Agronomy

24 pages, 1613 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Anthocyanins and Lipid Components in Berries of Nine Red Grapevine Cultivars

by Cosmin-Alin Faur, Dragoș Ola, Claudiu Ioan Bunea, Anamaria Călugăr, Florin-Dumitru Bora, Francisc Dulf and Andrea Bunea

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2443; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102443 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Red grapes are recognized as valuable sources of phenolic compounds with nutritional and technological importance. Anthocyanins strongly influence the color, stability, and antioxidant activity of wines, thereby contributing to both quality and potential health effects. In this study, berries of nine red grapevine [...] Read more.

Red grapes are recognized as valuable sources of phenolic compounds with nutritional and technological importance. Anthocyanins strongly influence the color, stability, and antioxidant activity of wines, thereby contributing to both quality and potential health effects. In this study, berries of nine red grapevine cultivars (Alicante Bouschet, Burgund Mare, Busuioacă de Bohotin, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cadarcă, Malbec, Sangiovese, and Syrah) were examined for their anthocyanin composition, total phenolic and flavonoid content, physicochemical parameters, and fatty acid profiles. Anthocyanins were characterized using High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS), total polyphenols and flavonoids were quantified spectrophotometrically, and fatty acids were determined by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Substantial variability was observed across cultivars for the analyzed traits, with nine anthocyanins identified (total levels ranging from 70.79 ± 13.84 to 335.75 ± 87.62 mg malvidin-3-O-glucoside equivalents (MGE) per 100 g fresh weight (FW). Total phenolics ranged from 107.51 ± 11.11 to 432.13 ± 42.91 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 g FW, and flavonoids from 34.23 ± 11.45 to 162.51 ± 39.63 mg catechin equivalents (CE) per 100 g FW. Ten fatty acids were identified, with linoleic acid being the most abundant. Alicante Bouschet and Burgund Mare showed the highest levels of total anthocyanins, polyphenols, and flavonoids, while Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Sangiovese exhibited the richest profiles of polyunsaturated fatty acids, together highlighting their potential as valuable sources of bioactive and nutritional compounds for functional food applications. Cabernet Franc and Sangiovese, characterized by higher titratable acidity and balanced pH, showed favorable traits for producing stable, high-quality wines. Analysis of the data further grouped the cultivars based on their chemical and lipid profiles. Overall, these findings show the notable biochemical differences among the red grapevine cultivars and their potential uses in food and wine production. Full article

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14 pages, 2743 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Throughput Phenotyping of Cereal Crops Under Stress: Unveiling Evapotranspiration and Respiration Patterns

by Kenny Paul, Pablo Rischbeck and Hans-Peter Kaul

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2442; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102442 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 365

Abstract

Addressing crop responses to drought and nitrogen stress is crucial for improving resilience and ensuring sustainable agriculture under changing climatic conditions. This study investigates the physiological responses of wheat (Videodur [DU], Sensas [SW]) and barley (Tiroler Imperial [SG1], Amidala [SG2]) cultivars to drought [...] Read more.

Addressing crop responses to drought and nitrogen stress is crucial for improving resilience and ensuring sustainable agriculture under changing climatic conditions. This study investigates the physiological responses of wheat (Videodur [DU], Sensas [SW]) and barley (Tiroler Imperial [SG1], Amidala [SG2]) cultivars to drought and nitrogen stress during early reproductive to full maturity stages (BBCH 70 to 90) using infrared (IR) and visible near-infrared–shortwave infrared (VNIR-SWIR) hyperspectral imaging. Evapotranspiration (ET) and respiration were analyzed as functions of mean plant temperature (T_plant), light intensity, plant water status (indicated by the Normalized Difference Water Index, NDWI), and air humidity. Results revealed that drought stress significantly reduced NDWI and ET while increasing T_plant, with wheat cultivars showing greater sensitivity to water deficit. Barley, particularly SG2, exhibited superior water retention and thermal regulation, highlighting its potential for drought resilience with consistently higher NDWI values and lower T_plant. Temporal analysis identified the reproductive stage as the most vulnerable to stress, with a sharp decline in NDWI and rise in T_plant, emphasizing the need for stage-specific interventions. Regression models explained 74% of ET variance and 67% of respiration variance, underscoring the predictive power of NDWI and T_plant as proxies for plant water status and metabolic activity. Real-time evapotranspiration (ET) measurements using a balance during precision watering further validated the predictive capabilities of NDWI and T_plant. These findings provide valuable insights into growth stage-specific breeding programs and sustainable crop management strategies under environmental stress conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)

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10 pages, 2958 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

GIPA: A High-Throughput Computational Toolkit for Genomic Identity and Parentage Analysis in Modern Crop Breeding

by Yi-Fan Yu, Xiao-Ya Ma, Yue Wan, Zhi-Cheng Shen and Yu-Xuan Ye

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102441 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 278

Abstract

Modern crop breeding requires efficient tools for genetic identity and parentage verification to manage large-scale programs. To address this, we present GIPA (Genomic Identity and Parentage Analysis), a high-performance toolkit designed for these tasks. GIPA integrates key innovations: a sliding-window algorithm enhances accuracy [...] Read more.

Modern crop breeding requires efficient tools for genetic identity and parentage verification to manage large-scale programs. To address this, we present GIPA (Genomic Identity and Parentage Analysis), a high-performance toolkit designed for these tasks. GIPA integrates key innovations: a sliding-window algorithm enhances accuracy by correcting genotyping errors, an intelligent system classifies samples by heterozygosity to streamline parentage analysis, and an integrated engine generates intuitive chromosome-level heatmaps. We demonstrate its utility in a soybean backcrossing scenario, where it identified a donor line with 98.02% genomic identity to the recipient, providing a strategy to significantly shorten the breeding program. In maize, its parentage module accurately identified the known parents of commercial hybrids with match scores exceeding 97%, validating its use for variety authentication and quality control. By transforming complex SNP data into clear, quantitative, and visual insights, GIPA provides a robust solution that accelerates data-driven decision-making in plant breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Crop Molecular Breeding and Genetics—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 4287 KB

Open AccessArticle

Calibration and Testing of Discrete Element Simulation Parameters for the Presoaked Cyperus esculentus L. Rubber Interface Using EDEM

by Zhenyu Liu, Jianguo Yan, Fei Liu and Lijuan Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2440; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102440 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

To address the challenges in precision seeding of Cyperus esculentus L. seeds caused by their irregular shape and uneven surface, this study investigates the effect of soaking pretreatment on seed germination and adopts rubber-based seed suction holes to improve adsorption performance. Subsequently, calibration [...] Read more.

