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Minerals
Volume 15
Issue 5
10.3390/min15050538
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Review

The Utilization of Slag, Steel Slag, and Desulfurization Gypsum as Binder Systems in UHPC with Iron Tailings and Steel Fibers—A Review

by
Hocine Heraiz
1,
Jiajie Li
1,*,
Ziping Pan
1,
Dongdong Zhang
1,
Yingxi Hu
1,
Xinli Mu
1,
Amer Baras
1,
Jinhai Liu
1,
Wen Ni
1 and
Michael Hitch
2
1
Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2
Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Minerals 2025, 15(5), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15050538 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 17 April 2025 / Revised: 14 May 2025 / Accepted: 17 May 2025 / Published: 18 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling of Industrial Waste for the Development of Sustainable Materials)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is known for its outstanding strength and durability but is often limited by the high cost of traditional materials, like cement, fine aggregates, and silica fume. This review examines the use of industrial by-products—specifically, iron tailings, steel slag, and desulfurization gypsum—as sustainable alternatives in UHPC mix design. These materials serve as supplementary cementitious components and fine aggregates, helping reduce environmental impacts and production costs. This study highlights the synergistic hydration mechanisms between Portland cement and waste-based materials, leading to improved microstructure and long-term strength. The role of steel fibers in enhancing crack resistance is also discussed. Challenges related to workability, cost, and lack of standardization are addressed, along with opportunities for innovative mix designs, low-carbon binders, and 3D printing. Overall, this paper underscores the potential of industrial by-products to advance sustainable, high-performance UHPC solutions.
Keywords: ultra-high-performance concrete; solid waste utilization; iron tailings; steel fibers; sustainability ultra-high-performance concrete; solid waste utilization; iron tailings; steel fibers; sustainability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Heraiz, H.; Li, J.; Pan, Z.; Zhang, D.; Hu, Y.; Mu, X.; Baras, A.; Liu, J.; Ni, W.; Hitch, M. The Utilization of Slag, Steel Slag, and Desulfurization Gypsum as Binder Systems in UHPC with Iron Tailings and Steel Fibers—A Review. Minerals 2025, 15, 538. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15050538

AMA Style

Heraiz H, Li J, Pan Z, Zhang D, Hu Y, Mu X, Baras A, Liu J, Ni W, Hitch M. The Utilization of Slag, Steel Slag, and Desulfurization Gypsum as Binder Systems in UHPC with Iron Tailings and Steel Fibers—A Review. Minerals. 2025; 15(5):538. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15050538

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heraiz, Hocine, Jiajie Li, Ziping Pan, Dongdong Zhang, Yingxi Hu, Xinli Mu, Amer Baras, Jinhai Liu, Wen Ni, and Michael Hitch. 2025. "The Utilization of Slag, Steel Slag, and Desulfurization Gypsum as Binder Systems in UHPC with Iron Tailings and Steel Fibers—A Review" Minerals 15, no. 5: 538. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15050538

APA Style

Heraiz, H., Li, J., Pan, Z., Zhang, D., Hu, Y., Mu, X., Baras, A., Liu, J., Ni, W., & Hitch, M. (2025). The Utilization of Slag, Steel Slag, and Desulfurization Gypsum as Binder Systems in UHPC with Iron Tailings and Steel Fibers—A Review. Minerals, 15(5), 538. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15050538

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