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Agile and flexible resource modelling is essential for informed decision-making in early-stage mineral project assessment, and in more advanced stages, particularly when compared with conventional deterministic geological modelling and single-estimat...

Constrained by the low grade and poor floatability of the run-of-mine ore, the beneficiation of porphyry-type copper–molybdenum sulfide ores generates large quantities of molybdenum tailings, leading to significant environmental risks and resou...

Frother chemistry strongly influences gas dispersion, froth stability, water recovery, and selectivity in flotation circuits; however, conventional frothers may exhibit excessive persistence and partitioning under alkaline conditions, impairing downs...

Observations of photoelectric conversion in Fe- and Mn-rich semiconductor mineral coatings highlight their potential role in the origin of life and the evolution of environmental conditions. However, natural silicate minerals, which make up most of t...

The southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) underwent a major Early Paleozoic tectonic transition, yet its timing and mechanisms remain unclear. We present zircon U–Pb–Hf, whole-rock geochemical, and Sr–Nd isotopic data for newl...

Black shale represents a distinctive and critical mineral resource in China, harboring approximately 90% of the nation’s recoverable vanadium reserves while concurrently containing abundant strategic metal elements such as nickel and molybdenum...

Kutná Hora ore district, one of the largest historical silver deposits in Central Europe, consists of nine major lodes with Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization hosted by high-grade basement rocks of the Kutná Hora Crystalline Complex in central par...

To reveal the evolution of the North China Craton (NCC) and the breakup process of the Columbia supercontinent, this study conducted zircon geochronology and garnet mineralogical analyses on kimberlites from the Bayan Obo area, on the northern margin...

Skarn deposits, as one of the most widespread ore deposit types, commonly contain economically subordinate Co, which can locally reach ore-grade concentrations in arsenide and sulfarsenide minerals. However, the partition behavior of Co during skarn...

In the context of deep mining and green low-carbon transition, this study characterizes the thermo-mechanical evolution and fracture mechanisms of cemented tailings backfill (CTB) through systematic experiments conducted at 20–60 °C across...

In this study, column flotation was used to recover high-grade molybdenite (MoS₂) concentrate. Factorial design and statistical analysis were used to evaluate the relationships between the main variables affecting separation efficiency. The main vari...

Bentonite serves as a critical engineered barrier in deep geological repositories, necessitating a reliable description of its temperature-dependent water retention behavior. This study determined soil water retention curves (SWRCs) for four bentonit...

The spectral characteristics of hematite are critical for its remote sensing identification and inversion, but these characteristics are significantly influenced by particle size. Previous studies have primarily focused on particle size ranges (>4...

Banded iron formations (BIFs) are marine chemical sedimentary rocks comprised of alternating siliceous- and iron-rich bands and deposited from Eoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic. Due to their geological antiquity, BIFs normally have been overprinted...

Green nephrite of the serpentine-replacement type often consists predominantly of the actinolite–tremolite series, with minor minerals such as uvarovite, grossular, chromite, magnetite, diopside, zircon, apatite, epidote, graphite, and phlogopi...

This study investigates the trace-element geochemistry of rare-metal pegmatites from the Kalba–Narym Batholith, Eastern Kazakhstan, to establish geochemical indicators of zonation and subtype differentiation within pegmatite fields. Detailed IC...

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The Cambrian Period represents a critical yet debated interval in the global transition from “Aragonite Seas” to “Calcite Seas”. This study reconstructs the physicochemical evolution of paleoseawater through microstructural an...

Serpentinites are metamorphic rocks primarily composed of serpentine-group minerals (i [...]

Separation of heavy rare earth elements from calcium and light rare earth elements extracted from Estonian phosphorite ore by acid leaching and subsequent liquid extraction has been conducted and analyzed. For initial leaching, nitric acid, hydrochlo...

Increasing constraints related to water consumption and operational complexity have intensified interest in dry coal beneficiation as an alternative to conventional wet cleaning, particularly for low-calorific coals used in thermal power plants. In t...

The Three-Product Dense Medium Cyclone (TPDMC) has been widely applied in the coal preparation industry, yet the adaptive optimization of its parameters based on feed characteristics remains under-researched. This study utilizes a semi-industrial exp...

Shagamite, KFe₁₁O₁₇ (IMA 2020-091) was discovered in the ferrite zone of gehlenite hornfels from the Hatrurim Complex exposed near Mt. Ye’elim, Hatrurim Basin, Israel. The mineral occurs in outer zones of gehlenite rock blocks that were heterog...

Esterification, the reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols that produces esters and water, plays a vital role in many industries, especially in biodiesel and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Traditional methods using homogeneous mineral acids po...

This study investigates a karst bauxite deposit from NE Spain with a dual objective incorporating the novel aspect of directly linking genetic processes to industrial ceramic performance. First, the bauxite is mineralogically and texturally character...

Vanadium–titanium magnetite is a strategically important resource for iron, vanadium, and titanium production, yet its utilization in conventional blast furnace–basic oxygen furnace routes is limited by the dilution of titanium into low-v...