To address the challenges in precision seeding of Cyperus esculentus L. seeds caused by their irregular shape and uneven surface, this study investigates the effect of soaking pretreatment on seed germination and adopts rubber-based seed suction holes to improve adsorption performance. Subsequently, calibration and experiments on discrete element simulation parameters were carried out. Initially, by setting four soaking time gradients (0, 24, 48, and 72 h), the optimal soaking duration was determined. Furthermore, through free-fall collision tests, static friction tests, and rolling friction tests, combined with the Plackett–Burman design, steepest ascent experiments, and Box–Behnken response surface methodology, the contact parameters between seeds and between seeds and rubber suction holes were calibrated and optimized. The results showed that the static friction coefficient (D) between seeds, the rolling friction coefficient (E) between seeds, and the rolling friction coefficient (H) between seeds and rubber have significant effects on the stacking angle. The optimal parameter combination obtained was D = 0.592, E = 0.325, H = 0.171. Validation tests on the dynamic stacking angle demonstrated that the relative error between the simulated and physical test values was only 1.89%, confirming the accuracy of the parameters. This study provides reliable parameter references for the design and simulation optimization of precision seed metering devices for C. esculentus after soaking pretreatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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17 pages, 3666 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New and Improved YOLO Model for Individual Litchi Crown Detection with High-Resolution Satellite RGB Images

by Tianshun Xia, Pengfei Chen and Xiaoke Liu

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2439; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102439 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 297

Abstract

The accurate detection of individual litchi crowns is important for precision management and yield estimation. This study aims to improve the YOLOv8n model for accurate detection of litchi crowns in high-resolution satellite images. For this purpose, three typical litchi orchards were selected for [...] Read more.

The accurate detection of individual litchi crowns is important for precision management and yield estimation. This study aims to improve the YOLOv8n model for accurate detection of litchi crowns in high-resolution satellite images. For this purpose, three typical litchi orchards were selected for this study. High-resolution satellite RGB images of these orchards were collected, and individual crowns were visually interpreted. On the basis of these data, this study first improved the YOLOv8 model by fusing a priori knowledge with the task alignment learning (TAL) module, implementing efficient local attention (ELA), and employing a receptive field block (RFB) module, resulting in an improved model called the CAR-YOLO model. An ablation experiment was subsequently used to analyze the effects of the above strategies on the improvement of YOLOv8n model. Finally, the proposed CAR-YOLO model was compared with Fast-RCNN, YOLOv5n, YOLOv8n, YOLOv10n and YOLO v11n. The results showed that all of the improvement strategies used in this study enhanced the performance of the original model. Among all of the models, the CAR-YOLO model exhibited the best performance in terms of litchi crown detection, with AP₅₀ values varying from 0.7069 to 0.8121 and F1 scores varying from 0.6908 to 0.7761 for different orchards. The other models resulted in AP₅₀ values ranging from 0.4860 to 0.7895 and F1 score values ranging from 0.5265 to 0.7628. As demonstrated by these results, this study provides useful support for the precise management and planting inventory of litchi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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14 pages, 4698 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Nutrient Compensation Intervals Based on Ionic Monitoring in Drainage Water from Open and Closed Tomato Hydroponics

by Mi Young Lim, Dongpil Kim, Se Jin Kim, Gyeong Lee Choi, Mi Young Rho and Hee Sung Hwang

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2438; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102438 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 342

Abstract

Closed hydroponics (recirculating) is increasingly recognized as a sustainable approach for conserving water and fertilizer resources. However, concerns remain among growers regarding ionic imbalances and yield instability during nutrient–solution recirculation. This study aimed to clarify these issues through continuous ionic monitoring of drainage [...] Read more.

Closed hydroponics (recirculating) is increasingly recognized as a sustainable approach for conserving water and fertilizer resources. However, concerns remain among growers regarding ionic imbalances and yield instability during nutrient–solution recirculation. This study aimed to clarify these issues through continuous ionic monitoring of drainage water and optimization of nutrient compensation intervals in commercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivation. Two greenhouse systems, an open (non-recirculating) and a closed (recirculating) system, were compared. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and major ions (NO₃⁻, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄²⁻, PO₄³⁻, and Na⁺) were analyzed using ion chromatography. Based on ionic fluctuation trends, compensation intervals of 0, 2, and 4 weeks were evaluated in the closed system. Contrary to expectations of growers, open hydroponics exhibited greater ionic imbalance due to uncontrolled leaching. Periodic compensation (every 4 weeks) stabilized ionic ratios, reduced fertilizer input by 67–69%, and decreased water use by 33–36% compared with the open system. These findings demonstrate that drainage-based ionic monitoring and interval-based compensation can improve the environmental and economic performance of closed hydroponics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Agricultural Water Conservation: Tools, Strategies, and Practices)

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18 pages, 4805 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Biochar and Its Fractions on Soil Nitrogen Forms and Microbial Communities Under Freeze-Thaw Conditions

by Xiaoyuan Gao, Yunfei Wang, Ming Li, Jie Yu and Song Han

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2437; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102437 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 337

Abstract

Biochar shows potential for regulating nitrogen cycling in cold-region soils, but the roles of its different fractions during freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) remain unclear. To elucidate the regulation of cold-region soil environments by biochar at the fraction scale, we examined the effects of biochar [...] Read more.

Biochar shows potential for regulating nitrogen cycling in cold-region soils, but the roles of its different fractions during freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) remain unclear. To elucidate the regulation of cold-region soil environments by biochar at the fraction scale, we examined the effects of biochar and its fractions (dissolved and undissolved) on soil nitrogen forms and microbial communities under simulated FTCs. The experiment included a constant-temperature control, a freeze–thaw control, and three biochar treatments with pristine biochar (PBC), dissolved biochar fraction (DBC), and undissolved biochar fraction (UBC), respectively, maintained in triplicate at five FTC frequencies (0, 1, 5, 10, and 20). Changes in soil physicochemical properties and nitrogen forms were measured at five FTC frequencies, and microbial community composition was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing after the 20th cycle. Both biochar fractions reduced inorganic nitrogen, with ammonium nitrogen decline resulting from joint action and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) reduction dominated by UBC. PBC alleviated microbial biomass nitrogen stress by relying primarily on its undissolved fraction to enhance soil water retention, organic carbon, and total nitrogen. Redundancy analysis indicated that total nitrogen and NO₃⁻-N were the key factors affecting microbial community composition. Partial least squares structural equation modeling results suggested that soil physicochemical properties influenced microbial community structure characteristics more strongly than nutrient properties. These findings provide a new perspective on the regulatory mechanism of biochar on the agricultural soil environment in cold regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)

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21 pages, 2684 KB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of Yunnan Flue-Cured Tobacco Yield Integrated Learning Prediction Model Driven by Meteorological Data

by Yunshuang Wang, Jinheng Zhang, Xiaoyi Bai, Mengyan Zhao, Xianjin Jin and Bing Zhou

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2436; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102436 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 259

Abstract

The timely and accurate prediction of flue-cured tobacco yield is crucial for its stable yield and income growth. Based on yield and meteorological data from 2003 to 2023 (from the NASA POWER database) of Yunnan Province, this study constructed a coupled framework of [...] Read more.

