Soybean Molecular Breeding Through Genome Editing Tools: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an essential crop for global food, feed, and industrial applications, but its production is increasingly challenged by climate change and environmental stresses. Traditional breeding and transgenic approaches have contributed to improvements in yield and quality; however, limitations in genetic diversity and regulatory hurdles for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) underscore the need for innovative strategies to address these challenges. Genome editing technologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, have revolutionized soybean molecular breeding by enabling precise modifications of genes related to key agronomic traits such as yield, seed composition, and stress tolerance. These advances have accelerated the development of soybean varieties with enhanced nutritional value and adaptability. Recent progress includes improvements in editing efficiency, specificity, and the ability to target multiple genes simultaneously. However, the application of genome editing remains concentrated in a few model cultivars, and challenges persist in optimizing transformation protocols, minimizing off-target effects, and validating edited traits under field conditions. Future directions involve expanding the genetic base, integrating genome editing with synthetic biology, and addressing regulatory and public acceptance issues. Overall, genome editing offers significant potential for sustainable soybean improvement, supporting food security and agricultural resilience in the face of global challenges.