Significance of Volatile Organic Compounds to Secondary Pollution Formation and Health Risks Observed during a Summer Campaign in an Industrial Urban Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Site
2.2. On-Site Measurements
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Ozone Formation Potential
2.3.2. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Potential
2.3.3. The PMF Model
2.3.4. Health Risk Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Overview of Temporal Variations in Concentration of Gaseous Pollutants
3.2. Diurnal Patterns of Variations in VOC Emissions
3.3. Pollution Characteristics of VOCs in Different Ozone Pollution Episodes
3.4. Formation Potential of O3 and SOA
3.5. Source Appointment
3.6. Health Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Sites | Duration | Alkanes ppb (%) | Aromatics ppb (%) | Alkenes ppb (%) | Halohydrocarbons ppb (%) | TVOC (ppb) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shanghai, China (urban area) | 2007–2010 | 13.91 (43.0) | 9.70 (30.0) | 1.94 (6.0) | 4.53 (14.0) | 32.35 | Cai et al., 2010 [51] |
Wuhan, China (urban area) | 26 April–6 June, 2017 | 14.79 (51.1) | 2.25 (7.8) | 2.90 (10.0) | 3.16 (10.9) | 28.92 | Hui et al., 2020 [52] |
Taiwan, China (suburban area) | March 2012 | 2.28 (8.4) | 7.55 (27.8) | – | 0.67 (2.5) | 27.17 | Cheng et al., 2016 [53] |
Nagoya, Japan (suburban areas) | December 2013–November 2014 | 16.43 (26.8) | 5.58 (19.3) | 4.93 (17.0) | – | 28.93 | Saito et al., 2009 [54] |
Houston, U.S. (industrial area) | September 2006 | 83.69 (82.0) | 22.13 (21.7) | 16.99 (16.6) | 0.09 (0.1) | 102.1 | Leuchner et al., 2010 [50] |
Aliaga, Turkey (industrial area) | July 2009–April 2010 | 15.96 (65.8) | 4.00 (16.5) | 3.06 (12.6) | 1.15 (4.7) | 24.24 | Dumanoglu et al., 2014 [55] |
Nanjing, China (industrial area) | 15 May–31 August 2013 | 14.98 (43.5) | 9.06 (26.3) | 7.35 (21.4) | – | 34.40 | Shao et al., 2016 [41] |
Nanjing, China (industrial area) | 3 June–1 August 2018 | 14.35 (41.0) | 5.60 (16.0) | 3.15 (9.0) | – | 35.00 | Mozaffar et al., 2020 [56] |
Nanjing, China (industrial area) | 1–30 June 2020 | 14.41 (41.8) | 6.00 (17.4) | 1.73 (5.0) | 10.14 (29.4) | 34.47 | This study |
Parameters and Gases | Entire Period | O3-Polluted Days | Non-O3-Polluted Days |
---|---|---|---|
T (°C) | 26 | 28 | 25 |
WS (m s−1) | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.5 |
RH (%) | 83 | 72 | 93 |
CO (mg m−3) | 0.82 ± 0.20 | 0.97 ± 0.17 | 0.80 ± 0.22 |
NO (µg m−3) | 2.49 ± 1.92 | 2.49 ± 2.06 | 2.74 ± 2.34 |
NO2 (µg m−3) | 22.33 ± 11.45 | 25.31 ± 9.60 | 22.65 ± 13.03 |
NOx (µg m−3) | 26.04 ± 13.03 | 28.92 ± 11.55 | 26.64 ± 12.30 |
TVOCs (ppb) | 34.47 ± 16.08 | 32.94 ± 16.21 | 33.53 ± 17.86 |
Alkanes ppb (%) | 14.41 ± 8.25 (41.80) | 12.36 ± 5.21 (37.52) | 14.29 ± 9.66 (42.62) |
Alkenes ppb (%) | 1.73 ± 2.58 (5.02) | 1.55 ± 2.67 (4.71) | 1.74 ± 2.95 (5.19) |
Aromatics ppb (%) | 6.00 ± 1.58 (17.41) | 5.83 ± 1.67 (17.70) | 6.13 ± 1.67 (18.28) |
Halohydrocarbons ppb (%) | 10.14 ± 5.52 (29.42) | 10.75 ± 6.85 (32.64) | 9.40 ± 5.50 (28.03) |
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Cao, L.; Men, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Yue, H.; Cui, S.; Huang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; Chen, M.; Li, H. Significance of Volatile Organic Compounds to Secondary Pollution Formation and Health Risks Observed during a Summer Campaign in an Industrial Urban Area. Toxics 2024, 12, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010034
Cao L, Men Q, Zhang Z, Yue H, Cui S, Huang X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Chen M, Li H. Significance of Volatile Organic Compounds to Secondary Pollution Formation and Health Risks Observed during a Summer Campaign in an Industrial Urban Area. Toxics. 2024; 12(1):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010034
Chicago/Turabian StyleCao, Li, Qihui Men, Zihao Zhang, Hao Yue, Shijie Cui, Xiangpeng Huang, Yunjiang Zhang, Junfeng Wang, Mindong Chen, and Haiwei Li. 2024. "Significance of Volatile Organic Compounds to Secondary Pollution Formation and Health Risks Observed during a Summer Campaign in an Industrial Urban Area" Toxics 12, no. 1: 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010034