Agronomy

26 pages, 3042 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Biochar-Based Fertilizers on Fenlong-Ridging Soil Physical Properties, Nutrient Activation, Enzyme Activity, Bacterial Diversity, and Sugarcane Yield

by Shuifang Zhu, Penglian Liang, Lipei Yang, Benhui Wei, Shijian Han, Meiyan Wu, Xiangyi He, Weicong Zeng, Zhenli He, Jiming Xiao, Suli Li and Zhigang Li

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1594; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071594 - 29 Jun 2025

Viewed by 295

Abstract

Biochar-based fertilizers can improve soil structure and fertility. However, their efficiency is affected by the raw materials of biochar. The effects of biochar-based fertilizers on the soil microenvironment under Fenlong-ridging conditions remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of biochar-based fertilizers [...] Read more.

Biochar-based fertilizers can improve soil structure and fertility. However, their efficiency is affected by the raw materials of biochar. The effects of biochar-based fertilizers on the soil microenvironment under Fenlong-ridging conditions remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of biochar-based fertilizers derived from sugarcane filter mud and rice straw on soil physicochemical properties, microbial communities, and sugarcane yield under Fenlong-ridging in Guangxi’s acidic red soil (Hapludults). A two-year field experiment (2021–2022) was conducted on a clay loam soil classified as Hapludults (USDA Soil Taxonomy) in the same experimental plots using three fertilizer applications—conventional chemical fertilization (CK), straw biochar-based fertilizer (T1), and sugar filter mud biochar-based fertilizer (T2)to determine the responses of soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community diversity to different biochar-based fertilizers and evaluate benefits to the soil environment and sugarcane yield. Soil samples (0–20 cm depth) revealed that T1 and T2 reduced bulk density by 2.31% and increased porosity by 2.00–2.31% versus CK. Notably, T2 exhibited 4.1-fold higher specific surface area than T1, driving stronger soil–bacterial interactions: it enhanced soil moisture (7.17–13.05%) and pH (17.89–24.14% in 2021; 8.68–11.57% in 2022), thereby promoting nutrient availability (N, P, K), organic matter (SOM), and sucrase activity. Microbiome analysis showed T2 enriched Gemmatimonadota and Sphingomonas (beneficial taxa) while suppressing Acidothermus. The results of RDA and Spearman correlation analysis indicated that the bacterial community structure was mainly affected by soil pH, TN, AP, and SOM. Consequently, T2 increased sugarcane yield by 5.63–11.16% over T1 through synergistic soil–microbial improvements. Future studies involving multi-site and long-term experiments are needed to confirm the broader applicability and stability of these findings. This study provides a theoretical basis for the positive regulation of sugar filter mud biochar-based fertilizers in the soil environment, bacterial community structure, and sugarcane yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3236 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Chemometric Analysis of Soil Health Indicators Derived from Mid-Infrared Spectra

by Gonzalo Almendros, Antonio López-Pérez and Zulimar Hernández

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1592; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071592 - 29 Jun 2025

Viewed by 251

Abstract

Significant models predicting Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and other chemical and biological indicators of soil health in an experimental farm with semi-arid Mediterranean Calcisol have been obtained by partial least squares (PLS) regression, with mid-infrared (MIR) spectra of whole soil samples used as [...] Read more.

Significant models predicting Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and other chemical and biological indicators of soil health in an experimental farm with semi-arid Mediterranean Calcisol have been obtained by partial least squares (PLS) regression, with mid-infrared (MIR) spectra of whole soil samples used as independent variables (IVs). The dependent variables (DVs) included SOC, pH, electric conductivity, N, P₂O₅, K, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. The DVs also included free-living nematodes and microbivores, such as Rhabditids and Cephalobids, and phytoparasitics, such as Xiphinema spp. and other Dorylaimids. More importantly, an attempt was made to determine which spectral patterns allowed each dependent variable (DV) to be predicted. For this purpose, a number of statistical indices were plotted between 4000 and 450 cm⁻¹, e.g., variable importance for prediction (VIP) and beta coefficients from PLS, loading factors from principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation and determination indices. The most effective plots, however, were the “scaled subtraction spectra” (SSS) obtained by subtracting the averages of groups of spectra in order to reproduce the spectral patterns typical in soils where the values of each DV are higher, or vice versa. For instance, distinct SSS resembled the spectra of carbonate, clay, oxides and SOC, whose varying concentrations enabled the prediction of the different DVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Health and Properties in a Changing Environment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 7959 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biocontrol Potential of Microfighter: A Zeolite-Based Product Enriched with Pseudomonas synxantha DSL65

by Elena Cudazzo, Lucia Morrone, Giacomo Ferretti, Barbara Faccini, Daniele Mirandola, Luca Fagioli and Annalisa Rotondi

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1563; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071563 - 27 Jun 2025

Viewed by 338

Abstract

Particle film technology is an environmentally sustainable crop protection method, offering an alternative to chemical pesticides for disease control. Copper-based compounds have long been central to the management of bacterial and fungal diseases, particularly in organic agriculture. However, due to their environmental persistence, [...] Read more.

Particle film technology is an environmentally sustainable crop protection method, offering an alternative to chemical pesticides for disease control. Copper-based compounds have long been central to the management of bacterial and fungal diseases, particularly in organic agriculture. However, due to their environmental persistence, their use has been increasingly restricted by European regulations, making the management of widespread diseases such as Olive Knot (Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi) and Downy Mildew (Plasmopara viticola) more difficult. The LIFE Microfighter project addresses this problem by testing a novel Zeo-Biopesticide (ZBp), in which natural zeolite serves as a carrier for the beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas synxantha DLS65. Field trials conducted in high-rainfall areas of Emilia-Romagna (Italy) evaluated the product’s distribution and persistence on olive and grape leaves through ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy) observations, its ability to retain the microorganism, and its effectiveness for disease control. Results showed that ZBp significantly reduced Olive Knot incidence compared to both the untreated control and Cu-based treatments (p < 0.05), supporting its potential as an alternative for bacterial disease management, while showing no statistically significant difference compared to the control in either the incidence or severity of Downy Mildew (p > 0.05). Its persistence and adherence to plant surfaces, which could influence its overall field performance, were affected by environmental conditions, particularly rainfall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1384 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Candidate Gene Variants Linked to Brown Rot Susceptibility in the European Plum Genome

by Raminta Antanynienė, Monika Kurgonaitė, Vidmantas Bendokas and Birutė Frercks

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1562; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071562 - 26 Jun 2025

Viewed by 286

Abstract

European plum (Prunus domestica) is among the most important stone fruits cultivated worldwide. However, its production is significantly affected by fungal brown rot disease, caused by Monilinia spp. pathogens, which threaten the crop throughout the entire vegetation period. This study aimed [...] Read more.

European plum (Prunus domestica) is among the most important stone fruits cultivated worldwide. However, its production is significantly affected by fungal brown rot disease, caused by Monilinia spp. pathogens, which threaten the crop throughout the entire vegetation period. This study aimed to visually assess brown rot resistance and susceptibility in European plum and to perform whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of selected cultivars and hybrids grown in Lithuania, with the goal of identifying candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with disease response. WGS was performed for 20 European plum cultivars and hybrids with known resistance or susceptibility profiles, generating over 1,4 million SNPs. These SNPs were filtered to identify genetic variants associated with brown rot disease. Three candidate SNPs were found to be significantly associated with disease response (located on chromosomes G5 and G8) and one linked to susceptibility (on chromosome G5). Identified SNPs were located in genes encoding alcohol dehydrogenase family enzymes (resistant cultivars, G5 chromosome) and beta-glucosidase family enzymes (variants found in both resistant and susceptible cultivars, G5 chromosome), which are important for plant biotic stress response. The findings of this study provide a valuable foundation for the development of molecular markers for identifying resistant and susceptible cultivars and may inform future European plum breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Climate Variability on Horticultural Plant Growth and the Development of Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 855 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Putative Second-Site Mutations in the Barley Low Phytic Acid 1-1 (lpa 1-1) Genetic Background Further Reduce Seed Total Phosphorus

by Beverly L. Agesa, Victor Raboy, Paul J. A. Withers and Katherine A. Steele

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1550; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071550 - 25 Jun 2025

Viewed by 277

Abstract

Inefficient crop phosphorus (P) use impacts global food security and P fertilizer use can be environmentally harmful. Lines homozygous for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) low phytic acid 1-1 (lpa 1-1) have yields equivalent to the wild type but ~15% less [...] Read more.

Inefficient crop phosphorus (P) use impacts global food security and P fertilizer use can be environmentally harmful. Lines homozygous for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) low phytic acid 1-1 (lpa 1-1) have yields equivalent to the wild type but ~15% less seed Total P (TP). The objective here was to identify second-site mutations in the lpa1-1 background that condition a further reduction in seed TP, again with little impact on yield. A chemically mutagenized population was derived from lpa 1-1 and screened to identify lines with seed TP reductions greater than 15% (as compared with wild-type) but with seed weights per plant within 80% of wild-type. Three M₄ lines were selected and evaluated in a greenhouse pot experiment. Plants were grown to maturity either on a soil with low soil P fertility (16 to 25 mg Olsen P L⁻¹; Soil P Index 1) or with that soil supplemented (36 kg P ha⁻¹) to provide optimal available soil P. Mean seed P reduction across the three lines and two soil P levels was 28%, a near doubling of the lpa1-1 seed Total P reduction. When grown with optimal soil available P, no impact of these putative mutations on grain yield was observed. These findings suggest that the three lpa 1-1-derived mutant lines carry second-site mutations conferring substantially (~17%) greater decreases in seed TP than that conferred by lpa 1-1. If the putative mutations are confirmed to be heritable and to have negligible impact on yield, they could be used in breeding P-efficient barley cultivars as a step towards reducing regional and global P demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthrough and Innovation of Mutants in Genetic Improvement of Crop Varieties)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 2080 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Multiple Signals Can Be Integrated into Pathways of Blue-Light-Mediated Floral Transition: Possible Explanations on Diverse Flowering Responses to Blue Light Manipulation

by Yun Kong and Youbin Zheng

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071534 - 25 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 413

Abstract

Blue light (BL) plays a crucial role in regulating floral transition and can be precisely manipulated in controlled-environment agriculture (CEA). However, previous studies on BL-mediated flowering in CEA have produced conflicting results, likely due to species-specific responses and variations in experimental conditions (such [...] Read more.

Blue light (BL) plays a crucial role in regulating floral transition and can be precisely manipulated in controlled-environment agriculture (CEA). However, previous studies on BL-mediated flowering in CEA have produced conflicting results, likely due to species-specific responses and variations in experimental conditions (such as light spectrum and intensity) as summarized in our recent systematic review. This speculation still lacks a mechanistic explanation at the molecular level. By synthesizing recent advances in our understanding of the signaling mechanisms underlying floral transition, this review highlights how both internal signals (e.g., hormones, carbohydrates, and developmental stage) and external cues (e.g., light spectrum, temperature, nutrients, stress, and magnetic fields) are integrated into the flowering pathway mediated by BL. Key signal integration nodes have been identified, ranging from photoreceptors (e.g., cryptochromes) to downstream components such as transcription factors and central flowering regulator, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). This signal integration offers a potential mechanistic explanation for the previously inconsistent findings, which may arise from interspecies differences in photoreceptor composition and variation in the expression of downstream components influenced by hormonal crosstalk, environmental conditions, and developmental stage, depending on the specific context. This review provides novel molecular insights into how BL modulates floral transition through interactions with other signals. By systematically compiling and critically assessing recent research findings, we identify key research gaps and outline future directions, particularly the need for more studies in agriculturally important crops. Furthermore, this review proposes a conceptual framework for optimizing BL-based lighting strategies and exploring underexamined interaction factors in the regulation of flowering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of LED Light Spectra on the Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Value of Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 11510 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Beyond Color: Phenomic and Physiological Tomato Harvest Maturity Assessment in an NFT Hydroponic Growing System

by Dugan Um, Chandana Koram, Prasad Nethala, Prashant Reddy Kasu, Shawana Tabassum, A. K. M. Sarwar Inam and Elvis D. Sangmen

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071524 - 23 Jun 2025

Viewed by 445

Abstract

Current tomato harvesters rely primarily on external color as the sole indicator of ripeness. However, this approach often results in premature harvesting, leading to insufficient lycopene accumulation and a suboptimal nutritional content for human consumption. Such limitations are especially critical in controlled-environment agriculture [...] Read more.

