monitoring systems should be implemented to determine pollution levels and implement effective steps to improve river water quality and reduce human health risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxic Chemicals in Water: Occurrence and Potential Adverse Effects on the Environment and Human Health)

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29 pages, 980 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Interaction between Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) and Acetaminophen in Disease Exacerbation—Focusing on Autism and the Gut–Liver–Brain Axis

by Danielle Qiu Yun Jiang and Tai Liang Guo

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010039 - 3 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5440

Abstract

This review presents a new perspective on the exacerbation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through the gut–liver–brain axis. We have summarized evidence reported on the involvement of the gut microbiome and liver inflammation that led to the [...] Read more.

This review presents a new perspective on the exacerbation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through the gut–liver–brain axis. We have summarized evidence reported on the involvement of the gut microbiome and liver inflammation that led to the onset and exacerbation of ASD symptoms. As PFAS are toxicants that particularly target liver, this review has comprehensively explored the possible interaction between PFAS and acetaminophen, another liver toxicant, as the chemicals of interest for future toxicology research. Our hypothesis is that, at acute dosages, acetaminophen has the ability to aggravate the impaired conditions of the PFAS-exposed liver, which would further exacerbate neurological symptoms such as lack of social communication and interest, and repetitive behaviors using mechanisms related to the gut–liver–brain axis. This review discusses their potential interactions in terms of the gut–liver–brain axis and signaling pathways that may contribute to neurological diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 10th Anniversary of Toxics)

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32 pages, 2910 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

2,4-D Herbicide-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Unveiling Disrupted Liver Functions and Associated Biomarkers

by Rafael Xavier Martins, Matheus Carvalho, Maria Eduarda Maia, Bruno Flor, Terezinha Souza, Thiago Lopes Rocha, Luís M. Félix and Davi Farias

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010035 - 2 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3060

Abstract

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a widely used herbicide worldwide and is frequently found in water samples. This knowledge has prompted studies on its effects on non-target organisms, revealing significant alterations to liver structure and function. In this review, we evaluated the literature on [...] Read more.

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a widely used herbicide worldwide and is frequently found in water samples. This knowledge has prompted studies on its effects on non-target organisms, revealing significant alterations to liver structure and function. In this review, we evaluated the literature on the hepatotoxicity of 2,4-D, focusing on morphological damages, toxicity biomarkers and affected liver functions. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus and 83 articles were selected after curation. Among these studies, 72% used in vivo models and 30% used in vitro models. Additionally, 48% used the active ingredient, and 35% used commercial formulations in exposure experiments. The most affected biomarkers were related to a decrease in antioxidant capacity through alterations in the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and the levels of malondialdehyde. Changes in energy metabolism, lipids, liver function, and xenobiotic metabolism were also identified. Furthermore, studies about the effects of 2,4-D in mixtures with other pesticides were found, as well as hepatoprotection trials. The reviewed data indicate the essential role of reduction in antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in 2,4-D-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanism of action of the herbicide is still not fully understood and further research in this area is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecotoxicological Effects of Emerging Contaminants on Aquatic Species)

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12 pages, 267 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Toxic Metal and Essential Element Concentrations in the Blood and Tissues of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients

by Giovanni Forte, Andrea Pisano, Beatrice Bocca, Grazia Fenu, Cristiano Farace, Federica Etzi, Teresa Perra, Angela Sabalic, Alberto Porcu and Roberto Madeddu

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010032 - 1 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2828

Abstract

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive lethal neoplasm, and it has an average 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Although the factors that influence PDAC development remain unclear, exposure to toxic metals or the imbalance in essential elements may [...] Read more.

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive lethal neoplasm, and it has an average 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Although the factors that influence PDAC development remain unclear, exposure to toxic metals or the imbalance in essential elements may have a role in PDAC-associated metabolic pathways. Methods: This study determined the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in whole blood, cancer and non-cancer tissues of patients affected by PDAC, and compared them with levels in healthy controls using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results: Results of the whole blood showed significantly higher levels of Cr, Cu and Cu/Zn ratio in PDAC patients compared to the controls. In addition, the concentrations of Cu, Se, Fe and Zn significantly increased in cancer tissue compared to the healthy counterparts. Conclusions: This study revealed evidence of altered metal levels in the blood and pancreatic tissues of PDAC patients with respect to healthy controls. These changes may contribute to multiple mechanisms involved in metal-induced carcinogenesis, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, genetic alteration, decreased antioxidant barriers and inflammatory responses. Thus, the analysis of metals can be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of PDAC neoplasms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cadmium and Trace Elements Toxicity)

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12 pages, 4116 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Degradation of Benzo[a]pyrene and 2,2′,4,4′-Tebrabrominated Diphenyl Ether in Cultures Originated from an Agricultural Soil

by Shuai Shi, Huiqian Zhang, Shuai Zhang, Lijin Yi, Gulijiazi Yeerkenbieke and Xiaoxia Lu

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010033 - 1 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1922

Abstract

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) are common contaminants in the environment, posing a threat to the ecosystems and human health. Currently, information on the microbial metabolism of BaP and BDE-47 as well as the correlated bacteria is still limited. This research [...] Read more.

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) are common contaminants in the environment, posing a threat to the ecosystems and human health. Currently, information on the microbial metabolism of BaP and BDE-47 as well as the correlated bacteria is still limited. This research aimed to study the degradation of BaP and BDE-47 by enriched cultures originated from an agricultural soil in Tianjin (North China) and characterize the bacteria involved in the degradation. Two sets of experiments were set up with BaP and BDE-47 (2 mg/L) as the sole carbon source, respectively. The degradation of BaP and BDE-47 occurred at rate constants of 0.030 /d and 0.026 /d, respectively. For BaP, the degradation products included benzo[a]pyrene-9,10-dihydrodiol or its isomers, ben-zo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, and cis-4 (8-hydroxypyrenyl-7)-2-oxo-3-butenoic acid. For BDE-47, the degradation products included 2,2′,4-tribrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-17), 2,4-dibrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-7), and hydroxylated dibromodiphenyl ether. The bacterial community structures in the original soil, the BaP culture, and the BDE-47 culture were quite different. The richness and diversity of bacteria in the two cultures were much lower than that in the original soil, and the BaP culture had higher richness and diversity than the BDE-47 culture. In the BaP culture, multiple species such as Niabella (23.4%), Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia (13.7%), Cupriavidus (8.3%), and Allorhizobi-um-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium (8.0%) were dominant. In the BDE-47 culture, an unassigned species in the Rhizobiaceae was dominant (82.3%). The results from this study provide a scientific basis for the risk assessment and bioremediation of BaP and/or BDE-47 in a contaminated environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Toxics: Women's Special Issue Series)

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17 pages, 5359 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Significance of Volatile Organic Compounds to Secondary Pollution Formation and Health Risks Observed during a Summer Campaign in an Industrial Urban Area

by Li Cao, Qihui Men, Zihao Zhang, Hao Yue, Shijie Cui, Xiangpeng Huang, Yunjiang Zhang, Junfeng Wang, Mindong Chen and Haiwei Li

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010034 - 1 Jan 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2908

Abstract

The chemical complexity and toxicity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are primarily encountered through intensive anthropogenic emissions in suburban areas. Here, pollution characteristics, impacts on secondary pollution formation, and health risks were investigated through continuous in-field measurements from 1–30 June 2020 in suburban [...] Read more.

The chemical complexity and toxicity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are primarily encountered through intensive anthropogenic emissions in suburban areas. Here, pollution characteristics, impacts on secondary pollution formation, and health risks were investigated through continuous in-field measurements from 1–30 June 2020 in suburban Nanjing, adjacent to national petrochemical industrial parks in China. On average, the total VOCs concentration was 34.47 ± 16.08 ppb, which was comprised mostly by alkanes (41.8%) and halogenated hydrocarbons (29.4%). In contrast, aromatics (17.4%) dominated the ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) with 59.6% and 58.3%, respectively. Approximately 63.5% of VOCs were emitted from the petrochemical industry and from solvent usage based on source apportionment results, followed by biogenic emissions of 22.3% and vehicle emissions of 14.2%. Of the observed 46 VOC species, hexachlorobutadiene, dibromoethane, butadiene, tetrachloroethane, and vinyl chloride contributed as high as 98.8% of total carcinogenic risk, a large fraction of which was ascribed to the high-level emissions during ozone pollution episodes and nighttime. Therefore, the mitigation of VOC emissions from petrochemical industries would be an effective way to reduce secondary pollution and potential health risks in conurbation areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxic Effects of Manufactured Nanoparticles and Atmospheric Particulate Matter)

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13 pages, 4741 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (BBCEAS) Coupled with an Interferometer for On-Band and Off-Band Detection of Glyoxal

by Callum E. Flowerday, Ryan Thalman, Matthew C. Asplund and Jaron C. Hansen

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010026 - 28 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1945

Abstract

Glyoxal (CHOCHO) is a trace gas in the atmosphere, often used as an indicator of biogenic emissions. It is frequently compared to formaldehyde concentrations, which serve as indicators of anthropogenic emissions, to gain insights into the characteristics of the environmental source. This study [...] Read more.

