This paper reports the characteristics of an injection-seeded terahertz parametric oscillator (TPO) with a ring-cavity configuration based on the MgO:LiNbO3 crystal. The ring cavity is constituted of three mirrors and the THz wave output surface wher...
A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip biosensor was developed for cell viability monitoring based on an array of capacitance sensors utilizing a ring oscillator. The chip was packaged in a low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) modul...
The study investigates a capacitive micro pressure sensor integrated with a ring oscillator circuit on a chip. The integrated capacitive pressure sensor is fabricated using the commercial CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process and a p...
This article introduces a new class of physical unclonable functions (PUFs) based on the Fibonacci ring oscillator (FIRO). The research conducted here proves that before reaching the desired randomness, the oscillator shows a certain degree of repeat...
This study presents the design and fabrication of a capacitive micro humidity sensor integrated with a five-stage ring oscillator circuit on chip using the complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The area of the humidity sensor chip i...
A novel configuration for a polarimetric fiber ring laser incorporating a coupled optoelectronic oscillator (COEO) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, and its application to magnetic field sensing is studied. The COEO-based polarimetric fibe...
The optimum hole diameter of a ring reflector was experimentally investigated using an axial virtual cathode oscillator (vircator) to enhance its microwave power. The ring reflector enhances the microwave power from the axial vircator by forming a ca...
An injection-locked ring oscillator-based phase-locked-loop targeting clock recovery for space application at 3.2 GHz is presented here. Most clock recovery circuits need a very low phase noise and jitter performance and are thus based on LC-type osc...
A ring reflector was experimentally investigated using an axial virtual cathode oscillator (vircator). The ring reflector was installed behind the mesh anode of the axial vircator to enhance the microwave power output by forming a resonant cavity and...
This study investigates the fabrication and characterization of an acetone microsensor with a ring oscillator circuit using the commercial 0.18 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The acetone microsensor contains a sensitive ma...
This paper proposes a new graphene gamma- and beta-radiation sensor with a backend RF ring oscillator transducer employed to convert the change in the graphene resistivity due to ionizing irradiation into a frequency output. The sensor consists of a...
A current-controlled CMOS ring oscillator topology, which exploits the bulk voltages of the inverter stages as control terminals to tune the oscillation frequency, is proposed and analyzed. The solution can be adopted in sub-1 V applications, as it e...
The generation of random numbers is crucial for practical implementations of cryptographic algorithms. In this sense, hardware security modules (HSMs) include true random number generators (TRNGs) implemented in hardware to achieve good random number...
The research into ring oscillator physically unclonable functions (RO-PUF) continues to expand due to its simple structure, ease of generating responses, and its promises of primitive security. However, a substantial study has yet to be carried out i...
17 September 2025
A ring-oscillator based voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) architecture with reduced frequency drift across temperature and process variations is presented in this paper. The frequency stability is achieved through two dedicated compensation techniq...
Improved performance operational amplifier demand has continuously increased. IC designers use the charge pump technique as an advanced solution to implement the amplifier’s rail−to−rail input stage, but the need for a large load ca...
The study develops an integrated humidity microsensor fabricated using the commercial 0.18 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The integrated humidity sensor consists of a humidity sensor and a ring oscillator circuit on-a-chi...
The current trend of increasing the complexity of hardware accelerators to improve their functionality is highlighting the problem of sharing a high-frequency clock signal for all integrated modules. As the clock itself is becoming the main limitatio...
This work presents a current-controlled CMOS ring oscillator (CCRO) optimized for ultra-low-voltage applications in next-generation energy-constrained systems. Leveraging bulk voltage tuning in 22 nm FDSOI differential inverter stages, the topology e...
This paper presents the validation of a novel approach for a true-random number generator (TRNG) based on a ring oscillator–physical unclonable function (RO-PUF) for FPGA devices. The proposal takes advantage of the different noise sources that...
A low-timing jitter passively Q-switched monolithic non-planar ring oscillator (NPRO) with diffusion-bonded Cr4+: YAG in a single-frequency operation was realized. The pulse parameters were controlled by a Cr4+: YAG saturable absorber, while the sing...
We propose a ring oscillator (RO) based current-to-voltage-to-frequency (I–V–F) converting current transducer with a cascade bias circuit. The I–V–F converting scheme guarantees highly stable biasing against RO, with a rail-to...
An efficient Nd: A YAG single-frequency laser was demonstrated using a gradient-doped ceramic non-planar ring oscillator (NPRO). A thermal model of the gradient-doped ceramic NPRO was built to analyze the temperature field and thermal focal length. B...
Portable and wearable sensor systems implemented in the paradigm of the Internet of Things (IoT) are part of our daily activities as well as commercial and industrial products. The connection of measurement devices has led to not only a sharp increas...
The reliability and durability of integrated circuits (ICs), present in almost every electronic system, from consumer electronics to the automotive or aerospace industries, have been and will continue to be critical concerns for IC chip makers, espec...