Current tomato harvesters rely primarily on external color as the sole indicator of ripeness. However, this approach often results in premature harvesting, leading to insufficient lycopene accumulation and a suboptimal nutritional content for human consumption. Such limitations are especially critical in controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) systems, where maximizing fruit quality and nutrient density is essential for both the yield and consumer health. To address that challenge, this study introduces a novel, multimodal harvest readiness framework tailored to nutrient film technology (NFT)-based smart farms. The proposed approach integrates plant-level stress diagnostics and fruit-level phenotyping using wearable biosensors, AI-assisted computer vision, and non-invasive physiological sensing. Key physiological markers—including the volatile organic compound (VOC) methanol, phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and nutrients nitrate and ammonium concentrations—are combined with phenomic traits such as fruit color (a*), size, chlorophyll index (rGb), and water status. The innovation lies in a four-stage decision-making pipeline that filters physiologically stressed plants before selecting ripened fruits based on internal and external quality indicators. Experimental validation across four plant conditions (control, water-stressed, light-stressed, and wounded) demonstrated the efficacy of VOC and hormone sensors in identifying optimal harvest candidates. Additionally, the integration of low-cost electrochemical ion sensors provides scalable nutrient monitoring within NFT systems. This research delivers a robust, sensor-driven framework for autonomous, data-informed harvesting decisions in smart indoor agriculture. By fusing real-time physiological feedback with AI-enhanced phenotyping, the system advances precision harvest timing, improves fruit nutritional quality, and sets the foundation for resilient, feedback-controlled farming platforms suited to meeting global food security and sustainability demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection AI, Sensors and Robotics for Smart Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 1579 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Microplastics in Soil–Plant Systems: Current Knowledge, Research Gaps, and Future Directions for Agricultural Sustainability

by Zhangling Chen, Laura J. Carter, Steven A. Banwart and Paul Kay

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071519 - 22 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1011

Abstract

With the increasing accumulation of plastic residues in agricultural ecosystems, microplastics (MPs) have emerged as a novel and pervasive environmental risk factor threatening sustainable agriculture. Compared to aquatic systems, our understanding of MP dynamics in agricultural soils—particularly their transport mechanisms, bioavailability, plant uptake [...] Read more.

With the increasing accumulation of plastic residues in agricultural ecosystems, microplastics (MPs) have emerged as a novel and pervasive environmental risk factor threatening sustainable agriculture. Compared to aquatic systems, our understanding of MP dynamics in agricultural soils—particularly their transport mechanisms, bioavailability, plant uptake pathways, and ecological impacts—remains limited. These knowledge gaps impede accurate risk assessment and hinder the development of effective mitigation strategies. This review critically synthesises current knowledge in the study of MPs within soil–plant systems. It examines how MPs influence soil physicochemical properties, plant physiological processes, toxicological responses, and rhizosphere interactions. It further explores the transport dynamics of MPs in soil–plant systems and recent advances in analytical techniques for their detection and quantification. The role of plant functional traits in mediating species-specific responses to MP exposure is also discussed. In addition, the review evaluates the ecological relevance of laboratory-based findings under realistic agricultural conditions, highlighting the methodological limitations imposed by pollution heterogeneity, complex exposure scenarios, and detection technologies. It also examines existing policy responses at both regional and global levels aimed at addressing MP pollution in agriculture. To address these challenges, we propose future research directions that include the integration of multi-method detection protocols, long-term and multi-site field experiments, the development of advanced risk modelling frameworks, and the establishment of threshold values for MP residues in edible crops. Additionally, we highlight the need for future policies to regulate the full life cycle of agricultural plastics, monitor soil MP residues, and integrate MP risks into food safety assessments. This review provides both theoretical insights and practical strategies for understanding and mitigating MP pollution in agroecosystems, supporting the transition toward more sustainable, resilient, and environmentally sound agricultural practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Agroecosystems: Strategies to Mitigate Plastic Pollution for Sustainable Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 728 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Agronomic Use of Urban Composts from Decentralized Composting Scenarios: Implications for a Horticultural Crop and Soil Properties

by Cristina Álvarez-Alonso, María Dolores Pérez-Murcia, Natalia Manrique, F. Javier Andreu-Rodríguez, Miguel Ángel Mira-Urios, Ignacio Irigoyen, Marga López, Luciano Orden, Raúl Moral, Isabel Nogués and María Ángeles Bustamante

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1520; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071520 - 22 Jun 2025

Viewed by 435

Abstract

Circular economy in the context of municipal organic waste management has boosted the emergence of novel composting scenarios, such as community composting and decentralized urban composting in small installations, which favors localized management and valorization of organic waste streams. However, there is little [...] Read more.

Circular economy in the context of municipal organic waste management has boosted the emergence of novel composting scenarios, such as community composting and decentralized urban composting in small installations, which favors localized management and valorization of organic waste streams. However, there is little information about the agronomic use of the composts obtained from these new organic waste management systems as an alternative for inorganic fertilization in crop production. In this work, municipal solid waste-derived composts from two decentralized composting scenarios (CM1 and CM2 from community composting, and CM3 and CM4 from decentralized urban small-scale composting plants) were applied and mixed in the top layer of a calcareous clayey-loam soil to assess their effects as alternative substitutes for conventional soil inorganic fertilization (IN) during two successive cultivation cycles of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in pots with the amended soils. These treatments were also compared with an organic waste (goat–rabbit manure, E) and a control treatment without fertilization (B). The effects of the fertilizing treatments on the crop yield and quality, as well as on the properties of the soil considered were studied. In general, the application of the different composts did not produce negative effects on lettuce yield and quality. The compost-derived fertilization showed similar lettuce yields compared to the inorganic and manure-derived fertilizations (IN and E, respectively), and higher yields than the soil without amendment (B), with increases in the initial yield values of B, for the first cycle from 34.2% for CM1 to 53.8% for CM3, and from 20.3% for CM3 to 92.4% for CM1 in the second cycle. Furthermore, the organically amended soils showed a better crop development, obtaining higher values than the control treatment in the parameters studied. In addition, the incorporation of the organic treatments improved the soil characteristics, leading to 1.3 and 1.2 times higher organic matter contents in the soils with CM2 and in the soils with CM1, CM3, and E, respectively, compared to the control soil without fertilizing treatment (B), and 2.0 and 1.8 times greater organic matter contents, respectively, compared to soil with inorganic fertilization (IN). Therefore, the use of municipal solid waste-derived composts from these new organic waste management systems, such as the decentralized composting scenarios studied (community composting and urban decentralized small-scale composting plants), is presented, not only as a sustainable valorization method, but also as an alternative for the use of inorganic fertilizers in lettuce cultivation, while enhancing soil properties, contributing to increasing the circularity of agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composting as a Key Driver for Sustainable Agricultural Scenarios—3rd Editon)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

30 pages, 2752 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Application of Hyperspectral Imaging for Early Detection of Pathogen-Induced Stress in Cabbage as Case Study

by Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda, Ryszard Hołownicki, Grzegorz Doruchowski, Konrad Sas, Joanna Puławska, Anna Jarecka-Boncela, Magdalena Ptaszek and Agnieszka Włodarek

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071516 - 22 Jun 2025

Viewed by 580

Abstract

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) is a globally significant vegetable crop that faces productivity challenges due to fungal and bacterial pathogens. This review highlights the potential of spectral imaging techniques, specifically multispectral and hyperspectral methods, in detecting biotic stress in cabbage, with a [...] Read more.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) is a globally significant vegetable crop that faces productivity challenges due to fungal and bacterial pathogens. This review highlights the potential of spectral imaging techniques, specifically multispectral and hyperspectral methods, in detecting biotic stress in cabbage, with a particular emphasis on pathogen-induced responses. These non-invasive approaches enable real-time assessment of plant physiological and biochemical changes, providing detailed spectral data to identify pathogens before visible symptoms appear. Hyperspectral imaging, with its high spectral resolution, allows for distinctions among different pathogens and the evaluation of stress responses, whereas multispectral imaging offers broad-scale monitoring suitable for field-level applications. The work synthesizes research in the existing literature while presenting novel experimental findings that validate and extend current knowledge. Significant spectral changes are reported in cabbage leaves infected by Alternaria brassicae and Botrytis cinerea. Early-stage detection was facilitated by alterations in flavonoids (400–450 nm), chlorophyll (430–450, 680–700 nm), carotenoids (470–520 nm), xanthophyll (520–600 nm), anthocyanin (550–560 nm, 700–710 nm, 780–790 nm), phenols/mycotoxins (700–750 nm, 718–722), water/pigments content (800–900 nm), and polyphenols/lignin (900–1000). The findings underscore the importance of targeting specific spectral ranges for early pathogen detection. By integrating these techniques with machine learning, this research demonstrates their applicability in advancing precision agriculture, improving disease management, and promoting sustainable production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 331 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Impact of Heat Stress on Canola (Brassica napus L.) Yield, Oil, and Fatty Acid Profile

by Elizabeth Markie, Ali Khoddami, Sonia Y. Liu, Sheng Chen and Daniel K. Y. Tan

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071511 - 21 Jun 2025

Viewed by 425

Abstract

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is an oilseed crop that is currently being impacted by climate change. Heat stress risks production by impacting yield, oil, protein, and fatty acid profile. The purpose of this literature review was to assess the impact of heat [...] Read more.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is an oilseed crop that is currently being impacted by climate change. Heat stress risks production by impacting yield, oil, protein, and fatty acid profile. The purpose of this literature review was to assess the impact of heat stress on canola while briefly evaluating other abiotic stresses, and to address the following research questions: (1) What is the impact of heat stress on canola yield?, (2) What is the impact of heat stress on canola oil and protein content?, and (3) What is the impact of heat stress on the fatty acid profile of canola? Forty papers were selected in relation to B. napus heat stress and impact on yield, oil content, or fatty acid profile, from 1978 to 2025. Key findings revealed that heat stress negatively impacted yield and oil, while significant variation was observed within the fatty acid profile. Genotype, heat stress condition, and growth stage significantly impacted results. Certain genotypes were identified as having potential heat-tolerant traits, providing a basis for future breeding programs. Future field studies with controlled irrigation may better explain variations between controlled environment and field studies when water stress is not a concern. A better understanding of the impact of combined stresses, particularly heat and drought, is also required for breeding tolerant lines in regions with minimal irrigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroclimatology and Crop Production: Adapting to Climate Change)

23 pages, 1348 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Genome Era of Forage Selection: Current Status and Future Directions for Perennial Ryegrass Breeding and Evaluation

by Jiashuai Zhu, Kevin F. Smith, Noel O. Cogan, Khageswor Giri and Joe L. Jacobs

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1494; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061494 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 496

Abstract

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a cornerstone forage species in temperate dairy systems worldwide, valued for its high yield potential, nutritive quality, and grazing recovery. However, current regional evaluation systems face challenges in accurately assessing complex traits like seasonal dry matter [...] Read more.