Glyoxal (CHOCHO) is a trace gas in the atmosphere, often used as an indicator of biogenic emissions. It is frequently compared to formaldehyde concentrations, which serve as indicators of anthropogenic emissions, to gain insights into the characteristics of the environmental source. This study employed broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy to detect gaseous CHOCHO, methylglyoxal, and NO₂. Two different detection methods are compared. Spectrograph and CCD Detection: This approach involves coupling the system to a spectrograph with a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. It achieved a 1 min 1-σ detection limit of 2.5 × 10⁸ molecules/cm³, or 10 parts per trillion (ppt). Methylglyoxal and NO₂ achieved 1 min 1-σ detection limits of 34 ppt and 22 ppt, respectively. Interferometer and PMT Detection: In this method, an interferometer is used in conjunction with a photomultiplier tube (PMT) detector. It resulted in a 2 min 1-σ detection limit of 1.5 × 10¹⁰ molecules/cm³, or 600 ppt. The NO₂ 2 min 1-σ detection limit was determined to be 900 ppt. Concentrations of methylglyoxal were difficult to determine using this method, as they appeared to be below the detection limit of the instrument. This study discusses the advantages and limitations of each of these detection methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aerosol Pollution from Biomass Burning)

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17 pages, 4349 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Developmental Programming: Impact of Prenatal Exposure to Bisphenol A on Senescence and Circadian Mediators in the Liver of Sheep

by Giuliana Motta, Soundara Viveka Thangaraj and Vasantha Padmanabhan

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010015 - 23 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2301

Abstract

Prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A (BPA) plays a critical role in the developmental programming of liver dysfunction that is characteristic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Circadian and aging processes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We [...] Read more.

Prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A (BPA) plays a critical role in the developmental programming of liver dysfunction that is characteristic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Circadian and aging processes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We hypothesized that the prenatal BPA-induced fatty-liver phenotype of female sheep is associated with premature hepatic senescence and disruption in circadian clock genes. The expression of circadian rhythm and aging-associated genes, along with other markers of senescence such as telomere length, mitochondrial DNA copy number, and lipofuscin accumulation, were evaluated in the liver tissue of control and prenatal BPA groups. Prenatal BPA exposure significantly elevated the expression of aging-associated genes GLB1 and CISD2 and induced large magnitude differences in the expression of other aging genes—APOE, HGF, KLOTHO, and the clock genes PER2 and CLOCK—in the liver; the other senescence markers remained unaffected. Prenatal BPA-programmed aging-related transcriptional changes in the liver may contribute to pathological changes in liver function, elucidating the involvement of aging genes in the pathogenesis of liver steatosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity)

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17 pages, 2369 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Early-Life Sublethal Thiacloprid Exposure to Honey Bee Larvae: Enduring Effects on Adult Bee Cognitive Abilities

by Xiasang Chen, Airui Li, Linghong Yin, Li Ke, Pingli Dai and Yong-Jun Liu

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010018 - 23 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2537

Abstract

Honey bees have significant ecological and economic value as important pollinators, but they are continuously exposed to various environmental stressors, including insecticides, which can impair their health and cause colony decline. (1) Background: Cognitive abilities are vital for the functional maintenance of honey [...] Read more.

Honey bees have significant ecological and economic value as important pollinators, but they are continuously exposed to various environmental stressors, including insecticides, which can impair their health and cause colony decline. (1) Background: Cognitive abilities are vital for the functional maintenance of honey bees; however, it remains unknown if chronic, low-dose exposure to thiacloprid during the larval stage impairs the cognitive abilities of emerged adult honey bees. (2) Methods: To explore this question, honey bee larvae were fed 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L thiacloprid during their developmental phase. Then, the cognitive (i.e., olfactory learning and memory) abilities of adult honey bees were quantified to assess the delayed impacts of early-stage thiacloprid exposure on adult honey bee cognition. Neural apoptosis and transcriptomic level were also evaluated to explore the neurological mechanisms underlying these effects. (3) Results: Our results revealed that chronic larval exposure to sublethal thiacloprid impaired the learning and memory abilities of adult honey bees by inducing neuronal apoptosis and transcriptomic alterations. (4) Conclusions: We highlighted a previously unknown impairment caused by thiacloprid in honey bees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Agricultural Chemicals–Pesticides on Insects and Soil Organisms)

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14 pages, 2757 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Triphenyltin Influenced Carotenoid-Based Coloration in Coral Reef Fish, Amphiprion ocellaris, by Disrupting Carotenoid Metabolism

by Yan Zhang, Xingwei Cai, Yu Hou, Wenming Chen and Jiliang Zhang

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010013 - 22 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1810

Abstract

Triphenyltin (TPT), a kind of persistent pollutant, is prevalent in the aquatic environment and could pose a threat to coral reef fish. However, little is known about the toxicity of TPT on coral reef fish, especially regarding the representative characteristics of body coloration. [...] Read more.

Triphenyltin (TPT), a kind of persistent pollutant, is prevalent in the aquatic environment and could pose a threat to coral reef fish. However, little is known about the toxicity of TPT on coral reef fish, especially regarding the representative characteristics of body coloration. Therefore, this study chose the clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in order to investigate the effects of TPT exposure on its carotenoid-based body coloration under the environmentally relevant concentrations (0, 1, 10 and 100 ng/L). After TPT exposure for 60 d, the carotenoid contents were decreased and histological damage in the liver was found, shown as nuclear pyknosis and shift, lipid deposition and fibrotic tissue hyperplasia. Liver transcriptomic analysis showed that TPT exposure interfered with oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism pathways, which related to carotenoids uptake and metabolism. Furthermore, TPT exposure led to oxidative damage in the liver, which is responsible for the changes in the antioxidant capacity of enzymes, including GSH, MDA, POD, CAT and T-SOD. TPT exposure also affected the genes (Scarb1, CD36, Stard3 and Stard5) related to carotenoid absorption and transport, as well as the genes (GstP1 and Bco2) related to carotenoid deposition and decomposition. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TPT influenced carotenoid-based coloration in coral reef fish by disrupting carotenoid metabolism, which complements the ecotoxicological effects and toxic mechanisms of TPT and provides data for the body color biology of coral reef fishes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hazardous Effects of Emerging Contaminants on Wildlife)

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17 pages, 1977 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Metabolome and Microbiome Analysis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Insights into the Carnosine–Histidine Metabolic Pathway

by Binxiong Wu, Yuntian Xu, Miaomiao Tang, Yingtong Jiang, Ting Zhang, Lei Huang, Shuyang Wang, Yanhui Hu, Kun Zhou, Xiaoling Zhang and Minjian Chen

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010014 - 22 Dec 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2519

Abstract

Metabolism underlies the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and can be influenced by gut microbiota. However, the specific metabolic changes in different tissues and the role of gut microbiota in AML remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed the metabolome differences in [...] Read more.