The timely and accurate prediction of flue-cured tobacco yield is crucial for its stable yield and income growth. Based on yield and meteorological data from 2003 to 2023 (from the NASA POWER database) of Yunnan Province, this study constructed a coupled framework of polynomial regression and a Stacking ensemble model. Four trend yield separation methods were compared, with polynomial regression selected as being optimal for capturing long-term trends. A total of 135 meteorological features were built using flue-cured tobacco’s growth period data, and 17 core features were screened via Pearson’s correlation analysis and Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE). With Random Forest (RF), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Support Vector Regression (SVR) as base models, a ridge regression meta-model was developed to predict meteorological yield. The final results were obtained by integrating trend and meteorological yields, and core influencing factors were analyzed via SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). The results showed that the Stacking model had the best predictive performance, significantly outperforming single models; August was the optimal prediction lead time; and the day–night temperature difference in the August maturity stage and the solar radiation in the April transplantation stage were core yield-influencing factors. This framework provides a practical yield prediction tool for Yunnan’s flue-cured tobacco areas and offers important empirical support for exploring meteorology–yield interactions in subtropical plateau crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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13 pages, 511 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Selection–Evaluation Density Interaction on Genetic Gain and Optimization Pathways in Maize Recurrent Breeding Systems

by Fengyi Zhang, Zhiyuan Yang, Yuxing Zhang, Mingshun Li, Degui Zhang, Jienan Han, Zhiqiang Zhou, Zhennan Xu, Zhuanfang Hao, Jianfeng Weng, Ziguo Rong, Juying Wang, Xinhai Li and Hongjun Yong

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2435; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102435 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 383

Abstract

Breaking the maize yield plateau necessitates the development of density-tolerant varieties, for which recurrent selection is a key breeding strategy. However, a systematic understanding of how the interaction between selection density (parental screening environment) and evaluation density (variety testing environment) modulates genetic gain [...] Read more.

Breaking the maize yield plateau necessitates the development of density-tolerant varieties, for which recurrent selection is a key breeding strategy. However, a systematic understanding of how the interaction between selection density (parental screening environment) and evaluation density (variety testing environment) modulates genetic gain remains a critical knowledge gap. This study aimed to systematically elucidate this interaction and its impact on genetic gain and combining ability. We established two F2 base populations from distinct heterotic groups: Zheng 58 × LH196 (Stiff Stalk, SS) and Chang 7-2 × MBUB (Non-Stiff Stalk, NSS). Through bulk selection, we advanced populations for three cycles (C0, C2, C4) under three selection densities: low (60,000 plants/ha), medium (90,000 plants/ha), and high (120,000 plants/ha). Hybrids were generated using a double tester design and evaluated in multi-environment trials at Shijiazhuang in Hebei province and Xinxiang in Henan province in 2023 across matching density gradients. We employed analysis of variance (ANOVA) and general combining-ability (GCA) estimates to assess the genetic gains for yield and combining ability across 14 parental materials and 28 hybrids. Our results demonstrate that density compatibility between selection and evaluation environments is paramount. Genetic gain decreased by 0.89–26.52% with a density discrepancy of >30,000 plants/ha and plummeted by 19.71–77.44% when the discrepancy exceeded 60,000 plants/ha, underscoring the necessity of aligning selection density with the target environment. Under matched densities, population yield increased significantly with escalating density, with the high-density selection regime showing a maximum yield improvement of 53.78% from C0 to C4. Materials selected under high density exhibited superior performance and significantly higher combining ability (averaging a 238.35% increase) and genetic gain (averaging a 263.39% improvement) in medium-to-high-density environments, confirming strong positive selection pressure. Conversely, materials from low-density selection processes were better adapted to environments of ≤60,000 plants/ha. This study provides a crucial theoretical and practical foundation for establishing density-optimized recurrent breeding systems to directionally enhance genetic gain in maize. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Genetic Improvement of Crop Traits in Enhancing Crop Resilience)

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16 pages, 952 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Almond Seed Germination and Growth Through Microbial Priming: A Biostimulation Strategy for Sustainable Agriculture

by Zineb Bouabidi, Najat Manaut and Mountasser Douma

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2434; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102434 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 335

Abstract

Microbial priming is an emerging strategy in sustainable agriculture that involves the use of beneficial microorganisms to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability. This innovative approach leverages the natural interactions between plants and microorganisms to promote plant growth and improve soil health. This study [...] Read more.

Microbial priming is an emerging strategy in sustainable agriculture that involves the use of beneficial microorganisms to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability. This innovative approach leverages the natural interactions between plants and microorganisms to promote plant growth and improve soil health. This study explores the application of microbial priming on almond seeds, focusing on the biostimulant effect of soil-based microbial extracts from a mediterranean shrub Pistacia lentiscus L. as an ecological strategy to improve the germination and seedling of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.)). The extraction process of soil differentiates three extracts: the first separates AMF spores (Myco) from all other bacterial and fungal consortia (MW), and the third combines the two previous extracts (MW + Myco). The experiment evaluated germination rates, seedling growth parameters, and conducted physico-chemical soil analyses. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) colonization was also measured. Microbial priming significantly improved germination rates and enhanced seedling growth compared to untreated controls. The three microbial extracts showed significant effects on germination rate after 20 days, exceeding 90%. After 27 days, all treatments reach their maximum (100%). Seedling indicators allow MW + Myco extract to be considered as the most powerful extract on almond seedling growth. The combination of microbial and endomycorrhizal fungal extracts could be considered as a facilitator of seedling growth of almond. The AMF colonization was notably higher in treated plants. Overall, microbial priming effectively enhances almond seed germination and seedling growth, demonstrating its potential as a sustainable biostimulation strategy in agriculture. This practice boosts crop productivity and promotes soil health by enriching microbial communities and improving nutrient cycling. These results open up perspectives towards a natural-based strategy able to facilitate the germination and early seedling of almonds in both nurseries and in the field—and to enhance the productivity and health of almond cultivation in special Mediterranean area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 4th International Electronic Conference on Agronomy (IECAG 2024))

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21 pages, 4254 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Straw Return on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Communities in a Cold-Region Alkaline Farmland

by Wei Zhang, Jinghong Wang, Aman Khan, Guinan Shen, Dan Wei and Weidong Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2433; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102433 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Straw return is crucial for sustainable agriculture, but its efficiency is limited by low temperatures in cold regions, especially in saline-alkali soils. This study investigates the degradation process of maize straw and the response of soil properties and microbial communities during the winter [...] Read more.