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a cornerstone forage species in temperate dairy systems worldwide, valued for its high yield potential, nutritive quality, and grazing recovery. However, current regional evaluation systems face challenges in accurately assessing complex traits like seasonal dry matter yield due to polygenic nature, environmental variability, and lengthy evaluation cycles. This review examines the evolution of perennial ryegrass evaluation systems, from regional frameworks—like Australia’s Forage Value Index (AU-FVI), New Zealand’s Forage Value Index (NZ-FVI), and Ireland’s Pasture Profit Index (PPI)—to advanced genomic prediction (GP) approaches. We discuss prominent breeding frameworks—F2 family, Half-sib family, and Synthetic Population—and their integration with high-throughput genotyping technologies. Statistical models for GP are compared, including marker-based, kernel-based, and non-parametric approaches, highlighting their strengths in capturing genetic complexity. Key research efforts include representative genotyping approaches for heterozygous populations, disentangling endophyte–host interactions, extending prediction to additional economically important traits, and modeling genotype-by-environment (G × E) interactions. The integration of multi-omics data, advanced phenotyping technologies, and environmental modeling offers promising avenues for enhancing prediction accuracy under changing environmental conditions. By discussing the combination of regional evaluation systems with GP, this review provides comprehensive insights for enhancing perennial ryegrass breeding and evaluation programs, ultimately supporting sustainable productivity of the dairy industry in the face of climate challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Strategies for Forage Breeding and Cultivation Under Challenging Conditions)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

28 pages, 1300 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Somaclonal Variation and Clonal Fidelity in Commercial Micropropagation: Challenges and Perspectives

by Sweety Majumder, Abir U. Igamberdiev and Samir C. Debnath

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061489 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 882

Abstract

Plant tissue culture has been recognized as an essential technology in plant science research. This process is widely used to regenerate and conserve phenotypically and genetically identical plant resources. The advancements in tissue culture methods have become a feasible option for the micropropagation [...] Read more.

Plant tissue culture has been recognized as an essential technology in plant science research. This process is widely used to regenerate and conserve phenotypically and genetically identical plant resources. The advancements in tissue culture methods have become a feasible option for the micropropagation of plants at the commercial level. The success of commercial micropropagation necessitates genetic stability among regenerated plants. Sometimes, in vitro-grown plants show genetic and epigenetic alterations due to stressful artificial culture conditions, media compositions, and explant types. As a result, it is essential to ensure genetic stability among tissue culture-derived plantlets at a very early stage. Somaclonal variations can be detected by phenotypic assessment, cytogenetic, DNA-based molecular markers, bisulfite sequencing, and RNA sequencing. This review aims to describe the causes behind somaclonal variation, the selection of somaclonal variants, and their uses in crop and plant improvement at the commercial level. This study discusses the optimization processes of undesirable genetic and epigenetic variation among micropropagated plants and their application in global horticulture, agriculture, and forestry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1539 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Foliar Spray of Macronutrient Influences Fruit Quality of Sugar Belle^® Mandarin Grown in Florida Sandy Soil

by Shankar Shrestha, Laura Waldo and Arnold Schumann

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061483 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 772

Abstract

Sugar Belle^® mandarin is considered tolerant to Huanglongbing (HLB); however, recent reports have raised concerns about its fruit quality, noting issues such as reduced fruit size, thin peel, poor coloration, decreased firmness, and suboptimal juice quality. Two-year field experiments were conducted to [...] Read more.

Sugar Belle^® mandarin is considered tolerant to Huanglongbing (HLB); however, recent reports have raised concerns about its fruit quality, noting issues such as reduced fruit size, thin peel, poor coloration, decreased firmness, and suboptimal juice quality. Two-year field experiments were conducted to improve external and internal fruit characteristics through foliar application of potassium (K) in five-year-old Sugar Belle mandarin grown in Florida sandy soil. The experiment consisted of foliar K supply (17 kg/ha) via Potassium Nitrate (PN, 4.7 kg/ha N), Dipotassium Phosphate (DKP, 12.7 kg/ha P₂O₅), PN with boron (PNB, 0.84 kg/ha B) at different application times (May, July, September), including one-time Gibberellic acid spray (GA@10 mg/L) and control treatments. PN application during July (PN_J) or two applications of PN with B during May and July (PNB_MJ) resulted in a larger fruit size (>65 mm). Results showed that PN application before fall (May or July) resulted in a significantly thicker peel (2.3 mm), 1.15 fold more than the control and GA treatment. Fruit puncture resistance force was significantly higher (33.1 N) with GA treatment (p = 0.07), followed by PNB_MJ (32.6 N). Meanwhile, K spray positively influenced juice qualities and peel color, regardless of application time or source. However, GA treatment significantly reduced juice quality and peel color. These findings highlighted the benefits of foliar K supply as PN to improve fruit qualities in HLB-affected citrus grown in sandy soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Water, Nutrient, and Pesticide Management of Fruit Crop)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 815 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Nutrient Forms in Foliar Fertilizers on the Growth and Biofortification of Maize on Different Soil Types

by Rafał Januszkiewicz, Grzegorz Kulczycki, Elżbieta Sacała and Cezary Kabała

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061482 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 543

Abstract

This research aimed to evaluate how different chemical forms of key nutrients, delivered through an advanced foliar product (PRO) and a standard formulation (TRA), influence maize performance when grown on contrasting soil types. Each fertilizer provided a set of macro- and micronutrients, including [...] Read more.

This research aimed to evaluate how different chemical forms of key nutrients, delivered through an advanced foliar product (PRO) and a standard formulation (TRA), influence maize performance when grown on contrasting soil types. Each fertilizer provided a set of macro- and micronutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc, along with trace elements such as chromium, iodine, lithium, and selenium. In TRA, Fe and Zn were complexed with EDTA, and trace elements were present in mineral form. In PRO, Fe and Zn were chelated with amino acids, and trace elements were bound to plant extracts. The study examined increasing doses of PRO and their potential toxicity. Both fertilizers improved maize biomass: fresh weight increased by 5–8% and dry weight by 8–14%, depending on the dose. At the lowest dose, yields were similar. However, PRO was more effective in biofortifying maize with iron and zinc on sandy soil, increasing levels by 16% and 7% compared to TRA at the lowest dose and up to 29% at the highest dose. PRO was well tolerated at higher doses. No significant differences were observed between the second and third doses of PRO, suggesting reduced efficacy at the highest dose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fertilizer Innovation and Practice in Sustainable Intensified Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2768 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evolution of Non-Destructive and Destructive Peach ‘Redhaven’ Quality Traits During Maturation

by Marko Vuković, Dejan Ljubobratović, Maja Matetić, Marija Brkić Bakarić, Slaven Jurić and Tomislav Jemrić

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1476; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061476 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 589

Abstract

The main goal of this study was to investigate and better understand the evolution of the main non-destructive and destructive quality parameters of peach ‘Redhaven’ during ripening process. This study was conducted from 8 to 21 July 2023, during which peaches ‘Redhaven’ were [...] Read more.

The main goal of this study was to investigate and better understand the evolution of the main non-destructive and destructive quality parameters of peach ‘Redhaven’ during ripening process. This study was conducted from 8 to 21 July 2023, during which peaches ‘Redhaven’ were harvested each second day from a commercial orchard located in Novaki Bistranjski. Maturity categories were defined according to different firmness thresholds: maturity for long-distance chain stores (H1), maturity for medium-distance chain stores (H2), maturity below the defined maximum firmness in order to preserve optimal quality traits (H3), ready to buy (H4), ready to eat (H5), and overripe (H6). The chlorophyll absorbance index was the non-destructive parameter that was mostly distinguished between maturity categories (r = 0.78 with firmness), followed by a* and h° ground colour parameters. During the first three maturity categories (H1–H3), firmness had a notably smaller correlation with titratable acidity and the ratio of total soluble solids and titratable acidity, which is not the case for a* and h° ground colour parameters, chlorophyll absorbance index, and the share of additional colour. During the last three maturity categories (H4–H6), non-destructive parameters are not reliable for maturity prediction. When ground colour parameters are measured near petiole insertion, mostly smaller segregation between maturity categories is obtained compared to when measured at the rest of the fruit. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content in peach juice notably corelated only in the last two maturity categories with L* ground colour parameter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Harvesting: Integrating Pre-Harvest and Post-Harvest Technologies for Crop Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 3235 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Agronomy and Environmental Sustainability of the Four Major Global Vegetable Oil Crops: Oil Palm, Soybean, Rapeseed, and Sunflower

by Denis J. Murphy

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1465; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061465 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 790

Abstract

Four crops, oil palm, soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower, are collectively responsible for >91% of all globally traded vegetable oil production, worth an annual USD 223 billion. However, these crops fall into two distinctive categories with respect to their agronomy, yield, socioeconomic value, and [...] Read more.

Four crops, oil palm, soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower, are collectively responsible for >91% of all globally traded vegetable oil production, worth an annual USD 223 billion. However, these crops fall into two distinctive categories with respect to their agronomy, yield, socioeconomic value, and overall sustainability. The dichotomy between perennial oil palm and the three annual oilseed crops is perhaps best shown in their relative efficiencies in oil production versus the amount of land that they occupy. Hence, land-friendly oil palm produces >90 Mt of oil on 29 Mha of land, with an average oil yield of 3.3 t/ha. In contrast, the three land-hungry annual crops collectively produce 121 Mt of oil on a huge land area of 191 Mha, giving a much lower average oil yield of 0.6 t/ha. In this study, the dichotomy between oil palm and the three major oilseed crops is examined further by comparing their respective carbon emission and uptake dynamics. The direct comparison of four such different crops is challenging, as much of the previous work has focused on single crops involving differing methodologies. The analysis therefore provides a novel perspective that enables several important conclusions to be drawn for policy decisions on the use of limited land resources. In particular, the sustainable production of vegetable oils needs to be reconsidered in the context of factors such as climate change, threats to food security, and the performance of the global economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1394 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Aeration and Chemical Additives Prevent Hyperhydration and Allow the Production of High-Quality In Vitro Potato Plantlets

by Pál Szarvas and Judit Dobránszki

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1470; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061470 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 315

Abstract

The production of healthy propagating material of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is based on in vitro micropropagation. In vitro conditions, however, can cause stress leading to reduced quality, growth and development of in vitro plantlets. The effects of aeration and chemical [...] Read more.