Metabolism underlies the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and can be influenced by gut microbiota. However, the specific metabolic changes in different tissues and the role of gut microbiota in AML remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed the metabolome differences in blood samples from patients with AML and healthy controls using UPLC-Q-Exactive. Additionally, we examined the serum, liver, and fecal metabolome of AML model mice and control mice using UPLC-Q-Exactive. The gut microbiota of the mice were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Our UPLC-MS analysis revealed significant differences in metabolites between the AML and control groups in multiple tissue samples. Through cross-species validation in humans and animals, as well as reverse validation of Celastrol, we discovered that the Carnosine–Histidine metabolic pathway may play a potential role in the occurrence and progression of AML. Furthermore, our analysis of gut microbiota showed no significant diversity changes, but we observed a significant negative correlation between the key metabolite Carnosine and Peptococcaceae and Campylobacteraceae. In conclusion, the Carnosine–Histidine metabolic pathway influences the occurrence and progression of AML, while the gut microbiota might play a role in this process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Environmental Chemicals Exposomics and Metabolomics)

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21 pages, 3445 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Acute Toxicity Assays with Adult Coral Fragments: A Method for Standardization

by David Brefeld, Valentina Di Mauro, Matthias Y. Kellermann, Samuel Nietzer, Mareen Moeller, Laura H. Lütjens, Sascha Pawlowski, Mechtild Petersen-Thiery and Peter J. Schupp

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010001 - 19 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2970

Abstract

Coral reefs are globally declining due to various anthropogenic stressors. Amongst those, chemical pollutants, such as pesticides from agricultural runoff, sewage or an overabundance of personal care products in coastal waters due to intense tourism, may be considered as a local stressor for [...] Read more.

Coral reefs are globally declining due to various anthropogenic stressors. Amongst those, chemical pollutants, such as pesticides from agricultural runoff, sewage or an overabundance of personal care products in coastal waters due to intense tourism, may be considered as a local stressor for reef-building corals. The extent to which such chemicals exhibit toxic effects towards corals at environmentally relevant concentrations is currently controversially discussed and existing studies are often based on varying and sometimes deficient test methods. To address this uncertainty, we adapted available methods into a reliable and comprehensive acute coral toxicity test method for the reef-building coral Montipora digitata. The toxicities of the four substances benzophenone-3 (BP-3), Diuron (DCMU), copper (Cu²⁺ as CuCl₂, positive control) and dimethylformamide (DMF, solvent) were assessed in a 96 h semi-static test design. Endpoints such as maximum quantum yield, bleaching, tissue loss and mortality were evaluated with respect to their suitability for regulatory purposes. Overall, the endpoints bleaching and mortality yielded sensitive and robust results for the four tested substances. As the test method follows the principles of internationally standardized testing methods (ISO, OECD), it can be considered suitable for further validation and standardization. Once validated, a standardized test method will help to obtain reproducible toxicity results useful for marine hazard and risk assessment and regulatory decision making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Contaminants on Aquatic Organisms II)

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17 pages, 2094 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Do Surface Charges on Polymeric Filters and Airborne Particles Control the Removal of Nanoscale Aerosols by Polymeric Facial Masks?

by Zhaobo Zhang, Mahmut S. Ersan, Paul Westerhoff and Pierre Herckes

Toxics 2024, 12(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010003 - 19 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1997

Abstract

The emergence of facial masks as a critical health intervention to prevent the spread of airborne disease and protect from occupational nanomaterial exposure highlights the need for fundamental insights into the interaction of nanoparticles (<200 nm) with modern polymeric mask filter materials. While [...] Read more.

The emergence of facial masks as a critical health intervention to prevent the spread of airborne disease and protect from occupational nanomaterial exposure highlights the need for fundamental insights into the interaction of nanoparticles (<200 nm) with modern polymeric mask filter materials. While most research focuses on the filtration efficiency of airborne particles by facial masks based on pore sizes, pressure drop, or humidity, only a few studies focus on the importance of aerosol surface charge versus filter surface charge and their role in the net particle filtration efficiency of mask filters. In this study, experiments were conducted to assess mask filter filtration efficiency using positively and negatively charged polystyrene particles (150 nm) as challenge aerosols at varying humidity levels. Commercial masks with surface potential (Ψ_f) in the range of −10 V to −800 V were measured by an electrostatic voltmeter and used for testing. Results show that the mask filtration efficiency is highly dependent on the mask surface potential as well as the charge on the challenge aerosol, ranging from 60% to 98%. Eliminating the surface charge results in a maximum 43% decrease in filtration efficiency, emphasizing the importance of electrostatic charge interactions during the particle capture process. Moreover, increased humidity can decrease the surface charge on filters, thereby decreasing the mask filtration efficiency. The knowledge gained from this study provides insight into the critical role of electrostatic attraction in nanoparticle capture mechanisms and benefits future occupational and environmental health studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Aerosol Particles)

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18 pages, 6376 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Structural Malformations in the Neonatal Rat Brain Accompany Developmental Exposure to Ammonium Perchlorate

by Mary E. Gilbert, Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy, Kiersten S. Bell and Jermaine L. Ford

Toxics 2023, 11(12), 1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11121027 - 18 Dec 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1871

Abstract

Environmental contaminants are often flagged as thyroid system disruptors due to their actions to reduce serum thyroxine (T4) in rodent models. The presence of a periventricular heterotopia (PVH), a brain malformation resulting from T4 insufficiency, has been described in response to T4 decrements [...] Read more.

Environmental contaminants are often flagged as thyroid system disruptors due to their actions to reduce serum thyroxine (T4) in rodent models. The presence of a periventricular heterotopia (PVH), a brain malformation resulting from T4 insufficiency, has been described in response to T4 decrements induced by pharmaceuticals that reduce the hormone synthesis enzyme thyroperoxidase. In this report, we extend these observations to the environmental contaminant perchlorate, an agent that interferes with thyroid status by inhibiting iodine uptake into the thyroid gland. Pregnant rat dams were administered perchlorate in their drinking water (0, 30, 100, 300, 1000 ppm) from gestational day (GD) 6 until the weaning of pups on postnatal day (PN) 21. Serum T4 was reduced in dams and fetuses in late gestation and remained lower in lactating dams. Pup serum and brain T4, however, were not reduced beyond PN0, and small PVHs were evident in the brains of offspring when assessed on PN14. To emulate the developmental time window of the brain in humans, a second study was conducted in which pups from perchlorate-exposed dams were administered perchlorate orally from PN0 to PN6. This treatment reduced serum and brain T4 in the pup and resulted in large PVH. A third study extended the period of serum and brain TH suppression in pups by coupling maternal perchlorate exposure with maternal dietary iodine deficiency (ID). No PVHs were evident in the pups from ID dams, small PVHs were observed in the offspring of dams exposed to 300 ppm of perchlorate, and very large PVHs were present in the brains of pups born to dams receiving ID and perchlorate. These findings underscore the importance of the inclusion of serum hormone profiles in pregnant dams and fetuses in in vivo screens for thyroid-system-disrupting chemicals and indicate that chemical-induced decreases in fetal rat serum that resolve in the immediate postnatal period may still harbor considerable concern for neurodevelopment in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Neurodevelopment)

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23 pages, 2465 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characteristics of Abnormalities in Somatosensory Submodalities Observed in Residents Exposed to Methylmercury

by Shigeru Takaoka, Tadashi Fujino, Shin-ichi Shigeoka and Takashi Yorifuji

Toxics 2023, 11(12), 1023; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11121023 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1807

Abstract

Hundreds of thousands of people living along the Yatsushiro Sea coast have been exposed to methylmercury from the contaminated water of the Chisso factory in Minamata. The most common neurological disorder caused by methylmercury is somatosensory disturbance, but very few studies have been [...] Read more.

Hundreds of thousands of people living along the Yatsushiro Sea coast have been exposed to methylmercury from the contaminated water of the Chisso factory in Minamata. The most common neurological disorder caused by methylmercury is somatosensory disturbance, but very few studies have been conducted in the world to determine its pathophysiology and origin, including the Japanese cases, which have produced numerous intoxicated individuals. We have already shown in previous studies the body part where the disorder occurs and that its cause is not peripheral nerve damage but damage to the parietal lobes of the cerebrum. We reanalyzed the results of subjective symptoms, neurological findings, and quantitative sensory measurements in 197 residents (63.2 ± 10.7 years old) from contaminated areas exposed to methylmercury from seafood and 130 residents (63.7 ± 9.3 years old) from control areas, the same subjects as in previous studies, to determine the characteristics of somatosensory disturbance in detail. The most commonly affected sensory modalities were superficial peripheral touch and pain in the extremities, followed by two-point discrimination and deep senses, and in the most severe cases, full-body sensory dysfunction and impairment of all sensory submodalities. The severity of sensory submodalities correlated with each other but not with peripheral nerve conduction test indices, further confirming the correctness of our assertion about the responsible foci of sensory disturbance. The health effects of chronic methylmercury toxicosis can be elucidated by a detailed examination of sensory deficits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Environmental Epidemiology)

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12 pages, 1567 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparing Ocular Toxicity of Legacy and Alternative Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Zebrafish Larvae

by Han-seul Lee, Soogyeong Jang, Youngsub Eom and Ki-Tae Kim

Toxics 2023, 11(12), 1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11121021 - 14 Dec 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2412

Abstract

Studies comparing the ocular toxicity potential between legacy and alternative PFAS are lacking. To address this research gap, zebrafish larvae were exposed to both legacy PFAS (i.e., perfluorooctanesulfonic acid [PFOS] and perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA]) and their corresponding alternatives (i.e., perfluorobutanesulfonic acid [PFBS] and [...] Read more.