Straw return is crucial for sustainable agriculture, but its efficiency is limited by low temperatures in cold regions, especially in saline-alkali soils. This study investigates the degradation process of maize straw and the response of soil properties and microbial communities during the winter low-temperature period in the alkaline farmland of Anda, China. A two-year field experiment with straw return (SR) and no return (NR) treatments was conducted. Straw degradation rates and structural changes (as observed via scanning electron microscope, SEM) were monitored. Soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were analyzed. Microbial community composition was characterized using 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing. The cumulative straw degradation rate over two years reached 94.81%, with 18.33% occurring in the first winter freeze–thaw period. Freeze–thaw cycles significantly damaged the straw structure, facilitating microbial colonization. Straw return significantly improved soil properties after winter, increasing field water capacity (3.45%), content of large aggregates (6.57%), available nutrients (P 38.17 mg/kg, K 191.93 mg/kg), and organic carbon fractions compared to NR. Microbial analysis revealed that low temperatures filtered the community, enriching cold-tolerant taxa like Pseudogymnoascus, Penicillium, and Pedobacter, which are crucial for lignocellulose decomposition under cold conditions. The winter period plays a significant role in initiating straw degradation in cold regions. Straw return mitigates the adverse effects of winter freezing on soil quality and promotes the development of a cold-adapted microbial consortium, thereby enhancing the sustainability of alkaline farmland ecosystems in Northeast China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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18 pages, 1624 KB

Open AccessArticle

DNA-Based Quantification of Fusarium Species in Winter Wheat Grain in Poland from 2014 to 2017 and 2019

by Tomasz Góral, Katarzyna Grelewska-Nowotko, Piotr Ochodzki and Barbara Wiewióra

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2430; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102430 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates the connection between meteorological variables and the presence of Fusarium species across 26 grain sampling sites over five years. We analyzed average temperatures for May, June, and July, which showed substantial year-to-year fluctuations, with the most significant deviations in 2019 [...] Read more.

This study investigates the connection between meteorological variables and the presence of Fusarium species across 26 grain sampling sites over five years. We analyzed average temperatures for May, June, and July, which showed substantial year-to-year fluctuations, with the most significant deviations in 2019 and the smallest in 2014. Precipitation also varied greatly each year, with notable differences between 2014 and 2019. The measurement of Fusarium DNA revealed its presence in most samples, with peak levels observed in southeastern and northwest Poland. Five Fusarium species were identified, with F. graminearum s.s. and F. poae being the most prevalent, depending on the year. The geographic distribution of Fusarium DNA demonstrated significant regional differences, with the highest levels found in specific provinces each year. Statistical analysis indicated significant correlations between DNA levels of F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, and F. graminearum s.s. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) uncovered strong relationships among these species, especially in samples from 2016 and 2017. Additionally, we observed a positive correlation between Fusarium DNA levels and precipitation during flowering and ripening stages, and a negative correlation with temperature during stem elongation and milk-dough phases. These findings highlight the complex interactions between climate factors and Fusarium presence in winter wheat grain, providing insight into environmental influences on fungal ecology in agricultural systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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18 pages, 3100 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Contrasting Ecological Effects of Farmland and Alfalfa Grassland Across Different Planting Scales in the North China Plain

by Xiaoyu Zhu, Yutong Li, Zhongkuan Liu, Changliang Shao, Lulu Wang and Xiaoping Xin

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2432; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102432 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 304

Abstract

Purpose: Comparing farmland and alfalfa grassland systems under different planting scales in influencing grain yield and environmental security is crucial to achieving sustainable food development. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of farmland and alfalfa grassland systems under different planting scales [...] Read more.

Purpose: Comparing farmland and alfalfa grassland systems under different planting scales in influencing grain yield and environmental security is crucial to achieving sustainable food development. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of farmland and alfalfa grassland systems under different planting scales in the North China Plain. Methods: The environmental impacts, including energy depletion, land utilization, water consumption, global warming, acidification, and eutrophication, were evaluated using robust regression and life cycle assessment (LCA) based on the functional unit of CNY 1000 of grain (crops and alfalfa) production. Robust regression was applied to improve the accuracy of the data, and the LCA method was effectively used to compare the environmental impacts under different planting scales. Results: The comprehensive environmental impact of alfalfa production was 9% lower than that of the crop system in the North China Plain. Compared to large-scale cultivation, smallholder farming resulted in 26%, 34%, and 22% higher environmental impact indicators for alfalfa, maize, and wheat, respectively. Conclusions: The experimental results demonstrate that the robust regression model achieves high prediction accuracy and generalization ability in estimating input–output quantity. The results can provide insights into the optimization of policy initiatives oriented towards the goal of resource-conserving, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly development to facilitate regional planning and sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Grassland and Pasture Science)

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22 pages, 5645 KB

Open AccessArticle

Breeding Evaluation of Potato Hybrids for Late Blight Resistance

by Adolfs Rucins, Aivars Aboltins, Mykola Furdyha, Natalya Zakharchuk, Tetyana Oliynik, Ivan Fedosiy and Oleksandr Komar

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2431; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102431 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 332

Abstract

This study presents the results of scientific research analyzing the resistance to late blight in created potato hybrids of various maturity groups and the possibility of identifying early-maturing forms with increased resistance to both leaf and tuber late blight. The aim of the [...] Read more.

This study presents the results of scientific research analyzing the resistance to late blight in created potato hybrids of various maturity groups and the possibility of identifying early-maturing forms with increased resistance to both leaf and tuber late blight. The aim of the study is to evaluate potato breeding material for resistance to late blight, identify combinations for crossing with a high percentage of disease-resistant and early-maturing forms. The methods of field, laboratory, and statistical research were employed. The article presents the results of breeding work on evaluating potato varieties and hybrids to create breeding material resistant to late blight. Maternal and paternal forms were identified, along with crossing combinations yielding a large number of disease-resistant offspring. Hybrids and breeding material have been developed, combining resistance: 13 hybrids to late blight of leaves and tubers, and 14 hybrids combining resistance to late blight and early maturity. These hybrids will be further used in breeding practices to develop new potato varieties resistant to late blight. Based on the conducted research, the following main conclusions were formulated: parental forms and crossing combinations were identified, which provide the majority of late blight-resistant offspring and are valuable for breeding practices. Hybrids combining resistance to late blight of leaves and tubers, as well as resistance to late blight and early maturity, have been developed. The breeding material will be used as a basis for creating new potato varieties resistant to the pathogen. In 2022–2023, work on the breeding project was completed, resulting in the identification of combinations forming from 0.2 to 2.5% of forms resistant to late blight of leaves and tubers in combination with early maturity. As a result of the research, hybrids derived from the crosses Slavyanka/Povin, 04/21c31/Bellarosa, and Virinea/Strumok have been identified. These hybrids, named Solomia, Sofia, and Mirami, were submitted for trials in 2022–2023. The varieties Mirami and Solomia combine early maturity with resistance to late blight of leaves, while Sofia combines early maturity with resistance to late blight of tubers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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18 pages, 12012 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Optimal Cyanobacterial Sludge Incorporation Balances Nutrient Retention and NH₃ Emission Reduction During Composting with Chicken Manure and Wheat Straw

by Yifei Liu, Yudong Chen, Ying Chen, Yanfang Feng and Haijun Sun

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2429; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102429 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 233

Abstract

Managing eutrophic waterbodies produced large quantity of cyanobacterial sludge (CS), a biomass rich in nitrogen (N) that can be recycled through composting. However, how this management affects the compost fertility and ammonia (NH₃) volatilization is little known. This study used a [...] Read more.

