Applied Sciences

18 pages, 7376 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Smart Electronic Device-Based Monitoring of SAR and Temperature Variations in Indoor Human Tissue Interaction

by Filippo Laganà, Luigi Bibbò, Salvatore Calcagno, Domenico De Carlo, Salvatore A. Pullano, Danilo Pratticò and Giovanni Angiulli

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 2439; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052439 - 25 Feb 2025

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3046

Abstract

The daily use of devices generating electric and magnetic fields has led to potential human overexposure in home and work environments. This paper assesses the possible effects of electric fields on human health at low and high frequencies. It presents an electronic monitoring [...] Read more.

The daily use of devices generating electric and magnetic fields has led to potential human overexposure in home and work environments. This paper assesses the possible effects of electric fields on human health at low and high frequencies. It presents an electronic monitoring device that captures the incidence of specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature variation (∆T) on the human body. The system transmits data to a cloud platform, where a feedforward neural network (FFNN) processes the received information. SAR and surface temperature values are detected in an indoor environment, monitoring stationary and moving subjects. The results effectively assess temperature distribution due to electromagnetic fields. The prototype detected temperature peaks and high SAR values when the subjects remained motionless. Predictive analysis confirms the need for workplaces with materials shielding external electromagnetic signals and attenuating internal sources. Moderate mobile phone use could lower SAR and temperature values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Robotics, IoT and AI Technologies in Bioengineering)

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35 pages, 4420 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Application of Foundry Wastes in Eco-Efficient Construction Materials: A Review

by Ingried Aguiar, Sandra Cunha and José Aguiar

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010010 - 24 Dec 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4082

Abstract

Foundries generate millions of tons of waste annually, posing a challenge to companies that generate it and to the environment due to landfill disposal. Meanwhile, the construction sector contributes heavily to global resource consumption. Adopting a circular economy approach by integrating foundry wastes [...] Read more.

Foundries generate millions of tons of waste annually, posing a challenge to companies that generate it and to the environment due to landfill disposal. Meanwhile, the construction sector contributes heavily to global resource consumption. Adopting a circular economy approach by integrating foundry wastes into construction materials offers two main benefits: reducing landfill accumulation and preserving natural reserves of raw materials while also supporting the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. This paper presents a review of recent studies on the use of foundry wastes in construction materials and provides an overview of the foundry industry, including its background, waste management, and statistics. Furthermore, a bibliometric analysis highlights the evolution of research in this area, showing a 182% increase in publications over the last 10 years. Key findings include that waste foundry sand is the most widely utilized foundry waste in construction materials, while ceramic mold shells and paraffin waxes remain underexplored. Concrete is the primary material incorporating foundry waste. The incorporation of foundry waste into construction materials improves durability and mechanical strength when used in appropriate proportions. The replacement content can reach up to 100%. These results underscore the feasibility of foundry waste as a sustainable alternative in construction, building circularity, and reducing environmental impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress and Future Directions in Building Materials)

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45 pages, 2825 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

UWB-Based Real-Time Indoor Positioning Systems: A Comprehensive Review

by Mohammed Faeik Ruzaij Al-Okby, Steffen Junginger, Thomas Roddelkopf and Kerstin Thurow

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 11005; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311005 - 26 Nov 2024

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 15122

Abstract

Currently, the process of tracking moving objects and determining their indoor location is considered to be one of the most attractive applications that have begun to see widespread use, especially after the adoption of this technology in some smartphone applications. The great developments [...] Read more.

Currently, the process of tracking moving objects and determining their indoor location is considered to be one of the most attractive applications that have begun to see widespread use, especially after the adoption of this technology in some smartphone applications. The great developments in electronics and communications systems have provided the basis for tracking and location systems inside buildings, so-called indoor positioning systems (IPSs). The ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is one of the important emerging solutions for IPSs. This radio communications technology provides important characteristics that distinguish it from other solutions, such as secure and robust communications, wide bandwidth, high data rate, and low transmission power. In this paper, we review the implementation of the most important real-time indoor positioning and tracking systems that use ultra-wideband technology for tracking and localizing moving objects. This paper reviews the newest in-market UWB modules and solutions, discussing several types of algorithms that are used by the real-time UWB-based systems to determine the location with high accuracy, along with a detailed comparison that saves the reader a lot of time and effort in choosing the appropriate UWB-module/method/algorithm for real-time implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Sensing and Communications: Latest Advances and Prospects)

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17 pages, 5064 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Robust Static Output Feedback Control of a Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension Based on Magnetorheological Dampers

by Fernando Viadero-Monasterio, Miguel Meléndez-Useros, Manuel Jiménez-Salas and Beatriz López Boada

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10336; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210336 - 10 Nov 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2433

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel design method for a magnetorheological (MR) damper-based semi-active suspension system. An improved MR damper model that accurately describes the hysteretic nature and effect of the applied current is presented. Given the unfeasibility of installing sensors for all vehicle [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a novel design method for a magnetorheological (MR) damper-based semi-active suspension system. An improved MR damper model that accurately describes the hysteretic nature and effect of the applied current is presented. Given the unfeasibility of installing sensors for all vehicle states, an MR damper current controller that only considers the suspension deflection and deflection rate is proposed. A linear matrix inequality problem is formulated to design the current controller, with the objective of enhancing ride safety and comfort while guaranteeing vehicle stability and robustness against any road disturbance. A series of experiments demonstrates the enhanced performance of the proposed MR damper model, which exhibits greater accuracy than other state-of-the-art damper models, such as Bingham or bi-viscous. An evaluation of the vehicle behavior under two simulated road scenarios has been conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed output feedback MR damper-based semi-active suspension system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vehicle System Dynamics and Control)

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30 pages, 2287 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Healthcare Management: A Combined Systematic Review and Machine-Learning Approach

by Vito Santamato, Caterina Tricase, Nicola Faccilongo, Massimo Iacoviello and Agostino Marengo

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10144; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210144 - 6 Nov 2024

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 31709

Abstract

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare management marks a significant advance in technological innovation, promising transformative effects on healthcare processes, patient care, and the efficacy of emergency responses. The scientific novelty of the study lies in its integrated approach, combining systematic [...] Read more.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare management marks a significant advance in technological innovation, promising transformative effects on healthcare processes, patient care, and the efficacy of emergency responses. The scientific novelty of the study lies in its integrated approach, combining systematic review and predictive algorithms to provide a comprehensive understanding of AI’s role in improving healthcare management across different contexts. Covering the period between 2019 and 2023, which includes the global challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, this research investigates the operational, strategic, and emergency response implications of AI adoption in the healthcare sector. It further examines how the impact of AI varies across temporal and geographical contexts. The study addresses two main research objectives: to explore how AI influences healthcare management in operational, strategic, and emergency response domains, and to identify variations in the impact of AI on healthcare management based on temporal and geographical contexts. Utilizing an integrated approach, we compared various prediction algorithms, including logistic regression, and interpreted the results through SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis. The findings reveal five key thematic areas: AI’s role in enhancing quality assurance, resource management, technological innovation, security, and the healthcare response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study highlights AI’s positive influence on operational efficiency and strategic decision making, while also identifying challenges related to data privacy, ethical considerations, and the need for ongoing technological integration. These insights provide opportunities for targeted interventions to optimize AI’s impact in current and future healthcare landscapes. In conclusion, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of AI in healthcare management and provides insights for policymakers, healthcare professionals, and researchers, offering a roadmap for addressing both the opportunities and challenges posed by AI integration in the healthcare sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Large Language Models: Transforming E-health)

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34 pages, 1254 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hyperspectral Imaging Aiding Artificial Intelligence: A Reliable Approach for Food Qualification and Safety

by Mehrad Nikzadfar, Mahdi Rashvand, Hongwei Zhang, Alex Shenfield, Francesco Genovese, Giuseppe Altieri, Attilio Matera, Iolanda Tornese, Sabina Laveglia, Giuliana Paterna, Carmela Lovallo, Orkhan Mammadov, Burcu Aykanat and Giovanni Carlo Di Renzo

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9821; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219821 - 27 Oct 2024

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 11328

Abstract

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is one of the non-destructive quality assessment methods providing both spatial and spectral information. HSI in food quality and safety can detect the presence of contaminants, adulterants, and quality attributes, such as moisture, ripeness, and microbial spoilage, in a non-destructive [...] Read more.

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is one of the non-destructive quality assessment methods providing both spatial and spectral information. HSI in food quality and safety can detect the presence of contaminants, adulterants, and quality attributes, such as moisture, ripeness, and microbial spoilage, in a non-destructive manner by analyzing spectral signatures of food components in a wide range of wavelengths with speed and accuracy. However, analyzing HSI data can be quite complicated and time consuming, in addition to needing some special expertise. Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown immense promise in HSI for the assessment of food quality because it is so powerful at coping with irrelevant information, extracting key features, and building calibration models. This review has shown various machine learning (ML) approaches applied to HSI for quality and safety control of foods. It covers the basic concepts of HSI, advanced preprocessing methods, and strategies for wavelength selection and machine learning methods. The application of HSI to AI increases the speed with which food safety and quality can be inspected. This happens through automation in contaminant detection, classification, and prediction of food quality attributes. So, it can enable decisions in real-time by reducing human error at food inspection. This paper outlines their benefits, challenges, and potential improvements while again assessing the validity and practical usability of HSI technologies in developing reliable calibration models for food quality and safety monitoring. The review concludes that HSI integrated with state-of-the-art AI techniques has good potential to significantly improve the assessment of food quality and safety, and that various ML algorithms have their strengths, and contexts in which they are best applied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Science and Technology)

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38 pages, 2930 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Comprehensive Literature Review on Hydrogen Tanks: Storage, Safety, and Structural Integrity

by Alfonso Magliano, Carlos Perez Carrera, Carmine Maria Pappalardo, Domenico Guida and Valentino Paolo Berardi

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9348; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209348 - 14 Oct 2024

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 19977

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in research on hydrogen due to the urgent need to move away from carbon-intensive energy sources. This transition highlights the critical role of hydrogen storage technology, where hydrogen tanks are crucial for achieving cleaner [...] Read more.

