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Appl. Sci., Volume 16, Issue 15 (August-1 2026) – 2 articles

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19 pages, 7245 KB  
Article
Indirect Ductility Evaluation of Hollow and Solid Concrete Beams Reinforced with GFRP Bars Under Repeated Loading
by Shatha Alasadi, Tamara Adnan, Ali Hameed Aziz and Farah M. Hussein
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(15), 7364; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16157364 (registering DOI) - 23 Jul 2026
Abstract
The use of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars to reinforce concrete beams can provide high resistance to corrosion, high performance, high sustainability, and reasonable strength but with low ductility. This study focused on the structural behavior and indirect evaluation of the ductility index [...] Read more.
The use of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars to reinforce concrete beams can provide high resistance to corrosion, high performance, high sustainability, and reasonable strength but with low ductility. This study focused on the structural behavior and indirect evaluation of the ductility index of hollow and solid beam specimens reinforced with GFRP bars, steel bars, or both (hybrid). Eight simply supported beam specimens with dimensions of 1200 mm (length), 150 mm (height), and 100 mm (width) were made using self-compacted concrete (SCC) and tested using two-point repeated loading. The tests results showed that the ultimate load capacity of the tested solid and hollow beams reinforced with GFRP bars were 78% and 67% higher than that of the corresponding solid and hollow beam specimens with steel-bar reinforcement. The measured energy absorption is “instantaneous” energy absorption because the residual stress disappears after the load is removed at the end of the test and any cracks will close due to the semi-linear response of the beam specimens reinforced with GFRP bars. Regarding the solid beam specimens, those containing GFRP bars showed an increase in energy absorption of 64–127% compared with the corresponding reference beams. The hollow beam specimens containing GFRP bars showed an increase in energy absorption of 21–68% compared with the corresponding reference beam containing three steel bars. Full article
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41 pages, 5153 KB  
Review
Citrus Fruits and Their By-Products: Origin, Bioactive Compounds, and Sustainable Valorization Strategies
by Konstantinos Aouant, Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis, Paris Christodoulou, Eftichia Kritsi and Vassilia J. Sinanoglou
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(15), 7363; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16157363 - 23 Jul 2026
Abstract
Citrus fruits are among the most widely cultivated and consumed crops worldwide, exhibiting a complex evolutionary history driven by extensive hybridization and genomic admixture. They are widely appreciated for their sensory quality, rich nutritional composition, and health-promoting benefits, as well as for their [...] Read more.
Citrus fruits are among the most widely cultivated and consumed crops worldwide, exhibiting a complex evolutionary history driven by extensive hybridization and genomic admixture. They are widely appreciated for their sensory quality, rich nutritional composition, and health-promoting benefits, as well as for their significant contribution to the global economy. Considering the growing interest in citrus crops and particularly in citrus by-products as valuable natural resources, as evidenced in the comprehensive literature search, this study provides an overview of recent advances in our understanding of citrus origin, genetic diversity and global production trends. It also examines the phytochemical composition of citrus fruits and by-products and discusses the biological activities associated with these constituents, including antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as their potential health benefits. Additionally, conventional and environmentally friendly strategies for the utilization of citrus residues are presented within a biorefinery framework, with particular emphasis on the recovery and valorization of bioactive compounds. These circular economy approaches highlight the potential use of citrus by-products as valuable raw materials for applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields. Overall, this review aims to provide a better understanding of citrus history, composition and potential applications that could support the sustainable and resource-efficient use of citrus substrates in industrial practice for the development of high-value products. Full article
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