Managing eutrophic waterbodies produced large quantity of cyanobacterial sludge (CS), a biomass rich in nitrogen (N) that can be recycled through composting. However, how this management affects the compost fertility and ammonia (NH₃) volatilization is little known. This study used a chicken manure and wheat straw mixture with struvite, as the control composting treatment (CK). Subsequently, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the chicken manure was substituted with CS at the initiation of composting, which were named CS10%, CS20%, CS30%, and CS40%, respectively. The results showed that compost pH decreased by 0.2–0.5 units, while total N content significantly increased by 10.4–20.8% under all CS amended treatments compared to the CK. Furthermore, cumulative NH₃ volatilization in the CS amended treatments increased with higher CS substitution rates, showing a significant increase of 21.3–110.0%. In CS amended treatments, the initial contents of microcystin–RR and –LR were 82.0–328.0 μg kg⁻¹ and 48.0–192.0 μg kg⁻¹, respectively, which were degraded by 35.7–79.5% and 30.2–77.8%, peaking at 30% CS substitution. Notably, the CS40% treatment showed degradation rates dropping to 62.3% and 60.7%, accompanied by a significant increase in microcystin content. Meanwhile, the heavy metals (total arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead) contents of all composts complied with organic fertilizer standard (NY/T 525–2021) of China. Interestingly, the CS10% had significantly lower heavy metal concentrations compared to the CK, thus enhancing compost safety. In conclusion, 10% was an optimal CS incorporating ratio to improve the quality of compost derived from chicken manure, wheat straw and struvite, while reducing NH₃ emissions, which provided a feasible technical pathway for recycling the CS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Improvement in Agricultural Waste and Byproducts)

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14 pages, 1872 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Combined Application of Vermicompost and Mineral Fertilizers on Melon Quality and Soil Environmental Quality

by Ningyu Li, Si Chen, Wenjun Yue and Ailan Yan

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2428; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102428 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

In the context of sustainable agriculture and environmental restoration, this study explores the potential of combining vermicompost with mineral fertilizers to optimize crop production while reducing the environmental footprint of synthetic fertilizer use. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare four nitrogen treatments: [...] Read more.

In the context of sustainable agriculture and environmental restoration, this study explores the potential of combining vermicompost with mineral fertilizers to optimize crop production while reducing the environmental footprint of synthetic fertilizer use. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare four nitrogen treatments: no nitrogen (CK), 100% mineral fertilizers (T1), 50% mineral fertilizers + 50% vermicompost (T2), and 100% vermicompost (T3). The experiment focused on key parameters, including melon yield, fruit quality (soluble sugars, soluble solids, and vitamin C), and soil environmental health. The results indicate that the T2 treatment, which integrates vermicompost, produced the most favorable outcomes: a 28.9% increase in soluble sugar content, improved flavor, and 3–7 days earlier pollination/harvest compared to CK. Soil organic matter in the T2 treatment was 2.6 times higher than CK, with significant improvements in microbial diversity and enzyme activity, enhancing soil fertility. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between melon quality, soil health, and microbial dynamics. This integrated fertilization strategy not only enhances melon productivity but also promotes soil ecosystem sustainability, aligning with ecological restoration principles. These findings offer practical recommendations for reducing reliance on mineral fertilizers in melon farming systems while improving soil and environmental quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Irrigation and Fertilization Management for Sustainable Agricultural Production)

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19 pages, 3686 KB

Open AccessArticle

Crab Shell Biochar and Compost Synergistically Mitigate Heavy Metal Toxicity in Soil–Plant System

by Fozia Aslam, Arbab Jamait, Shengsen Wang, Muhammad Mahroz Hussain and Xiaozhi Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2427; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102427 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Addressing the threat of heavy metal contamination in agriculture, this study evaluated the efficacy of crab shell biochar (CB) and compost (CO) in immobilizing copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb). The objective was to determine the impact of solitary and combined applications [...] Read more.

Addressing the threat of heavy metal contamination in agriculture, this study evaluated the efficacy of crab shell biochar (CB) and compost (CO) in immobilizing copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb). The objective was to determine the impact of solitary and combined applications of CB and CO on soil physicochemical properties, nutrient availability, HMs bioavailability, subsequent growth, and oxidative stress responses in spinach plants. The experiment involved two soil types (clay loam and sandy clay loam) with differing initial properties, which were simultaneously spiked with 300 mg kg⁻¹ Cu, 500 mg kg⁻¹ Zn, and 400 mg kg⁻¹ Pb, aged for 30 days, and then treated with varying doses of CB and CO (e.g., 1% and 1.5% w/w). Key results demonstrated that the combined application of 1.5% CB + 1.5% CO was most effective, significantly (p < 0.05) increasing soil pH and reducing DTPA-extractable Cu (by 53–64%), Zn (42–50%), and Pb (57–59%) in both soil types. This treatment also led to a pronounced decrease in the bioaccumulation factor (BF) of HMs in spinach, coupled with improved plant growth parameters (height, fresh/dry weight, chlorophyll content) and reduced oxidative stress (as indicated by lower levels of MDA and antioxidant enzymes). We conclude that the synergistic interaction between CB and CO creates a multi-mechanistic immobilization system, offering a highly effective strategy for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils and the safe cultivation of crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress in Biochar and Microbial Remediation for Heavy Metal Agricultural Soil)

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19 pages, 2098 KB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Carbon Dynamics, Sequestration Potential, and Physical Characteristics Under Grazing Management in Regenerative Organic Agroecosystems

by Said A. Hamido, Arash Ghalehgolabbehbahani and Andrew Smith

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2426; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102426 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 538

Abstract

Rotational grazing and cover crops are conservation practices known to improve soil health, particularly soil organic carbon (SOC) and aggregate stability. Combining both practices may enhance these benefits more than either alone. With grazing lands covering 41% of U.S. agricultural land, adopting such [...] Read more.

Rotational grazing and cover crops are conservation practices known to improve soil health, particularly soil organic carbon (SOC) and aggregate stability. Combining both practices may enhance these benefits more than either alone. With grazing lands covering 41% of U.S. agricultural land, adopting such methods could significantly impact the soil carbon cycle. A study near Koshkonong, Missouri, examined the effects of regenerative organic grazing with Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus) on SOC, carbon sequestration, aggregate stability, and soil resistance. The 1620-hectare ranch tested four treatments: rotational grazing with cover crops (RGCC), grazing on native grasses (RGNCC), cover crops without grazing (NGCC), and orchards without cover crops or grazing (NGNCC). Cover crops were seeded twice yearly with diverse species. After three years, SOC increased most in NGNCC (28%), followed by RGCC (13%), NGCC (7%), and RGNCC (4%). Annual carbon gains in surface soils were highest in NGNCC (0.99 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Across all depths, NGCC led (4.88 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Aggregate stability was greatest in non-grazed systems, particularly in fine aggregates, and declined with soil disturbance. Overall, low-disturbance systems like orchards and no-grazing cover crop plots enhanced soil structure and carbon storage. Strategic management is key to improving soil function and ecosystem resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Health to Human Health)

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19 pages, 3454 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fertilization Strategies Regulate Soil Viral Diversity and Functional Potentials in Nutrient Cycling

by Jian Xiao, Chuan Liu, Rui Wei, Zhilai Chi, Peng Zhang and Zhen Yu

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2425; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102425 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 397

Abstract

Soil viruses are increasingly recognized as key regulators of microbial communities and biogeochemical cycles, yet their responses to long-term fertilization strategies remain poorly characterized. We conducted a four-year pot experiment in subtropical China to evaluate how chemical fertilizer (CF), biochar (BC), and organic [...] Read more.