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in research on hydrogen due to the urgent need to move away from carbon-intensive energy sources. This transition highlights the critical role of hydrogen storage technology, where hydrogen tanks are crucial for achieving cleaner energy solutions. This paper aims to provide a general overview of hydrogen treatment from a mechanical viewpoint, and to create a comprehensive review that integrates the concepts of hydrogen safety and storage. This study explores the potential of hydrogen applications as a clean energy alternative and their role in various sectors, including industry, automotive, aerospace, and marine fields. The review also discusses design technologies, safety measures, material improvements, social impacts, and the regulatory landscape of hydrogen storage tanks and safety technology. This work provides a historical literature review up to 2014 and a systematic literature review from 2014 to the present to fill the gap between hydrogen storage and safety. In particular, a fundamental feature of this work is leveraging systematic procedural techniques for performing an unbiased review study to offer a detailed analysis of contemporary advancements. This innovative approach differs significantly from conventional review methods, since it involves a replicable, scientific, and transparent process, which culminates in minimizing bias and allows for highlighting the fundamental issues about the topics of interest and the main conclusions of the experts in the field of reference. The systematic approach employed in the paper was used to analyze 55 scientific articles, resulting in the identification of six primary categories. The key findings of this review work underline the need for improved materials, enhanced safety protocols, and robust infrastructure to support hydrogen adoption. More importantly, one of the fundamental results of the present review analysis is pinpointing the central role that composite materials will play during the transition toward hydrogen applications based on thin-walled industrial vessels. Future research directions are also proposed in the paper, thereby emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome existing challenges and facilitate the safe and efficient use of hydrogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)

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13 pages, 1734 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Application of Low-Frequency Acoustic Waves to Extinguish Flames on the Basis of Selected Experimental Attempts

by Valentyna Loboichenko, Grzegorz Wilk-Jakubowski, Jacek Lukasz Wilk-Jakubowski and Jozef Ciosmak

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8872; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198872 - 2 Oct 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7310

Abstract

Due to the consequences of fires, new and environmentally friendly firefighting techniques are constantly being sought. There are many methods of extinguishing flames around the world. One of them is a technique that uses acoustic waves for extinguishing, which can be seen as [...] Read more.

Due to the consequences of fires, new and environmentally friendly firefighting techniques are constantly being sought. There are many methods of extinguishing flames around the world. One of them is a technique that uses acoustic waves for extinguishing, which can be seen as repeated sequences of molecular compression and dilation (acoustic waves transfer energy due to the movements of molecules and atoms). This research shows a new approach to the extinguishing of flames. In practice, the extinguishing capabilities of low-frequency modulated and unmodulated acoustic waves were tested on a laboratory station, the main component of which was a high-powered acoustic extinguisher (the nominal power was equal to 1700 W). A B&C 21DS115 woofer was applied as a sound source. A Rigol DG4102 and a Proel HPX2800 were used as an acoustic generator with a modulator and as a power amplifier, respectively. In this paper, the presented results are limited to extinguishing candle flames. The tests made it clear that flames can be extinguished using properly generated and directed acoustic waves. As the results indicate, it becomes possible to effectively extinguish flames with both low-frequency modulated and unmodulated acoustic waves, which brings many benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)

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20 pages, 2319 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Structural Particularities, Prediction, and Synthesis Methods in High-Entropy Alloys

by Stefania Caramarin, Ioana-Cristina Badea, Laurentiu-Florin Mosinoiu, Dumitru Mitrica, Beatrice-Adriana Serban, Nicoleta Vitan, Laura-Madalina Cursaru and Alexander Pogrebnjak

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 7576; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177576 - 27 Aug 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5584

Abstract

High-Entropy Alloys (HEAs) represent a transformative class of materials characterized by multiple principal elements and high configurational entropy. This review article provides an in-depth examination of their structural particularities, prediction methodologies, and synthesis techniques. HEAs exhibit unique structural stability due to high-entropy effects, [...] Read more.

High-Entropy Alloys (HEAs) represent a transformative class of materials characterized by multiple principal elements and high configurational entropy. This review article provides an in-depth examination of their structural particularities, prediction methodologies, and synthesis techniques. HEAs exhibit unique structural stability due to high-entropy effects, severe lattice distortions, and slow diffusion processes. Predictive models, including thermodynamic and kinetic approaches, are essential for understanding phase stability. Various synthesis methods impact HEA properties, and advanced characterization techniques are crucial for their study. The article highlights current applications and future research directions, emphasizing the potential of HEAs in diverse technological fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complex Concentrated Alloys for Thin Films: Applications and Properties)

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20 pages, 372 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Large Language Models for Intelligent Transportation: A Review of the State of the Art and Challenges

by Sebastian Wandelt, Changhong Zheng, Shuang Wang, Yucheng Liu and Xiaoqian Sun

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 7455; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177455 - 23 Aug 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 10075

Abstract

Large Language Models (LLMs), based on their highly developed ability to comprehend and generate human-like text, promise to revolutionize all aspects of society. These LLMs facilitate complex language understanding, translation, content generation, and problem-solving, enabled by vast historical data processing and fine-tuning. Throughout [...] Read more.

Large Language Models (LLMs), based on their highly developed ability to comprehend and generate human-like text, promise to revolutionize all aspects of society. These LLMs facilitate complex language understanding, translation, content generation, and problem-solving, enabled by vast historical data processing and fine-tuning. Throughout the past year, with the initial release of ChatGPT to the public, many papers have appeared on how to exploit LLMs for the ways we operate and interact with intelligent transportation systems. In this study, we review more than 130 papers on the subject and group them according to their major contributions into the following five categories: autonomous driving, safety, tourism, traffic, and others. Based on the aggregated proposals and findings in the extant literature, this paper concludes with a set of challenges and research recommendations, hopefully contributing to guide research in this young, yet extremely active research domain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in ‘Transportation and Future Mobility’ Section)

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15 pages, 757 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Impact of Wearable Technologies on Marginal Gains in Sports Performance: An Integrative Overview on Advances in Sports, Exercise, and Health

by Gian Mario Migliaccio, Johnny Padulo and Luca Russo

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6649; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156649 - 30 Jul 2024

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 27815

Abstract

Wearable technologies have become increasingly popular in recent years, as athletes and coaches look for ways to gain a competitive edge. These devices can track a variety of metrics, including heart rate, sleep quality, and movement patterns. This information can be used to [...] Read more.

Wearable technologies have become increasingly popular in recent years, as athletes and coaches look for ways to gain a competitive edge. These devices can track a variety of metrics, including heart rate, sleep quality, and movement patterns. This information can be used to identify areas for improvement and make small, incremental changes that can lead to significant gains in performance. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an integrative overview of the literature on the impact of wearable technologies on marginal gains in sports performance. The literature review was conducted using the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, and a total of 55 papers were considered eligible. The results of the literature overview suggest that wearable devices can be classified into three main categories. (1) Location-based wearables (LBW) track an athlete’s location and movement, which can be used to analyze training patterns and identify potential injury risks. (2) Biometric wearables (BMW) track physiological data such as heart rate, sleep quality, and body temperature; these data can be used to monitor an athlete’s fitness levels and identify signs of overtraining. (3) Performance wearables (PMW) track performance metrics such as power output, speed, and distance; this information can be used to optimize training programs and track progress over time. For each category, this paper provides the five most important data points measured by each suggested device. Additionally, sport-specific examples are provided for each category based on the literature data. The limitations of wearable devices, such as accuracy, validity, reliability, interpretability, and cost, are also discussed. However, despite these limitations, the results of the literature review suggest that wearable technologies can be a valuable tool for athletes and coaches who are looking to improve performance. Ultimately, this technological evolution in sports science is likely to dramatically change the state of the art in athletic monitoring and sports analytics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports, Exercise and Health)

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19 pages, 880 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Application of Cinnamon Essential Oil in Active Food Packaging: A Review

by Patricia Alonso, Sandra Fernández-Pastor and Ana Guerrero

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6554; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156554 - 26 Jul 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6391

Abstract

Active packaging allows for preserving the properties of food, extending shelf life, and safeguarding food safety through the interaction of their diverse components with the product. The incorporation of essential oils, particularly cinnamon essential oil, as active components is emerging as an increasingly [...] Read more.

Active packaging allows for preserving the properties of food, extending shelf life, and safeguarding food safety through the interaction of their diverse components with the product. The incorporation of essential oils, particularly cinnamon essential oil, as active components is emerging as an increasingly relevant alternative to synthetic additives. This work aims to provide an overview of the application of cinnamon essential oil as a bioactive compound in food packaging. Cinnamon essential oil exhibits a highly variable composition, with cinnamaldehyde standing out as one of the predominant components responsible for the antimicrobial properties. Phenolic compounds, on the other hand, endow the oil with outstanding antioxidant activity. The application of this oil in active packaging, whether in the form of films or coatings, has demonstrated a significant improvement in optical, mechanical, and water vapor barrier properties. Moreover, its ability to inhibit microbial growth and lipid oxidation in the applied foods has been evidenced. However, despite the promising prospects of using essential oils in active packaging for food preservation, detailed regulation is still required for industrial-level implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Applications of Plant Extracts in the Food Industry)

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41 pages, 4668 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Neuroprotective Benefits of Rosmarinus officinalis and Its Bioactives against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases

by Danai Kosmopoulou, Maria-Parthena Lafara, Theodora Adamantidi, Anna Ofrydopoulou, Andreas M. Grabrucker and Alexandros Tsoupras

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6417; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156417 - 23 Jul 2024

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 13814

Abstract

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are conditions marked by progressively escalating inflammation that leads to the degeneration of neuronal structure and function. There is an increasing interest in natural compounds, especially those from pharmaceutical plants, with neuroprotective properties as part of potential therapeutic interventions. Thus, [...] Read more.