Studies comparing the ocular toxicity potential between legacy and alternative PFAS are lacking. To address this research gap, zebrafish larvae were exposed to both legacy PFAS (i.e., perfluorooctanesulfonic acid [PFOS] and perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA]) and their corresponding alternatives (i.e., perfluorobutanesulfonic acid [PFBS] and perfluorobutanoic acid [PFBA]). Alterations in their visual behaviors, such as phototactic and optomotor responses (OMR), were assessed at sublethal concentrations. Gene expression variations in visual function-associated pathways were also measured. Visual behavioral assessment revealed that PFOS exposure resulted in concentration-dependent reductions in phototactic responses at 10–1000 μg/L, with PFOA exerting reduction effects only at 100 mg/L. However, their two alternatives had no effect at all tested concentrations. Following an improved contrast-OMR (C-OMR) assessment, PFOS decreased the OMR to a water flow stimulus at 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L. The gene expression analysis revealed that PFOS exposure markedly downregulated most genes involved in the opsins in the photoreceptor and phototransduction cascade, which explains the observed visual behavior changes well. Our findings indicate that PFOS is the most likely PFAS to cause visual toxicity, with PFOA present but less likely, and their substitutes, PFBS and PFBA, cannot be classified as visually toxic to zebrafish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollutants Toxicity Mechanism and Safety Testing: Zebrafish as a Model Organism)

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14 pages, 2883 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bioaccumulation of Some Metals and Metalloids in Laughing Gulls (Leucophaeus atricilla): Increases in Mercury and Decreases in Selenium from 2019 to 2022/2023

by Joanna Burger, Stephanie Feigin, Alinde Fojtik, Amanda Dey and Kelly Ng

Toxics 2023, 11(12), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11121007 - 9 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1785

Abstract

The elements in blood normally reflect the levels in prey, indicating a recent exposure. Laughing gulls (Leucophaes atricilla) eat mainly horseshoe crab eggs (Limulus polyphemus) in the spring in Delaware Bay, New Jersey. The levels of arsenic (As), cadmium [...] Read more.

The elements in blood normally reflect the levels in prey, indicating a recent exposure. Laughing gulls (Leucophaes atricilla) eat mainly horseshoe crab eggs (Limulus polyphemus) in the spring in Delaware Bay, New Jersey. The levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and selenium (Se) in the blood of laughing gulls foraging on crab eggs were examined in Delaware Bay to provide information on a species that is normally a generalist, and to determine if the levels of these elements were similar in 2019 and 2022/2023, were intercorrelated, and were related to those in crab eggs. Hg increased from 2019 (136 ± 31 ng/g) to 2022/2023 (473 ± 75 ng/g), while Cd and Se decreased. There were some significant correlations among elements and a close relationship between the element levels in blood and those in crab eggs collected in the same month (except for As). The levels differed between laughing gulls and three species of shorebirds for As and Cd. The elements in the blood of gulls and shorebirds should be similar because they eat mainly the same eggs in the same places. A significant proportion of laughing gull blood samples had levels of Hg and Se that were above the levels associated with adverse effects, which requires further examination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Toxics: Women's Special Issue Series)

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38 pages, 1819 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Invisible Hand behind Female Reproductive Disorders: Bisphenols, Recent Evidence and Future Perspectives

by Xiaoyun Wu, Yuchai Tian, Huizhen Zhu, Pengchong Xu, Jiyue Zhang, Yangcheng Hu, Xiaotong Ji, Ruifeng Yan, Huifeng Yue and Nan Sang

Toxics 2023, 11(12), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11121000 - 7 Dec 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6584

Abstract

Reproductive disorders are considered a global health problem influenced by physiological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The increased exposure to bisphenols, a chemical used in large quantities for the production of polycarbonate plastics, has raised concerns regarding health risks in humans, particularly their [...] Read more.

Reproductive disorders are considered a global health problem influenced by physiological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The increased exposure to bisphenols, a chemical used in large quantities for the production of polycarbonate plastics, has raised concerns regarding health risks in humans, particularly their endocrine-disrupting effects on female reproductive health. To provide a basis for future research on environmental interference and reproductive health, we reviewed relevant studies on the exposure patterns and levels of bisphenols in environmental matrices and humans (including susceptible populations such as pregnant women and children). In addition, we focused on in vivo, in vitro, and epidemiological studies evaluating the effects of bisphenols on the female reproductive system (the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and vagina). The results indicate that bisphenols cause structural and functional damage to the female reproductive system by interfering with hormones; activating receptors; inducing oxidative stress, DNA damage, and carcinogenesis; and triggering epigenetic changes, with the damaging effects being intergenerational. Epidemiological studies support the association between bisphenols and diseases such as cancer of the female reproductive system, reproductive dysfunction, and miscarriage, which may negatively affect the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Altogether, this review provides a reference for assessing the adverse effects of bisphenols on female reproductive health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights on Environmental Chemical Exposure and Toxicological Mechanism)

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23 pages, 3412 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Risk Assessment of Isoeugenol in Food Based on Benchmark Dose—Response Modeling

by Thomas Quentin, Heike Franke and Dirk W. Lachenmeier

Toxics 2023, 11(12), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120991 - 5 Dec 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2423

Abstract

Isoeugenol has recently been evaluated as possibly carcinogenic (Group 2B) by the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In light of this evaluation, an updated risk assessment of this common food constituent was conducted using the benchmark dose (BMD) approach as [...] Read more.

Isoeugenol has recently been evaluated as possibly carcinogenic (Group 2B) by the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In light of this evaluation, an updated risk assessment of this common food constituent was conducted using the benchmark dose (BMD) approach as recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for point of departure (POD) determination, as an alternative to the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). This approach was specifically chosen, as for the relevant neoplastic endpoints only lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) values are available. The toxicological endpoint from the animal studies with the most conservative BMD lower confidence limit (BMDL) value was identified. Using the obtained BMDL value of 8 mg/kg body weight/day as POD, an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 16 µg/kg body weight/day was obtained, which—despite being more conservative than previous approaches—is still clearly above the estimated daily exposure level to isoeugenol in the USA and in Europe. These results confirm a low risk of the estimated daily exposure levels of isoeugenol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Contaminants in Food and Feed)

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26 pages, 3645 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Pesticides vs. Biopesticides: From Pest Management to Toxicity and Impacts on the Environment and Human Health

by Gabriel Mihăiță Daraban, Raluca-Maria Hlihor and Daniela Suteu

Toxics 2023, 11(12), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120983 - 4 Dec 2023

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 9023

Abstract

The environmental pollution that occurs in direct response to the widespread use of man-made/conventional pesticides results from many chemicals that require a long period of time, often decades, to degrade. The synthetic nature of pesticides also harms animals, beneficial insects, microorganisms, and plants, [...] Read more.

