1,923 Results Found

The complexity of the transcriptome is governed by the intricate interplay of transcription, RNA processing, translocation, and decay. In eukaryotes, the removal of the 5’-RNA cap is essential for the initiation of RNA degradation. In addition to the...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is a ubiquitous metabolite that takes part in many key redox reactions. NAD⁺ biosynthesis and NAD⁺-consuming enzymes have been attracting markedly increasing interest since they have been demonstrated to be in...

The essential role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide⁺ (NAD⁺) in redox reactions during oxidative respiration is well known, yet the coenzyme and regulator functions of NAD⁺ in diverse and important processes are still being discovered. Maintaining...

Dietary vitamin B3 components, such as nicotinamide and nicotinic acid, are precursors to the ubiquitous redox cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺). NAD⁺ levels are thought to decline with age and disease. While the drivers of this decli...

The molecule NAD+ is a coenzyme for enzymes catalyzing cellular redox reactions in several metabolic pathways, encompassing glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, and is a substrate for NAD+-dependent enzymes. In addition to a hydride...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential pyridine nucleotide that has garnered considerable interest in the last century due to its critical role in cellular processes associated with energy production, cellular protection against str...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its 2′-phosphorylated cousin NADP are precursors for the enzymatic formation of the Ca²⁺-mobilizing second messengers adenosine diphosphoribose (ADPR), 2′-deoxy-ADPR, cyclic ADPR, and nicotinic...

Targeting NAD depletion in cancer cells has emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, based on the higher reliance of malignant vs. healthy cells on NAD to sustain their aberrant proliferation and altered metabolism. NAD dep...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is an essential metabolite involved in various cellular processes. The cellular NAD⁺ pool is maintained by three biosynthesis pathways, which are largely conserved from bacteria to human. NAD⁺ metabolism is an...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is an important cofactor for both metabolic and signaling pathways, with the dysregulation of NAD⁺ levels acting as a driver for diseases such as neurodegeneration, cancers, and metabolic diseases. NAD⁺ plays...

Precursors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), modulators of enzymes of the NAD+ biosynthesis pathways and inhibitors of NAD+ consuming enzymes, are the main boosters of NAD+. Increasing public awareness and interest in anti-ageing strategie...

The last decade has seen a strong proliferation of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metabolic and age-related diseases based on increasing cellular NAD⁺ bioavailability. Among them, the dietary supplementation with NAD⁺ precursors—cl...

Neurodegenerative diseases result in the progressive deterioration of the nervous system, with motor and cognitive impairments being the two most observable problems. Motor dysfunction could be caused by motor neuron diseases (MNDs) characterized by...

The mitochondrion has a unique position among other cellular organelles due to its dynamic properties and symbiotic nature, which is reflected in an active exchange of metabolites and cofactors between the rest of the intracellular compartments. The...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a ubiquitous molecule found within all cells, acting as a crucial coenzyme in numerous metabolic reactions. It plays a vital role in energy metabolism, cellular signaling, and DNA repair. Notably, NAD levels...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) pharmacology is a promising class of treatments for age-related conditions that are likely to have a favorable side effect profile for human use, given the widespread use of the NAD precursor vitamin B3 supplem...

Excitotoxicity is a pathological process that occurs in many neurological diseases, such as stroke or epilepsy, and is characterized by the extracellular accumulation of high concentrations of glutamate or other excitatory amino acids (EAAs). Nicotin...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential redox cofactor, but it also acts as a substrate for NAD-consuming enzymes, regulating cellular events such as DNA repair and gene expression. Since such processes are fundamental to support canc...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential redox carrier, whereas its degradation is a key element of important signaling pathways. Human cells replenish their NAD contents through NAD biosynthesis from extracellular precursors. These pr...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form, NAD⁺) is a critical coenzyme, with functions ranging from redox reactions and energy metabolism in mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation to being a central player in multiple cellula...

Nutritional intake impacts the human epigenome by directing epigenetic pathways in normal cell development via as yet unknown molecular mechanisms. Consequently, imbalance in the nutritional intake is able to dysregulate the epigenetic profile and dr...

The rapidly expanding elderly population and obesity endemic have become part of continuing global health care problems. The hypothalamus is a critical center for the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism, circadian rhythm, and agin...

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting both upper and lower motor neurons. While there have been many potential factors implicated for ALS development, such as oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction...

Cells constantly adapt their metabolic pathways to meet their energy needs and respond to nutrient availability. During the last two decades, it has become increasingly clear that NAD⁺, a coenzyme in redox reactions, also mediates several ubiquitous...

Cellular NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase activity with artificial dyes (NAD(P)H-OR) is an indicator of viability, as the cellular redox state is important for biosynthesis and antioxidant defense. However, high NAD(P)H due to impaired mitochondrial...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is an essential cofactor that mediates numerous biological processes in all living cells. Multiple NAD⁺ biosynthetic enzymes and NAD⁺-consuming enzymes are involved in neuroprotection and axon regeneration. Th...