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are conditions marked by progressively escalating inflammation that leads to the degeneration of neuronal structure and function. There is an increasing interest in natural compounds, especially those from pharmaceutical plants, with neuroprotective properties as part of potential therapeutic interventions. Thus, the rich bioactive content of the perennial herb rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is thoroughly reviewed in this article, with an emphasis on its pleiotropic pharmacological properties, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective health-promoting effects. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of the existing scientific literature on the potential use of rosemary and its bioactive constituents in treating neurodegenerative disorders was also conducted. Rosemary and its bioactives’ chemical properties and neuroprotective mechanisms are discussed, focusing on their ability to mitigate oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and modulate neurotransmitter activity. The role of rosemary in enhancing cognitive function, attenuating neuronal apoptosis, and promoting neurogenesis is outlined. Key bioactive components, such as rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid, are also highlighted for their neuroprotective act. The promising outcomes of the conducted pre-clinical studies or clinical trials confirm the efficacy of rosemary in preventing or alleviating Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases both in vitro (in cells) and in vivo (in animal models of NDs). From this perspective, the applications of rosemary’s bio-functional compounds and extracts in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors are also presented; in the latter, we discuss their use against neurodegenerative disorders, either alone or as adjuvant therapies. This paper critically evaluates these studies’ methodological approaches and outcomes, providing insights into the current state of the clinical research and identifying potential avenues for future investigation. All findings presented herein contribute to the growing body of literature and support the exploration of natural compounds as promising candidates for novel applications and neuroprotective interventions, paving the way for more applied scientific research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Compounds or Extractions for Medical Applications)

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24 pages, 2933 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Systematic Review of Insole Sensor Technology: Recent Studies and Future Directions

by Vítor Miguel Santos, Beatriz B. Gomes, Maria Augusta Neto and Ana Martins Amaro

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6085; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146085 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 12593

Abstract

Background: Integrating diverse sensor technologies into smart insoles offers significant potential for monitoring biomechanical metrics; enhancing sports performance; and managing therapeutic interventions, diseases, disorders, and other health-related issues. The variation in sensor types and applications requires a systematic review to synthesize existing evidence [...] Read more.

Background: Integrating diverse sensor technologies into smart insoles offers significant potential for monitoring biomechanical metrics; enhancing sports performance; and managing therapeutic interventions, diseases, disorders, and other health-related issues. The variation in sensor types and applications requires a systematic review to synthesize existing evidence and guide future innovations. Objectives: This review aims to identify, categorize, and critically evaluate the various sensors used in smart insoles, focusing on their technical specifications, application scopes, and validity. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a search was conducted in three major electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, for relevant literature published from 2014 to 2024. Other works not located in the mentioned databases were added manually by parallel searches on related themes and suggestions from the website of the databases. To be eligible, studies were required to describe sensor implementation in insoles, specify the sensor types, and report on either validation experiments or practical outcomes. Results: The search identified 33 qualifying studies. Proper analysis revealed a dominance of pressure sensors, with accelerometers and gyroscopes also being widely used. Critical applications included gait analysis, posture correction, and real-time athletic and rehabilitation feedback. The review also examined the relative effectiveness of different sensor configurations. Conclusions: This systematic review comprehensively classifies sensor technologies within smart insoles and highlights their broad application potential across various fields. Future research should aim to standardize measurement protocols, enhance sensor integration, and advance data processing techniques to boost functionality and clinical applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 215 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cardiac Troponins I and T as Biomarkers of Cardiomyocyte Injury—Advantages and Disadvantages of Each

by Joško Osredkar, Amila Bajrić, Hugon Možina, Luka Lipar and Aleš Jerin

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6007; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146007 - 10 Jul 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 9633

Abstract

Measurement of cardiac troponin in serum is an essential part of diagnosing myocardial infarction in the emergency department. The guidelines suggest that high-sensitivity techniques should be used for measuring cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cardiac troponin T (cTnT). The aim of our study [...] Read more.

Measurement of cardiac troponin in serum is an essential part of diagnosing myocardial infarction in the emergency department. The guidelines suggest that high-sensitivity techniques should be used for measuring cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cardiac troponin T (cTnT). The aim of our study was to correlate the values of both troponins, and to ascertain which type of troponin is more in agreement with the diagnosis. The patients were classified into four groups: 43 patients in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), 7 in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 48 in Type 2 myocardial infarction, and 21 in the control group. A significant correlation between cTnI and cTnT was found in the NSTEMI (r = 0.70) and Type 2 (r = 0.75) groups while in the control group there was no association (r = −0.06). The ratios of cTnI and cTnT relative to their cut-off values were lower in Type 2 myocardial infarction compared to NSTEMI. This difference can be attributed to the pathophysiology of these two types of heart conditions. The ratio in the NSTEMI group was higher in female than in male patients (53.3 vs. 24.6 ng/L); the same difference was found for the ratio of cTnT (20.8 vs. 13.1 ng/L). In the same manner, the ratios in the Type 2 group were higher in female than in male patients for cTnI (25.6 vs. 12.7 ng/L) as well as for cTnT (19.0 vs. 6.73 ng/L). These differences could be due to biological differences, but they could also be influenced by other factors contributing to different damage responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Biomarkers for Noncommunicable Diseases)

19 pages, 2398 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pathway to Carbon Neutrality in the Cement Industry: CO₂ Uptake by Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste

by David Bastos, Catarina Brazão Farinha, Cinthia Maia Pederneiras, Rosário Veiga, José Alexandre Bogas, Ricardo Infante Gomes and António Santos Silva

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 5224; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125224 - 16 Jun 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2586

Abstract

Cementitious materials can capture CO₂ through carbonation reaction during their service life and post-demolition. Indeed, construction and demolition waste (CDW) still have some potential for carbonation as they contain concrete and cement-based mortars. This research consists of an experimental programme to evaluate [...] Read more.

Cementitious materials can capture CO₂ through carbonation reaction during their service life and post-demolition. Indeed, construction and demolition waste (CDW) still have some potential for carbonation as they contain concrete and cement-based mortars. This research consists of an experimental programme to evaluate the CO₂ capture of recycling aggregates (RAs) from CDW. Two types of CDW were studied, namely mixed recycled aggregates (MRAs) and recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs). The recycled aggregates were submitted to forced and accelerated carbonation at 23 °C, 60% relative humidity and 25% of CO₂ concentration. This study contributes to the existing literature by investigating more realistic RA sources that have already absorbed atmospheric CO₂ during their service life. From the experimental campaign, the results show that RCAs have higher carbonation potential when compared to MRAs due to the higher cementitious material content (Rc) and to the degree of natural carbonation. The recycled aggregates’ maximum CO₂ capture was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at different CO₂ exposure times. It was verified that the maximum CO₂ capture, respectively, for MRAs and RCAs, occurred after 5 h and 12 h of exposition. In short, CDW captured from 5 wt.% to 35 wt.% of CO₂ per tonne of cement paste, which corresponds to 0.6% to 4.1% per tonne of aggregate. It was concluded that the carbonation process of CDW has the potential to sequester from 123 kg to 225 kg of CO₂ per tonne of cement paste for MRAs and 52 up to 491 kg of CO₂ per tonne of cement paste for RCAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling)

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37 pages, 1547 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Microbial Biopolymers: From Production to Environmental Applications—A Review

by Mohit Sharma, Nihed Tellili, Imen Kacem and Tarek Rouissi

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 5081; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125081 - 11 Jun 2024

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 11693

Abstract

Industrial evolution and agricultural expansion, explained by continuing population growth, have rendered enormous problems for the world throughout the past few decades, primarily because of waste generation. To reduce environmental impact and dependence on fossil fuels, scientists have explored replacing synthetic polymers with [...] Read more.

Industrial evolution and agricultural expansion, explained by continuing population growth, have rendered enormous problems for the world throughout the past few decades, primarily because of waste generation. To reduce environmental impact and dependence on fossil fuels, scientists have explored replacing synthetic polymers with environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives in many emergent applications. In this regard, microbial biopolymers have gained special attention. Many biopolymers originating from various strains of bacteria, fungi, and algae have been reported and their possible applications have increased rapidly. This review focuses on the wide range of microbial biopolymers, their characteristics, and factors influencing their production. The present study also describes the environmental applications of microbial biopolymers. The use of these biopolymers is very attractive as a value-added and sustainable approach to wastewater treatment. By acting as adsorbents, coagulants, and flocculants as well as filters in membrane processes, microbial biopolymers shine as promising solutions beyond conventional methods. They can be integrated into various stages of the treatment process, further enhancing the efficiency of wastewater treatment methods. Microbial biopolymer applications in bioremediation and soil stabilization are also reviewed. Several studies have demonstrated the strong potential of biopolymers in soil improvement due to their ability to minimize permeability, eliminate heavy metals, stabilize soil, and limit erosion. Challenges related to scaling up and the downstream processing of microbial biopolymers, as well as its future perspectives in environmental applications, are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes)

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25 pages, 415 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Fungi in Food Production and Processing

by John Pouris, Foteini Kolyva, Spyridoula Bratakou, Chrysovalantou Argyro Vogiatzi, Dimitrios Chaniotis and Apostolos Beloukas

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 5046; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125046 - 10 Jun 2024

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 31734

Abstract

Fungi play an important and multifaceted role in the production and processing of food, influencing various stages from cultivation to consumption. This paper explores the complex relationship between fungi and food systems, highlighting their diverse contributions. Firstly, fungi serve as essential agents in [...] Read more.

Fungi play an important and multifaceted role in the production and processing of food, influencing various stages from cultivation to consumption. This paper explores the complex relationship between fungi and food systems, highlighting their diverse contributions. Firstly, fungi serve as essential agents in food cultivation, aiding in the breakdown of organic matter and the recycling of nutrients, and promoting plant growth through symbiotic relationships. Moreover, fungi such as yeasts and molds are integral to fermentation processes, yielding a wide array of fermented foods and beverages with unique flavors and textures. Additionally, fungi are indispensable in the creation of enzymes and bioactive compounds utilized in food processing, enhancing the nutritional value, shelf life, and safety. However, certain fungal species pose significant challenges as food spoilage agents and mycotoxin producers, necessitating stringent quality control measures. Understanding the intricate interplay between fungi and food systems is essential for optimizing food production, ensuring food security, and mitigating the risks associated with fungal contamination. This paper synthesizes current research to elucidate the important role that fungus play in shaping the modern food industry and underscores the importance of ongoing scientific inquiry in harnessing their potential for sustainable and safe food production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Food Microbiology and Its Role in Food Processing)

18 pages, 5680 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable and Inflatable Aeroponics Smart Farm System for Water Efficiency and High-Value Crop Production

by Junhui Kim, Haeyoung Park, Chungmo Seo, Hyunjin Kim, Gyuseung Choi, Minho Kim, Byungjoo Kim and Wonhyong Lee

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4931; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114931 - 6 Jun 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8565

Abstract

Existing smart farming technology faces sustainability challenges due to high costs and environmental pollution. This study introduces a novel, sealed smart farming system utilizing misting technology to address these limitations. The system is designed to efficiently use water and nutrients, making it particularly [...] Read more.