Soil viruses are increasingly recognized as key regulators of microbial communities and biogeochemical cycles, yet their responses to long-term fertilization strategies remain poorly characterized. We conducted a four-year pot experiment in subtropical China to evaluate how chemical fertilizer (CF), biochar (BC), and organic fertilizer (OF) application influenced soil viromes compared with an unfertilized control (CK) treatment. Metagenomic analyses recovered 1581 viral contigs with distinct community structures across treatments. Lytic viruses dominated overall, with higher proportions in BC and OF treatments, positively correlated with soil fertility indicators. Diversity indices indicated that BC and OF treatments significantly enhanced viral richness and evenness relative to CK and CF treatments, reflecting broader microbial host niches. Virus–host link predictions revealed expanded networks under BC and OF treatments, particularly with Pseudomonadota, Cyanobacteriota, and Acidobacteriota, suggesting amendment-specific viral regulation. Functional annotation showed that OF and BC application enriched viral KEGG categories related to metabolism, transport, and signal transduction. Moreover, BC and OF application promoted nitrate reduction, nitrogen fixation, and phosphorus mobilization. Together, these findings highlight organic amendments as critical drivers of soil viral diversity and functional potential, linking viromes dynamics to sustainable nutrient cycling in agroecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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22 pages, 5716 KB

Open AccessArticle

Kiwi-YOLO: A Kiwifruit Object Detection Algorithm for Complex Orchard Environments

by Jie Zhou, Fuchun Sun, Haorong Wu, Qiurong Lv, Fan Feng, Bangtai Zhao and Xiaoxiao Li

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2424; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102424 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 471

Abstract

To address the challenges of poor model adaptability and high computational complexity in complex orchard environments characterized by variable lighting, severe occlusion, and dense fruit clusters, an enhanced kiwifruit detection network, Kiwi-YOLO, is proposed based on YOLOv8. Firstly, replacing the main network with [...] Read more.

To address the challenges of poor model adaptability and high computational complexity in complex orchard environments characterized by variable lighting, severe occlusion, and dense fruit clusters, an enhanced kiwifruit detection network, Kiwi-YOLO, is proposed based on YOLOv8. Firstly, replacing the main network with the MobileViTv1 module reduces computational load and parameters, thus enhancing inference efficiency for mobile deployment. Secondly, incorporating BiFPN into the model’s neck as a replacement for PANet improves feature distinguishability between background regions and target instances. Additionally, incorporating MCA module promotes cross-dimensional feature interactions, strengthening model robustness and generalization performance. Finally, the MPDIoU loss function is adopted to minimize bounding box vertex distances, mitigating detection box distortion caused by sample heterogeneity while accelerating convergence and enhancing localization accuracy. Experimental results indicate that the enhanced model achieves improvements of 2.1%, 1.5% and 0.3% in precision, recall, and mAP, respectively, over the baseline YOLOv8, while reducing parameters (Params) and computational complexity (GFLOPs) by 19.71 million and 2.8 billion operations. Moreover, it surpasses other comparative models in performance. Furthermore, in experiments detecting kiwifruit targets under complex lighting and occlusion conditions, the Kiwi-YOLO model demonstrated excellent adaptability and robustness. Its strong environmental adaptability provides technical guidance for advancing the practical application of unmanned intelligent kiwifruit harvesting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Facility Agriculture Robots and Autonomous Unmanned Management for Crops)

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14 pages, 2371 KB

Open AccessArticle

S-Rich Biochar Enhances Cd Immobilization by Boosting Fe Transformation Under Decreasing pe + pH Conditions

by Fengfeng Sui, Yanjie Qi, Jianjun Ma, Liqiang Cui, Guixiang Quan and Jinlong Yan

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2423; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102423 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 330

Abstract

Biochar application can effectively immobilize Cadmium (Cd) in soil. However, it is largely unknown how the biogeochemical processes of sulfur (S) in biochar affect Cd fixation under conditions of decreasing pe + pH. Using two field-contaminated paddy soils with different Cd concentrations (Shangyu [...] Read more.

Biochar application can effectively immobilize Cadmium (Cd) in soil. However, it is largely unknown how the biogeochemical processes of sulfur (S) in biochar affect Cd fixation under conditions of decreasing pe + pH. Using two field-contaminated paddy soils with different Cd concentrations (Shangyu (SY) 0.56 mg kg⁻¹ and Tongling (TL) 2.32 mg kg⁻¹), and rape straw biochars with low S (LB) and high S (HB) contents, we investigated how S-rich biochar regulates Cd solubility in paddy soils that were incubated anaerobically for 40 d. The soluble and extractable Cd content decreased as pe + pH decreased with flooding, and showed a steady trend by day 20. However, Cd was immobilized through different mechanisms in TL and SY soil. The rapid decrease in pe + pH in TL soil enhanced the involvement of S in Cd immobilization and Fe transformation. In SY soil, the delayed reduction in SO₄²⁻ promoted Cd adsorption onto amorphous Fe oxides. During this process, the liming effect of biochar is critical for Cd immobilization in soil. Furthermore, biochar might promote the biogeochemical processes of S and Fe transformation, thereby enhancing Cd fixation in soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Pollution: Toxicology and Remediation Strategies)

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16 pages, 3727 KB

Open AccessArticle

Plant Growth Regulators Improve Soybean Yield in Northwest China Through Nutritional and Hormonal Regulation

by Hao Cheng, Yucheng Gan, Xinna Zheng, Ziyi Meng, Feifei Zhao, Wenyue Feng, Renhui Guo, Xinghu Song and Qiang Zhao

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2422; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102422 - 19 Oct 2025

Viewed by 383

Abstract

In Xinjiang, soybean yield potential is constrained by varietal limitations and abiotic stresses. Although plant growth regulators (PGRs) can enhance crop yield, their specific impacts on soybean production, endogenous hormone regulation, and nutrient dynamics in this region have not been well characterized. This [...] Read more.

In Xinjiang, soybean yield potential is constrained by varietal limitations and abiotic stresses. Although plant growth regulators (PGRs) can enhance crop yield, their specific impacts on soybean production, endogenous hormone regulation, and nutrient dynamics in this region have not been well characterized. This study evaluated the effects of different PGR treatments on yield formation, hormone levels, and nutrient contents through a field experiment conducted in Ili, Xinjiang, from 2023 to 2025. Foliar applications of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 300 g ha⁻¹), prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca, 450 g ha⁻¹), and iron chlorine e6 (ICE6, 45 g ha⁻¹) were applied twice—at the fourth trifoliolate and full-pod stages—with an untreated control (CK) for comparison. Compared with CK, PGR treatments increased biomass allocation to reproductive organs by 6.2%, nutrient accumulation of N, P, and K by 12.3%, 25.5%, and 6.5%, respectively, pod number by 6.92 pods per plant, seed number by 4.86 seeds per plant, and 100-seed weight by 0.47 g, resulting in 6.6–12.0% higher grain yield. Seed PGR residues were 0.009 mg kg⁻¹. PGR application enhanced reproductive organ conversion capacity, nutrient uptake efficiency, and regulated endogenous hormone levels, clarifying internal yield-formation mechanisms and offering valuable reference for soybean research, particularly in similar latitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Synergistic Regulation of Plant Growth by Plant Hormones and Nutrients)

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16 pages, 4679 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Litchi Fruit Detection Based on Defoliation and UAV

by Jing Wang, Mingyue Zhang, Zhenhui Zheng, Zhaoshen Yao, Boxuan Nie, Dongliang Guo, Ling Chen, Jianguang Li and Juntao Xiong

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2421; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102421 - 19 Oct 2025

Viewed by 301

Abstract

The use of UAVs to detect litchi in natural environments is imperative for rapid litchi yield estimation and automated harvesting systems. However, UAV-based lychee fruit detection bottlenecks arise from complex canopy architecture and leaf occlusion. This study proposed a collaborative optimization strategy integrating [...] Read more.

