Homomorphic encryption solutions tend to be costly in terms of memory and computational resources, making them difficult to implement. In this paper, we present Kyber AHE, a lightweight additive homomorphic encryption scheme for computing the additio...
This paper presents a novel area-time efficient hardware architecture of the lattice-based CRYSTALS-Kyber, which has entered the third round of the post-quantum cryptography standardization competition hosted by the National Institute of Standards an...
Significant advancements have been achieved in the field of quantum computing in recent years. If somebody ever creates a sufficiently strong quantum computer, many of the public-key cryptosystems in use today might be compromised. Kyber is a post-qu...
In modern society, the Internet is one of the most used means of communication. Thus, secure information transfer is inevitably of major importance. Computers nowadays use encryption methods based on arithmetic operations to turn messages into cipher...
After being selected as a standard for Post-Quantum Cryptography Key Encapsulation Mechanisms by NIST, CRYSTALS-Kyber has driven the transformation of the information security field toward new standards. In CRYSTALS-Kyber, modular reduction is crucia...
CRYSTALS-Kyber and CRYSTALS-Dilithium are representative lattice-based post-quantum cryptographic schemes, where number theoretic transform (NTT), inverse NTT (INTT), and point-wise multiplication (PWM) dominate polynomial arithmetic. Existing hardwa...
Crystals-Kyber and Classic-McEliece are two prominent post-quantum key encapsulation mechanisms (KEMs) designed to address the challenges posed by quantum computing to classical cryptographic schemes. While the former has been standardized by the Nat...
The emergence of quantum computers threatens current cryptographic systems, and NIST is preparing for the post-quantum era through the post-quantum cryptography (PQC) contest. CRYSTALS-Kyber is a lattice-based cipher suite that is used as a PQC stand...
This paper proposes a post-quantum secure key agreement protocol tailored for vehicular networks (V2X), addressing the dual challenges of quantum resistance and lightweight deployment. The hybrid scheme integrates two lattice-based Key Encapsulation...
With the development of a quantum computer in the near future, classical public-key cryptography will face the challenge of being vulnerable to quantum algorithms, such as Shor’s algorithm. As communication technology advances rapidly, a great...
Current improvements in quantum computing present a substantial challenge to classical cryptographic systems, which typically rely on problems that can be solved in polynomial time using quantum algorithms. Consequently, post-quantum cryptography (PQ...
Deep learning-based side-channel analysis is one of the most effective techniques for extracting and classifying sensitive information from a target device. This paper demonstrates the best-performing deep learning model for the target implementation...
The imminent threat of large-scale quantum computers motivates the deployment of post-quantum cryptography (PQC). CRYSTALS-Kyber, a leading lattice-based Key Encapsulation Mechanism, relies heavily on Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) operations, whic...
Traditional cryptographic systems face critical vulnerabilities posed by the rapid advancement of quantum computing, particularly concerning key exchange mechanisms and the quality of entropy sources for random number generation. To address these cha...
5G addresses user privacy concerns in cellular networking by encrypting a subscriber identifier with elliptic-curve-based encryption and then transmitting it as ciphertext known as a Subscriber Concealed Identifier (SUCI). However, an adversary equip...
A group authenticated key exchange (GAKE) protocol allows a set of parties belonging to a certain designated group to agree upon a common secret key through an insecure communication network. In the last few years, many new cryptographic tools have b...
CRYSTALS-Kyber has been standardized as a general public-key post-quantum algorithm under the name of ML-KEM after NIST released its first three final post-quantum standards in August 2024. The resilience of post-quantum cryptography to side-channel...
The NIST standardisation process for Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) has nominated the CRYSTALS-Kyber Key-Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM) scheme as the primary key establishment method. The algorithm was renamed as the Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsul...
The Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) is a cornerstone for efficient polynomial multiplication, which is fundamental to lattice-based cryptographic algorithms such as CRYSTALS-Kyber—a leading candidate in post-quantum cryptography (PQC). However...
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a critical role in various fields, including logistics, agriculture, and rescue operations. Effective identity authentication and key agreement schemes are vital for UAV networks to combat threats. Current schemes...
The Medical Internet of Things (MIoT) has promoted smart healthcare through the deep integration of wearable devices, wireless communication, and cloud services. However, this framework faces security risks, as attackers may exploit public channels t...
Lattice-based post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms demand number theoretic transform (NTT)-based polynomial multiplications. NTT-based polynomials’ multiplication relies on the computation of forward number theoretic transform (FNTT) and...
Post-quantum threshold cryptography requires complete elimination of classical assumptions to achieve genuine quantum resistance. This work presents a fully lattice-based dealerless distributed key generation (DKG) protocol with threshold CRYSTALS&nd...