The environmental pollution that occurs in direct response to the widespread use of man-made/conventional pesticides results from many chemicals that require a long period of time, often decades, to degrade. The synthetic nature of pesticides also harms animals, beneficial insects, microorganisms, and plants, as well as humans. Fortunately, however, there are many natural pesticides, the so-called biopesticides, that are also effective against pests and more importantly, do not interfere with the well-being of ecosystems. Consequently, most biopesticides are safer for use around people and pets than man-made pesticides because, for example, they can be easily washed away from fruits and vegetables. The natural habitat is a rich resource with a wide selection of plants, many of which are also used to treat diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Out of concern for public health, environmental safety, and the stringent regulation of pesticide residues in agricultural commodities, the use of biopesticides is becoming increasingly important, but questions regarding potential pest resistance to these products may arise, just as is the case with conventional pesticides. Therefore, the performance and potential role of biopesticides in the management of plant pests should be prioritized due to their sustainability and importance to human and environmental welfare. In this review, we propose to highlight a scenario in which we discuss in detail the main constraints posed by the use of pesticides compared to biopesticides, starting with issues regarding their definition and continuing on to issues related to their toxicity and their impact on the environment and human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pesticide Risk Assessment, Emerging and Re-Emerging Problems)

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41 pages, 3243 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Measurement of Atmospheric Black Carbon: A Review

by Zhiqing Zhang, Yuan Cheng, Linlin Liang and Jiumeng Liu

Toxics 2023, 11(12), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120975 - 1 Dec 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4561

Abstract

Black Carbon (BC), the second-largest contributor to global warming, has detrimental effects on human health and the environment. However, the accurate quantification of BC poses a significant challenge, impeding the comprehensive assessment of its impacts. Therefore, this paper aims to critically review three [...] Read more.

Black Carbon (BC), the second-largest contributor to global warming, has detrimental effects on human health and the environment. However, the accurate quantification of BC poses a significant challenge, impeding the comprehensive assessment of its impacts. Therefore, this paper aims to critically review three quantitative methods for measuring BC: Thermal Optical Analysis (TOA), the Optical Method, and Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII). The determination principles, available commercial instruments, sources of deviation, and correction approaches associated with these techniques are systematically discussed. By synthesizing and comparing the quantitative results reported in previous studies, this paper aims to elucidate the underlying relationships and fundamental disparities among Elemental Carbon (EC), Equivalent Black Carbon (eBC), and Refractory Black Carbon (rBC). Finally, based on the current advancements in BC quantification, recommendations are proposed to guide future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Aerosol Particles)

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24 pages, 3663 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Association of Combined Metals and PFAS with Cardiovascular Disease Risk

by Yvonne S. Boafo, Sayed Mostafa and Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi

Toxics 2023, 11(12), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120979 - 1 Dec 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3631

Abstract

This study sought to investigate the impact of exposure to metals and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related risk. PFASs, including PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFHxS, as well as metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg), were [...] Read more.

This study sought to investigate the impact of exposure to metals and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related risk. PFASs, including PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFHxS, as well as metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg), were analyzed to elucidate their combined effects on CVD risk. Methods: Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning from 2007 to 2014, this investigation explored the effects of PFASs and metals on CVD risk. A spectrum of individual CVD markers, encompassing systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol, and triglycerides, was examined. Additionally, comprehensive CVD risk indices were evaluated, namely the Overall Cardiovascular Biomarkers Index (OCBI), including the Framingham Risk Score and an Overall Cardiovascular Index. Linear regression analysis was employed to probe the relationships between these variables. Furthermore, to assess dose–response relationships between exposure mixtures and CVD while mitigating the influence of multicollinearity and potential interaction effects, Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) was employed. Results: Our findings indicated that exposure to PFAS and metals in combination increased CVD risk, with combinations occurring with lead bringing forth the largest impact among many CVD-related markers. Conclusions: This study finds that combined exposure to metals and PFASs significantly elevates the likelihood of CVD risk. These results highlight the importance of understanding the complex interplay between multipollutant exposures and their potential implications for cardiovascular health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Radioactive Substances)

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15 pages, 4628 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of a Polymer-Based Nanoparticle with Formoterol Drug as Nanocarrier System In Vitro and in an Experimental Asthmatic Model

by Buket Bakan, Anne-Charlotte Jonckheere, Tatjana Decaesteker, Nora F. Marain, Sivakumar Murugadoss, Nefise Ulku Karabay Yavasoglu, Umut Şahar, Raziye Hilal Şenay, Sinan Akgöl, Özlem Göksel, Peter H. M. Hoet and Jeroen A. J. Vanoirbeek

Toxics 2023, 11(12), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120974 - 30 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2056

Abstract

The implementation of nanotechnology in pulmonary delivery systems might result in better and more specific therapy. Therefore, a nano-sized drug carrier should be toxicologically inert and not induce adverse effects. We aimed to investigate the responses of a polymer nano drug carrier, a [...] Read more.

The implementation of nanotechnology in pulmonary delivery systems might result in better and more specific therapy. Therefore, a nano-sized drug carrier should be toxicologically inert and not induce adverse effects. We aimed to investigate the responses of a polymer nano drug carrier, a lysine poly-hydroxyethyl methacrylate nanoparticle (NP) [Lys-p(HEMA)], loaded with formoterol, both in vitro and in vivo in an ovalbumin (OVA) asthma model. The successfully synthesized nanodrug formulation showed an expectedly steady in vitro release profile. There was no sign of in vitro toxicity, and the 16HBE and THP-1 cell lines remained vital after exposure to the nanocarrier, both loaded and unloaded. In an experimental asthma model (Balb/c mice) of ovalbumin sensitization and challenge, the nanocarrier loaded and unloaded with formoterol was tested in a preventive strategy and compared to treatment with the drug in a normal formulation. The airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and pulmonary inflammation in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), both cellular and biochemical, were assessed. The application of formoterol as a regular drug and the unloaded and formoterol-loaded NP in OVA-sensitized mice followed by a saline challenge was not different from the control group. Yet, both the NP formulation and the normal drug application led to a more deteriorated lung function and increased lung inflammation in the OVA-sensitized and -challenged mice, showing that the use of the p(HEMA) nanocarrier loaded with formoterol needs more extensive testing before it can be applied in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drugs Toxicity)

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25 pages, 9542 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hepatic Transcriptome Comparative In Silico Analysis Reveals Similar Pathways and Targets Altered by Legacy and Alternative Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Mice

by Dakota R. Robarts, Jiayin Dai, Christopher Lau, Udayan Apte and J. Christopher Corton

Toxics 2023, 11(12), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120963 - 28 Nov 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3140

Abstract

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large class of fluorinated carbon chains that include legacy PFAS, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS). These compounds induce adverse health effects, including hepatotoxicity. Potential alternatives to [...] Read more.

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large class of fluorinated carbon chains that include legacy PFAS, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS). These compounds induce adverse health effects, including hepatotoxicity. Potential alternatives to the legacy PFAS (HFPO-DA (GenX), HFPO4, HFPO-TA, F-53B, 6:2 FTSA, and 6:2 FTCA), as well as a byproduct of PFAS manufacturing (Nafion BP2), are increasingly being found in the environment. The potential hazards of these new alternatives are less well known. To better understand the diversity of molecular targets of the PFAS, we performed a comparative toxicogenomics analysis of the gene expression changes in the livers of mice exposed to these PFAS, and compared these to five activators of PPARα, a common target of many PFAS. Using hierarchical clustering, pathway analysis, and predictive biomarkers, we found that most of the alternative PFAS modulate molecular targets that overlap with legacy PFAS. Only three of the 11 PFAS tested did not appreciably activate PPARα (Nafion BP2, 6:2 FTSA, and 6:2 FTCA). Predictive biomarkers showed that most PFAS (PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, HFPO-TA, F-53B, HFPO4, Nafion BP2) activated CAR. PFNA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, HFPO4, HFPO-TA, F-53B, Nafion BP2, and 6:2 FTSA suppressed STAT5b, activated NRF2, and activated SREBP. There was no apparent relationship between the length of the carbon chain, type of head group, or number of ether linkages and the transcriptomic changes. This work highlights the similarities in molecular targets between the legacy and alternative PFAS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment: Sources, Fate and Risk Assessments)

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17 pages, 4662 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Removal of Pb from Contaminated Kaolin by Pulsed Electrochemical Treatment Coupled with a Permeable Reactive Barrier: Tuning Removal Efficiency and Energy Consumption

by Yinyin Zhang, Libin Zang, Yuyan Zhao, Qiaoqiao Wei and Jiangtao Han

Toxics 2023, 11(12), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120961 - 27 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1618

Abstract

Lead contamination in soil has emerged as a significant environmental concern. Recently, pulse electrochemical treatment (PECT) has garnered substantial attention as an effective method for mitigating lead ions in low-permeability soils. However, the impact of varying pulse time gradients, ranging from seconds to [...] Read more.