The use of UAVs to detect litchi in natural environments is imperative for rapid litchi yield estimation and automated harvesting systems. However, UAV-based lychee fruit detection bottlenecks arise from complex canopy architecture and leaf occlusion. This study proposed a collaborative optimization strategy integrating agronomic technique with deep learning. Three leaf thinning intensities (0, 6, and 12 compound leaves) were applied at the early stage of fruit to systematically evaluate their effects on fruit growth, canopy structure, and detection performance. Results indicated that moderate defoliation (six leaves) significantly enhanced canopy openness and light penetration without adversely impacting on yield and fruit quality. Subsequent UAV-based detection under moderate versus no defoliation treatment revealed that the YOLOv8-based model achieved significant performance gains: mean average precision (mAP) increased from 0.818 to 0.884, and the F1-score improved from 0.796 to 0.842. The study contributes a novel collaborative optimization strategy that effectively mitigates occlusion issues in fruit detection. This approach demonstrates that agronomic techniques can be strategically used to enhance AI perception, offering a significant step forward in the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy for intelligent orchard systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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4 pages, 671 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Net-Zero Emissions for Sustainable Food Production and Land Management

by Zhengqin Xiong and Jianying Shang

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2420; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102420 - 18 Oct 2025

Viewed by 354

Abstract

In the face of global climate change, resource scarcity, and population growth, ensuring food security [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Net-Zero Emissions for Sustainable Food Production and Land Management)

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21 pages, 2080 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Plant Growth-Promoting Potential of Three Pseudomonas and Pantoea Isolates to Promote Pepper Growth

by Ayman F. Omar, Adil H. A. Abdelmageed, Ahmad Al-Turki, Ahmed M. Aggag, Medhat Rehan and Noha M. Abdelhameid

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2419; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102419 - 18 Oct 2025

Viewed by 501

Abstract

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have a wide range of applications in agriculture and environmental management. They act as biostimulants and biofertilizers to enhance crop quality and yields in a more sustainable way. The present research aimed at isolating three active strains from the [...] Read more.

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have a wide range of applications in agriculture and environmental management. They act as biostimulants and biofertilizers to enhance crop quality and yields in a more sustainable way. The present research aimed at isolating three active strains from the arid rhizosphere soil to act as biofertilizer. The plant growth-promoting features were evaluated in vitro and their implementation on pepper growth and yield were assessed and measured. Regarding IAA and ammonia production, the three designated isolates (P21, P22-1 and P58) showed patterns of high IAA production, producing 154.47 µg/mL, 155.03 µg/mL, and 188.65 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, considerable amounts of ammonia were detected in the supernatant of peptone water medium after 72 h of growth. Isolate P21 produced the maximum amount and generated 17.38 μmol/mL, whereas both P22-1 and P58 displayed lower amounts (15.47 and 15.92, respectively), without significant differences. P-solubilization efficacy calculated 18.7% (isolate P21), 64% (isolate P22-2), and 54% (isolate P58) when compared with un-inoculated medium. The molecular identification by 16S rRNA displayed that the three isolates belonged to Pseudomonas alkylphenolica strain P21 (PX257452), Pantoea agglomerans strain P22-1 (PX257453), and Pantoea brenneri strain P58 (PX257454). Applying the selected strains with sweet pepper in the presence of rock phosphate (RP) was assessed under greenhouse conditions. Three treatments (adding bacterial suspension at 0, 10 and 20 days after transplanting) from P21, P22-1, and P58 strains revealed that P21(3), P21(2), P22-1(3), and P58(3) treatments are considered the most promising treatments related to plant height, root length, leaf area, number of leaves per plant, leaf P-uptake, and stem P-uptake in addition to total plant P-uptake. In addition, the PCA biplot showed that MSP (mono-super phosphate), P22-1(3), and P58(3) are closely associated with high phosphorus uptake, indicating their effectiveness in enhancing phosphorus absorption by solubilizing insoluble forms. Eventually, PGPB will help the environment by improving soil fertility and structure, decreasing the need for toxic chemical fertilizers, and improving ecosystem health overall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Amendments to Low-Fertility Soils: Current Status and Future Prospects)

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14 pages, 1374 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Induced Inhibition of Germination in Portulaca oleracea L. Seeds

by Nicola D’Ambrosio, Francesca Di Sio, Alessio Esposito, Francesca Lodato, Rita Massa, Gaetano Chirico and Fulvio Schettino

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2418; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102418 - 18 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 2.45 GHz microwave application in inhibiting the germination of Portulaca oleracea seeds. Four different soil substrate types were used to establish whether their different properties and composition might influence the microwave heating [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 2.45 GHz microwave application in inhibiting the germination of Portulaca oleracea seeds. Four different soil substrate types were used to establish whether their different properties and composition might influence the microwave heating and inhibition of the seed germination process. Our results show the efficacy of the treatments and suggest the fundamental importance of defining specific microwave treatment protocols to be applied to the affected soil substrate. In this study, we report complete inhibition of germination of P. oleracea seeds in four exposed soil substrates and propose that microwave application could be integrated into an agricultural management system to control a weed such as P. oleracea, which is widespread in many areas of the world. The microwave treatment may represent an ecological and innovative solution that contributes to reducing the dependence on chemical herbicides and promotes greater agricultural sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weed Management and Herbicide Efficacy Based on Future Climates)

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22 pages, 1064 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Biostimulants Alongside Various Advanced Nitrogen Fertilization Practices Improve the Yield, Quality, and Sustainability of Malting Barley in Mediterranean Conditions

by Loukas Orfeas Loukakis, Kyriakos D. Giannoulis, Eleftheria Garoufali, Theoni Karaviti, Kyriaki Sotirakoglou, Vasileios Kotoulas, Panagiota Papastylianou and Garyfalia Economou