Existing smart farming technology faces sustainability challenges due to high costs and environmental pollution. This study introduces a novel, sealed smart farming system utilizing misting technology to address these limitations. The system is designed to efficiently use water and nutrients, making it particularly suitable for high-value crop cultivation in urban environments with architectural constraints. Over a one-month experimental period, we monitored the system’s performance in a controlled environment. The methodology included setting up the system and regularly measuring water usage, nutrient delivery, and plant growth metrics. The experimental results showed a significant reduction in water usage compared to traditional methods, with precise control of micronutrient delivery. Additionally, the system’s ability to maintain a consistent sealed environment was demonstrated, which is crucial for optimal plant growth. The system’s portability and space utilization efficiency were also highlighted as major advantages. Furthermore, the system demonstrated potential for cultivation in extreme environments, such as water-scarce regions, by maintaining optimal indoor conditions for crop growth. Challenges such as nozzle clogging and uneven mist distribution were identified, indicating the need for further research in cartridge design and misting methods. Overall, this smart farming technology shows significant promise for enhancing global food security and contributing to sustainable agricultural development by minimizing water usage and optimizing nutrient management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Development in Smart Farming for Sustainable Agriculture)

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26 pages, 4896 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Weed Detection and Classification with Computer Vision Using a Limited Image Dataset

by László Moldvai, Péter Ákos Mesterházi, Gergely Teschner and Anikó Nyéki

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4839; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114839 - 3 Jun 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5082

Abstract

In agriculture, as precision farming increasingly employs robots to monitor crops, the use of weeding and harvesting robots is expanding the need for computer vision. Currently, most researchers and companies address these computer vision tasks with CNN-based deep learning. This technology requires large [...] Read more.

In agriculture, as precision farming increasingly employs robots to monitor crops, the use of weeding and harvesting robots is expanding the need for computer vision. Currently, most researchers and companies address these computer vision tasks with CNN-based deep learning. This technology requires large datasets of plant and weed images labeled by experts, as well as substantial computational resources. However, traditional feature-based approaches to computer vision can extract meaningful parameters and achieve comparably good classification results with only a tenth of the dataset size. This study presents these methods and seeks to determine the minimum number of training images required to achieve reliable classification. We tested the classification results with 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 images per weed type in a four-class classification system. We extracted shape features, distance transformation features, color histograms, and texture features. Each type of feature was tested individually and in various combinations to determine the best results. Using six types of classifiers, we achieved a 94.56% recall rate with 160 images per weed. Better results were obtained with more training images and a greater variety of features. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Science and Technology)

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43 pages, 3434 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Resveratrol: A Review on the Biological Activity and Applications

by Ludovic Everard Bejenaru, Andrei Biţă, Ionela Belu, Adina-Elena Segneanu, Antonia Radu, Andrei Dumitru, Maria Viorica Ciocîlteu, George Dan Mogoşanu and Cornelia Bejenaru

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4534; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114534 - 25 May 2024

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 13362

Abstract

Resveratrol (RSV), a naturally occurring phytoalexin, is the most important stilbenoid synthesized by plants as a defense mechanism in response to microbial aggression, toxins, or ultraviolet radiation. RSV came to the attention of researchers both as a potential chemopreventive agent and a possible [...] Read more.

Resveratrol (RSV), a naturally occurring phytoalexin, is the most important stilbenoid synthesized by plants as a defense mechanism in response to microbial aggression, toxins, or ultraviolet radiation. RSV came to the attention of researchers both as a potential chemopreventive agent and a possible explanation for the low incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in French people with a high-fat diet. RSV is mainly administered as a food supplement, and its properties are evaluated in vitro or in vivo on various experimental models. RSV modulates signaling pathways that limit the spread of tumor cells, protects nerve cells from damage, is useful in the prevention of diabetes, and generally acts as an anti-aging natural compound. It was highlighted that RSV could ameliorate the consequences of an unhealthy lifestyle caused by an exaggerated caloric intake. This paper reviews the evidence supporting the beneficial effect of RSV for various pathological conditions, e.g., neoplastic diseases, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, CVDs, immune diseases, bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. The study also focused on the chromatographic analysis of trans-RSV (tRSV) in Romanian wine samples, providing a comprehensive overview of tRSV content across different types of wine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activity and Applications of Natural Plant Compounds)

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33 pages, 2453 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Digitalization Processes in Distribution Grids: A Comprehensive Review of Strategies and Challenges

by Morteza Aghahadi, Alessandro Bosisio, Marco Merlo, Alberto Berizzi, Andrea Pegoiani and Samuele Forciniti

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4528; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114528 - 25 May 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5756

Abstract

This systematic review meticulously explores the transformative impact of digital technologies on the grid planning, grid operations, and energy market dynamics of power distribution grids. Utilizing a robust methodological framework, over 54,000 scholarly articles were analyzed to investigate the integration and effects of [...] Read more.

This systematic review meticulously explores the transformative impact of digital technologies on the grid planning, grid operations, and energy market dynamics of power distribution grids. Utilizing a robust methodological framework, over 54,000 scholarly articles were analyzed to investigate the integration and effects of artificial intelligence, machine learning, optimization, the Internet of Things, and advanced metering infrastructure within these key subsections. The literature was categorized to show how these technologies contribute specifically to grid planning, operation, and market mechanisms. It was found that digitalization significantly enhances grid planning through improved forecasting accuracy and robust infrastructure design. In operations, these technologies enable real-time management and advanced fault detection, thereby enhancing reliability and operational efficiency. Moreover, in the market domain, they support more efficient energy trading and help in achieving regulatory compliance, thus fostering transparent and competitive markets. However, challenges such as data complexity and system integration are identified as critical hurdles that must be overcome to fully harness the potential of smart grid technologies. This review not only highlights the comprehensive benefits but also maps out the interdependencies among the planning, operation, and market strategies, underlining the critical role of digital technologies in advancing sustainable and resilient energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Smart Grid Technologies for Electric Power System Development)

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46 pages, 2546 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

From Time-Series to Hybrid Models: Advancements in Short-Term Load Forecasting Embracing Smart Grid Paradigm

by Salman Ali, Santiago Bogarra, Muhammad Naveed Riaz, Pyae Pyae Phyo, David Flynn and Ahmad Taha

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4442; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114442 - 23 May 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6066

Abstract

This review paper is a foundational resource for power distribution and management decisions, thoroughly examining short-term load forecasting (STLF) models within power systems. The study categorizes these models into three groups: statistical approaches, intelligent-computing-based methods, and hybrid models. Performance indicators are compared, revealing [...] Read more.

This review paper is a foundational resource for power distribution and management decisions, thoroughly examining short-term load forecasting (STLF) models within power systems. The study categorizes these models into three groups: statistical approaches, intelligent-computing-based methods, and hybrid models. Performance indicators are compared, revealing the superiority of heuristic search and population-based optimization learning algorithms integrated with artificial neural networks (ANNs) for STLF. However, challenges persist in ANN models, particularly in weight initialization and susceptibility to local minima. The investigation underscores the necessity for sophisticated predictive models to enhance forecasting accuracy, advocating for the efficacy of hybrid models incorporating multiple predictive approaches. Acknowledging the changing landscape, the focus shifts to STLF in smart grids, exploring the transformative potential of advanced power networks. Smart measurement devices and storage systems are pivotal in boosting STLF accuracy, enabling more efficient energy management and resource allocation in evolving smart grid technologies. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of contemporary predictive models and suggests that ANNs and hybrid models could be the most suitable methods to attain reliable and accurate STLF. However, further research is required, including considerations of network complexity, improved training techniques, convergence rates, and highly correlated inputs to enhance STLF model performance in modern power systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Smart Grid Technologies for Electric Power System Development)

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28 pages, 6039 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Innovations in Electric Current-Assisted Sintering for SOFC: A Review of Advances in Flash Sintering and Ultrafast High-Temperature Sintering

by Jiajia Wu, Xiaohu Wu, Yan Gao and Zilin Yan

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 3953; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14103953 - 7 May 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5904

Abstract

This review discusses the groundbreaking advancements in electric current-assisted sintering techniques, specifically Flash Sintering (FS) and Ultrafast High-Temperature Sintering (UHS), for their application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). These innovative sintering methods have demonstrated remarkable potential in enhancing the efficiency and quality [...] Read more.

This review discusses the groundbreaking advancements in electric current-assisted sintering techniques, specifically Flash Sintering (FS) and Ultrafast High-Temperature Sintering (UHS), for their application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). These innovative sintering methods have demonstrated remarkable potential in enhancing the efficiency and quality of SOFC manufacturing by significantly lowering sintering temperatures and durations, thereby mitigating energy consumption and cost. By providing a detailed overview of the mechanisms, process parameters, and material characteristics associated with FS and UHS, this paper sheds light on their pivotal role in the fabrication of SOFC components such as electrolytes, electrodes, multilayered materials, and interconnect coatings. The advantages, challenges, and prospective opportunities of these sintering technologies in propelling SOFC advancements are thoroughly assessed, underlining their transformative impact on the future of clean and efficient energy production technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials Development and Potential Applications of Ceramics)

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14 pages, 3042 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Thermodynamic Model for Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Tanks

by Dongkuk Choi, Sooyong Lee and Sangwoo Kim

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3786; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093786 - 29 Apr 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5505

Abstract

Hydrogen is used as a fuel in various fields, such as aviation, space, and automobiles, due to its high specific energy. Hydrogen can be stored as a compressed gas at high pressure and as a liquid at cryogenic temperatures. In order to keep [...] Read more.

Hydrogen is used as a fuel in various fields, such as aviation, space, and automobiles, due to its high specific energy. Hydrogen can be stored as a compressed gas at high pressure and as a liquid at cryogenic temperatures. In order to keep liquid hydrogen at a cryogenic temperature, the tanks for storing liquid hydrogen are required to have insulation to prevent heat leakage. When liquid hydrogen is vaporized by heat inflow, a large pressure is generated inside the tank. Therefore, a technology capable of predicting the tank pressure is required for cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks. In this study, a thermodynamic model was developed to predict the maximum internal pressure and pressure behavior of cryogenic liquid hydrogen fuel tanks. The developed model considers the heat inflow of the tank due to heat transfer, the phase change from liquid to gas hydrogen, and the fuel consumption rate. To verify the accuracy of the proposed model, it was compared with the analyses and experimental results in the referenced literature, and the model presented good results. A cryogenic liquid hydrogen fuel tank was simulated using the proposed model, and it was confirmed that the storage time, along with conditions such as the fuel filling ratio of liquid hydrogen and the fuel consumption rate, should be considered when designing the fuel tanks. Finally, it was confirmed that the proposed thermodynamic model can be used to sufficiently predict the internal pressure and the pressure behavior of cryogenic liquid hydrogen fuel tanks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)

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20 pages, 1857 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Antibacterial Agents Used in Modifications of Dental Resin Composites: A Systematic Review

by Maja Zalega and Kinga Bociong

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3710; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093710 - 26 Apr 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4350

Abstract

Introduction: Resin-based composites (RBCs) are very common and often applicable in dentistry. Their disadvantage is susceptibility to secondary caries due to the formation of bacterial biofilm at the interface with the patient’s tissues. Antimicrobial additive incorporation into RBCs seems to be a justified [...] Read more.