The production of healthy propagating material of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is based on in vitro micropropagation. In vitro conditions, however, can cause stress leading to reduced quality, growth and development of in vitro plantlets. The effects of aeration and chemical additives on the in vitro growth and development and quality of potato plantlets were investigated. Four different jar closure types were tested, i.e., an intact metal cap (control), two layers of semi-permeable plastic foil, a metal cap with a single hole, or a metal cap with three holes. Under tightly sealed conditions (intact metal cap) the effects of silver nitrate (2.0 mg L⁻¹) and 1-naphtylacetic acid (0.1 mg L⁻¹) alone or in combination with each other, meta-topoline (0.1 mg L⁻¹), ascorbic acid (10.0 mg L⁻¹), salicylic acid (0.1 mg L⁻¹), jasmonic acid (0.1 mg L⁻¹) and glutamic acid (0.3 mg L⁻¹) were studied. Morpho-physiological parameters were measured at the end of the subculture. Leaf development was a good indicator of the presumed ethylene effect. The development and quality of the plantlets were best in cultures sealed with three-holed caps. Of the chemicals applied, only the presence of silver nitrate resulted in high-quality plantlets. The combined application of silver nitrate and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid promoted root growth and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Tissue Culture and Plant Somatic Embryogenesis–2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 3224 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Surviving the Extremes: The Synergistic Impact of Drought and Salinity on Thymus capitatus Growth, Physiology, and Biochemistry

by Karim Etri, Beáta Gosztola and Zsuzsanna Pluhár

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061449 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 496

Abstract

Thymus capitatus, a Mediterranean medicinal plant, exhibits complex physiological and biochemical responses to environmental stress. This study investigated the effects of drought (40% SWC), salinity (70% SWC + 90 mM NaCl), and their combination (40% SWC + 90 mM NaCl) on the [...] Read more.

Thymus capitatus, a Mediterranean medicinal plant, exhibits complex physiological and biochemical responses to environmental stress. This study investigated the effects of drought (40% SWC), salinity (70% SWC + 90 mM NaCl), and their combination (40% SWC + 90 mM NaCl) on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits of T. capitatus over 39 days. All stress treatments reduced shoot and root biomass, relative water content, chlorophyll, and carotenoids, with combined stress causing the most severe declines. Proline and soluble sugars accumulated, indicating osmotic adjustment. Total polyphenol content remained stable under single stress but increased under combined stress (123.28 mg GAE/g DW), suggesting an enhanced defense response. Hydrogen peroxide levels surged, particularly under combined stress (7.76 µmol H₂O₂/g FW), reflecting oxidative stress. Essential oil yield declined from 3.22 mL/100 g DW under control conditions to −30% and −34% under drought and combined stress, respectively, while carvacrol content increased (+4.71%) under combined stress, indicating a stress-induced metabolic shift. Antioxidant capacity significantly declined under salt and combined stress, likely due to oxidative stress overwhelming the plant’s defense mechanisms. These findings highlight Thymus capitata’s resilience, with combined stress having the most detrimental impact, followed by drought, while salinity had a more moderate effect. Despite these challenges, the plant retained key bioactive compounds, reinforcing its potential for stress prone environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Aspects of Medicinal, Aromatic and Spice Plants' Cultivation, Harvest, Processing and Conservation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1134 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characterization of Heat Tolerance in Two Apple Rootstocks Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence as a Screening Method

by Ines Mihaljević, Marija Viljevac Vuletić, Vesna Tomaš, Dominik Vuković and Zvonimir Zdunić

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061442 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 506

Abstract

High temperature has an adverse effect on apple production worldwide. Photosynthesis is a process especially vulnerable to heat stress, which can reduce photosynthetic efficiency, plant growth, development, and ultimately yield. Although the effects of heat stress on apples have been partially examined, the [...] Read more.

High temperature has an adverse effect on apple production worldwide. Photosynthesis is a process especially vulnerable to heat stress, which can reduce photosynthetic efficiency, plant growth, development, and ultimately yield. Although the effects of heat stress on apples have been partially examined, the photochemical reactions and heat tolerance of specific rootstocks have still not been sufficiently investigated. Identification of rootstocks with better photosynthetic performance and adaptation to heat stress enables the selection of rootstocks, which could contribute to stable yields and good fruit quality even at elevated temperatures. In this study, chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) induction kinetics was used to investigate the heat tolerance between two apple rootstocks (M.9 and G.210). In addition, we employed lipid peroxidation measurements, hydrogen peroxide quantification, proline content, and total phenolic and flavonoid assessments. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and OJIP curves (different steps of the polyphasic fluorescence transient; O–J–I–P phases) revealed significant differences in their responses, with higher values of the PI_ABS parameter indicating better PS II stability and overall photosynthetic efficiency in M.9 rootstock. The higher contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, and significant increase in the accumulation of phenolics, and flavonoids in this rootstock also contributed to its better adaptation to heat stress. Oxidative stress was more pronounced in G.210 through higher H₂O₂ and MDA levels, which could point to its lower capacity to adjust to heat stress conditions. This research can provide a scientific basis for further breeding programs and growing plans due to climate change and the occurrence of extremely high temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Qualitative and Quantitative Plant Screening Measurements for Yield and Quality Enhancement)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1160 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Linking Almond Yield and Quality to the Production System and Irrigation Strategy Considering the Plantation Age in a Mediterranean Semiarid Environment

by Abel Calderón-Pavón, Iván Francisco García-Tejero, Luis Noguera-Artiaga, Leontina Lipan, Esther Sendra, Francisca Hernández, Juan Francisco Herencia-Galán, Ángel Antonio Carbonell-Barrachina and Víctor Hugo Durán Zuazo

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061448 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 384

Abstract

Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) is characterized by its water stress tolerance and adaptability to diverse management strategies, allowing it to maintain or even enhance almond quality while achieving optimal yields. Limited research has been conducted to date on how almond production and [...] Read more.

Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) is characterized by its water stress tolerance and adaptability to diverse management strategies, allowing it to maintain or even enhance almond quality while achieving optimal yields. Limited research has been conducted to date on how almond production and quality vary across different water regimes and production systems, or how tree age modulates crop responses to deficit irrigation and organic practices. This study examines the effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) under organic (OPS) and conventional (CPS) production systems, analyzing the impact on nut quality (physical and chemical parameters) and its sensorial properties in an almond orchard during seasons in 2019 and 2023, when the trees were 3-years old and when they were close to their yield potential at 7-years old, respectively. The PS and irrigation strategy affected the nut quality, yield, and tree growth. The OPS and RDI methods accumulated season-dependent yield losses in both studied periods. The kernel weight under OPS was lower than CPS in 2019, with these differences being less evident in 2023. The highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic compound values were obtained with the OPS and RDI methods in 2019, whereas the sugar and organic acid contents showed improvements under the OPS and the RDI strategy during 2019 and 2023, respectively. Finally, significant improvements were observed in relation to the fatty acids profile for nuts harvested under OPS in both seasons, especially in the latter season with RDI. Thus, almond quality can be enhanced by the integration of both OPSs and RDI strategies, although these improvements are dependent on tree age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Cultivation Techniques on Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value—3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3961 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transcriptome Insights into Carbohydrate Metabolism and Frying Quality Traits in Waxy and Mealy Potatoes

by Jeong-Jin Choi, Do-Hee Kwon, Jang-Gyu Choi, Gyu-Bin Lee, Jae-Youn Yi, Hui-Tae Lee, Hong-Sik Won, Young-Eun Park, Yong-Ik Jin, Dong-Chil Chang and Kwang-Soo Cho

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1430; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061430 - 11 Jun 2025

Viewed by 767

Abstract

The fried potato market is a high-value industry, exceeding USD 55 billion and still growing. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying key frying traits remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted a transcriptome analysis on two types of potatoes with distinct end-use purposes [...] Read more.

The fried potato market is a high-value industry, exceeding USD 55 billion and still growing. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying key frying traits remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted a transcriptome analysis on two types of potatoes with distinct end-use purposes to identify the gene expression profiles related to desirable frying qualities, focusing on texture and appearance after frying. Key genes encoding starch synthase 1 and 3, sucrose synthase 4, invertases, and pectin methyl-esterase inhibitors were found to be differentially regulated in waxy and mealy potatoes based on their frying characteristics. Notably, mealy potatoes exhibited a higher expression of starch synthesis-related genes and a lower expression of invertase genes. These expression patterns may enhance glucose-to-starch conversion, thereby reducing glucose levels and minimizing sugar-induced browning, which results in a lighter fried appearance. Additionally, we identified two transcription factors, StbZIP2 and StbZIP35, that are potentially co-expressed with two starch synthases. These transcription factors are responsive to abscisic acid, a key hormonal regulator involved in tuber development. This study provides transcriptomic insights for processing quality improvement and identifies key candidate genes for marker-assisted breeding. Further studies across more diverse samples with integrative multi-omics approaches will strengthen the application of these insights in breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 804 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Weed Seedbank Changes Associated with Temporary Tillage After Long Periods of No-Till

by Fernando Oreja, Marianne Torcat Fuentes, Antonio Barrio, Dario Javier Schiavinato, Virginia Rosso and Elba de la Fuente

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1410; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061410 - 8 Jun 2025

Viewed by 671

Abstract

Long-term no-till systems have led to shifts in weed communities and reduced the effectiveness of herbicide-based control. Occasional tillage is proposed as an alternative strategy to disrupt weed emergence patterns by redistributing seeds within the soil profile. This study aimed to evaluate the [...] Read more.

Long-term no-till systems have led to shifts in weed communities and reduced the effectiveness of herbicide-based control. Occasional tillage is proposed as an alternative strategy to disrupt weed emergence patterns by redistributing seeds within the soil profile. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of occasional tillage on weed seedbank composition and vertical distribution of viable weed seeds and propagules within the soil profile, after more than 20 years of continuous no-till. A paired-plot experiment was conducted in Carlos Casares, Buenos Aires, Argentina, with three replications. Treatments included continuous no-till and occasional tillage (two disk harrow passes in August 2022 and April 2023) combined with three soil depths (0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm). Soil samples were collected in spring 2022 and fall 2023, and weed emergence was recorded under semi-controlled conditions. Overall species richness did not differ significantly between tillage treatments but was consistently greater in the upper 0–5 cm soil layer. Weed abundance also declined with depth. Five species, Chenopodium album, Stellaria media, Eleusine indica, Oxybasis macrosperma, and Heliotropium curassavicum, were frequent across treatments. Some species were exclusive to either no-till or tilled plots, for example, Datura ferox, Poa annua, and Veronica peregrina were found only in tilled plots, while Portulaca oleracea, Medicago lupulina, and Trifolium repens were exclusive to no-till plots. These results indicate that occasional tillage alters species composition and vertical seed distribution in the seedbank without significantly reducing total richness or abundance, offering an additional, but not always effective, tool to influence weed community structure in no-till systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Management and Sustainability of Herbicide Resistance in Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1793 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency Among Corn Era Hybrids Released over Seventy-Five Years

by Kwame Ampong, Chad J. Penn, James Camberato, Daniel Quinn and Mark Williams

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061407 - 7 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1170

Abstract

The high demands of corn (Zea mays L.) grain production coupled with water quality goals and phosphorus (P) conservation pose a great challenge to farmers and society and necessitate improved P utilization efficiency (PUtE: grain yield per mass total P [...] Read more.