Lead contamination in soil has emerged as a significant environmental concern. Recently, pulse electrochemical treatment (PECT) has garnered substantial attention as an effective method for mitigating lead ions in low-permeability soils. However, the impact of varying pulse time gradients, ranging from seconds to hours, under the same pulse duty cycle on lead removal efficiency (LRE) and energy consumption in PECT has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, a novel, modified PECT method is proposed, which couples PECT with a permeable reaction barrier (PRB) and adds acetic acid to the catholyte. A comprehensive analysis of LRE and energy consumption is conducted by transforming pulse time. The results show that the LREs achieved in these experiments were as follows: PCb-3 s (89.5%), PCb-1 m (91%), PCb-30 m (92.9%), and PCb-6 h (91.9%). Importantly, these experiments resulted in significant reductions in energy consumption, with decreases of 68.5%, 64.9%, 51.8%, and 47.4% compared to constant voltage treatments, respectively. It was observed that LRE improved with an increase in both pulse duration and voltage gradient, albeit with a corresponding rise in energy consumption. The results also revealed that corn straw biochar as a PRB could enhance LRE by 6.1% while adsorbing migrating lead ions. Taken together, the present data highlights the potential of modified PECT technology for remediation of lead-contaminated soil, which provides an optimal approach to achieve high LRE while minimizing energy consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Remediation Processes toward Heavy Metal-Contaminated Environment)

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18 pages, 385 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Trace Elements in Cardiovascular Diseases

by Christian Wechselberger, Barbara Messner and David Bernhard

Toxics 2023, 11(12), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120956 - 23 Nov 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2830

Abstract

Essential trace elements play an important role in human physiology and are associated with various functions regulating cellular metabolism. Non-essential trace elements, on the other hand, often have well-documented toxicities that are dangerous for the initiation and development of diseases due to their [...] Read more.

Essential trace elements play an important role in human physiology and are associated with various functions regulating cellular metabolism. Non-essential trace elements, on the other hand, often have well-documented toxicities that are dangerous for the initiation and development of diseases due to their widespread occurrence in the environment and their accumulation in living organisms. Non-essential trace elements are therefore regarded as serious environmental hazards that are harmful to health even in low concentrations. Many representatives of these elements are present as pollutants in our environment, and many people may be exposed to significant amounts of these substances over the course of their lives. Among the most common non-essential trace elements are heavy metals, which are also associated with acute poisoning in humans. When these elements accumulate in the body over years of chronic exposure, they often cause severe health damage in a variety of tissues and organs. In this review article, the role of selected essential and non-essential trace elements and their role in the development of exemplary pathophysiological processes in the cardiovascular system will be examined in more detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cadmium and Trace Elements Toxicity)

16 pages, 8789 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Depicting the Profile of METTL3-Mediated lncRNA m6A Modification Variants and Identified SNHG7 as a Prognostic Indicator of MNNG-Induced Gastric Cancer

by Tong Liu, Yanlu Feng, Sheng Yang, Yiling Ge, Tianyi Zhang, Jie Li, Chengyun Li, Ye Ruan, Bin Luo and Geyu Liang

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110944 - 20 Nov 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1941

Abstract

As a representative example of an environmental chemical carcinogen, MNNG exposure is closely associated with the onset of gastric cancer (GC) where N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation tends to be the critical epigenetic event. However, the effect of m6A modification on long non-coding RNAs [...] Read more.

As a representative example of an environmental chemical carcinogen, MNNG exposure is closely associated with the onset of gastric cancer (GC) where N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation tends to be the critical epigenetic event. However, the effect of m6A modification on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in MNNG-induced GC onset is still unclear. To address the above issue, based on the Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) data of MNNG-induced malignant cells (MCs) and GC cells, we comprehensively analyzed the MNNG exposure-associated vital lncRNAs. MeRIP-seq analysis identified 1432 lncRNA transcripts in the MC cell, and 3520 lncRNA transcripts were found to be m6A modified in the GC cell, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that MNNG exposure could spark cellular localization change, which might be the critical cellular note variation for malignant transformation. We demonstrated that METTL3 is responsible for N6 methylation of lncRNAs and identified SNHG7 as a downstream target of METTL3. More importantly, we observed that SNHG7 was progressively up-regulated during gastric carcinogenesis by MNNG exposure. Finally, we investigated SNHG7 expression in different stages of GC malignancies and found that elevated SNHG7 expression correlated with advanced clinical features and poor prognosis in GC. In conclusion, our study found for the first time that METTL3 regulates the m6A methylation level of lncRNA SNHG7 and its expression in MNNG exposure-induced GC, suggesting that SNHG7 as a predictive biomarker or therapeutic target for GC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)

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19 pages, 2272 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis in a Multi-Stressor Scenario: Effects of an Invasive Seaweed Exudate and Microplastic Pollution under Ocean Warming

by Cristiana Lopes, Andreia C. M. Rodrigues, Sílvia F. S. Pires, Diana Campos, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares, Hugo C. Vieira and Maria D. Bordalo

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110939 - 18 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3025

Abstract

Microplastic pollution, global warming, and invasive species are known threats to marine biota, but the impact of their simultaneous exposure is still not well understood. This study investigated whether the toxic effects posed by the invasive red seaweed Asparagopsis armata exudate (2%) to [...] Read more.

Microplastic pollution, global warming, and invasive species are known threats to marine biota, but the impact of their simultaneous exposure is still not well understood. This study investigated whether the toxic effects posed by the invasive red seaweed Asparagopsis armata exudate (2%) to the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis are amplified by a 96 h exposure to increased temperature (24 °C) and polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs, 1 mg/L). Biochemical (neurotoxicity, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and damage) and physiological (byssal thread production) responses were evaluated. The number of produced byssus greatly decreased under concomitant exposure to all stressors. The antioxidant defences were depleted in the gills of mussels exposed to temperature rises and PE-MPs, regardless of exudate exposure, preventing oxidative damage. Moreover, the heat shock protein content tended to decrease in all treatments relative to the control. The increased total glutathione in the mussels’ digestive gland exposed to 24 °C, exudate, and PE-MPs avoided oxidative damage. Neurotoxicity was observed in the same treatment. In contrast, the energy metabolism remained unaltered. In conclusion, depending on the endpoint, simultaneous exposure to A. armata exudate, PE-MPs, and warming does not necessarily mean an amplification of their single effects. Studies focusing on the impact of multiple stressors are imperative to better understand the underlying mechanisms of this chronic exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Contaminants in a Changing World)

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12 pages, 1809 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

(Micro)Plastics Are Toxic Pollutants

by Judith S. Weis and Juan José Alava

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110935 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4854

Abstract

Plastics, including microplastics, have generally been regarded as harmful to organisms because of their physical characteristics. There has recently been a call to understand and regard them as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. This review elaborates on the reasons that microplastics in particular should [...] Read more.

Plastics, including microplastics, have generally been regarded as harmful to organisms because of their physical characteristics. There has recently been a call to understand and regard them as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. This review elaborates on the reasons that microplastics in particular should be considered as “toxic pollutants”. This view is supported by research demonstrating that they contain toxic chemicals within their structure and also adsorb additional chemicals, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), from the environment. Furthermore, these chemicals can be released into tissues of animals that consume microplastics and can be responsible for the harmful effects observed on biological processes such as development, physiology, gene expression, and behavior. Leachates, weathering, and biofilm play important roles in the interactions between microplastics and biota. Global policy efforts by the United Nations Environmental Assembly via the international legally binding treaty to address global plastic pollution should consider the designation of harmful plastics (e.g., microplastics) with associated hazardous chemicals as toxic pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 10th Anniversary of Toxics)

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16 pages, 1865 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Expression Profiling of Adipogenic and Anti-Adipogenic MicroRNA Sequences following Methylmercury Exposure in Caenorhabditis elegans

by Giancarlo Garofalo, Tyson Nielsen and Samuel Caito

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110934 - 17 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1594

Abstract

MicroRNA (miRNA) are important regulators of gene expression that respond not only to developmental and pathological cues, but also to environmental stimuli. Dyslipidemia is a hallmark of metabolic conditions and has been shown to significantly affect the expression of circulating miRNA sequences. Recently, [...] Read more.