Introduction: Resin-based composites (RBCs) are very common and often applicable in dentistry. Their disadvantage is susceptibility to secondary caries due to the formation of bacterial biofilm at the interface with the patient’s tissues. Antimicrobial additive incorporation into RBCs seems to be a justified method to alleviate the above-mentioned negative phenomenon. The aim of this review is to provide a juxtaposition of strategies and results on the topic of antimicrobial composites. It also provides insights into future research and prospects for clinical applications. Methods: This review summarizes the literature from 2017 to 2024, describing potential antimicrobial agents incorporated into dental composites. The research methodology involved a systematic search using the Population/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome (PICO) structure and selecting articles from databases such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Elsevier, which allowed for an in-depth review of substances utilized for the antibacterial modification of RBCs. Results: A total of 159 articles were identified, 43 of which met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: This review is a summary of novel approaches in the field of dental materials science. The results show the variety of approaches to modifying composites for antimicrobial efficacy. It is worth underlining that there is a significant difficulty in comparing the studies selected for this review. This is related to the different modifiers used and the modification of composites with different compositions. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of a standardized approach to the modification of dental materials to give them a biocidal character and simultaneously maintain the stability of their mechanical and chemical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials: Latest Advances and Prospects, Third Edition)

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23 pages, 2548 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in the Strategies of Simultaneous Enzyme Immobilization Accompanied by Nanocarrier Synthesis

by Xinrui Hao, Pengfu Liu and Xiaohe Chu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3702; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093702 - 26 Apr 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4952

Abstract

In recent years, with advancements in nanotechnology and materials science, new enzyme immobilization strategies based on nanomaterials have continuously emerged. These strategies have shown significant effects on enhancing enzyme catalytic performance and stability due to their high surface area, good chemical stability, and [...] Read more.

In recent years, with advancements in nanotechnology and materials science, new enzyme immobilization strategies based on nanomaterials have continuously emerged. These strategies have shown significant effects on enhancing enzyme catalytic performance and stability due to their high surface area, good chemical stability, and ease of enzyme binding, demonstrating tremendous potential for industrial applications. Those methods that can rapidly synthesize nanocarriers under mild conditions allow for the one-step synthesis of nanocarriers and enzyme complexes, thereby exhibiting advantages such as simplicity of process, minimal enzyme damage, short processing times, and environmental friendliness. This paper provides an overview of simultaneous enzyme immobilization strategies accompanied by nanocarrier synthesis, including organic–inorganic hybrid nano-flowers (HNFs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and conductive polymers (CPs). It covers their preparation principles, post-immobilization performance, applications, and existing challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications)

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34 pages, 3395 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Synergies and Potential of Industry 4.0 and Automated Vehicles in Smart City Infrastructure

by Michal Kaššaj and Tomáš Peráček

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3575; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093575 - 24 Apr 2024

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4836

Abstract

The integration of Industry 4.0 and automated vehicles into the smart cities concept is a topical issue in the urbanization of cities and technological innovation within cities. As it is a relatively modern issue, many aspects of this field have not yet been [...] Read more.

The integration of Industry 4.0 and automated vehicles into the smart cities concept is a topical issue in the urbanization of cities and technological innovation within cities. As it is a relatively modern issue, many aspects of this field have not yet been explored; as a consequence, this paper is concerned with the search for synergies between Industry 4.0 and automated vehicles in smart city infrastructures. There is a lack of contributions in this field that summarize these synergies in a single article and address a wide range of aspects, including transport, energy, communication, and citizen participation. As the field lacks a complete and clear summary of what is already known, which would help multiple stakeholders, the authors decided to conduct this review. The article elucidates the above-stated aspects through a clear and in-depth literature review, which is complemented by specific examples from practice. Of course, the article also includes a description of the synergy potential and the impact on the inhabitants, the environment, and, last but not least, on the overall city life. The main hypothesis of this article is that the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies and automated vehicles within smart city infrastructure will result in significant improvements in transportation efficiency, resource utilization, and overall urban sustainability. The article discusses the positives and negatives of such integration, highlighting, on the one hand, the benefits in terms of reducing environmental impact and improving citizens’ quality of life, but on the other hand, also highlighting the various ethical, legal, and social issues that such integrations may bring. Several methods have been used within the article, namely analysis, synthesis, comparison, and historical interpretation. The final discussion highlights the benefits, as well as the challenges, that such integration faces and must deal with if it is to be successful. It can be concluded that the synergistic potential of automated vehicles and Industry 4.0 in smart city infrastructure is enormous and that such integration offers promising solutions for enhancing transportation efficiency, energy management, and overall urban sustainability. It is also highlighted in the article that, in order to reap the benefits of such synergies, a wide-ranging collaboration of policymakers, industry stakeholders, and urban planners is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances and Emerging Technologies in Transportation and Urban Planning)

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17 pages, 2573 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Remote Sensing and Machine Learning for Safer Railways: A Review

by Wesam Helmi, Raj Bridgelall and Taraneh Askarzadeh

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3573; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093573 - 24 Apr 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3629

Abstract

Regular railway inspections are crucial for maintaining their safety and efficiency. However, traditional inspection methods are complex and expensive. Consequently, there has been a significant shift toward combining remote sensing (RS) and machine learning (ML) techniques to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of [...] Read more.

Regular railway inspections are crucial for maintaining their safety and efficiency. However, traditional inspection methods are complex and expensive. Consequently, there has been a significant shift toward combining remote sensing (RS) and machine learning (ML) techniques to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of railway defect monitoring while reducing costs. The advantages of RS-ML techniques include their ability to automate and refine inspection processes and address challenges such as image quality and methodological limitations. However, the integration of RS and ML in railway monitoring is an emerging field, with diverse methodologies and outcomes that the research has not yet synthesized. To fill this gap, this study conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) to consolidate the existing research on RS-ML applications in railway inspection. The SLR meticulously compiled and analyzed relevant studies, evaluating the evolution of research trends, methodological approaches, and the geographic distribution of contributions. The findings showed a notable increase in relevant research activity over the last five years, highlighting the growing interest in this realm. The key methodological patterns emphasize the predominance of approaches based on convolutional neural networks, a variant of artificial neural networks, in achieving high levels of precision. These findings serve as a foundational resource for academics, researchers, and practitioners in the fields of computer science, engineering, and transportation to help guide future research directions and foster the development of more efficient, accurate, and cost-effective railway inspection methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of New Technology and New Ideas in Intelligent Transportation System)

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28 pages, 915 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Enhancing Food Integrity through Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Review

by Sefater Gbashi and Patrick Berka Njobeh

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 3421; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083421 - 18 Apr 2024

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 8730

Abstract

Herein, we examined the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) as new fronts in addressing some of the pertinent challenges posed by food integrity to human and animal health. In recent times, AI and ML, along with other Industry [...] Read more.

Herein, we examined the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) as new fronts in addressing some of the pertinent challenges posed by food integrity to human and animal health. In recent times, AI and ML, along with other Industry 4.0 technologies such as big data, blockchain, virtual reality, and the internet of things (IoT), have found profound applications within nearly all dimensions of the food industry with a key focus on enhancing food safety and quality and improving the resilience of the food supply chain. This paper provides an accessible scrutiny of these technologies (in particular, AI and ML) in relation to food integrity and gives a summary of their current advancements and applications within the field. Key areas of emphasis include the application of AI and ML in quality control and inspection, food fraud detection, process control, risk assessments, prediction, and management, and supply chain traceability, amongst other critical issues addressed. Based on the literature reviewed herein, the utilization of AI and ML in the food industry has unequivocally led to improved standards of food integrity and consequently enhanced public health and consumer trust, as well as boosting the resilience of the food supply chain. While these applications demonstrate significant promise, the paper also acknowledges some of the challenges associated with the domain-specific implementation of AI in the field of food integrity. The paper further examines the prospects and orientations, underscoring the significance of overcoming the obstacles in order to fully harness the capabilities of AI and ML in safeguarding the integrity of the food system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Safety and Microbiological Hazards)

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16 pages, 4355 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Study of the Dynamics and Strength of the Detachable Module for Long Cargoes under Asymmetric Loading Diagrams

by Juraj Gerlici, Alyona Lovska and Mykhailo Pavliuchenkov

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 3211; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083211 - 11 Apr 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 1488

Abstract

This article highlights the structural features of the detachable module for the transportation of long cargoes. The choice of profiles for the detachable module was based on the resistance moments of its components. The detachable module was considered a rod structure on four [...] Read more.

This article highlights the structural features of the detachable module for the transportation of long cargoes. The choice of profiles for the detachable module was based on the resistance moments of its components. The detachable module was considered a rod structure on four supports. To determine the longitudinal loads acting on the detachable module, mathematical modeling of its longitudinal dynamics was carried out, provided they were placed on a flat car during a shunting impact. The accelerations obtained were used for the calculations of the detachable module. This article presents the results of the strength calculation of the detachable module under asymmetric loading diagrams, i.e., the action of longitudinal and lateral forces on the detachable module structure. The results of the calculations show that the maximum stresses in the structure of the detachable module when it receives longitudinal loads are 7.7% lower than the permissible ones, and when it receives lateral loads, they are 5.8% lower. Thus, the strength of the detachable module is maintained under the loading diagrams considered. This study also included a modal analysis of the detachable module structure. The first natural frequency of oscillations is found to be 20 Hz. Thus, the safety of the detachable module movement in terms of frequency analysis is ensured. This research will help to create recommendations for the design of modern modular vehicles and improve the efficiency of the transport industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Simulations and Experiments in Design of Transport Vehicles)

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13 pages, 1904 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ready-to-Use Vegetable Salads: Physicochemical and Microbiological Evaluation

by Eufrozina Albu, Ancuta Elena Prisacaru, Cristina Ghinea, Florin Ursachi and Laura Carmen Apostol

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 3068; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14073068 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4487

Abstract

Ready-to-use vegetable salads are minimally processed products, rich in antioxidants, but are associated with a high microbiological risk and possibly, in some cases, with a high content of nitrites. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and microbiological properties of [...] Read more.