The high demands of corn (Zea mays L.) grain production coupled with water quality goals and phosphorus (P) conservation pose a great challenge to farmers and society and necessitate improved P utilization efficiency (PUtE: grain yield per mass total P (TP) content). The objective of this study was to evaluate PUtE among six Pioneer corn hybrids released over a span of 75 years. Corn was grown in a sand culture hydroponics system that eliminated confounding plant–soil interactions and root architecture and allowed for precise control of nutrient availability. Four P concentration levels (4, 7, 10, and 12 mg P L⁻¹) were applied to hybrids released in 1936, 1942, 1946, 1952, 2008, and 2011. Nutrients other than P were applied at sufficient levels. Shoots and roots were harvested at maturity (R6) and biomass and P concentration determined. Results showed that total biomass did not differ among hybrids, but partitioning of biomass varied with hybrid. Grain yield varied between hybrids, but there was no trend with the year of release. Grain P content was negatively correlated with stem P content (R² = 0.89). PUtE differed between the most recently released hybrids (2008 and 2011) whereas older hybrids had intermediate and similar PUtE. Grain yield was not solely determined by TP in the plant, but was strongly influenced by biomass and P partitioning, which was manifested as relative differences in PUtE between hybrids. While the PUtE did not necessarily change as a function of the breeding period, there were differences between hybrids. The findings highlight the critical role of the source–sink relationship in determining PUtE and grain yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safe and Efficient Utilization of Water and Fertilizer in Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 3884 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Castor: A Renewed Oil Crop for the Mediterranean Environment

by Valeria Cafaro, Giorgio Testa and Cristina Patanè

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061402 - 6 Jun 2025

Viewed by 799

Abstract

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is a plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family originated from Asia or Africa and well adapted to the Mediterranean environment. As an oilseed crop with a high oil content (35–65%), it is nowadays used for biofuels production, with [...] Read more.

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is a plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family originated from Asia or Africa and well adapted to the Mediterranean environment. As an oilseed crop with a high oil content (35–65%), it is nowadays used for biofuels production, with a large potential for applications in chemical and pharmaceutical sectors as well. As for other oilseed crops, the interest towards this crop has grown exponentially in the past decades because of the necessity of limiting fossil fuels, obtaining clean energy, and use of a renewable energy source as required by RED (Renewable Energy Directive) within the European Union. Moreover, castor has a great adaptability in different soil and climate conditions, and it is known as a low-key maintenance crop. These characteristics, together with the necessity of increasing renewable energy sources, with the possibility of re-evaluating marginal lands, make castor the ideal plant to be exploited in the years to come. This review aims at giving useful information regarding its cultivation and soil and climate requirements, providing an overview on its spread on the market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2325 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Post-Cutting Hot Water Treatment of Pepper Fruit: Impact on Quality During Short-Term Storage

by Maria Grzegorzewska and Aleksandra Machlańska

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1406; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061406 - 6 Jun 2025

Viewed by 461

Abstract

Fresh-cut vegetables are gaining economic importance around the world. They are highly perishable products, and in the context of global food waste challenges, any new solutions to reduce losses are in line with the expectations of producers, traders, and consumers. The aim of [...] Read more.

Fresh-cut vegetables are gaining economic importance around the world. They are highly perishable products, and in the context of global food waste challenges, any new solutions to reduce losses are in line with the expectations of producers, traders, and consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hot water treatment (HWT) on the quality and durability of two varieties of fresh-cut peppers at three storage temperatures: 3, 5, and 8 °C. Microscopic observations revealed changes in the tissue structure of the pepper sticks. During the storage of red-fruit “Yecla” peppers, the HWT samples retained better firmness. The peppers treated at 55 °C for 12 s maintained the best quality during storage. Cream-fruit “Blondy” peppers softened during storage, but the browning of the cut surface contributed the most to the reduction in quality. HWT at 53 °C for 3 min or 50 °C for 5 min effectively inhibited the development of destructive changes during storage. HWT is beneficial for fresh-cut peppers, but the temperature and duration of operation should be properly selected given the nature of the cultivar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2854 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Biochar on the Temporal Dynamics and Vertical Distribution of Iron and Phosphorus Under Soil Submergence

by Ying-Ren Lai and Shan-Li Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1394; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061394 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 460

Abstract

Biochar is considered a promising amendment for improving phosphorus (P) availability in agricultural soils; however, its effects on the chemical transformation and long-term immobilization of P in submerged soils across soil depth and over time remain unclear. This study conducted a 98-day column [...] Read more.

Biochar is considered a promising amendment for improving phosphorus (P) availability in agricultural soils; however, its effects on the chemical transformation and long-term immobilization of P in submerged soils across soil depth and over time remain unclear. This study conducted a 98-day column incubation experiment to investigate the effects of rice straw biochar (RSB) on the spatial and temporal dynamics of iron (Fe) and P under soil submergence. Soils with and without biochar addition were mixed with water homogeneously and then added into each PVC column with an additional standing water layer above the soil surface. The results revealed a two-stage shift in soil redox potential (Eh), with more rapid changes observed at deeper depths. RSB addition accelerated the decline in Eh and increased the soil pH. The rise in pH by submergence and biochar addition promoted the release of soluble and exchangeable P from soil to pore water during incubation. Ca-associated P precipitation and re-adsorption resulted in relatively low phosphate concentrations in pore water. RSB addition increased P availability in the early stage by releasing soluble and exchangeable P and promoting phosphate desorption through pH elevation, which increased the negative surface charge of soil constituents, thereby reducing their affinity for phosphate and enhancing its release into the pore water. However, prolonged submergence led to the transformation of soluble and exchangeable P into more stable Ca-P precipitates, limiting long-term P availability. These findings provide new insights into the temporal and spatial dynamics of P in submerged soils and highlight the short-term benefits and long-term limitations of biochar for sustaining P availability in paddy rice systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2764 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Beyond Macronutrients Supply: The Effect of Bio-Based Fertilizers on Iron and Zinc Biofortification of Crops

by Juan Nieto-Cantero, Ana M. García-Lopez, Ramiro Recena, Jose M. Quintero and Antonio Delgado

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061388 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 550

Abstract

Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) deficiencies in crops pose indirect problems for human health. The risk of these deficiencies increases with high doses of phosphate fertilizers. Fertilizers obtained through recycling—so-called bio-based fertilizers (BBFs)—can contain significant amounts of Fe and Zn, which can contribute [...] Read more.

Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) deficiencies in crops pose indirect problems for human health. The risk of these deficiencies increases with high doses of phosphate fertilizers. Fertilizers obtained through recycling—so-called bio-based fertilizers (BBFs)—can contain significant amounts of Fe and Zn, which can contribute to crop biofortification. Although the use of some organic BBFs has been shown to improve biofortification, an in-depth study on this effect and on the effect of P on Fe and Zn nutrition with the use of different kinds of bio-based P fertilizers is still lacking. A pot experiment with 11 different BBFs was conducted using two soils with different physicochemical properties that affect P, Fe, and Zn dynamics (one rich in CaCO₃ and the other rich in Fe oxides) to assess their biofortification effects on wheat and sunflower. Although some BBFs increased Fe concentration in the edible parts, the overall trend was towards an increased P:Fe ratio (up to 62%), which decreased Fe digestibility. On the other hand, all BBFs led to Zn biofortification, with a 27% decrease in the P:Zn ratio in the CaCO₃-rich soil, while in the Fe oxide-rich soil, the decrease was up to 61%. The supply of Zn and organic C, as well as the dominant P forms in BBFs, were the main factors explaining Zn biofortification. Bio-based fertilizers also decreased the antagonism between P and Zn and between Fe and Zn. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of BBFs in agrosystems management can contribute to improving the quality of human diets, at least with regard to Zn intake, while also contributing to more sustainable fertilization practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Circular Economy: Chemical, Microbiological and Environmental Implications of Mineral and Organic Fertilizers Use in Soils)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3072 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microbial Metabolic Profile of Two Compost Teas and Their Biostimulant and Bioprotectant Effects on Chickpea and Pea Plants

by Eliana Dell’Olmo, Giulia Semenzato, Aida Raio, Massimo Zaccardelli, Giovanna Serratore, Alessia Cuccurullo and Loredana Sigillo

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061378 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 598

Abstract

Compost teas (CTs) can be considered natural microbial consortia, able to enhance biostimulation and defense in crops. This study focuses on two plant-derived CTs and their potential use as eco-friendly biofertilizers for chickpeas and peas, with the broader aim to protect soil fertility. [...] Read more.

Compost teas (CTs) can be considered natural microbial consortia, able to enhance biostimulation and defense in crops. This study focuses on two plant-derived CTs and their potential use as eco-friendly biofertilizers for chickpeas and peas, with the broader aim to protect soil fertility. Our experiments demonstrated that the two CTs have biostimulatory or inhibitory effects depending on dilution, target plant species, CT microbial load and metabolism, and age of CT preparation. Peas exhibited positive responses to treatments, while chickpeas could be negatively affected depending on CT concentration. The CT microbial load positively affected biostimulation for both plant species. The metabolic profiles of the CT-associated microbial communities were evaluated using the Biolog EcoPlate™ system. Spearman’s correlation analysis allowed us to ascertain a positive interaction between root elongation and the microbial consumption of specific substrates, namely polymers, erythritol, and L-serine. On the contrary, phenolic compound consumption showed a negative correlation. In chickpeas, root and collar necrosis, estimated with the McKinney index, increased after treatment with CTs at the highest concentration, confirming a phytotoxic effect; but diagnostic analyses demonstrated that the necrosis was also partially attributed to pathogenic Fusarium spp. On the other hand, proper dilutions of treatments determined a decrease in necrosis severity, indicating putative CT biocontrol properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Plant Diseases: Emerging Threats and Advances in Plant Protection)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2163 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Seed Treatment with Cold Plasma Induces Changes in Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Lettuce Cultivated in an Aeroponic System

by Emilija Jankaitytė, Zita Naučienė, Laima Degutytė-Fomins, Augustė Judickaitė, Rasa Žūkienė, Irena Januškaitienė, Gediminas Kudirka, Kazunori Koga, Masaharu Shiratani and Vida Mildažienė

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061371 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 579

Abstract

Aeroponic plant cultivation is a novel technology explored for its potential in indoor farming. In this study, we evaluated the effects of seed treatments with cold plasma on growth, physiological processes, and biochemical parameters in two lettuce cultivars—green variety ‘Perl Gem’ and red [...] Read more.

Aeroponic plant cultivation is a novel technology explored for its potential in indoor farming. In this study, we evaluated the effects of seed treatments with cold plasma on growth, physiological processes, and biochemical parameters in two lettuce cultivars—green variety ‘Perl Gem’ and red variety ‘Cervanek’ cultivated in an aeroponic system for 45 days. Seeds were treated with low-pressure air plasma for 3 min (further denoted as LCP3) or atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD plasma) for 3 and 5 min (referred to as DBD3 and DBD5 groups). We estimated the effects of seed treatments on parameters of seedling growth, photosynthetic efficiency, amounts of photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanins, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and antioxidant activity in leaves. Despite the observed effects on germination and early growth, seed treatments did not affect biomass gain or head/root ratio in both lettuce cultivars. Seed treatments increased the photosynthetic performance index and amounts of photosynthetic pigments in ‘Pearl Gem’ but not ‘Cervanek’ leaves. Seed treatments enhanced the content of protective phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in ‘Pearl Gem’, and anthocyanin content in ‘Cervanek’ leaves, indicating potential to improve the nutritional value of the edible part of lettuce cultivated in an aeroponic system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Voltage Plasma Applications in Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1304 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exogenous Proline Modulates Physiological Responses and Induces Stress Memory in Wheat Under Repeated and Delayed Drought Stress

by Jan Pecka, Kamil Kraus, Martin Zelený and Helena Hniličková

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1370; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061370 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 431

Abstract

Drought stress negatively affects plant metabolism and growth, triggering complex defence mechanisms to limit damage. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a single foliar application of 1 mM L-proline (Pro) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Bohemie) in two separate experiments [...] Read more.