MicroRNA (miRNA) are important regulators of gene expression that respond not only to developmental and pathological cues, but also to environmental stimuli. Dyslipidemia is a hallmark of metabolic conditions and has been shown to significantly affect the expression of circulating miRNA sequences. Recently, our lab has shown that the environmental toxicant methylmercury (MeHg) causes dyslipidemia in the Caenorhabditis elegans model organism. While 10 and 20 μM MeHg increases the expression of adipogenic transcription factors and lipid-binding proteins in worms, there is limited information on how the toxicant affects the miRNA regulators of these genes. We hypothesized that MeHg would increase the expression of adipogenic miRNA sequences and/or decrease the expression of anti-adipogenic miRNA sequences. We further hypothesized that the target mRNA sequences for the miRNAs affected by MeHg would be consequently altered. We selected three potentially adipogenic (mir-34, mir-124, and mir-355) and three potentially anti-adipogenic (mir-240, mir-786, and let-7) miRNA sequences homologous to known human miRNA sequences altered in obesity, and quantified their levels 24 h and 48 h post MeHg treatment. At 24 h post exposure, MeHg significantly increased expression of both the adipogenic and anti-adipogenic miRNA sequences 1.5–3x above untreated control. By 48 h post exposure, only the adipogenic miRNA sequences were elevated, while the anti-adipogenic miRNA sequences were decreased by 50% compared to untreated control. These data suggest that there are developmental changes in miRNA expression over time following MeHg exposure. We next selected one target mRNA sequence for each miRNA sequence based on miRNA–mRNA relationships observed in humans. MeHg altered the gene expression of all the target genes assayed. Except for mir-34, all the tested miRNA–mRNA sequences showed a conserved relationship between nematode and humans. To determine whether the selected miRNA sequences were involved in lipid accumulation in response to MeHg, lipid storage was investigated in transgenic worm strains that lacked the specific miRNA strains. Of the six strains investigated, only the mir-124 and let-7 mutant worms had lipid storage levels that were statistically different from wild type, suggesting that these two sequences can be potential mediators of MeHg-induced lipid dysregulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Exposure to Heavy Metals and Health Risks)

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16 pages, 3457 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Toxic Relationships: Prediction of TBT’s Affinity to the Ecdysteroid Receptor of Triops longicaudatus

by Nuno Gonçalo de Carvalho Ferreira, Adriano Chessa, Isabel Oliveira Abreu, Luís Oliva Teles, Peter Kille, António Paulo Carvalho and Laura Guimarães

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110937 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1977

Abstract

Tributyltin (TBT) is a biocide introduced in the 1960s in antifouling paints. Despite legislation banning its use, its persistence in the environment still causes significant harm to organisms. Tributyltin is a ligand of retinoid X receptors (RXR) and ecdysteroid receptors (EcRs), which in [...] Read more.

Tributyltin (TBT) is a biocide introduced in the 1960s in antifouling paints. Despite legislation banning its use, its persistence in the environment still causes significant harm to organisms. Tributyltin is a ligand of retinoid X receptors (RXR) and ecdysteroid receptors (EcRs), which in arthropods act as homologs of RXR. Focusing on Metazoan species, this study used genomic and proteomic information from different sources to compare their three-dimensional structure, phylogenetic distribution, and amino acid sequence alterations. The objective was to identify possible patterns that relate organisms’ sensitivity to TBT using the species Triops longicaudatus as the basis for the comparisons. The results showed great conservation of this protein across several species when comparing the interaction amino acids described to RXR (an EcR analog) in Homo sapiens. The three-dimensional comparison of RXR showed little conformational variation between different sequences by maintaining the interaction pocket. As for the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) curve, an HC₀₅ = 0.2649 [0.0789–0.7082] µg/L was obtained with no specific distribution between the different taxa. Protein-ligand docking analysis was then used to confirm the SSD curve ranking of species. Still, the results showed an opposite trend that may be related, for example, to differences in the LC₅₀ values used in the calculations. This study serves as the first step for applying bioinformatics techniques to produce information that can be used as an alternative to animal or cellular experimentation. These techniques could be adapted to various chemicals and proteins, allowing for observations in a shorter timeframe and providing information on a broader spectrum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Low Tier to Individual Effects of Emerging Pollutants: Integrative Approaches on Ecotoxicological Assessments)

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16 pages, 3912 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Strategies for Effective Management of Indoor Air Quality in a Kindergarten: CO₂ and Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations

by Doyeon Lee, Younghun Kim, Kee-Jung Hong, Gunhee Lee, Hak-Joon Kim, Dongho Shin and Bangwoo Han

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110931 - 16 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1997

Abstract

The educational and play-related activities of children proceed mainly indoors in a kindergarten. High concentrations of indoor PM_2.5 and CO₂ have been linked to various harmful effects on children, considerably impacting their educational outcomes in kindergarten. In this study, we explore [...] Read more.

The educational and play-related activities of children proceed mainly indoors in a kindergarten. High concentrations of indoor PM_2.5 and CO₂ have been linked to various harmful effects on children, considerably impacting their educational outcomes in kindergarten. In this study, we explore different scenarios involving the operation of mechanical ventilation systems and air purifiers in kindergartens. Using numerical models to analyze indoor CO₂ and PM_2.5 concentration, we aim to optimize strategies that effectively reduce these harmful pollutants. We found that the amount of ventilation required to maintain good air quality, per child, was approximately 20.4 m³/h. However, we also found that as the amount of ventilation increased, so did the concentration of indoor PM_2.5; we found that this issue can be resolved using a high-grade filter (i.e., a MERV 13 grade filter with a collection efficiency of 75%). This study provides a scientific basis for reducing PM_2.5 concentrations in kindergartens, while keeping CO₂ levels low. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reduction and Control of Indoor Air Pollutants in Public and Private Places)

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13 pages, 1164 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exposure Profile and Characteristics of Parabens and Alkylphenols in Plasma among Rural Adults in Central China

by Qian Gao, Changsheng Huan, Yu Song, Zexin Jia, Qingqing Cao, Chongjian Wang, Zhenxing Mao and Wenqian Huo

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110926 - 13 Nov 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1854

Abstract

Parabens and alkylphenols pose serious hazards to human health, yet there are few studies on their exposure profiles and health risks in rural Chinese populations. In this study, 804 participants were selected from the Henan Rural Cohort in mid-eastern China. The plasma levels [...] Read more.

Parabens and alkylphenols pose serious hazards to human health, yet there are few studies on their exposure profiles and health risks in rural Chinese populations. In this study, 804 participants were selected from the Henan Rural Cohort in mid-eastern China. The plasma levels of parabens (methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben (BuP)) and alkylphenols (4-tert-butylphenol (4-t-BP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP)) were analyzed via liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Linear regression models were used to investigate factors that may influence pollutant exposure levels. The correlation between contaminants was assessed using Spearman’s correlation. The human contaminant intake was estimated using the estimated daily intake (EDI). The health risk was assessed using the hazard quotient (HQ). The detection frequency of four parabens and two alkylphenols exceeded 75%, with median concentrations of 0.444, 0.067, 0.078, 0.053, 8.810, and 6.401 ng/mL, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between parabens, as well as between 4-t-BP and 4-t-OP. Regarding gender, paraben concentrations were higher in women than in men, except for BuP. The EDI for pollutants except 4-t-OP was lower than their respective tolerable/acceptable daily intake. In total, 85.70% of participants had 4-t-OP HQ > 1. A widespread exposure to parabens and alkylphenols among the rural population was found. The high health risks of alkylphenol exposure indicate that alkylphenols should be used with caution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endocrine Disruptors Exposure, Toxicity and Health Risk Assessment)

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15 pages, 7415 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Suppressed Histone H3 Lysine 18 Acetylation Is Involved in Arsenic-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by Triggering the Dedifferentiation of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells

by Fang Hu, Xingcheng Zhou, Qianqian Peng and Lu Ma

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110928 - 13 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2142

Abstract

Arsenic pollution is a global environmental concern. Arsenic-induced chronic liver injury and its irreversible outcomes, including liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, threaten the health of residents in arsenic-contaminated areas. Liver fibrosis is a reversible pathological stage in the progression of arsenic-induced chronic liver [...] Read more.