Ready-to-use vegetable salads are minimally processed products, rich in antioxidants, but are associated with a high microbiological risk and possibly, in some cases, with a high content of nitrites. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and microbiological properties of different ready-to-use vegetable salad assortments on the Romanian market. Seventeen types of salad vegetables were evaluated for the determination of water activity, antioxidant activity and nitrite concentration and tested for the presence of microorganisms. The water activity of the samples varied from 0.873 to 0.933, and the IC50 values were between 1.31 ± 0.02 and 5.43 ± 0.04 µg/mL. Nitrites were present in all samples investigated (ranging from 290.6 to 3041.17 mg/kg). Staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 35.3% and 70.5% of the samples. Furthermore, 17.6% of the salads were contaminated with Escherichia coli, and Listeria was detected in 29.4% of the samples. Salmonella was detected in only one sample, and Faecal streptococci were not present in any of the samples. The results indicated high nitrite values and also revealed pathogens’ presence. Producers should make more efforts to lower microbial contamination, while maximum limits for nitrites in vegetables should be set based on the impact on human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th International Conference of Biotechnologies, Present and Perspectives)

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24 pages, 14203 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Fractal Metasurfaces and Antennas: An Overview for Advanced Applications in Wireless Communications

by Francesca Venneri, Sandra Costanzo and Antonio Borgia

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2843; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072843 - 28 Mar 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 8808

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of fractal antennas and metasurfaces, exploring their design principles, performance, and applications. Fractal antennas, incorporating self-similar geometric shapes, offer several advantages, such as their multiband operation, compact size, and improved performance. Metasurfaces, on the other hand, are two-dimensional [...] Read more.

This paper provides an overview of fractal antennas and metasurfaces, exploring their design principles, performance, and applications. Fractal antennas, incorporating self-similar geometric shapes, offer several advantages, such as their multiband operation, compact size, and improved performance. Metasurfaces, on the other hand, are two-dimensional structures composed of subwavelength unit cells and are designed to achieve advantageous and unusual electromagnetic properties by enabling precise control over electromagnetic waves. This paper discusses the fundamental concepts of fractal antennas and metasurfaces, compares their characteristics, and presents the latest advances in research. Additionally, it highlights applications in wireless communications, energy harvesting, sensing, and beyond. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Antennas: Concepts, Designs and Implementations)

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16 pages, 617 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Listeria monocytogenes from Marine Fish and the Seafood Market Environment in Northern Greece: Prevalence, Molecular Characterization, and Antibiotic Resistance

by Pantelis Peratikos, Anestis Tsitsos, Alexandros Damianos, Maria A. Kyritsi, Christos Hadjichristodoulou, Nikolaos Soultos and Vangelis Economou

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2725; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072725 - 25 Mar 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3795

Abstract

The occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in marine fish and fish market areas was investigated. Two hundred and eighty-eight samples (123 environmental samples—siphons, knives, cutting boards, floor, sinks, water, and ice—and 165 marine fish samples) were examined. Twenty-four isolates were characterized as Listeria monocytogenes [...] Read more.

The occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in marine fish and fish market areas was investigated. Two hundred and eighty-eight samples (123 environmental samples—siphons, knives, cutting boards, floor, sinks, water, and ice—and 165 marine fish samples) were examined. Twenty-four isolates were characterized as Listeria monocytogenes (five from environmental samples (4.0%) and 19 from fish samples (11.5%)). The strains were further characterized according to their antibiotic resistance, pathogenicity, and biofilm formation ability. They were molecularly serotyped as IIc (n = 22) and IVb (n = 2) and possessed all the virulence genes tested (inlA, inlB, inlC, inlJ, actA, hlyA, iap, plcA, and prfA), except for two strains lacking the hlyA and iap genes, respectively. All strains showed strong (41.7%) or moderate biofilm-producing ability (58.3%) and almost all showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, with the highest rates being observed against clindamycin and vancomycin. The proteomic analysis by MALDI-TOF revealed two distinct clusters that involved strains from fish only and those from both fish and the environment. The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in the fish-market environment and marine fish, along with the pathogenicity and persistence characteristics of the seafood-related strains, emphasize the need for vigilance concerning the spread of this notorious foodborne pathogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection and Control of Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogenic Bacteria)

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19 pages, 2529 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Influence of Various Commonly Used Building Materials on the Shielding Effectiveness, Reflection and Absorption of the Electromagnetic Wave

by Marek Pavlík, Matej Bereš and Ľubomír Beňa

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(6), 2521; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062521 - 16 Mar 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5083

Abstract

People spend two-thirds of their time in buildings. Building materials are, therefore, natural shielding for us. Many studies describe the shielding effect of non-building materials. This study evaluates the shielding effectiveness (SE) of electromagnetic fields for various building materials over a [...] Read more.

People spend two-thirds of their time in buildings. Building materials are, therefore, natural shielding for us. Many studies describe the shielding effect of non-building materials. This study evaluates the shielding effectiveness (SE) of electromagnetic fields for various building materials over a frequency range of 1 GHz to 9 GHz. Measurements of SE, reflection (R), and calculated absorption (A) were conducted to determine the shielding properties of mineral wool (MW), hardened polystyrene (PT), extruded polystyrene (PE), polyurethane board (PUR), brick wall (BW), brick wall filled with mineral wool (BW-MW), and concrete wall. The results demonstrate that MW, PT, PE, and PUR exhibit low SE and R, indicating minimal shielding capabilities, with absorption values that do not significantly deviate from the level of measurement uncertainty. Conversely, BW, BW-MW, and concrete wall materials exhibit high SE, with notably increased absorption at higher frequencies, highlighting their potential for effective EMI shielding. Particularly, the concrete wall presents the highest absorption values, making it a superior choice for shielding applications. Reflection trends revealed a plateau for BW in the 6 GHz to 9 GHz range, indicating a frequency-dependent behavior of shielding mechanisms. This study underscores the importance of balancing reflective and absorptive properties in shielding materials and suggests that composite materials may offer enhanced performance. The findings of this research provide guidance for the selection and design of shielding materials in environments with a frequency spectrum of electromagnetic frequencies from 1 GHz to 9 GHz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Concretes: Latest Advances and Prospects)

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18 pages, 1171 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing the Protein, Mineral Content, and Bioactivity of Wheat Bread through the Utilisation of Microalgal Biomass: A Comparative Study of Chlorella vulgaris, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Tetraselmis chuii

by Nancy Mahmoud, Joana Ferreira, Anabela Raymundo and Maria Cristiana Nunes

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(6), 2483; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062483 - 15 Mar 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4015

Abstract

At present, the incorporation of microalgae into bread and related cereal products has attracted attention due to their potential for enhancing nutritional profiles and their impact on health. In this study, 4% of Chlorella vulgaris, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Tetraselmis chuii were [...] Read more.

At present, the incorporation of microalgae into bread and related cereal products has attracted attention due to their potential for enhancing nutritional profiles and their impact on health. In this study, 4% of Chlorella vulgaris, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Tetraselmis chuii were added into wheat flour to produce bread and assesses their impact on the dough rheology behaviour, quality performance, nutritive value, and bioactive profile of bread. The results showed that T. chuii strengthened the dough network, whereas P. tricornutum exerted minimal influence. Notably, the incorporation of C. vulgaris induced a pronounced weakening of the protein network within the dough matrix, leading to disruptions in dough structure and subsequent alterations in starch gelatinisation and retrogradation. These changes lead to a reduction in the bread volume (22.7%) and a corresponding increase in its firmness when C. vulgaris was added. In contrast, T. chuii and P. tricornutum had no significant effect on bread volume. All microalgae species caused the dark green colour of the bread and enhanced the bread nutritional composition, namely in terms of protein content (14.7% increase in C. vulgaris bread) and mineral profile. The breads containing T. chuii exhibited a noticeable increase in both total phenolic content (from 7.22 in the control to 38.52 (µg GAE/g)) and antioxidant capacity (from 117.29 to 591.96 (µg TEAC/g) measured by FRAP). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Cereal Breeding and in Cereal Processing Technologies)

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20 pages, 1284 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Farmed Insect Frass as a Future Organic Fertilizer

by Anna Nogalska, Sebastian Wojciech Przemieniecki, Sławomir Józef Krzebietke, Agnieszka Kosewska, Dariusz Załuski, Wojciech Jan Kozera and Piotr Jarosław Żarczyński

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(6), 2380; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062380 - 12 Mar 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5110

Abstract

The aim of this incubation experiment was to evaluate the effect of Tenebrio molitor L. frass on selected chemical and microbiological properties of acid peat. The optimal rate of mealworm frass in the substrate for growing ornamental trees and shrubs was determined. Acid [...] Read more.

The aim of this incubation experiment was to evaluate the effect of Tenebrio molitor L. frass on selected chemical and microbiological properties of acid peat. The optimal rate of mealworm frass in the substrate for growing ornamental trees and shrubs was determined. Acid peat was fertilized with frass or urea at five nitrogen (N) rates: 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg dm⁻³. Mineral N content and electrical conductivity increased, and calcium content decreased in peat with increasing N rates. Similarly to urea, frass increased the ammonification rate at the beginning of incubation and the nitrification rate from the second week of incubation. Higher frass rates increased the abundance of plant-available nutrients (N, P, Mg, K, and Na) in acid peat. Frass undesirably decreased the counts of bacteria with antagonistic activity against soil-borne plant pathogens. Regarding the abundance of functional genes, the optimal N rate was 100 mg dm⁻³, which promoted the growth of N-fixing and chitinolytic bacteria. Higher N rates promoted the development of aerobic spore-forming bacteria, which produce antibiotics that can be used as biocontrol agents. Moderate fertilizer rates contributed to N accumulation in bacterial biomass. These preliminary findings, which indicate that insect frass can partially replace mineral fertilizers, are promising and can be used in pot and field experiments testing various plant species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Science and Technology)

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53 pages, 2033 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Smart Solutions for Diet-Related Disease Management: Connected Care, Remote Health Monitoring Systems, and Integrated Insights for Advanced Evaluation

by Laura-Ioana Coman, Marilena Ianculescu, Elena-Anca Paraschiv, Adriana Alexandru and Ioana-Anca Bădărău

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(6), 2351; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062351 - 11 Mar 2024

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 12273

Abstract

The prevalence of diet-related diseases underscores the imperative for innovative management approaches. The deployment of smart solutions signifies a paradigmatic evolution, capitalising on advanced technologies to enhance precision and efficacy. This paper aims to present and explore smart solutions for the management of [...] Read more.

The prevalence of diet-related diseases underscores the imperative for innovative management approaches. The deployment of smart solutions signifies a paradigmatic evolution, capitalising on advanced technologies to enhance precision and efficacy. This paper aims to present and explore smart solutions for the management of diet-related diseases, focusing on leveraging advanced technologies, such as connected care, the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), and remote health monitoring systems (RHMS), to address the rising prevalence of diet-related diseases. This transformative approach is exemplified in case studies focusing on tailored RHMS capabilities. This paper aims to showcase the potential of three RHMS in introducing a novel evaluation method and their customisation for proactive management of conditions influenced by dietary habits. The RO-SmartAgeing System uniquely addresses age-related aspects, providing an integrated approach that considers the long-term impact of dietary choices on ageing, marking an advanced perspective in healthcare. The NeuroPredict Platform, leveraging complex neuroinformatics, enhances the understanding of connections between brain health, nutrition, and overall well-being, contributing novel insights to healthcare assessments. Focused on liver health monitoring, the HepatoConect system delivers real-time data for personalized dietary recommendations, offering a distinctive approach to disease management. By integrating cutting-edge technologies, these smart solutions transcend traditional healthcare boundaries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet-Related Diseases: Pathophysiology and Novel Evaluation Methods)

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36 pages, 2470 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Use of Coagulation–Flocculation for Industrial Colored Wastewater Treatment—(I) The Application of Hybrid Materials

by Carmen Zaharia, Corina-Petronela Musteret and Marius-Alexandru Afrasinei

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 2184; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14052184 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 11515

Abstract

Polluting species released in industrial-colored effluents contaminate water, degrading its quality and persisting in the aquatic environment; therefore, it must be treated for safe discharge or onsite reuse/recycling to ensure a fresh water supply. This review has the principal goal of facilitating understanding [...] Read more.

Polluting species released in industrial-colored effluents contaminate water, degrading its quality and persisting in the aquatic environment; therefore, it must be treated for safe discharge or onsite reuse/recycling to ensure a fresh water supply. This review has the principal goal of facilitating understanding of some important issues concerning wastewater (WW) treatment systems, mainly based on a coagulation–flocculation step, as follows: (i) the significance of and facilities offered by specialized treatment processes, including the coagulation–flocculation step as a single or associated step (i.e., coagulation–flocculation followed by sedimentation/filtration or air flotation); (ii) the characteristics of industrial-colored WW, especially WW from the textile industry, which can be reduced via the coagulation–flocculation step; (iii) primary and secondary groups of hybrid materials and their characteristics when used as coagulants–flocculants; (iv) the influence of different process operating variables and treatment regimens on the efficiency of the studied treatment step; and (v) the benefits of using hybrid materials in colored WW treatment processes and its future development perspectives. The consulted scientific reports underline the benefits of applying hybrid materials as coagulants–flocculants in colored textile WW treatment, mainly fresh, natural hybrid materials that can achieve high removal rates, e.g., dye and color removal of >80%, heavy metals, COD and BOD of >50%, or turbidity removal of >90%. All of the reported data underline the feasibility of using these materials for the removal of colored polluting species (especially dyes) from industrial effluents and the possibility of selecting the adequate one for a specific WW treatment system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment Technologies II)

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26 pages, 90168 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) as a Green Alternative to Common Solvents in Conservation Treatments

by Camilla Zaratti, Livia Marinelli, Irene Angela Colasanti, Francesca Irene Barbaccia, Helene Aureli, Fernanda Prestileo, Tilde de Caro, Mauro Francesco La Russa and Andrea Macchia

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 1970; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051970 - 28 Feb 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3546

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) as environmentally sustainable alternatives to traditional solvents for the removal of low-polarity materials commonly found in cultural heritage artefacts. Recognizing the environmental and health concerns associated with conventional solvents, this research focuses [...] Read more.

This study investigates the potential of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) as environmentally sustainable alternatives to traditional solvents for the removal of low-polarity materials commonly found in cultural heritage artefacts. Recognizing the environmental and health concerns associated with conventional solvents, this research focuses on FAME to remove low/non-polarity or non-polar substances used in cultural heritage preservation. Laboratory samples coated with low molecular synthetic resins (LMW) such as Regalrez 1094 and microcrystalline wax were treated with FAME applied in gel to prevent solvent–substrate interactions. Photographic documentation under UV-vis light, optical microscope observations, and spectrocolorimetric analysis were used for assessing surface “cleanness”, while FTIR-ATR spectroscopy was used to detect possible residue from treatment. Moreover, SEM analysis was used for a better understanding of the results. The best results were obtained using FAME base on methyl stearate according to Hansen-RED. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Methods of Cleaning Polychrome Works of Art)

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19 pages, 1074 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Baking Quality of Wheat Flour (Triticum aestivum L.) Obtained from Wheat Grains Cultivated in Various Farming Systems (Organic vs. Integrated vs. Conventional)

by Katarzyna Wysocka, Grażyna Cacak-Pietrzak, Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk and Marcin Studnicki

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 1886; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051886 - 25 Feb 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5445

Abstract

The quality of flour is influenced by various factors including genotype, environmental and agronomic conditions, post-harvest grain storage, and milling technology. Currently, the EU focuses on reducing mineral fertilization and promoting less intensive agrotechnology (organic and integrated farming). This research aimed to assess [...] Read more.

The quality of flour is influenced by various factors including genotype, environmental and agronomic conditions, post-harvest grain storage, and milling technology. Currently, the EU focuses on reducing mineral fertilization and promoting less intensive agrotechnology (organic and integrated farming). This research aimed to assess the baking value of flour obtained from four spring wheat cultivars cultivated in three farming systems: organic (ORG), integrated (INT), and conventional (CONV). The wheat grains were sourced from a three-year field experiment (2019–2021) conducted at IUNG-PIB in Pulawy, Poland. Results indicate that the CONV generally yielded more favourable qualitative parameters for the flour, including significantly higher protein content, wet gluten, falling number, and farinographic characteristics such as dough development, stability time, and quality number. Nevertheless, most flours from the ORG system met the quality requirements for the baking industry, showing adequate protein content, wet gluten, and falling number. However, flours from the INT system stood out due to significantly higher water absorption, resulting in increased dough and bread yield. Additionally, bread baked from these flours exhibited a significantly higher bread volume. In sensory evaluation, bread from CONV flours received the highest scores, although the differences in the overall acceptability were not significant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Science and Technology)

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29 pages, 2917 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Healthy Effects of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in Internal Medicine and Dentistry

by Giulia Marrone, Michele Basilicata, Manuela Di Lauro, Chiara Vita, Claudia Masci, Francesca Gioia Klinger, Kevin Cornali, Gianluca Maddaloni, Patrizio Bollero, Antonino De Lorenzo and Annalisa Noce

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 1570; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041570 - 16 Feb 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 13303

Abstract

Punica granatum L., commonly known as pomegranate, is a typical fruit of Asia, Mediterranean countries, the Middle East and the USA. While in ancient times pomegranate was considered an ornamental plant, nowadays numerous scientific studies have highlighted its antioxidant and anti-radical activities, making [...] Read more.

Punica granatum L., commonly known as pomegranate, is a typical fruit of Asia, Mediterranean countries, the Middle East and the USA. While in ancient times pomegranate was considered an ornamental plant, nowadays numerous scientific studies have highlighted its antioxidant and anti-radical activities, making it a “superfood”. Pomegranate presents a high content of natural bioactive compounds (NBCs), and its consumption appears to exert numerous healthy effects, in particular, in several pathological conditions as metabolic syndrome, cancer, nephrolithiasis, urinary tract infections and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, recent studies have pointed out the possible beneficial action of pomegranate on oral health. For these reasons, the utility of pomegranate in internal medicine and dentistry represents a promising field, as it could enable the development of innovative natural adjuvant therapies and empower standard pharmaceutical therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Chronic Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs))

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23 pages, 21874 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Speech Emotion Recognition Using Deep Learning Transfer Models and Explainable Techniques

by Tae-Wan Kim and Keun-Chang Kwak

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 1553; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041553 - 15 Feb 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7767

Abstract

This study aims to establish a greater reliability compared to conventional speech emotion recognition (SER) studies. This is achieved through preprocessing techniques that reduce uncertainty elements, models that combine the structural features of each model, and the application of various explanatory techniques. The [...] Read more.

This study aims to establish a greater reliability compared to conventional speech emotion recognition (SER) studies. This is achieved through preprocessing techniques that reduce uncertainty elements, models that combine the structural features of each model, and the application of various explanatory techniques. The ability to interpret can be made more accurate by reducing uncertain learning data, applying data in different environments, and applying techniques that explain the reasoning behind the results. We designed a generalized model using three different datasets, and each speech was converted into a spectrogram image through STFT preprocessing. The spectrogram was divided into the time domain with overlapping to match the input size of the model. Each divided section is expressed as a Gaussian distribution, and the quality of the data is investigated by the correlation coefficient between distributions. As a result, the scale of the data is reduced, and uncertainty is minimized. VGGish and YAMNet are the most representative pretrained deep learning networks frequently used in conjunction with speech processing. In dealing with speech signal processing, it is frequently advantageous to use these pretrained models synergistically rather than exclusively, resulting in the construction of ensemble deep networks. And finally, various explainable models (Grad CAM, LIME, occlusion sensitivity) are used in analyzing classified results. The model exhibits adaptability to voices in various environments, yielding a classification accuracy of 87%, surpassing that of individual models. Additionally, output results are confirmed by an explainable model to extract essential emotional areas, converted into audio files for auditory analysis using Grad CAM in the time domain. Through this study, we enhance the uncertainty of activation areas that are generated by Grad CAM. We achieve this by applying the interpretable ability from previous studies, along with effective preprocessing and fusion models. We can analyze it from a more diverse perspective through other explainable techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Bioinformatics and New Medicine)

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12 pages, 11655 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment and Review of Heavy Metals Pollution in Sediments of the Mediterranean Sea

by Pedro Agustín Robledo Ardila, Rebeca Álvarez-Alonso, Flor Árcega-Cabrera, Juan José Durán Valsero, Raquel Morales García, Elizabeth Lamas-Cosío, Ismael Oceguera-Vargas and Angel DelValls

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 1435; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041435 - 9 Feb 2024

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 9142

Abstract

The impact of marine sediment pollution is crucial for the health of the seas, particularly in densely populated coastal areas worldwide. This study assesses the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in the marine sediments of the main regions of the Mediterranean Sea. [...] Read more.