Drought stress negatively affects plant metabolism and growth, triggering complex defence mechanisms to limit damage. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a single foliar application of 1 mM L-proline (Pro) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Bohemie) in two separate experiments differing in the time interval between application and drought—7 days (experiment 1) and 35 days (experiment 2). Net photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g_s), leaf water potential (Ψw), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE_i), endogenous proline content (Pro), malondialdehyde content (MDA), and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F_v/F_m) were measured. In experiment 1, drought markedly reduced net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and leaf water potential in both drought-stressed treatments, namely, without priming plants (S) and with Pro priming plants (SPro). Pro and MDA content increased under stress. Higher E and g_s in the SPro treatment indicated more effective stomatal regulation and a distinct water use strategy. Pro content was significantly lower in SPro compared to S, whereas differences in MDA levels between these treatments were not statistically significant. The second drought period (D2) led to more pronounced limitations in gas exchange in both S and SPro. Enhanced osmoregulation was reflected by lower Ψw (S < SPro) and higher Pro accumulation in S (S > SPro). The effect of exogenous Pro persisted in the form of reduced endogenous Pro synthesis and improved photosystem II protection. Rehydration of stressed plants restored all monitored physiological parameters, and Pro-treated plants exhibited a more efficient recovery of gas exchange. Experiment 2 demonstrated a long-lasting priming effect that improved the preparedness of plants for future drought events. In the SPro treatment, this stress memory supported more efficient osmoregulation, reduced lipid peroxidation, improved protection of photosystem II integrity, and a more effective restart of gas exchange following rehydration. Our findings highlight the potential of exogenous proline as a practical tool for enhancing crop resilience to climate-induced drought stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stress Responses and Resistance Mechanisms in Plants: Physiology, Genetics, and Molecular Pathways)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1228 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Economic and Environmental Assessment of Organic Lemon Cultivation: The Case of Southeastern Spain

by Begoña García Castellanos, Benjamín García García and José García García

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061372 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 579

Abstract

Spain is the world’s leading producer of organic fresh lemons, with production concentrated in the southeast. Given the relevance of this region in lemon production and the role of organic agriculture in sustainable development, this study establishes the main organic lemon production models [...] Read more.

Spain is the world’s leading producer of organic fresh lemons, with production concentrated in the southeast. Given the relevance of this region in lemon production and the role of organic agriculture in sustainable development, this study establishes the main organic lemon production models in Southeastern Spain (Fino and Verna) and evaluates them from the economic and environmental perspective using life cycle costing (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA). Both models present a similar cost structure, with labor and fertilization being the most significant costs. Verna presents higher unit cost due to lower productivity. Organic management entails higher unit costs than conventional due to lower productivity and the higher costs of organic fertilization and biotechnological pest control. In LCA, the contributions of the components to the impacts of the organic models are very similar, due to the similarities in the production models. These contributions also resemble those in conventional management systems, with fertilizers being the largest contributor to impacts. Organic systems generally show lower absolute values than conventional, mainly because of the use of organic fertilizers. Fino shows lower values than Verna, driven by higher productivity. The global warming results showed relatively low emissions, 0.053 and 0.068 kg CO₂ eq·kg⁻¹ for Fino and Verna, respectively. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was performed, introducing variability in non-fresh marketable yields and considering the avoidance of synthetic fertilizers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farming Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4519 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Low Green Light Combined with Different Red and Far-Red Light Ratios on the Growth and Secondary Metabolites of Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.)

by Manuel Mayam Miranda Sotelo, Yuan-Kai Tu, Pearl Pei-Chun Chang, Wei Fang and Hsing-Ying Chung

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1363; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061363 - 31 May 2025

Viewed by 617

Abstract

Plant factories offer a promising opportunity for fresh food production due to their minimal land requirements. Among the adjustable factors in the production system of plant factories, light serves as a critical element, significantly influencing both crop yield and quality. Cilantro, a prevalent [...] Read more.

Plant factories offer a promising opportunity for fresh food production due to their minimal land requirements. Among the adjustable factors in the production system of plant factories, light serves as a critical element, significantly influencing both crop yield and quality. Cilantro, a prevalent culinary herb and a traditional flavoring agent, plays a crucial role in Taiwanese gastronomy. This research investigated cilantro plants grown under nine different light treatments with varying red to far-red ratios and green light percentages over a 49-day period. Results demonstrate that maximum fresh and dry biomass accumulation in both shoot and root tissues occurred under treatments with red to far-red ratios of approximately of 1.8 combined with medium green light intensity. Conversely, medium far-red ratios negatively affected lutein and carotenoid concentrations in foliar tissues. Carotenoid biosynthesis exhibited an inverse relationship with green light intensity, with lower green light percentages corresponding to significantly higher carotenoid concentrations. In terms of energy efficiency, a red to far-red ratio of approximately 1.8 yielded the highest energy yield (g kWh⁻¹) and photon yield (g mol⁻¹), indicating optimal energy conversion efficiency under this spectral composition. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that cilantro cultivation under R53G05B13FR29 spectral composition (53% red, 5% green, 13% blue, 29% far-red) with a 49-day production cycle maximizes biomass while optimizing energy utilization efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Control of Light Conditions to Maximize Plant Production in Protected Cultivation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 889 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Postharvest Ripening on the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Fruits from Ten Plum (Prunus domestica L.) Cultivars

by Monika Mieszczakowska-Frąc, Niall John Dickinson and Dorota Konopacka

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061351 - 30 May 2025

Viewed by 488

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of postharvest ripening on the concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in fruits of ten plum cultivars. The degree of ripeness was defined as the CIRG index, based on the CIE Lab [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of postharvest ripening on the concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in fruits of ten plum cultivars. The degree of ripeness was defined as the CIRG index, based on the CIE Lab color values and ranging from 1.05 to 10.04, soluble solids (12.9 to 20.7%), and firmness (4.47 to 13.64 N). Fruits were analyzed directly after harvest and after 3 and 6 days of storage at 18 °C. The CIRG index increased by 2% to 23% after 3 days of storage, and by as much as 64% after 6 days, depending on the cultivar. Ripening resulted in increased concentration of phenolic compounds and in higher antioxidant activity. The predominant compounds in the majority of the cultivars were proanthocyanidins, which constituted over 50% of the total polyphenols, at concentrations between 30 and 453 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW. Additionally, postharvest ripening caused the proanthocyanidins to increase up to 76%. The polymerization of proanthocyanidins ranged from 6.6 to 20.0. For some cultivars, the concentration of anthocyanins approximately doubled after 6 days of fruit storage. Fruits of ‘Čačanska Najbolja’ and ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ were characterized by the highest concentration of bioactive compounds and the highest antioxidant activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

37 pages, 4997 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Phenotyping Common Bean Under Drought Stress: High-Throughput Approaches for Enhanced Drought Tolerance

by Tomislav Javornik, Klaudija Carović-Stanko, Jerko Gunjača, Zlatko Šatović, Monika Vidak, Toni Safner and Boris Lazarević

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061344 - 30 May 2025

Viewed by 657

Abstract

In the course of climate change, drought is becoming one of the most important abiotic stress factors in agroecosystems and significantly affects agricultural productivity. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), one of the most important legumes with a high protein content for human [...] Read more.

In the course of climate change, drought is becoming one of the most important abiotic stress factors in agroecosystems and significantly affects agricultural productivity. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), one of the most important legumes with a high protein content for human consumption, is very sensitive to water deficit. Thus, it is important to understand the physiological and developmental effects of water deficit on the bean. Thanks to technological advances, traditional phenotyping methods have evolved towards high-throughput phenotyping (HTP), which utilizes various imaging technologies for rapid and non-destructive monitoring of plant traits. This review examines the effects of water deficit on bean morphology (roots, leaves, stems, and generative organs), physiology (photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, phytohormones), and gene expression. We will also describe the HTP techniques used to quantify this water deficit-induced response through different imaging techniques and evaluate their applicability for the generation of reliable phenotypic data and the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes for further breeding and genetic progress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 806 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Seasonal Impacts of Organic Fertilizers, Cover Crop Residues, and Composts on Soil Health Indicators in Sandy Soils: A Case Study with Organic Celery

by Zachary T. Ray and Xin Zhao

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061334 - 29 May 2025

Viewed by 812

Abstract

While integrated practices are used in organic vegetable production for soil fertility management, their impacts on short- and long-term soil health across diverse cropping systems and environments need to be better understood, especially in sandy soils. In this two-year study (2022–2023 and 2023–2024) [...] Read more.

While integrated practices are used in organic vegetable production for soil fertility management, their impacts on short- and long-term soil health across diverse cropping systems and environments need to be better understood, especially in sandy soils. In this two-year study (2022–2023 and 2023–2024) conducted on certified organic land, a suite of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties at the end of each organic celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce) production season were analyzed, with one set of field experiments assessing the influence of preplant organic fertilizers and the other set examining the effects of composts and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) as a rotational cover crop before celery planting. Compared to feather meal-based organic fertilizer, the poultry litter-based organic fertilizer enhanced soil K and Mg base saturation, promoted micronutrient availability, and increased the overall soil fertility score. Sunn hemp cover cropping impacted soil N dynamics, and both yard waste compost and vermicompost increased the overall soil health score by over 4.0% compared to the no compost control, with yard waste compost resulting in the highest level of soil active C (10.8% higher than the control). Seasonal variations were observed in many soil parameters measured, along with marked interactions among nutrient management practices and production seasons. This study highlights the complexity of soil health assessments and improvement for sandy soils with low water and nutrient retention, and the importance of long-term, systematic studies under organic crop production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Health and Properties in a Changing Environment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 13162 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fusion of Sentinel-2 Phenology Metrics and Saturation-Resistant Vegetation Indices for Improved Correlation with Maize Yield Maps

by Dorijan Radočaj, Ivan Plaščak and Mladen Jurišić

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1329; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061329 - 29 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 617

Abstract

To authors’ knowledge, no previous studies thoroughly focused on determining the single optimal combination of vegetation index and phenology metric for maize yield assessment based on ground truth yield map from combine harvester. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate [...] Read more.

To authors’ knowledge, no previous studies thoroughly focused on determining the single optimal combination of vegetation index and phenology metric for maize yield assessment based on ground truth yield map from combine harvester. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate correlation between all combinations of eight vegetation indices and seven phenology metrics with maize yield. A specific focus was put on evaluating saturation-resistant vegetation indices and utilizing Sentinel-2 images, including novel vegetation indices such as Inverted Difference Vegetation Index (IDVI), Three Red-Edge Vegetation Index (NDVI_3RE) and Plant Phenology Index (PPI). Twelve parcels located in Eastern Croatia were observed during 2022 and 2023, with a total area of ground truth data of 67.61 ha. The analysis of vegetation indices and phenology metrics indicated varying strengths of correlation with maize yield, with the combination of NDVI_3RE and Senescence producing the highest Pearson correlation coefficient (0.506). However, the relationship of optimal combination of vegetation index and phenology metric with maize yield based on combined dataset which included parcels 1–12 on individual parcels varied notably and is likely indicative of interannual weather variations. Overall, the reduced saturation effect in red-edge-based index suggests that it may be more suitable for maize yield prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 9210 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Topographic Position Index Predicts Within-Field Yield Variation in a Dryland Cereal Production System

by Jacob A. Macdonald, David M. Barnard, Kyle R. Mankin, Grace L. Miner, Robert H. Erskine, David J. Poss, Sushant Mehan, Adam L. Mahood and Maysoon M. Mikha

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061304 - 27 May 2025

Viewed by 528

Abstract

Agricultural systems exhibit a large degree of within-field yield variability. We require a better understanding of the drivers of this variability in order to optimally manage croplands. We investigated drivers of sub-field spatial variability in yield for three crops (hard red winter wheat, [...] Read more.