In the modern era of the Internet of Things (IoT), especially with the rapid development of quantum computers, the implementation of postquantum cryptography algorithms in numerous terminals allows them to defend against potential future quantum atta...
This paper presents a review of module ring learning with errors-based (MLWE-based) public-key encryption and key-establishment algorithms. In particular, we introduce the preliminaries of public key cryptography, MLWE-based algorithms, and arithmeti...
In order to resist the security risks caused by quantum computing, post-quantum cryptography (PQC) has been a research focus. Constructing a key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) based on lattices is one of the promising PQC routines. The algebraically s...
As medical technology develops and digital demands grow, personal health records (PHRs) are becoming more patient-centered than before based on cloud-based health information exchanges. While enhancing data accessibility and sharing, these systems pr...
The Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) has been widely used to speed up polynomial multiplication in lattice-based post-quantum algorithms. All NTT operands use modular arithmetic, especially modular multiplication, which significantly influences NTT h...
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses significant threats to classical cryptographic methods, such as Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), which currently secure Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud...
The advent of quantum computing poses significant challenges to traditional cryptographic systems, threatening the confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of digital communications. This paper investigates the integration of post-quantum cryptogr...
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a fundamental threat to classical public-key cryptographic systems, necessitating the transition to post-quantum cryptography (PQC). While significant progress has been made in the standardization of q...
Lattice-based post-quantum cryptography relies on fast polynomial multiplication. The Number-Theoretic Transform (NTT) is the key operation that enables this acceleration. To provide high throughput and low latency while keeping the area overhead sma...
Quantum computing threatens widely deployed public-key cryptosystems, accelerating the adoption of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) in practical systems. Beyond asymptotic security, the feasibility of PQC deployments depends on measured performance on...
In 2016, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) announced an open competition with the goal of finding and standardizing suitable algorithms for quantum-resistant cryptography. This study presents a detailed, mathematically oriente...
Cryptography is very essential in our daily life, not only for confidentiality of information, but also for information integrity verification, non-repudiation, authentication, and other aspects. In modern society, cryptography is widely used; everyt...
Proxy signatures enable the secure delegation of signing authority, which is particularly useful in resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) environments. However, most existing schemes rely on classical hardness assumptions and therefore cannot...
This research aims to establish a secure system for key exchange by using post-quantum cryptography (PQC) schemes in the classic channel of quantum key distribution (QKD). Modern cryptography faces significant threats from quantum computers, which ca...
The advent of quantum computing poses an existential threat to the security of cloud services that handle sensitive visual data. Simultaneously, the need for computational privacy requires the ability to process data without exposing it to the cloud...
In emerging environments such as cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT), secure authentication and key negotiation play a crucial role in protecting data transmitted over public networks. However, many existing authentication protocols are...
In the near future, commercially accessible quantum computers are anticipated to revolutionize the world as we know it. These advanced machines are predicted to render traditional cryptographic security measures, deeply ingrained in contemporary comm...
The standardisation of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) by NIST marks a critical transition away from classical public-key schemes towards quantum-resistant successors. As machine learning (ML) applications proliferate, the demand for efficient crypto...
This paper presents AERO-GUARD, a formally verified drone authentication and road surveillance system that integrates Kyber post-quantum key encapsulation, physical unclonable functions (PUFs), decentralized IPFS-based identity storage, and blockchai...
Future 6G-enabled smart hospital infrastructures will support latency-critical medical operations such as robotic surgery, autonomous monitoring, and real-time clinical decision systems, which require communication mechanisms that ensure both ultra-l...
The emergence of large-scale quantum computing presents an imminent threat to contemporary public-key cryptosystems, with quantum algorithms such as Shor’s algorithm capable of efficiently breaking RSA and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). Thi...
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The variational quantum algorithm (VQA) is a hybrid classical–quantum algorithm. It can actually run in an intermediate-scale quantum device where the number of available qubits is too limited to perform quantum error correction, so it is one o...
Fifth Generation (5G) cellular networks have been adopted worldwide since the rollout began around 2019. It brought with it many innovations and new services, such as Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (UR...
This study introduces a hardware accelerator to support various Post-Quantum Cryptosystem (PQC) schemes, addressing the quantum computing threat to cryptographic security. PQCs, while more secure, also bring significant computational demands, which a...
The expected arrival of cryptographically relevant quantum computers requires Internet of Things (IoT) communication infrastructure to migrate to Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). However, it remains unclear how this migration affects protocol-level p...
Migrating to Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) is critical for securing resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices against the “harvest-now, decrypt-later” threat. While ML-KEM (CRYSTALS-Kyber) has been standardized under FIPS 20...
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