A cloud service to offer entropy has been paid much attention to. As one of the entropy sources, a physical random number generator is used as a true random number generator, relying on its irreproducibility. This paper focuses on a physical random n...
In this paper, a time-variant analysis is made on Single-Event Transients (SETs) in integrated CMOS ring oscillators. The Impulse Sensitive Function (ISF) of the oscillator is used to analyze the impact of the relative moment when a particle hits the...
Random Numbers are widely employed in cryptography and security applications. This paper presents a novel approach to generate high-quality random bitstreams by harnessing the inherent noise properties of ring oscillators. We implemented ring oscilla...
This paper details the development and validation of a temperature sensing methodology using an un-trimmed oscillator-based integrated sensor implemented in the 0.18-μm SOI XFAB process, with a focus on thermal monitoring in system-on-chip (SoC) b...
A ring of classical charge with a charged point particle oscillating within is first analyzed. The charged particle interacts with classical electromagnetic thermal radiation, which causes the particle to fluctuate, while the ring of charge imparts a...
This work presented a comparison between two Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) designed in 65 nm CMOS technology. The first architecture based on a Ring Oscillator (RO) was designed using three Current Mode Logic (CML) stages connected in a loop,...
This paper proposes a new circuit-based approach to mitigate nonlinearity in open-loop ring-oscillator-based analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The approach consists of driving a current-controlled oscillator (CCO) with several transconductors conn...
Existing spectrum-sensing techniques for cognitive radios require an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to work at high dynamic range and a high sampling rate, resulting in high cost. Therefore, in this paper, a spectrum-sensing method based on a unid...
In this paper, we propose a method to enhance the performance of a random number generator (RNG) that exploits ring oscillators (ROs). Our approach employs additional phase detectors to extract more entropy; thus, RNG uses fewer resources to produce...
A Ring Oscillator Physical Unclonable Function (RO PUF) is an application-constrained hardware security primitive that can be used for authentication and key generation. PUFs depend on variability during the fabrication process to produce random outp...
The design of a wide-band voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) modified as a VCO with programmable tail currents is introduced herein. The VCO is implemented by using CMOS current-mode logic stages, which are based on differential pairs that are conne...
Laplacian electroencephalogram signal from novel and noninvasive tripolar concentric ring electrodes has been demonstrated to have superior performance compared to the electroencephalogram from conventional disc electrodes due to its unique capabilit...
The Ring Oscillator Physical Unclonable Function (RO-PUF) is a hardware security innovation that creates a secure and distinct identifier by utilizing the special physical properties of ring oscillators. Their unique response, low hardware overhead,...
This paper presents a comparative study between two different implementations of digitally-controlled-oscillators (DCOs), whcih is the DAC-based and the digital controller-based DCO in TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology. This paper focuses on ring-oscillator...
PLLs with small areas, low power consumption, and low jitter are crucial for mobile applications. Hence, achieving a balance between the area, power consumption, and noise of a PLL is a significant issue. In this work, a compact, low-power, and low-j...
This paper proposes an ultra-low voltage delay element for battery-assistance DC energy harvesting systems. By inserting a low voltage level shifter (VLS), a wider voltage range is obtained to bias the body of the delay element. Thus, both the voltag...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are an emerging technology employed in some crucial applications. However, limited resources and physical exposure to attackers make security a challenging issue for a WSN. Ring oscillator-based physical unclonable fun...
This paper presents an injection locked digitally controlled ring oscillator (IL-DCRO). To reduce jitter variations, minimize oscillator spurious signals, and eliminate periodical phase error, a double edge-injection (window injection) scheme with sy...
We analyse the influence of spiral dislocation topology on the revival time for the harmonic oscillator, for a particle confined to one-dimensional quantum ring, and a two-dimensional quantum ring. We first investigate the effects of a cut-off point...
Oscillator networks display intricate synchronization patterns. Determining their stability typically requires incorporating the symmetries of the network coupling. Going beyond analyses that appeal only to a network’s automorphism group, we ex...
In this paper, a low-power Injection-Locked Clock and Data Recovery (ILCDR) using a 28 nm Ultra-Thin Body and Box-Fully Depleted Silicon On Insulator (UTBB-FDSOI) technology is presented. The back-gate auto-biasing of UTBB-FDSOI transistors enables t...
This paper introduces the electronic interface for a capacitive airborne particle matter detector. The proposed circuit relies on two matched ring oscillators and a mixer to detect the frequency difference induced by the deposition of a particle onto...
Physically unclonable functions avoid storing secret information in non-volatile memories and only generate a key when it is necessary for an application, rising as a promising solution for the authentication of resource-constrained IoT devices. Howe...
We present the first implementation of an FPGA-based PUF that leverages the usually contradictory requirements of stability and response time. Many state-of-the-art implementations of PUFs are either slow with a low error rate, like the ring oscillat...
Sensors in the medical field to detect specific tissues, such as radars, must provide accurate signals from frequency generators. In order to supply an accurate frequency signal, the oscillator must have a low phase noise. Therefore, the resonator us...
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