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2417; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102417 - 18 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a key cereal crop for malting and brewing, where grain plumpness and optimal grain protein concentration (GPC) are essential quality traits. This study investigated the combined effects of nitrogen fertilization strategies and a seaweed-based biostimulant (Ascophyllum [...] Read more.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a key cereal crop for malting and brewing, where grain plumpness and optimal grain protein concentration (GPC) are essential quality traits. This study investigated the combined effects of nitrogen fertilization strategies and a seaweed-based biostimulant (Ascophyllum nodosum extract) on malting barley production across four environments in Thessaly, Greece, over two growing seasons. Treatments included urea (U), urea with biostimulant (U + B), urea with urease inhibitor (UI), urea with urease inhibitor and biostimulant (UI + B), and a control (no fertilization). Applications were tested on genotype G20 at mid-development (Z30–33) and genotype G45 at an earlier stage (Z24–30). UI + B treatment consistently enhanced yield by up to 71%, thousand-grain weight by 27%, and spikelets per square meter by 75% relative to the control, with responses influenced by genotype and environment. Grain fractions > 2.8 mm increased by up to 22% under UI + B, while GPC remained within the optimal malting range (9.5–11.5%). Early-stage applications produced strong benefits overall. Principal component analysis distinguished treatment effects, with UI + B samples clustering consistently apart from controls. These results demonstrate that combining biostimulants with urease inhibitors can simultaneously improve yield, quality, and sustainability in malting barley, supporting reduced nitrogen input in Mediterranean systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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17 pages, 2502 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Reinforcement Learning-Based Intelligent Irrigation Decision-Making Model

by Xufeng Zhang, Xinrong Zheng, Zhanyi Gao, Yu Fan, Ke Zhou, Weixian Zhang and Xiaomin Chang

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2416; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102416 - 18 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Originating from the practical demands of digital irrigation district construction, this study aims to provide support for precise irrigation management. This study developed a reinforcement learning-based intelligent irrigation decision-making model for districts employing traditional surface flood irrigation methods. Grounded in the theoretical framework [...] Read more.

Originating from the practical demands of digital irrigation district construction, this study aims to provide support for precise irrigation management. This study developed a reinforcement learning-based intelligent irrigation decision-making model for districts employing traditional surface flood irrigation methods. Grounded in the theoretical framework of water cycle processes within the Soil–Crop–Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC) system and incorporating district-specific irrigation management experience, the model achieves intelligent and precise irrigation decision-making through agent–environment interactive learning. Simulation results show that in the selected typical area of the irrigation district, during the 10-year validation period from 2014 to 2023, the model triggered a total of 22 irrigation events with an average annual irrigation volume of 251 mm. Among these, the model triggered irrigation 18 times during the winter wheat growing season and 4 times during the corn growing season. The intelligent irrigation decision-making model effectively captures the coupling relationship between crop water requirements during critical periods and the temporal distribution of precipitation, and achieves preset objectives through adaptive decisions such as peak-shifting preemptive irrigation in spring, limited irrigation under low-temperature conditions, no irrigation during non-irrigation periods, delayed irrigation during the rainy season, and timely irrigation during crop planting periods. These outcomes validate the model’s scientific rigor and operational adaptability, providing both a scientific water management tool for irrigation districts and a new technical pathway for the intelligent development of irrigation decision-making systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)

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12 pages, 1085 KB

Open AccessArticle

Field-Based Spatiotemporal Dynamics, Ovarian Maturation and Laboratory Oviposition Behavior of Drosophila suzukii in Peach: Key Insights for Integrated Pest Management

by Matteo Pacella, Giorgio Sperandio, Sara Ruschioni, Fabio Ramilli, Lorenzo Corsi, Abdalhadi M.A. Abulebda, Maria Chiara Battistelli and Paola Riolo

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2415; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102415 - 18 Oct 2025

Viewed by 338

Abstract

Drosophila suzukii is a key invasive pest, and infestation in peach orchards can lead to significant economic losses. This study monitored the spatial distribution and reproductive biology of D. suzukii in central Italy to inform integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. In the [...] Read more.

Drosophila suzukii is a key invasive pest, and infestation in peach orchards can lead to significant economic losses. This study monitored the spatial distribution and reproductive biology of D. suzukii in central Italy to inform integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. In the surveyed orchard, the pest exhibited multiple generations, with captures highest along mixed-species-orchard edges, highlighting these margins as potential hotspots for targeted mass trapping. Seasonal dissections of females revealed delayed ovarian development during winter, while maturation progressed during fruit ripening and post-harvest periods. This result provides relevant information on the likely timing of oviposition, useful for informing pest management. A laboratory oviposition trial on nectarines revealed a clear preference for healthy, mechanically damaged fruits, whereas fungal infection reduced the attractiveness. This suggests that field sanitation, especially the timely removal of damaged or fallen fruits, could reduce pest presence and inoculum for the following season. Overall, these findings offer practical insights to support sustainable IPM approaches against D. suzukii in peach production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Pest Management for Invasive Species in Fresh Fruit Production Systems)

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18 pages, 834 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Moringa Accessions Performance for Adaptability, Growth and Leaf Yield Under the Subtropical Climate of Pretoria, South Africa

by Addisu Zeru, Abubeker Hassen, Francuois Muller, Julius Tjelele and Michael Bairu

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2414; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102414 - 17 Oct 2025

Viewed by 823

Abstract

Despite the extensive cultivation of Moringa trees in tropical regions, understanding of accession-specific performance across diverse agroecological zones remains inadequate. Thus, this study evaluated the growth, adaptability, and leaf yield performance of 12 Moringa accessions (11 M. oleifera and 1 M. stenopetala) [...] Read more.

Despite the extensive cultivation of Moringa trees in tropical regions, understanding of accession-specific performance across diverse agroecological zones remains inadequate. Thus, this study evaluated the growth, adaptability, and leaf yield performance of 12 Moringa accessions (11 M. oleifera and 1 M. stenopetala) over three years in a subtropical climate (Pretoria, South Africa). Seeds were planted in seedling trays in the glasshouse at the University of Pretoria’s experimental farm. Vigorous seedlings were transplanted to the field at the Roodeplaat experimental site of the Agricultural Research Council two months after establishment, following a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data were measured on establishment (emergence, survival), growth and yield parameters, and monitored plant health via leaf greenness, vigour, chlorosis, and pest and disease incidence. Accessions exhibited substantial variation for most traits, except for stem diameter. Moringa stenopetala showed the highest initial emergence rate but later displayed lower survival rates than most M. oleifera accessions. Survival rates, morphological features (plant height, canopy diameter, and branching), visual scores for leaf greenness and plant vigour, and leaf yield (fresh and dry) varied considerably among the accessions. Moringa oleifera A2 consistently performed well, exhibiting vigorous growth, the maximum survival rate (78%), and fresh leaf production (6206 kg ha⁻¹). Accessions A3 and A8 showed intermediate yield and longevity, indicating potential for cultivation or breeding. Conversely, M. oleifera A10 and M. stenopetala markedly underperformed in most traits, limiting their cultivation potential. Based on multi-year performance, A2 is suggested for large-scale cultivation due to its vigour, yield, and stress tolerance, while A3 and A8 hold breeding potential. The study emphasizes the critical role of genetic variation and selection in enhancing Moringa productivity under subtropical environments. Future work should focus on genetic characterization and agronomic practices optimization of superior accessions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

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