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231 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
39 Citations
8,796 Views
14 Pages

Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Relaxation Techniques on Psychological, Physiological, and Biochemical Stress Indicators

  • Eglė Mazgelytė,
  • Virginija Rekienė,
  • Edita Dereškevičiūtė,
  • Tomas Petrėnas,
  • Jurgita Songailienė,
  • Algirdas Utkus,
  • Gintaras Chomentauskas and
  • Dovilė Karčiauskaitė

14 December 2021

Various relaxation techniques could benefit from merging with virtual reality (VR) technologies, as these technologies are easily applicable, involving, and user-friendly. To date, it is unclear which relaxation technique using biofeedback combined w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
5,810 Views
12 Pages

Numerous studies have reported a significant increase in stress experienced by students owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently, interest in stress management using nature-derived substances has increased. However, studies examining the effects of o...

  • Review
  • Open Access
180 Citations
22,931 Views
23 Pages

Contact with nature has been proposed as a solution to achieve physiological relaxation and stress recovery, and a number of scientific verification outcomes have been shown. Compared with studies of the other senses, studies investigating the visual...

  • Article
  • Open Access
71 Citations
9,910 Views
13 Pages

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Forest and Urban Sounds Using High-Resolution Sound Sources

  • Hyunju Jo,
  • Chorong Song,
  • Harumi Ikei,
  • Seiya Enomoto,
  • Hiromitsu Kobayashi and
  • Yoshifumi Miyazaki

Exposure to natural sounds is known to induce feelings of relaxation; however, only few studies have provided scientific evidence on its physiological effects. This study examined prefrontal cortex and autonomic nervous activities in response to fore...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,322 Views
18 Pages

26 November 2020

Wood is a sustainable and natural material used in interior design for living environment. Knots are prominent features on wood surfaces, and they affect a user’s building preference and impression. Data on the effects of wood knots on human ph...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
34 Citations
8,340 Views
14 Pages

Physiological Effects of Touching Coated Wood

  • Harumi Ikei,
  • Chorong Song and
  • Yoshifumi Miyazaki

This study examined the physiological effects of touching wood with various coating with the palm of the hand on brain activity and autonomic nervous activity. Participants were 18 female university students (mean age, 21.7 ± 1.6 years). As an indica...

  • Article
  • Open Access
61 Citations
12,915 Views
14 Pages

Physiological Effects of Touching Wood

  • Harumi Ikei,
  • Chorong Song and
  • Yoshifumi Miyazaki

This study aimed to clarify the physiological effects of touching wood with the palm, in comparison with touching other materials on brain activity and autonomic nervous activity. Eighteen female university students (mean age, 21.7  ±  1.6 years) par...

  • Article
  • Open Access
97 Citations
11,753 Views
11 Pages

Physiological Effects of Visual Stimulation with Forest Imagery

  • Chorong Song,
  • Harumi Ikei and
  • Yoshifumi Miyazaki

This study was aimed to clarify the physiological effects of visual stimulation using forest imagery on activity of the brain and autonomic nervous system. Seventeen female university students (mean age, 21.1 ± 1.0 years) participated in the study. A...

  • Article
  • Open Access
84 Citations
10,243 Views
13 Pages

The Effects of a Short Forest Recreation Program on Physiological and Psychological Relaxation in Young Polish Adults

  • Ernest Bielinis,
  • Lidia Bielinis,
  • Sylwia Krupińska-Szeluga,
  • Adrian Łukowski and
  • Norimasa Takayama

7 January 2019

Forest recreation is an activity that could be successfully used to alleviate negative symptoms of stress in individuals. Multiple positive psychological and physiological effects have been described in the literature, especially regarding works desc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
111 Citations
11,781 Views
17 Pages

When Urban Environment Is Restorative: The Effect of Walking in Suburbs and Forests on Psychological and Physiological Relaxation of Young Polish Adults

  • Emilia Janeczko,
  • Ernest Bielinis,
  • Roman Wójcik,
  • Małgorzata Woźnicka,
  • Wojciech Kędziora,
  • Adrian Łukowski,
  • Mohamed Elsadek,
  • Katarzyna Szyc and
  • Krzysztof Janeczko

24 May 2020

Background and Objectives: Physical activity, recreation and walks successfully counteract negative symptoms of stress in people, especially in large cities, and have many positive psychological and physiological effects. There are many studies showi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
6,413 Views
11 Pages

3 October 2021

(1) Background: A variety of stressors may be potentially harmful to adolescents’ health and well-being. Relaxation techniques have been recognized as a valid method for stress release, but the challenge is to apply them practically in schools to pro...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,438 Views
12 Pages

Physiological Responses Related to Sitting Comfort Due to Changes in Seat Parameters

  • Jongseong Gwak,
  • Kazuyoshi Arata,
  • Takumi Yamakawa,
  • Hideo Tobata,
  • Motoki Shino and
  • Yoshihiro Suda

4 September 2024

The design of vehicle cabin seats is crucial in transportation, as it directly affects the safety and comfort of both drivers and passengers. To design seat parameters that enhance sitting comfort, a quantitative evaluation of sitting comfort involvi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
9,411 Views
11 Pages

Physiological and Psychological Effects on High School Students of Viewing Real and Artificial Pansies

  • Miho Igarashi,
  • Mariko Aga,
  • Harumi Ikei,
  • Takafumi Namekawa and
  • Yoshifumi Miyazaki

The relaxation effects of gardening have attracted attention; however, very few studies have researched its physiological effects on humans. This study aimed to clarify the physiological and psychological effects on high school students of viewing re...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
84 Citations
8,562 Views
9 Pages

The Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Psychological Effects of Viewing Forest Landscapes in Autumn Season

  • Dawou Joung,
  • Geonwoo Kim,
  • Yoonho Choi,
  • HyoJin Lim,
  • Soonjoo Park,
  • Jong-Min Woo and
  • Bum-Jin Park

Recently reported research indicate that forest environments have physiological and psychological relaxing effects compared to urban environments. However, some researchers claim that the stress of the subjects from being watched by others during mea...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4,494 Views
20 Pages

Evaluation of a Virtual Human in Delivering Relaxation Exercises for Wound Healing and Stress Reduction: A Randomised Controlled Trial

  • Isabella Pickering,
  • Mikaela Law,
  • Kate Loveys,
  • Mark Sagar,
  • Nadine Skoluda,
  • Urs M. Nater and
  • Elizabeth Broadbent

Objective: Relaxation delivered via audiotapes can reduce stress and improve wound healing. Virtual humans are a promising technology to deliver relaxation, but robust research is needed into their effectiveness. This randomised controlled trial inve...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
6,728 Views
7 Pages

Physiological Effects of Viewing Bonsai in Elderly Patients Undergoing Rehabilitation

  • Chorong Song,
  • Harumi Ikei,
  • Masahiro Nara,
  • Daisuke Takayama and
  • Yoshifumi Miyazaki

The benefits of various nature-derived stimuli that can be used for stress relief and relaxation has recently gained immense attention; however, there are very few studies about their influence on elderly patients. The present study aims to present t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
6,819 Views
20 Pages

A Relaxed Horse—A Relaxed Client? An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Therapy Horses’ Stress on Clients’ Stress, Mood, and Anxiety

  • Alicia Müller-Klein,
  • Moritz Nicolai Braun,
  • Diana S. Ferreira de Sá,
  • Tanja Michael,
  • Ulrike Link-Dorner and
  • Johanna Lass-Hennemann

13 February 2024

Equine-assisted therapies are becoming increasingly popular for addressing physical and psychological disabilities in clients. The role of the horse’s welfare in equine-assisted service receives increasing attention in research. Several studies...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
172 Citations
16,734 Views
11 Pages

Physiological and Psychological Effects of a Forest Therapy Program on Middle-Aged Females

  • Hiroko Ochiai,
  • Harumi Ikei,
  • Chorong Song,
  • Maiko Kobayashi,
  • Takashi Miura,
  • Takahide Kagawa,
  • Qing Li,
  • Shigeyoshi Kumeda,
  • Michiko Imai and
  • Yoshifumi Miyazaki

The natural environment is increasingly recognized as an effective counter to urban stress, and “Forest Therapy” has recently attracted attention as a relaxation and stress management activity with demonstrated clinical efficacy. The present study as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,670 Views
14 Pages

Relationship Between Darkness and Healing of Night Sky in Planetarium

  • Midori Tanaka,
  • Kenichi Otani and
  • Takahiko Horiuchi

This study aimed to address the unexplored relaxing effects of stargazing with different night sky darknesses in a planetarium by conducting an experiment to investigate the physiological effects of the relaxation/stress state on brain and autonomic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,589 Views
9 Pages

30 September 2018

This study hypothesized that moisturizing treatment of the skin has a positive effect on psychological and physiological aspects. In this experiment, the effect of touch with moisturizer for two minutes on the lower legs was measured in terms of brai...

  • Article
  • Open Access
170 Citations
15,765 Views
13 Pages

Physiological and Psychological Effects of a Walk in Urban Parks in Fall

  • Chorong Song,
  • Harumi Ikei,
  • Miho Igarashi,
  • Michiko Takagaki and
  • Yoshifumi Miyazaki

In recent times, attention has been focused on the role of urban green spaces in promoting human health and well-being. However, there is a lack of evidence-based research on the physiological effects of walking in urban green areas. This study aimed...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
5,552 Views
15 Pages

Virtual Reality and Relaxation for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Comparative Study with Standard Intervention

  • Eric Malbos,
  • Nadège Chichery,
  • Baptiste Borwell,
  • Gabriel Weindel,
  • Jordan Molitor,
  • Mélodie Einig-Iscain,
  • Julien Seimandi and
  • Christophe Lançon

18 February 2025

Background/Objectives: Modern therapeutic strategies incorporating virtual reality (VR) have emerged as potential treatments for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a prevalent and debilitating condition that is challenging to cure. This study aimed...

  • Article
  • Open Access
127 Citations
14,450 Views
12 Pages

Effects of Walking in a Forest on Young Women

  • Chorong Song,
  • Harumi Ikei,
  • Takahide Kagawa and
  • Yoshifumi Miyazaki

The effects of forest activities on health promotion have received increasing attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and psychological effects of brief walks in forests on young women. The experiments were conducted in 6 f...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
20,753 Views
22 Pages

Study of Magnesium Formulations on Intestinal Cells to Influence Myometrium Cell Relaxation

  • Francesca Uberti,
  • Vera Morsanuto,
  • Sara Ruga,
  • Rebecca Galla,
  • Mahitab Farghali,
  • Felice Notte,
  • Chiarella Bozzo,
  • Corrado Magnani,
  • Antonio Nardone and
  • Claudio Molinari

22 February 2020

Background: Magnesium is involved in a wide variety of physiological processes including direct relaxation of smooth muscle. A magnesium imbalance can be considered the primary cause or consequence of many pathophysiological conditions. The smooth mu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
11,417 Views
20 Pages

7 November 2024

As media consumption through electronic devices increases, there is growing interest in ASMR videos, known for inducing relaxation and positive emotional states. However, the effectiveness of ASMR varies depending on each video’s characteristic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
7,362 Views
10 Pages

Effects of Visual Stimulation with Bonsai Trees on Adult Male Patients with Spinal Cord Injury

  • Hiroko Ochiai,
  • Chorong Song,
  • Harumi Ikei,
  • Michiko Imai and
  • Yoshifumi Miyazaki

Nature therapy has been demonstrated to induce physiological relaxation. The psychophysiological effects of nature therapy (stimulation with bonsai trees) on adult male patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) were examined. Oxyhemoglobin concentration...

  • Article
  • Open Access
141 Citations
15,844 Views
13 Pages

Effect of Forest Walking on Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Middle-Aged Hypertensive Individuals: A Pilot Study

  • Chorong Song,
  • Harumi Ikei,
  • Maiko Kobayashi,
  • Takashi Miura,
  • Masao Taue,
  • Takahide Kagawa,
  • Qing Li,
  • Shigeyoshi Kumeda,
  • Michiko Imai and
  • Yoshifumi Miyazaki

There has been increasing attention on the therapeutic effects of the forest environment. However, evidence-based research that clarifies the physiological effects of the forest environment on hypertensive individuals is lacking. This study provides...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
5,103 Views
10 Pages

15 September 2022

Empirically, viewing nature landscapes, including mountains, can promote relaxation. This study aimed to examine the physiological and psychological effects of visual stimulation using an autumn foliage mountain landscape image on autonomic nervous a...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
205 Citations
19,701 Views
11 Pages

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Forest Therapy on Middle-Aged Males with High-Normal Blood Pressure

  • Hiroko Ochiai,
  • Harumi Ikei,
  • Chorong Song,
  • Maiko Kobayashi,
  • Ako Takamatsu,
  • Takashi Miura,
  • Takahide Kagawa,
  • Qing Li,
  • Shigeyoshi Kumeda and
  • Yoshifumi Miyazaki
  • + 1 author

Time spent walking and relaxing in a forest environment (“forest bathing” or “forest therapy”) has well demonstrated anti-stress effects in healthy adults, but benefits for ill or at-risk populations have not been reported. The present study assessed...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
7,568 Views
12 Pages

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Viewing a Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’) Orchard Landscape in Summer in Japan

  • Miho Igarashi,
  • Masayuki Miwa,
  • Harumi Ikei,
  • Chorong Song,
  • Michiko Takagaki and
  • Yoshifumi Miyazaki

The physiological and psychological relaxation effects of viewing a kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’) orchard landscape were investigated. Seventeen Japanese adult females (46.1 ± 8.2 years) viewed a kiwifruit orchard landscape or a building...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,631 Views
13 Pages

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological effects of visual stimulation by a unique Japanese low wooden table on the prefrontal cortex and autonomic nervous activities. A within-participants experiment with 26 male university studen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,632 Views
16 Pages

Thermal Comfort and Human Responses according to Tree Density in Forest Environments during and after Physical Activities in the Summer

  • Juhyeon Kim,
  • Injoon Song,
  • Choyun Kim,
  • Hyejung Gho,
  • Siok An,
  • Doyun Song,
  • Dawou Joung,
  • Shinkwang Kang,
  • Yunjeong Yi and
  • Chorong Song
  • + 1 author

9 January 2023

This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the thermal comfort and physiological and psychological effects according to tree density in forest environments during rest and during and after physical activities in the summer. Participants consiste...

  • Brief Report
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,460 Views
9 Pages

Growing interest in the relaxation effect of nature has elicited demands for scientific verification of the various natural elements. This study investigated the physiological and psychological responses of 27 females in their 20 s to viewing a water...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,449 Views
13 Pages

β3 Relaxant Effect in Human Bladder Involves Cystathionine γ-Lyase-Derived Urothelial Hydrogen Sulfide

  • Emma Mitidieri,
  • Annalisa Pecoraro,
  • Erika Esposito,
  • Vincenzo Brancaleone,
  • Carlotta Turnaturi,
  • Luigi Napolitano,
  • Vincenzo Mirone,
  • Ferdinando Fusco,
  • Giuseppe Cirino and
  • Roberta d’Emmanuele di Villa Bianca
  • + 3 authors

It is now well established that the urothelium does not act as a passive barrier but contributes to bladder homeostasis by releasing several signaling molecules in response to physiological and chemical stimuli. Here, we investigated the potential co...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,609 Views
12 Pages

Can Machine Learning Predict Stress Reduction Based on Wearable Sensors’ Data Following Relaxation at Workplace? A Pilot Study

  • Alessandro Tonacci,
  • Alessandro Dellabate,
  • Andrea Dieni,
  • Lorenzo Bachi,
  • Francesco Sansone,
  • Raffaele Conte and
  • Lucia Billeci

10 April 2020

Nowadays, psychological stress represents a burdensome condition affecting an increasing number of subjects, in turn putting into practice several strategies to cope with this issue, including the administration of relaxation protocols, often perform...

  • Article
  • Open Access
46 Citations
8,329 Views
25 Pages

13 May 2020

The benefits of park therapy have been investigated in young adults, but rarely for middle-aged and older adults. This study evaluates the physiological and psychological effects of walking in urban parks and park therapy images in winter, spring, an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
7,070 Views
15 Pages

Observational Study on Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Breathing Control for Reducing Dental Anxiety in Children

  • Sorana Maria Bucur,
  • Ioana Maria Crișan,
  • Dorin Ioan Cocoș,
  • Eugen Silviu Bud and
  • Carmen Galea

Background and Objectives: Dental anxiety is a common barrier to pediatric oral care. Non-pharmacological relaxation techniques like Jacobson’s Progressive Muscle Relaxation (JPMR) and Breathing Control (BC) may help reduce psychological and ph...

  • Brief Report
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,399 Views
8 Pages

The Effect of Autogenic Training in a Form of Audio Recording on Sleep Quality and Physiological Stress Reactions of University Athletes—Pilot Study

  • Kamila Litwic-Kaminska,
  • Martyna Kotyśko,
  • Tadeusz Pracki,
  • Monika Wiłkość-Dębczyńska and
  • Błażej Stankiewicz

Despite the growing popularity of relaxation training, the effectiveness of an autogenic training (AT) as a method of dealing with sleep problems in group of student athletes is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to fill this gap. University athlet...

  • Article
  • Open Access
757 Views
20 Pages

27 November 2025

To help students with autism reach their potential, high-quality inclusive education emphasizes the importance of their full participation in school and classroom activities. Academic anxiety, however, can interfere with students’ ability to fo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,087 Views
15 Pages

Effect of Retinoic Acid on the Cerebral Vasculature: Analysis of the Vasoactive Response of Smooth Muscle Cells in Normal and Ischemic Contexts

  • Manuel R. Pouso,
  • Emanuel Farinha,
  • Henrique E. Costa,
  • Margarida Lorigo,
  • Graça Baltazar and
  • Elisa Cairrao

Retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A derivative, has been shown to prevent the development of neurological disorders by ensuring the integrity of the physiological structure of the neurovascular unit and regulating the physiological cell’s function....

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
581 Views
18 Pages

The Influence of Campus Landscape Color Environment on Students’ Emotions: A Case Study of Shandong Agricultural University

  • Yingjie Li,
  • Ying Yu,
  • Dingmeng Hu,
  • Xinyue Shang,
  • Tianyu Wang,
  • Keran Liu,
  • Siwei Mou and
  • Xinwen Zhang

26 November 2025

As the daily activity space for students, the external campus environment directly impacts their physical and mental health. While previous studies have demonstrated the restorative effects of outdoor environments on emotional recovery and stress rel...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,790 Views
12 Pages

17 December 2022

It has been reported that adiponectin (ADPN) and resistin are co-secreted by white mouse adipocytes and exert similar inhibitory effects in the mouse gastric fundus, in which resistin was observed to increase neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) exp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
5,467 Views
11 Pages

Effect of Massage on Stress Indicators in Recreational Horses—A Pilot Study

  • Ewa Jastrzębska,
  • Aleksandra Górecka-Bruzda,
  • Magdalena Ogłuszka,
  • Maryla Sylwia Lipka and
  • Aleksandra Pawłowska

11 March 2025

This pilot study investigated the effects of massage therapy on stress indicators in recreational horses, focusing on salivary cortisol levels, heart rate and conflict behaviors. Five recreational horses were analyzed under two experimental condition...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
4,641 Views
13 Pages

Measures to Promote Rural Healthcare Tourism with a Scientific Evidence-Based Approach

  • Dawou Joung,
  • Bohwi Lee,
  • Jeongdo Lee,
  • Changjun Lee,
  • Seungmo Koo,
  • Changwon Park,
  • Sebin Kim,
  • Takahide Kagawa and
  • Bum-Jin Park

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of physical activities on human health in forests in countryside and rural areas. The test experiment was conducted in a countryside forest, whereas the controlled experiment was conducted in an urban a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
7,210 Views
15 Pages

Technology may expand the reach of stress management to broader populations. However, issues with engagement can reduce intervention effectiveness. Technologies with highly social interfaces, such as virtual humans (VH), may offer advantages in this...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,010 Views
12 Pages

Reduced Nitric Oxide Synthase Involvement in Aigamo Duck Basilar Arterial Relaxation

  • Siyuan Wu,
  • Tomoki Ootawa,
  • Ryoya Sekio,
  • Henry Smith,
  • Md. Zahorul Islam,
  • Ha Thi Thanh Nguyen,
  • Yasuhiro Uno,
  • Mitsuya Shiraishi and
  • Atsushi Miyamoto

28 August 2023

The basilar arterial endothelium mediates blood vessel relaxation partly through the release of nitric oxide (NO). Apoptosis of cerebrovascular endothelial cells is linked to a high mortality rate in chickens infected with the highly pathogenic avian...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,221 Views
19 Pages

Defining the Molecular Mechanisms of the Relaxant Action of Adiponectin on Murine Gastric Fundus Smooth Muscle: Potential Translational Perspectives on Eating Disorder Management

  • Rachele Garella,
  • Emanuele Cassioli,
  • Flaminia Chellini,
  • Alessia Tani,
  • Eleonora Rossi,
  • Eglantina Idrizaj,
  • Daniele Guasti,
  • Paolo Comeglio,
  • Francesco Palmieri and
  • Roberta Squecco
  • + 6 authors

Adiponectin (ADPN), a hormone produced by adipose tissue, facilitates gastric relaxation and can be a satiety signal in the network connecting peripheral organs and the central nervous system for feeding behavior control. Here, we performed preclinic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
6,155 Views
12 Pages

This study was designed to assess the physiological and psychological benefits of visually looking at foliage plants in adults. This study involved 30 adults in their 20s (11 males, 19 females), and using a crossover design, participants looked at fo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,823 Views
10 Pages

Behavioral Assessment of Equine Relaxation Following Manual Therapy: A Pilot Study

  • Yavuzkan Paksoy,
  • Kerem Ural,
  • Hasan Erdoğan,
  • Songül Erdoğan and
  • Serdar Paşa

5 September 2025

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the relaxation, stress reduction and behavioral changes observed after manual therapy applied to horses exposed to racing and physical training stimulus. This descriptive approach is aimed at veterinary cli...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,644 Views
13 Pages

Synthesis and Modeling Studies of Furoxan Coupled Spiro-Isoquinolino Piperidine Derivatives as NO Releasing PDE 5 Inhibitors

  • Swami Prabhuling,
  • Yasinalli Tamboli,
  • Prafulla B. Choudhari,
  • Manish S. Bhatia,
  • Tapan Kumar Mohanta,
  • Ahmed Al-Harrasi and
  • Zubaidha K. Pudukulathan

Nitric oxide (NO) is considered to be one of the most important intracellular messengers that play an active role as neurotransmitter in regulation of various cardiovascular physiological and pathological processes. Nitric oxide (NO) is a major facto...

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