Agricultural systems exhibit a large degree of within-field yield variability. We require a better understanding of the drivers of this variability in order to optimally manage croplands. We investigated drivers of sub-field spatial variability in yield for three crops (hard red winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. variety Langin; corn, Zea mays L.; and proso millet, Panicum milaceum L.) usings a multi-year dataset from a dryland research farm in northeastern Colorado, USA. The dataset spanned 18 2.6–4.3 ha management units, over 4 years, and included high-resolution topographic data, densely sampled soil properties, and on-site weather data. We modeled yield for each crop separately using random forest regression and evaluated model performance using spatially blocked cross-validation. The topographic position index (TPI) and increasing percent sand had a strong negative effect on yield, while the nitrogen application rate (N) and total soil carbon had strong positive effects on yield in both the wheat and millet models. Remarkably, TPI had almost as large of an effect size as N, and outperformed other more commonly used topographic predictors of yield such as the topographic wetness index (TWI), elevation, and slope. Despite the size and quality of our dataset, cross-validation results revealed that our models account for approximately one-quarter of the total yield variance, highlighting the need for continued research into drivers of spatial variability within fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Model-Based Approach to Crop Yield Forecasting and Predictive Mapping of Soil Properties in Precision Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2449 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Carbon Input and Crop Residue Placement Determine the Carbon Sequestration Efficiency of Soil Management Techniques

by Mauro Sarno, Ettore Barone and Luciano Gristina

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061293 - 25 May 2025

Viewed by 484

Abstract

This paper aimed to study soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration under no-tillage (NT) and full inversion tillage (FIT) soil management systems as influenced by crop residue placement. A five-year piece of research was carried out in western Sicily, Italy, on an Opuntia ficus-indica [...] Read more.

This paper aimed to study soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration under no-tillage (NT) and full inversion tillage (FIT) soil management systems as influenced by crop residue placement. A five-year piece of research was carried out in western Sicily, Italy, on an Opuntia ficus-indica orchard (C-CAM soil) located in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate. Barley was sown annually in the orchard inter-rows at 180 kg ha⁻¹. FIT and NT were compared in interaction with two barley residue managements: (i) removed (rem) and (ii) retained in the field (ret), laid in a split-plot design, with soil management as the main plot and residue management as the sub-plot. The main plot was arranged on two inter-rows, 108 m long and 5 m wide each, replicated three times. SOC (%) and carbon natural abundance (δ¹³C‰) were determined by using an EA-IRMS. The highest biomass turnover was achieved by FITret (0.85%) vs. NTret (0.46%). The distribution of SOC showed higher values for NT in the top 10 cm soil layer (6.3 g kg⁻¹ in NTret vs. 5.0 g kg⁻¹ in FITret) but lower carbon content in deeper layers. At a depth of 30 cm, FITret maintained 4.4 g kg⁻¹ of SOC, while NTret reached only 3.7 g kg⁻¹, confirming that tillage facilitates the transport and stabilization of carbon in deeper layers. Our results also suggested that when crop residues are left on the soil surface instead of being incorporated into the soil, this may limit the effectiveness of carbon sequestration. Under the experimental tested conditions, which include low susceptibility to erosion processes, the FIT system proved to be an optimal strategy to enhance SOC sequestration and improve the sustainability of agricultural systems in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 3366 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Synergistic Effects of Compost and Biochar on Soil Health and Heavy Metal Stabilization in Contaminated Mine Soils

by Yassine Chafik, Marta Sena-Velez, Hugo Henaut, Mustapha Missbah El Idrissi, Sabine Carpin, Sylvain Bourgerie and Domenico Morabito

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061295 - 25 May 2025

Viewed by 826

Abstract

Phytoremediation strategies present promising approaches for mitigating metal contamination in soils. This study examines the effectiveness of compost and biochar amendments, applied separately or in combination, in altering the properties of sandy mining waste soils (Sw) and affecting levels of metallic trace elements [...] Read more.

Phytoremediation strategies present promising approaches for mitigating metal contamination in soils. This study examines the effectiveness of compost and biochar amendments, applied separately or in combination, in altering the properties of sandy mining waste soils (Sw) and affecting levels of metallic trace elements (MTEs). The research evaluates changes in soil physicochemical parameters, metal concentrations in soil pore water (SPW), and metal accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris. Compost and biochar addition significantly affected SPW pH, which remained alkaline, while increasing SPW electrical conductivity (EC). A treatment combining 20% compost and 2% biochar (SwC20B2) enhanced soil enzymatic activities, with the highest values observed for FDA and ALP activities. Metal availability in the SPW appeared higher on D(0) compared to D(12), with notable reductions in Pb and Zn concentrations observed in the SwC20B2 treatment. Despite this decline, metal accumulation in plant shoots did not significantly differ from that in plants grown in unamended Sw, although all plants exhibited substantial growth. The minor decrease in SPW pH, likely due to compost, may have enhanced metal mobility at D(0). Notably, SPW Pb and Zn concentrations increased with higher compost rates, with SwC20B2 registering the highest Pb and Zn. Although these amendments did not directly alleviate metal mobility, they show potential for use in phytostabilization strategies by using suitable plant species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress in Biochar and Microbial Remediation for Heavy Metal Agricultural Soil)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 10786 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Unveiling the Potential of Agricultural Soil Loss Mitigation in Poland: Assessing Conservation Management and Support Practices

by Paweł Marcinkowski

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061290 - 24 May 2025

Viewed by 579

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate soil erosion mitigation strategies in Poland’s agricultural landscapes by applying the Revised Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to identify high-risk areas where excessive soil loss adversely affects agricultural sustainability and productivity. Scenario assessments were conducted to evaluate the [...] Read more.

This study aims to evaluate soil erosion mitigation strategies in Poland’s agricultural landscapes by applying the Revised Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to identify high-risk areas where excessive soil loss adversely affects agricultural sustainability and productivity. Scenario assessments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of specific conservation practices—contour farming, reduced tillage, and cover crops—by simulating changes in the C-factor (cover-management factor) and P-factor (support practices factor) within the RUSLE framework. The research revealed heightened soil erosion rates during the summer months, particularly in regions with steep slopes and loess formations. Analysis indicated that annual soil loss from arable lands in Poland totals approximately 4.65 Mt yr⁻¹ and that contour farming, reduced tillage, and cover crops could collectively reduce this amount by up to 47%, with the highest reduction observed during the summer period. These findings highlighted the urgent need for stakeholders to adopt sustainable land management strategies. By quantifying the impact of these management practices on soil erosion rates, the study provided insights into the effectiveness of soil conservation measures in reducing erosion risks within Poland’s agricultural landscapes. This study emphasizes the importance of adopting sustainable land management strategies to preserve soil integrity and maintain agricultural productivity in Poland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Degradation and Management Strategies: Contributing to Sustainable Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3008 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prediction of Crops Cycle with Seasonal Forecasts to Support Decision-Making

by Daniel Garcia, Nicolas Silva, João Rolim, Antónia Ferreira, João A. Santos, Maria do Rosário Cameira and Paula Paredes

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061291 - 24 May 2025

Viewed by 623

Abstract

Climate variability, intensified by climate change, poses significant challenges to agriculture, affecting crop development and productivity. Integrating seasonal weather forecasts (SWF) into crop growth modelling tools is therefore essential for improving agricultural decision-making. This study assessed the uncertainties of raw (non-bias-corrected) temperature forecasts [...] Read more.

Climate variability, intensified by climate change, poses significant challenges to agriculture, affecting crop development and productivity. Integrating seasonal weather forecasts (SWF) into crop growth modelling tools is therefore essential for improving agricultural decision-making. This study assessed the uncertainties of raw (non-bias-corrected) temperature forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) SEAS5 seasonal (seven-month forecasts) to estimate the spring–summer maize, melon, sunflower, and tomato crops cycle from 2013 to 2022 in the Caia Irrigation Scheme, southern Portugal. AgERA5 reanalysis data, after simple bias correction using local weather station data, was used as a reference. The growing degree-day (GDD) approach was applied to estimate the crop cycle duration, which was then validated against ground truth and satellite data. The results show that SWF tend to underestimate maximum temperatures and overestimate minimum temperatures, with these biases partially offsetting to improve mean temperature accuracy. Forecast skill decreased non-linearly with lead time, especially after the second month; however, in some cases, longer lead times outperformed earlier ones. Temperature forecast biases affected GDD-based crop cycle estimates, resulting in a slight underestimation of all crop cycle durations by around a week. Nevertheless, the forecasts captured the overall increasing temperature trend, interannual variability, and anomaly signals, but with marginal added value over climatological data. This study highlights the potential of integrating ground truth and Earth observation data, together with reanalysis data and SWF, into GDD tools to support agricultural decision-making, aiming at enhancing yield and resources management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farming Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 6117 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing Dense-Scene Millet Appearance Quality Inspection Based on YOLO11s with Overlap-Partitioning Strategy for Procurement

by Leilei He, Ruiyang Wei, Yusong Ding, Juncai Huang, Xin Wei, Rui Li, Shaojin Wang and Longsheng Fu

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1284; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061284 - 23 May 2025

Viewed by 481

Abstract

Accurate millet appearance quality assessment is critical for fair procurement pricing. Traditional manual inspection is time-consuming and subjective, necessitating an automated solution. This study proposes a machine-vision-based approach using deep learning for dense-scene millet detection and quality evaluation. High-resolution images of standardized millet [...] Read more.

Accurate millet appearance quality assessment is critical for fair procurement pricing. Traditional manual inspection is time-consuming and subjective, necessitating an automated solution. This study proposes a machine-vision-based approach using deep learning for dense-scene millet detection and quality evaluation. High-resolution images of standardized millet samples were collected via smartphone and annotated into seven categories covering impurities, high-quality grains, and various defects. To address the challenges with small object detection and feature loss, the YOLO11s model with an overlap-partitioning strategy were introduced, dividing the high-resolution images into smaller patches for improved object representation. The experimental results show that the optimized model achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 94.8%, significantly outperforming traditional whole-image detection with a mAP of 15.9%. The optimized model was deployed in a custom-developed mobile application, enabling low-cost, real-time millet inspection directly on smartphones. It can process full-resolution images (4608 × 3456 pixels) containing over 5000 kernels within 6.8 s. This work provides a practical solution for on-site quality evaluation in procurement and contributes to real-time agricultural inspection systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transforming Agriculture Through Industrial Informatics and Emerging Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1170 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impacts of Climate Change on Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa) Yields and Damages from Insects

by Dongwoo Kim, Chang-gi Back, Sojung Kim and Sumin Kim

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061264 - 22 May 2025

Viewed by 716

Abstract

Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) is one of the most important fall vegetables in South Korea. Recently, cabbage yields fluctuated due to climate change, leading to an unstable supply and increased prices. Additionally, raised temperatures led to increased beet armyworm (Spodoptera [...] Read more.

Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) is one of the most important fall vegetables in South Korea. Recently, cabbage yields fluctuated due to climate change, leading to an unstable supply and increased prices. Additionally, raised temperatures led to increased beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) populations, resulting in greater plant damage. In this study, the Agricultural Policy/Environmental Extender (APEX) model was employed to develop the cabbage growth model. To enhance model accuracy, 4 years of field data collected from multiple locations in South Korea were utilized for model validation and calibration. The model goodness of fit tests revealed R² values between 0.9485 and 0.9873. Two different cabbage models, representing the physiological characteristics of common varieties cultivated in Korea, were applied to assess growth patterns under two distinct climate change scenarios, SSP245 and SSP585. A larval duration prediction model was formulated using previous field data. Under future climate conditions, simulation results indicate that as temperatures rise, Chinese cabbage yields will likely decrease continually, with increasing plant damage from insects. The modeling results can help farmers to control and manage crop insect pests under varying environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Machine Learning in Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 600 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Soil Organic Matter Quality and Carbon Sequestration Potential Affected by Straw Return in 11-Year On-Farm Trials in the Czech Republic

by Ondřej Sedlář, Jiří Balík, Jindřich Černý, Pavel Suran, Martin Kulhánek and Tetiana Bihun

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1277; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061277 - 22 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 500

Abstract

Humic substances affect both soil fertility and carbon sequestration. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of straw return on the quality of soil organic matter on arable land commonly farmed by private farmers at 65 different sites between 2012 and 2022 in [...] Read more.

Humic substances affect both soil fertility and carbon sequestration. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of straw return on the quality of soil organic matter on arable land commonly farmed by private farmers at 65 different sites between 2012 and 2022 in the Czech Republic (central Europe). In this study, most of the carbon supply was applied in straw (67% of the carbon input on average). No significant correlation between the total carbon input and both parameters of soil organic matter quality and soil organic carbon content was found. The ratio of optical absorbance at 465 to 665 nm (E4/E6) and humification index correlated most significantly with organic fertilization. However, the E4/E6 ratio was more significantly affected by the altitude of the experimental site compared to the organic fertilization. When the weighted mean C/N ratio of organic fertilizers applied exceeded the value of ca. 65, there was a decrease in the E4/E6 ratio in fluvisols and luvisols and an increase in the humification index in loamy soils, sandy loamy soils, and silt loamy soils compared to the C/N ratio ≤ 50. Leguminous cultivation revealed no significant effect on soil organic matter quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Humic Substances: Chemistry and Multidimensional Role in Agricultural Systems and Pollution Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 665 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Potential of Salvia discolor Extract Against Common Agricultural Pathogens

by Poonam Devi, Anna Paola Lanteri, Andrea Minuto, Valentina Parisi, Valeria Iobbi, Nunziatina De Tommasi and Angela Bisio

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061268 - 22 May 2025

Viewed by 522

Abstract

Phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria pose a serious threat to global agriculture, leading to significant economic losses and potential health risks. Consequently, the search for natural alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals has garnered increasing scientific attention, with plant extracts emerging as promising environmentally friendly solutions. [...] Read more.

Phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria pose a serious threat to global agriculture, leading to significant economic losses and potential health risks. Consequently, the search for natural alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals has garnered increasing scientific attention, with plant extracts emerging as promising environmentally friendly solutions. In this context, the surface extract of Salvia discolor, obtained using dichloromethane, was analyzed for its bioactive potential. Chemical profiling revealed a rich composition of terpenoids and flavonoids. The antimicrobial potential of the ground extract was evaluated against nine phytopathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae race 1, Phoma betae, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Pythium dissotocum, and Stemphylium sp.), and two phytopathogenic bacteria (Clavibacter michiganesis subsp. michiganesis and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum), selected from common pathogens of agricultural interest. Complete inhibition of P. chlamydospora at 1000 µg mL⁻¹ and strong activity against P. dissotocum, F. solani and B. cinerea was observed, and low inhibition (<40%) against C. lindemuthianum and F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae race 1. However, the extract showed promising results in the post-harvest protection of tomatoes against gray mold. Moderate antibacterial activity was seen against C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. These findings indicate that S. discolor extract has the potential to serve as an effective natural crop protection agent, though further optimization may be needed for broader application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Sustainable Agriculture: Biopesticides and the Biological Control for Pest Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 6826 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Digestate Application on Grassland: Effects of Application Method and Rate on GHG Emissions and Forage Performance

by Petr Šařec, Václav Novák, Oldřich Látal, Martin Dědina and Jaroslav Korba

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1243; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051243 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 494

Abstract

The application of digestate as a fertilizer offers a promising alternative to synthetic inputs on permanent grasslands, with benefits for productivity and environmental performance. This four-year study evaluated the impact of two digestate application methods—disc injection (I) and band spreading (S)—combined with four [...] Read more.

The application of digestate as a fertilizer offers a promising alternative to synthetic inputs on permanent grasslands, with benefits for productivity and environmental performance. This four-year study evaluated the impact of two digestate application methods—disc injection (I) and band spreading (S)—combined with four dose variants (0, 20, 40, and 80 m³·ha⁻¹), including split-dose strategies. Emissions of ammonia (NH₃), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄) were measured using wind tunnel systems immediately after application. Vegetation status was assessed via Sentinel-2-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Water Index, and Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index, and agronomic performance through dry matter yield (DMY), net energy for lactation (NEL), and relative feed value (RFV). NH₃ and CO₂ emissions increased proportionally with digestate dose, while CH₄ responses suggested a threshold effect, but considering solely the disc injection, CH₄ flux did not increase markedly with higher application rates. Disc injection resulted in significantly lower emissions of the monitored fluxes than band spreading. The split-dose I_40+40 variant achieved the highest DMY (3.57 t·ha⁻¹) and improved forage quality, as indicated by higher NEL values. The control variant (C, no fertilization) had the lowest yield and NEL. These results confirm that subsurface digestate incorporation in split doses can reduce emissions while supporting yield and forage quality. Based on the findings, disc injection at 40+40 m³·ha⁻¹ is recommended as an effective option for reducing emissions and maintaining productivity in managed grasslands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Grassland and Pasture Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 4070 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Digestate-Derived Nitrogen on Nutrient Content Dynamics in Winter Oilseed Rape Before Flowering

by Remigiusz Łukowiak, Witold Szczepaniak and Dominik Młodecki

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051241 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 486

Abstract

The increase in biogas production has caused a simultaneous increase in the production of digestate, which is a valuable carrier of nutrients in crop plant production. Digestate-derived nitrogen ensures the optimal nutritional status of winter oilseed plants at critical stages of yield formation. [...] Read more.

The increase in biogas production has caused a simultaneous increase in the production of digestate, which is a valuable carrier of nutrients in crop plant production. Digestate-derived nitrogen ensures the optimal nutritional status of winter oilseed plants at critical stages of yield formation. This hypothesis was verified in field experiments with winter oilseed rape (WOSR) conducted in the 2015/2016, 2016/2017, and 2017/2018 growing seasons. The experiment consisted of three nitrogen fertilization systems (FSs)—mineral ammonium nitrate (AN) (AN-FS), digestate-based (D-FS), and ²/₃ digestate + ¹/₃ AN (DAN-FS)—and five N_f doses: 0, 80, 120, 160, and 240 kg N ha⁻¹. Plants fertilized with digestate had higher yields than those fertilized with AN. The highest seed yield (SY) was recorded in the DAN-FS, which was 0.56 t ha⁻¹ higher than that in the M-FS. The nitrogen fertilizer replacement value (NFRV), averaged over N doses, was 104% for the D-FS and reached 111% for the mixed DAN-FS system. The N content in WOSR leaves, which was within the range of 41–48 g kg⁻¹ DM at the rosette stage and within 34–44 g kg⁻¹ DM at the beginning of flowering, ensured optimal plant growth and seed yield. In WOSR plants fertilized with digestate, the nitrogen (N) content was significantly lower compared to that in plants fertilized with AN, but this difference did not have a negative impact on the seed yield (SY). The observed positive effect of the digestate on plant growth in the pre-flowering period of WOSR growth and on SY resulted from the impact of Mg, which effectively controlled Ca, especially in the third growing season (which was dry). Mg had a significant effect on the biomass of rosettes and on SY, but only when its content in leaves exceeded 2.0 g kg⁻¹ DM. It is necessary to emphasize the specific role of the digestate, which significantly reduced the Ca content in the indicator WOSR organs. Increased Ca content during the vegetative period of WOSR growth reduced leaf N and Zn contents, which ultimately led to a decrease in SY. Therefore, the rosette phase of WOSR growth should be considered a reliable diagnostic phase for both the correction of plants’ nutritional status and the prediction of SY. It can be concluded that the fertilization value of digestate-derived N was the same as that of ammonium nitrate. This means that the mineral fertilizer can be replaced by digestate in WOSR production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fertilizer Innovation and Practice in Sustainable Intensified Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 10579 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multiple Transcriptomic Networks Regulate the Callus Development Process in Panax ginseng

by Jaewook Kim, Jung-Woo Lee and Ick-Hyun Jo

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1244; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051244 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 578

Abstract

Callus induction is one of the most important techniques in plant-based industries. Important features in the use of callus induction are the maintenance of pluripotency and the proliferation of cells. Although the importance of callus induction is also understood in ginseng, there are [...] Read more.

Callus induction is one of the most important techniques in plant-based industries. Important features in the use of callus induction are the maintenance of pluripotency and the proliferation of cells. Although the importance of callus induction is also understood in ginseng, there are no studies on the genetic modules associated with callus induction and growth regulation. Panax ginseng embryo tissue was wounded and cultured in callus-inducing media, and its time-course physiology was observed. Time-course callus samples were collected for total RNA extraction and RNA-Seq analysis using the Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform. P. ginseng embryo tissue was wounded and treated with varying amounts of gamma radiation in callus-inducing media, and samples were also collected for total RNA extraction and RNA-Seq analysis. A combinatory analysis of various network analyses was used to reveal the regulatory network underlying callus development. We were able to determine the time-course physiology of callus development and the dose-dependent effect of gamma radiation on callus development. Network analysis revealed two networks correlated with callus induction and two networks correlated with callus growth. Our research provides a regulatory network illustrating how callus is induced and growth is regulated in P. ginseng. This result would be helpful in the development of a cell culture system or clonal propagation protocol in P. ginseng. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of In Vitro Technology to Improving the Yield and Quality of Common and Alternative Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5042 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Overexpression of an EnvZ-like Protein Improves the Symbiotic Performance of Mesorhizobia

by José Rodrigo da-Silva, Esther Menéndez, Solange Oliveira and Ana Alexandre

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051235 - 19 May 2025

Viewed by 448

Abstract

The two-component signal transduction system EnvZ/OmpR is described to mediate response to osmotic stress, although it regulates genes involved in other processes such as virulence, fatty acid uptake, exopolysaccharide production, peptide transportation, and flagella production. Considering that some of these processes [...] Read more.

The two-component signal transduction system EnvZ/OmpR is described to mediate response to osmotic stress, although it regulates genes involved in other processes such as virulence, fatty acid uptake, exopolysaccharide production, peptide transportation, and flagella production. Considering that some of these processes are known to be important for a successful symbiosis, the present study addresses the effects of extra envZ-like gene copies in the Mesorhizobium–chickpea symbiosis. Five Mesorhizobium-transformed strains, expressing the envZ-like gene from M. mediterraneum UPM-Ca36T, were evaluated in terms of symbiotic performance. Chickpea plants inoculated with envZ-transformed strains (PMI6envZ⁺ and EE7envZ⁺) showed a significantly higher symbiotic effectiveness as compared to the corresponding control. In plants inoculated with PMI6envZ+, a higher number of infection threads was observed, and nodules were visible 4 days earlier. Overall, our results showed that the overexpression of Env-like protein may influence the symbiotic process at different stages, leading to strain-dependent effects. This study contributes to elucidating the role of an EnvZ-like protein in the rhizobia–legume symbioses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Editor’s Choice Articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI