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Article

Exploration of Convergence Point Characteristics in Near-Sea-Surface Wireless Power Transfer

by
Jinyi Hui
,
Hongguang Wang
,
Chunliang Liu
and
Wen Ding
*
Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(15), 7861; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16157861
Submission received: 15 July 2026 / Revised: 1 August 2026 / Accepted: 5 August 2026 / Published: 6 August 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the enhancement of long-distance microwave wireless power transfer (WPT) performance by utilizing naturally formed evaporation ducts near the sea surface. The parabolic equation method is applied to analyze how emission height, frequency, evaporation duct height and receiving aperture influence multiple convergence points and power distribution. Results show that increasing emission height transforms the power pattern from a single- to a multi-layer structure, improving spatial coverage and providing additional transmission options while slightly reducing near-surface power concentration. Higher frequencies strengthen beam confinement, with the power ratio Pe at 12 GHz, about 2.7 times higher than that at 8 GHz. Furthermore, a higher EDH enhances power trapping, leading to a more complex vertical field structure and increased field strength. A larger receiving aperture also improves performance, with a 3 m aperture at 12 GHz achieving 2.5 times the power ratio of a 1 m aperture. Optimizing these parameters facilitates consistent and efficient power delivery over long distances. The findings provide theoretical support for developing sustainable wireless power transmission systems, particularly for offshore platforms, maritime vessels, and remote-area power networks.
Keywords: evaporation duct; parabolic equation; wireless power transfer; power efficiency; sustainable power systems; offshore power transmission evaporation duct; parabolic equation; wireless power transfer; power efficiency; sustainable power systems; offshore power transmission

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Hui, J.; Wang, H.; Liu, C.; Ding, W. Exploration of Convergence Point Characteristics in Near-Sea-Surface Wireless Power Transfer. Appl. Sci. 2026, 16, 7861. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16157861

AMA Style

Hui J, Wang H, Liu C, Ding W. Exploration of Convergence Point Characteristics in Near-Sea-Surface Wireless Power Transfer. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(15):7861. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16157861

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hui, Jinyi, Hongguang Wang, Chunliang Liu, and Wen Ding. 2026. "Exploration of Convergence Point Characteristics in Near-Sea-Surface Wireless Power Transfer" Applied Sciences 16, no. 15: 7861. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16157861

APA Style

Hui, J., Wang, H., Liu, C., & Ding, W. (2026). Exploration of Convergence Point Characteristics in Near-Sea-Surface Wireless Power Transfer. Applied Sciences, 16(15), 7861. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16157861

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