When Urban Environment Is Restorative: The Effect of Walking in Suburbs and Forests on Psychological and Physiological Relaxation of Young Polish Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Sites
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Measurements
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physiological Indices
3.1.1. Results of the Analysis of Variance
3.1.2. Post-Hoc Test Results
3.2. Psychological Indices
3.2.1. Results of the Analysis of Variance
3.2.2. Post-Hoc Test Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Physiological Effects
4.1.1. Blood Pressure
4.1.2. Pulse Rate
4.2. Psychological Effects
4.2.1. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
4.2.2. Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS)
4.2.3. Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS)
4.2.4. Profile of Mood States Questionnaire (POMS)
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DF | SYS | DIA | Pulse | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Site | 3 | 4.55 ** | 5.18 ** | 2.33 |
Time | 1 | 13.91 *** | 8.78 ** | 1.05 |
Site × Time | 3 | 0.24 | 1.85 | 1.80 |
Site | Apartment Suburbs | Green Suburbs | Coniferous Forest | Deciduous Forest | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measures | Time | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
SYS | pre | 134.77 | 13.51 | 131.13 | 17.39 | 124.00 | 21.95 | 119.59 | 15.03 | 128.35a | 17.44 |
post | 128.59 | 21.57 | 124.57 | 13.26 | 119.38 | 16.87 | 110.47 | 11.67 | 121.65b | 17.51 | |
131.68a | 18.06 | 127.85a | 15.65 | 121.69ab | 19.32 | 115.03b | 14.04 | 125.00 | 17.74 | ||
DIA | pre | 79.86 | 11.25 | 80.30 | 10.08 | 72.62 | 11.06 | 69.53 | 6.58 | 76.40a | 10.81 |
post | 77.86 | 10.21 | 73.96 | 11.73 | 72.46 | 9.48 | 66.41 | 9.29 | 73.13b | 11.00 | |
78.86a | 10.67 | 77.13a | 11.28 | 72.54ab | 10.09 | 67.97b | 8.08 | 74.77 | 11.00 | ||
Pulse | pre | 87.45 | 13.40 | 90.39 | 15.07 | 76.15 | 11.75 | 83.18 | 13.34 | 85.43 | 14.30 |
post | 86.82 | 14.51 | 84.26 | 14.66 | 77.69 | 13.44 | 83.06 | 12.29 | 83.60 | 13.96 | |
87.14 | 13.81 | 87.33 | 15.02 | 76.92 | 12.39 | 83.12 | 12.63 | 84.51 | 14.11 |
DF | PANAS | ROS | SVS | POMS | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive | Negative | Tension | Depression | Anger | Fatigue | Confusion | Vigor | ||||
Site | 3 | 1.66 | 1.33 | 0.47 | 0.15 | 3.07 * | 0.62 | 2.27 | 0.78 | 1.01 | 0.67 |
Time | 1 | 0.63 | 12.70 *** | 14.61 *** | 7.44 ** | 44.97 *** | 23.57 *** | 12.35 *** | 34.87 *** | 10.47 ** | 13.71 *** |
Site × Time | 3 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.66 | 0.33 | 0.55 | 0.68 |
Site | Apartment Suburbs | Green Suburbs | Coniferous Forest | Deciduous Forest | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measures | Time | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
PANAS | pre | 3.00 | 0.57 | 3.05 | 0.55 | 2.51 | 1.01 | 3.06 | 0.99 | 2.95 | 0.78 |
Positive | post | 2.95 | 0.60 | 3.12 | 0.75 | 2.65 | 1.02 | 3.19 | 1.09 | 3.00 | 0.85 |
2.98 | 0.58 | 3.08 | 0.65 | 2.58 | 1.00 | 3.13 | 1.03 | 2.97 | 0.81 | ||
PANAS | pre | 1.58 | 0.41 | 1.57 | 0.55 | 1.52 | 0.67 | 1.36 | 0.43 | 1.52a | 0.51 |
Negative | post | 1.46 | 0.43 | 1.42 | 0.51 | 1.33 | 0.51 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 1.37b | 0.44 |
1.52 | 0.42 | 1.50 | 0.53 | 1.42 | 0.59 | 1.28 | 0.35 | 1.44 | 0.48 | ||
ROS | pre | 4.08 | 1.14 | 4.42 | 1.00 | 4.04 | 1.55 | 4.51 | 1.34 | 4.28a | 1.22 |
post | 4.58 | 0.96 | 4.67 | 1.27 | 4.67 | 1.46 | 4.89 | 1.26 | 4.69b | 1.20 | |