Arsenic pollution is a global environmental concern. Arsenic-induced chronic liver injury and its irreversible outcomes, including liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, threaten the health of residents in arsenic-contaminated areas. Liver fibrosis is a reversible pathological stage in the progression of arsenic-induced chronic liver injury to cirrhosis and liver cancer. The aim of this study is to identify the epigenetic mechanism of arsenic-induced liver fibrosis based on the dedifferentiation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). Rats were treated with 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg sodium arsenite for 36 weeks. Marked fibrotic phenotypes were observed in the rat livers, manifested by hepatic stellate cell activation and an increased extracellular matrix, as well as the deposition of collagen fibers. The reduced fenestrations on the cells’ surface and the increased expression of the dedifferentiation marker CD31 corroborated the LSECs’ dedifferentiation in the liver tissue, which was also found to be significantly associated with fibrotic phenotypes. We further revealed that arsenic exposure could inhibit the enrichment of histone H3 lysine 18 acetylation (H3K18ac) in the promoters of Fcgr2b and Lyve1, two key genes responsible for maintaining the differentiation phenotype of LSECs. This inhibition subsequently suppressed the genes’ expression, promoting LSEC dedifferentiation and subsequent liver fibrosis. In conclusion, arsenic can trigger liver fibrosis by inhibiting H3K18ac-dependent maintenance of LSEC differentiation. These findings uncover a novel mechanism of arsenic-induced liver fibrosis based on a new insight into epigenetically dependent LSEC dedifferentiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)

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16 pages, 3751 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Growth Hormones in Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.) and Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus L.) Are Associated with Accumulated Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Substances

by Thimo Groffen, Niels Kuijper, Sevgi Oden, Tim Willems, Lieven Bervoets and Els Prinsen

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110922 - 11 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2251

Abstract

In this study, we grew radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus L.) and broad beans (Vicia faba L.) in a greenhouse on soils spiked with a mixture of 15 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and investigated the association between accumulated ∑PFAS concentrations, [...] Read more.

In this study, we grew radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus L.) and broad beans (Vicia faba L.) in a greenhouse on soils spiked with a mixture of 15 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and investigated the association between accumulated ∑PFAS concentrations, growth, and hormone levels. Short-chained PFASs dominated aboveground tissues, whereas long-chained PFASs were most abundant in the plant roots. Our results showed that the presence or absence of exodermal Casparian strips, as well as the hydrophobicity and anion exchange capacities of PFASs, could explain the translocation of PFASs within plants. Significant associations found between accumulated PFAS concentrations and levels of gibberellins (GA1 and GA15), methionine, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) imply potential effects of PFASs on plant development and growth. This study provides the first evidence of associations between PFAS accumulation in plants and growth hormone levels, possibly leading to growth reduction of the apical dome and effects on the cell cycle in pericycle cells and methionine metabolism in plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecotoxicology and Ecological Risks of PFAS)

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16 pages, 4875 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Aquatic Microenvironments Affect Sperm Metabolism and Fertilization of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamark, 1819)

by Martina Contino, Greta Ferruggia, Stefania Indelicato, Roberta Pecoraro, Elena Maria Scalisi, Antonio Salvaggio and Maria Violetta Brundo

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110924 - 11 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1816

Abstract

The continuous and unregulated discharge of wastes and pollutants into the aquatic environment has required constant monitoring of the risks incurred by aquatic ecosystems. Alarmism arises from plastic pollution as larger artifacts release nanoscale fragments that can contact free-living stages such as gametes, [...] Read more.

The continuous and unregulated discharge of wastes and pollutants into the aquatic environment has required constant monitoring of the risks incurred by aquatic ecosystems. Alarmism arises from plastic pollution as larger artifacts release nanoscale fragments that can contact free-living stages such as gametes, embryos, and larvae. Specifically, the interaction between spermatozoa, released in water in externally fertilizing species, and the surrounding microenvironment is essential for successful fertilization. Activation and kinematics of movement, proper maintenance of ionic balance, and chemotactism are processes highly sensitive to even minimal perturbations caused by pollutants such as polystyrene nanoplastics. Spermatozoa of Mytilus galloprovincialis (M. galloprovincialis), an excellent ecotoxicological model, undergo structural (plasma membrane ruptures, DNA damage) and metabolic (reduced motility, fertilizing capacity) damage upon exposure to 50 nm amino-modified polystyrene nanoplastics (nPS-NH₂). Nanoplastics of larger diameter (100 nm) did not affect sperm parameters. The findings highlighted the negative impact that plastic pollution, related to nanoparticle diameter and concentration, could have on sperm quality and reproductive potential of organisms, altering the equilibrium of aquatic ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spotlight on the Ecotoxicological Impacts of Plastic Pollution)

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17 pages, 2144 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Toxicity of Beauty Salon Effluents Contaminated with Hair Dye on Aquatic Organisms

by Letícia C. Gonçalves, Matheus M. Roberto, Paloma V. L. Peixoto, Cristina Viriato, Adriana F. C. da Silva, Valdenilson J. A. de Oliveira, Mariza C. C. Nardi, Lilian C. Pereira, Dejanira de F. de Angelis and Maria A. Marin-Morales

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110911 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 2944

Abstract

Cosmetic residues have been found in water resources, especially trace elements of precursors, couplers, and pigments of hair dyes, which are indiscriminately disposed of in the sewage system. These contaminants are persistent, bioactive, and bioaccumulative, and may pose risks to living beings. Thus, [...] Read more.

Cosmetic residues have been found in water resources, especially trace elements of precursors, couplers, and pigments of hair dyes, which are indiscriminately disposed of in the sewage system. These contaminants are persistent, bioactive, and bioaccumulative, and may pose risks to living beings. Thus, the present study assessed the ecotoxicity of two types of effluents generated in beauty salons after the hair dyeing process. The toxicity of effluent derived from capillary washing with water, shampoo, and conditioner (complete effluent—CE) and effluent not associated with these products (dye effluent—DE) was evaluated by tests carried out with the aquatic organisms Artemia salina, Daphnia similis, and Danio rerio. The bioindicators were exposed to pure samples and different dilutions of both effluents. The results showed toxicity in D. similis (CE₅₀ of 3.43% and 0.54% for CE and DE, respectively); A. salina (LC₅₀ 8.327% and 3.874% for CE and DE, respectively); and D. rerio (LC₅₀ of 4.25–4.59% and 7.33–8.18% for CE and DE, respectively). Given these results, we can infer that hair dyes, even at low concentrations, have a high toxic potential for aquatic biota, as they induced deleterious effects in all tested bioindicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollutants Toxicity Mechanism and Safety Testing: Zebrafish as a Model Organism)

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40 pages, 1890 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Insights in Pharmaceutical Pollution: The Prospective Role of eDNA Metabarcoding

by Charikleia Papaioannou, George Geladakis, Vasiliki Kommata, Costas Batargias and George Lagoumintzis

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110903 - 5 Nov 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8489

Abstract

Environmental pollution is a growing threat to natural ecosystems and one of the world’s most pressing concerns. The increasing worldwide use of pharmaceuticals has elevated their status as significant emerging contaminants. Pharmaceuticals enter aquatic environments through multiple pathways related to anthropogenic activity. Their [...] Read more.

Environmental pollution is a growing threat to natural ecosystems and one of the world’s most pressing concerns. The increasing worldwide use of pharmaceuticals has elevated their status as significant emerging contaminants. Pharmaceuticals enter aquatic environments through multiple pathways related to anthropogenic activity. Their high consumption, insufficient waste treatment, and the incapacity of organisms to completely metabolize them contribute to their accumulation in aquatic environments, posing a threat to all life forms. Various analytical methods have been used to quantify pharmaceuticals. Biotechnology advancements based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, like eDNA metabarcoding, have enabled the development of new methods for assessing and monitoring the ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals. eDNA metabarcoding is a valuable biomonitoring tool for pharmaceutical pollution because it (a) provides an efficient method to assess and predict pollution status, (b) identifies pollution sources, (c) tracks changes in pharmaceutical pollution levels over time, (d) assesses the ecological impact of pharmaceutical pollution, (e) helps prioritize cleanup and mitigation efforts, and (f) offers insights into the diversity and composition of microbial and other bioindicator communities. This review highlights the issue of aquatic pharmaceutical pollution while emphasizing the importance of using modern NGS-based biomonitoring actions to assess its environmental effects more consistently and effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 10th Anniversary of Toxics)

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