The decline in female fecundity is linked to advancing chronological age. The ovarian reserve diminishes in quantity and quality as women age, impacting reproductive efficiency and the aging process in the rest of the body. NAD⁺ is an essential coenz...

Plant mitochondrial NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME), which is composed of α- and β-subunits in many species, participates in many plant biosynthetic pathways and in plant respiratory metabolism. However, little is known about the properties of woody plant...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a cofactor in redox reactions and an essential mediator of energy metabolism. The redox balance between NAD⁺ and NADH affects various diseases, cell differentiation, and aging, and in recent years there has...

NAD⁺ has emerged as a crucial element in both bioenergetic and signaling pathways since it acts as a key regulator of cellular and organism homeostasis. NAD⁺ is a coenzyme in redox reactions, a donor of adenosine diphosphate-ribose (ADPr) moieties in...

This review elucidates the foundational principles of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) homeostasis in humans, emphasizing its depletion during aging and in age-associated disorders. Subsequently, the discussion extends to NAD⁺ precursors and...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a versatile chemical compound serving as a coenzyme in metabolic pathways and as a substrate to support the enzymatic functions of sirtuins (SIRTs), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and cyclic ADP ri...

The World Health Organization has identified oncological diseases as one of the most serious health concerns of the current century. Current research on oncogenesis is focused on the molecular mechanisms of energy-biochemical reprogramming in cancer...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) and its reduced form (NADH) are coenzymes employed in hundreds of metabolic reactions. NAD⁺ also serves as a substrate for enzymes such as sirtuins, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and ADP-ribosyl cyclase...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is an essential molecule involved in various metabolic reactions, acting as an electron donor in the electron transport chain and as a co-factor for NAD⁺-dependent enzymes. In the early 2000s, reports that NAD...

Premature aging causes morphological and functional changes in the kidney, leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is a global public health issue with far-reaching consequences, including cardio-vascular complications, increased frailty, shorte...

Abnormal NAD⁺ signaling has been implicated in axonal degeneration in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). We hypothesized that supplementing NAD⁺ precursors could alleviate DPN symptoms through increasing the NAD⁺ levels and activating the sirtuin-...

NAD+ plays a pivotal role in energy metabolism and adaptation to external stimuli and stressful conditions. A significant reduction in intracellular NAD+ levels is associated with aging and contributes to the development of chronic cardiovascular, ne...

The addiction of tumors to elevated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) levels is a hallmark of cancer metabolism. Obstructing NAD⁺ biosynthesis in tumors is a new and promising antineoplastic strategy. Inhibitors developed against nicotinamide...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) kinases are essential and ubiquitous enzymes involved in the tight regulation of NAD/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) levels in many metabolic pathways. Consequently, they represent promising...

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common and severe complication of diabetes mellitus. If left untreated, DKD can advance to end stage renal disease that requires either dialysis or kidney replacement. While numerous mechanisms underlie the pathogen...

Mitochondria play vital roles, including ATP generation, regulation of cellular metabolism, and cell survival. Mitochondria contain the majority of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), which an essential cofactor that regulates metaboli...

The persistent threat of COVID-19, particularly with the emergence of new variants, underscores the urgency for innovative therapeutic strategies beyond conventional antiviral treatments. Current immunotherapies, including IL-6/IL-6R monoclonal antib...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is an essential cofactor for redox enzymes, but also moonlights as a regulator for ion channels, the same as its metabolites. Ca²⁺ homeostasis is dysregulated in cancer cells and affects processes such as tumo...

KLF15 has recently emerged as a central regulator of metabolism. Although its connection to oxidative stress has been suspected, there has not been any study to date that directly demonstrates the molecular link. In this study, we sought to determine...

Actively proliferating cancer cells require sufficient amount of NADH and NADPH for biogenesis and to protect cells from the detrimental effect of reactive oxygen species. As both normal and cancer cells share the same NAD biosynthetic and metabolic...

The transcriptional repressor Rex plays important roles in regulating the expression of respiratory genes by sensing the reduction–oxidation (redox) state according to the intracellular NAD⁺/NADH balance. Previously, we reported on crystal stru...

Debaryomyces hansenii is considered an unconventional yeast with a strong biotechnological potential, which can produce and store high amounts of lipids. However, relatively little is known about its lipid metabolism, and genetic tools for this yeast...

NAD+ is an important metabolite in cell homeostasis that acts as an essential cofactor in oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions in various energy production processes, such as the Krebs cycle, fatty acid oxidation, glycolysis and serine biosynt...

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Its prevalence and incidence increase exponentially with age and the level of intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP reduction is currently the only therapeutic modality shown to slow glauco...