4.33 | 1.07 | 4.55 | 1.14 | 4.35 | 1.51 | 4.69 | 1.30 | 4.48 | 1.22 | ||
SVS | pre | 4.42 | 1.34 | 4.37 | 1.50 | 3.96 | 1.87 | 4.18 | 1.79 | 4.27a | 1.57 |
post | 4.55 | 1.17 | 4.75 | 1.56 | 4.52 | 1.54 | 4.72 | 1.72 | 4.64b | 1.46 | |
4.48 | 1.25 | 4.56 | 1.52 | 4.24 | 1.70 | 4.43 | 1.75 | 4.45 | 1.52 |
Site | Apartment Suburbs | Green Suburbs | Coniferous Forest | Deciduous Forest | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measures | Time | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
Tension | pre | 1.22 | 0.63 | 0.99 | 0.73 | 0.94 | 0.67 | 0.62 | 0.48 | 0.96a | 0.66 |
post | 0.78 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.44 | 0.59 | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.57b | 0.53 | |
1.00a | 0.65 | 0.79ab | 0.65 | 0.69ab | 0.67 | 0.49a | 0.41 | 0.77 | 0.63 | ||
Depression | pre | 0.70 | 0.49 | 0.62 | 0.48 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 0.57 | 0.43 | 0.67a | 0.56 |
post | 0.58 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 1.03 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.48b | 0.61 | |
0.64 | 0.47 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.70 | 0.96 | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.58 | 0.59 | ||
Anger | pre | 1.12 | 0.65 | 0.79 | 0.35 | 0.85 | 0.56 | 0.96 | 0.67 | 0.93a | 0.57 |
post | 0.97 | 0.41 | 0.70 | 0.35 | 0.56 | 0.52 | 0.74 | 0.49 | 0.76b | 0.45 | |
1.04 | 0.54 | 0.74 | 0.35 | 0.71 | 0.55 | 0.85 | 0.59 | 0.85 | 0.52 | ||
Fatigue | pre | 1.45 | 0.89 | 1.37 | 0.96 | 1.49 | 1.04 | 1.87 | 1.06 | 1.53a | 0.98 |
post | 1.05 | 0.86 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 0.78 | 1.33 | 0.86 | 1.10b | 0.90 | |
1.25 | 0.89 | 1.19 | 1.01 | 1.29 | 0.92 | 1.60 | 0.99 | 1.32 | 0.96 | ||
Confusion | pre | 1.11 | 0.54 | 1.11 | 0.69 | 0.92 | 0.70 | 0.81 | 0.70 | 1.01a | 0.65 |
post | 0.92 | 0.62 | 0.80 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.42 | 0.71 | 0.61 | 0.79b | 0.55 | |
1.02 | 0.58 | 0.95 | 0.62 | 0.78 | 0.58 | 0.76 | 0.65 | 0.90 | 0.61 | ||
Vigor | pre | 2.00 | 0.75 | 2.14 | 0.65 | 1.75 | 1.13 | 2.21 | 1.05 | 2.05a | 0.87 |
post | 2.45 | 0.64 | 2.29 | 0.72 | 2.18 | 1.03 | 2.51 | 1.00 | 2.37b | 0.82 | |
2.23 | 0.72 | 2.22 | 0.68 | 1.97 | 1.09 | 2.36 | 1.02 | 2.21 | 0.86 |
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Janeczko, E.; Bielinis, E.; Wójcik, R.; Woźnicka, M.; Kędziora, W.; Łukowski, A.; Elsadek, M.; Szyc, K.; Janeczko, K. When Urban Environment Is Restorative: The Effect of Walking in Suburbs and Forests on Psychological and Physiological Relaxation of Young Polish Adults. Forests 2020, 11, 591. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050591
Janeczko E, Bielinis E, Wójcik R, Woźnicka M, Kędziora W, Łukowski A, Elsadek M, Szyc K, Janeczko K. When Urban Environment Is Restorative: The Effect of Walking in Suburbs and Forests on Psychological and Physiological Relaxation of Young Polish Adults. Forests. 2020; 11(5):591. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050591
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaneczko, Emilia, Ernest Bielinis, Roman Wójcik, Małgorzata Woźnicka, Wojciech Kędziora, Adrian Łukowski, Mohamed Elsadek, Katarzyna Szyc, and Krzysztof Janeczko. 2020. "When Urban Environment Is Restorative: The Effect of Walking in Suburbs and Forests on Psychological and Physiological Relaxation of Young Polish Adults" Forests 11, no. 5: 591. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050591