The impact of marine sediment pollution is crucial for the health of the seas, particularly in densely populated coastal areas worldwide. This study assesses the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in the marine sediments of the main regions of the Mediterranean Sea. The results underscore high concentrations of mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu), whereas chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), barium (Ba), and vanadium (V) exhibit moderate values. To assess the heavy metal results, sediment quality guidelines and pollution indices (Igeo and Geochemical Signal Type-GST) were employed, revealing a consistent trend of decreasing concentrations from the coastal zone to the open sea. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) emphasizes the significant roles of Cu, Zn, Ba, and Cr in sediment chemistry. The study suggests that the distribution patterns of heavy metals are linked to wastewater discharges in coastal areas, requiring effective management strategies to ensure the health of the Mediterranean Sea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sciences)

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20 pages, 9210 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fault Detection in Active Magnetic Bearings Using Digital Twin Technology

by Yefa Hu, Omer W. Taha and Kezhen Yang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041384 - 8 Feb 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3245

Abstract

Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) are widely used in different industries to offer non-contact and high-velocity rotational support. The AMB is prone to failures, which may result in system instability and decreased performance. The efficacy and reliability of magnetic bearings can be significantly affected [...] Read more.

Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) are widely used in different industries to offer non-contact and high-velocity rotational support. The AMB is prone to failures, which may result in system instability and decreased performance. The efficacy and reliability of magnetic bearings can be significantly affected by failures in the sensor and control systems, leading to system imbalance and possible damage. A digital twin is an advanced technology that has been increasingly used in different industrial fields. It allows for the creation and real-time monitoring of virtual replicas of physical systems. This paper proposes a novel method for fault detection of Active Magnetic Bearings (AMBs) using digital twin technology and a neural network. The digital twin model serves as a virtual representation that accurately replicates the actual AMB system’s efficiency and features, allowing continuous real-time monitoring and detection of faults. The conventional neural network (CNN) is used as the primary tool for identifying faults in the Active Magnetic Bearing (AMB) within a digital twin model. Experiments proved the effectiveness and robustness of the suggested approach method to fault detection in the AMB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)

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13 pages, 1196 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Periodontal Status and Oral Health Habits with Continual Dental Support for Young Patients with Hemophilia

by Mariko Kametani, Tatsuya Akitomo, Momoko Usuda, Satoru Kusaka, Yuria Asao, Masashi Nakano, Yuko Iwamoto, Meiko Tachikake, Masashi Ogawa, Ami Kaneki, Taku Nishimura, Noriko Niizato, Chieko Mitsuhata, Katsuyuki Kozai and Ryota Nomura

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 1349; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041349 - 6 Feb 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2238

Abstract

Hemophilia is a congenital disorder associated with impaired blood clotting. Routine dental intervention to prevent oral bleeding in patients with hemophilia is considered important, but its effectiveness remains unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of continual dental support on periodontal [...] Read more.

Hemophilia is a congenital disorder associated with impaired blood clotting. Routine dental intervention to prevent oral bleeding in patients with hemophilia is considered important, but its effectiveness remains unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of continual dental support on periodontal status and oral health habits in young patients with hemophilia. Of the 168 young patients with hemophilia who visited our clinic for 5 years, we selected subjects who had visited annually since 2015 and were in the mixed and permanent dentitions. To evaluate the periodontal status of these subjects, Community Periodontal Index (CPI) values in the molars and anterior teeth were measured. In addition, a questionnaire regarding oral health habits, including floss use, frequency of brushing by parents, and attending a family dentist, was administered to the subjects and their parents. In the patients with mixed dentition, the CPI values for the upper right molars and lower left central incisor decreased significantly in later years compared with the first year (p < 0.05). In the patients with permanent dentition, only one year recorded a significant decrease in CPI values compared with the first year (p < 0.05), localized in the upper right molars. The results of the questionnaire revealed that continual dental support improved dental floss use and the frequency of brushing by parents only in the mixed dentition group. Furthermore, these oral health habits significantly affected CPI values only in the mixed dentition group (p < 0.01). These results suggest that continual dental support improves the periodontal condition and oral health habits of hemophilic patients, especially those with mixed dentition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Clinical Dentistry)

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16 pages, 5536 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Changes in Human Motor Behavior during the Familiarization with a Soft Back-Support Occupational Exoskeleton

by Arthur Favennec, Julien Frère and Guillaume Mornieux

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(3), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031160 - 30 Jan 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2346

Abstract

Soft back exoskeletons are aimed at reducing musculoskeletal effort during manual handling tasks, contributing to the prevention of low back disorders like lumbar strains and sprains or intervertebral disk problems. However, large differences in their biomechanical effects are observed in the literature. A [...] Read more.

Soft back exoskeletons are aimed at reducing musculoskeletal effort during manual handling tasks, contributing to the prevention of low back disorders like lumbar strains and sprains or intervertebral disk problems. However, large differences in their biomechanical effects are observed in the literature. A possible explanation could be the lack or disparity of familiarization protocols with the exoskeleton. The aim of this experimental study was to characterize the familiarization process with a soft back-support occupational exoskeleton and determine the time needed to stabilize biomechanical variables. Participants carried out 6 familiarization sessions of 1 h to the CORFOR^® soft back-exoskeleton. Joint kinematics, postural stability, exoskeleton pressure perception, muscle activity, and performance were measured at the beginning of the first session and at the end of each session during stoop and squat liftings. Results showed that back kinematics, performance, and exoskeleton pressure perception changed during the first sessions and stabilized after sessions 3 or 4, depending on the variable. The authors recommend a familiarization protocol for the CORFOR^® soft back-exoskeleton of 4 sessions of 1 h duration. This recommendation could help CORFOR^® users, for instance, in the automotive industry, the food retail industry, or the agriculture field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Biomechanics, Motor Control and Learning of Human Movements)

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43 pages, 4005 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Emergent Technologies in the Dynamic and Kinematic Assessment of Human Movement in Sport and Clinical Applications

by Saeid Edriss, Cristian Romagnoli, Lucio Caprioli, Andrea Zanela, Emilio Panichi, Francesca Campoli, Elvira Padua, Giuseppe Annino and Vincenzo Bonaiuto

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(3), 1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031012 - 24 Jan 2024

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 9936

Abstract

Physical activity analysis assessment has been a concern throughout human history. The intersection of technological growth with sports has given rise to a burgeoning field known as sports engineering. In the 19th century, the advent of chrono-photography and pioneering marked the inception of [...] Read more.

Physical activity analysis assessment has been a concern throughout human history. The intersection of technological growth with sports has given rise to a burgeoning field known as sports engineering. In the 19th century, the advent of chrono-photography and pioneering marked the inception of sports performance analysis. In recent years, the noticeable developments achieved in wearable low-power electronics with wireless high interconnection capability, as a part of modern technologies, have aided us in studying sports parameters such as motor behavior, biomechanics, equipment design, and materials science, playing an essential role in the understanding of sports dynamics. This study aims to review over 250 published articles since 2018, focusing on utilizing and validating these emergent technologies in sports and clinical aspects. It is predicted that one of the next steps in sports technology and engineering development will be using algorithms based on artificial intelligence to analyze the measurements obtained by multi-sensor systems (sensor fusion) to monitor biometric and physiological parameters in performance analysis and health assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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19 pages, 13948 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Material-Structure Integrated Design and Optimization of a Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite Car Door

by Huile Zhang, Zeyu Sun, Pengpeng Zhi, Wei Wang and Zhonglai Wang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(2), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020930 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5266

Abstract

This paper develops a material-structure integrated design and optimization method based on a multiscale approach for the lightweight design of CFRP car doors. Initially, parametric modeling of RVE is implemented, and their elastic performance parameters are predicted using the homogenization theory based on [...] Read more.

This paper develops a material-structure integrated design and optimization method based on a multiscale approach for the lightweight design of CFRP car doors. Initially, parametric modeling of RVE is implemented, and their elastic performance parameters are predicted using the homogenization theory based on thermal stress, exploring the impact of RVE parameters on composite material performance. Subsequently, a finite element model of the CFRP car door is constructed based on the principle of equal stiffness, and a parameter transfer across microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale levels is achieved through Python programming. Finally, the particle generation and updating strategies in the Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm are improved, enabling the algorithm to directly solve multi-constraint and multi-objective optimization problems that include various composite material layup process constraints. Case study results demonstrate that under layup process constraints and car door stiffness requirements, plain weave, twill weave, and satin weave composite car doors achieve weight reductions of 15.85%, 14.54%, and 15.35%, respectively, compared to traditional metal doors, fulfilling the requirements for a lightweight design. This also provides guidance for the lightweight design of other vehicle body components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Optimization Methods and Applications)

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12 pages, 2295 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Different Approach to Analyzing the Surface Roughness of Prosthetic Dental Acrylic Resins

by Margarida Martins Quezada, Carlos Fernandes, Javier Montero, André Correia, Helena Salgado and Patrícia Fonseca

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(2), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020619 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3771

Abstract

(1) Introduction: Apart from the polishing method, conventional or mechanized, the arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) is the most common metric to evaluate the surface roughness of denture base acrylic resins. An overview of the constraints related to this roughness parameter is highlighted in [...] Read more.

(1) Introduction: Apart from the polishing method, conventional or mechanized, the arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) is the most common metric to evaluate the surface roughness of denture base acrylic resins. An overview of the constraints related to this roughness parameter is highlighted in this study. This research introduces new parameters for accessing a functional analysis of surface roughness. (2) Materials and Methods: Five samples of CAD/CAM 3D-printed acrylic resins were prepared. Two polishing techniques, manual and mechanical, were applied. Surface roughness parameters were extracted from a profilometer reading: arithmetic mean height (Ra and Pa), skewness (Rsk and Psk), and kurtosis (Rku and Pku). (3) Results: Significant differences (p < 0.001) were found in the Ra distribution among the study samples, in contrast with the lack of significance in Pa values. Surface roughness parameters revealed an increased coefficient of variance (CV) value due to mechanized polishing across the specimens analyzed. Skewness and kurtosis indicate a more pronounced distribution with the manual polishing technique. (4) Conclusion: This preliminary study exhibits the influence of different polishing protocols on surface roughness parameters. The primary profile, skewness, and kurtosis should be assessed for the surface characterization of acrylic resins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Oral Rehabilitation: Materials, Techniques and Clinical Applications)

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