The North China Craton (NCC), one of the oldest cratons worldwide, may provide information on the evolution and geodynamic processes of the early Earth, especially during the pre-Mesoarchean period. Many ancient zircons have been discovered in the Ji...

Niobium and tantalum are critical metals that are important for technological development. Their main applications are in the production of alloys for the civil construction, electronics, nuclear, and aerospace industries, and in catalysis. Tin reduc...

For the metal deposits exploited by the open-stope subsequent filling method, the goaf roof is prone to large-scale caving when the stope ore is not fully mined. This further results in the accumulation of a thick layer of waste rock on the goaf floo...

Late Cretaceous plutonic rocks are commonly observed along the Southeastern Anatolian Orogenic Belt (SAOB), which constitutes a significant part of the Alpine–Himalayan Orogenic Belt. Here, we present new whole-rock geochemical analyses, zircon...

The mineral composition and chemistry of a Co-rich ferromanganese crust from Skornyakova Guyot in the Magellan Seamount Cluster is investigated by X-ray diffraction and ICP-OES to scrutinize the effects of phosphatization on the depletion of Co. The...

Sulfide-bearing iron oxide deposits consisting of magnetite and silicates are common within the greenstones of north-west Finland and northern Sweden. These iron oxide deposits have variable copper, gold, and uranium content and occur in association...

Pore structure and fractal dimension analysis of nephrite deposits are essential for assessing potential quality, conducting investigations, and exploiting jade resources. This research explored nephrite (tremolite) jade from Tonggou in the Luanchuan...

The ductile shear zones in northern Guangxi provide a crucial window for understanding Paleozoic collisional deformation and the tectonic evolution of the South China Block. The Jiufeng–Gandong ductile shear zone is located in the western part...

Coal combustion residues are often useful components for the cement industry. This study represents a material characterization and screening analysis by focusing on the mineralogical, physicochemical, and petrographic compositions of fly and bottom...

The horst and graben system in Western Anatolia lies on the eastern boundary of the Aegean extensional system, one of the most active extensional zones in the world. The Şahinali coal basin is located south of the Büyük Menderes Graben...

The northern segment of the Great Xing’an Range, northeastern China, hosts a previously unrecognized near-E–W-trending rhyolite belt in the Tulihe area. We conducted systematic geochronological and geochemical investigations to constrain...

Microbe–mineral interactions in lacustrine environments play a critical role in controlling carbonate diagenesis and preserving organic matter, particularly under the influence of hydrothermal processes. To improve the understanding of such pro...

The Lanuoma sediment-hosted lead–zinc (Pb–Zn) deposit, situated in the central part of the Sanjiang base metal metallogenic belt (SMB) within the Changdu Basin, is hosted by Triassic Bolila Formation limestone. The source of metals and su...

Little is known of a large black shale belt within the Naij Tal Group in the East Kunlun region, which hosts polymetallic deposits, including manganese, vanadium, and cobalt. The recently discovered Dagangou vanadium mineralization is the first black...

At the Ity gold deposit (Ivory Coast), carbonate-buffered tropical weathering fundamentally controlled the redistribution and enrichment of gold and associated metals within the Flotouo weathering profile. Primary mineralisation formed through skarn...

Naomaohu coal from the Santanghu Basin, Xinjiang, is characterized by anomalously high Na and Ca contents, which strongly affect its gasification behavior and slagging tendency. However, the genetic linkage between geological alkali enrichment and th...

The Atlantic City–South Pass (ACSP) orogenic gold district, Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, occurs in the Archean South Pass Greenstone Belt primarily within greywackes and igneous rocks metamorphosed to the upper greenschist–lower amphibo...

Magnetic and electromagnetic techniques have been applied successfully to mineral exploration discovery. Both techniques rely on inferring the distribution of subsurface physical properties based on ground, airborne or borehole field measurements. Co...

The Felbertal tungsten mineralisation in the Tauern Window (Eastern Alps) is hosted by the Early Paleozoic Habach Complex belonging to the Lower Schieferhülle. In predominantly mafic meta-volcanic rocks, mostly amphibolites, green amphibole crys...

During the magmatic stage, base and rarer metals segregate from silicate melts to form ore deposits. The usual case is the porphyry (PD) type (Cu, Mo, and W) above subduction zones. The metal grade increases from some ppb or ppm up to percent levels....

As uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock material is influenced by petrographic characteristics, special emphasis is given to the visual assessment and determination of rock properties. Visual determination of properties such as lithology, fabr...

Tailings sand primarily consists of fine sand, silt, and other non-cohesive soil particles. Due to its persistent saturation, it exhibits a high susceptibility to liquefaction under dynamic loading or fluctuating groundwater conditions, potentially l...

Mylonitic mantle peridotites exposed at the Tosa Megamullion in the Shikoku Basin, Philippine Sea, provide direct evidence for amagmatic ductile shear deformation of the upper mantle beneath a back-arc spreading center. Oceanic core complexes (OCCs),...

The dynamic migration of mineral particles within spiral separators and its control via structural parameters are not yet fully understood, hindering efficiency improvements. To this end, a set of spiral separators with systematically adjusted struct...